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\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M15]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u591a\u7fa9\u8a9e\u30fb\u8a9e\u6cd5\u3068\u6587\u8108\u4f9d\u5b58\u7684\u8a9e\u7fa9\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u591a\u7fa9\u8a9e\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u7fa9\u304b\u3089\u6587\u8108\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u6d3e\u751f\u7fa9\u3078\u306e\u63a8\u914d\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u5171\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3084\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u304b\u3089\u8a9e\u7fa9\u3092\u4e00\u610f\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u88dc\u5145\u3059\u3079\u304d\u8a9e\u304c\u591a\u7fa9\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3001\u6587\u8108\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u8a9e\u7fa9\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u790e\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M30]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11. \u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u7bc0\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u3068\u9aa8\u683c\u78ba\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u5cd9\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u610f\u5473\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u610f\u8b58\u3092\u596a\u308f\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u6587\u306e\u3069\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u7d20\u3092\u62c5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9aa8\u683c\u5206\u6790\u3092\u8efd\u8996\u3059\u308b\u50be\u5411\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u305f\u610f\u5473\u306e\u63a2\u6c42\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3084\u7bc0\u306e\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u3092\u898b\u8aa4\u3089\u305b\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u932f\u899a\u3055\u305b\u308b\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u7bc0\u304c\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u8981\u69cb\u6210\u7d20\u306e\u6b20\u8131\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5206\u6790\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u78ba\u5b9a\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e00\u6bb5\u968e\u76ee\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u8e0f\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u5206\u6790\u306e\u8db3\u5834\u3092\u56fa\u3081\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff11. \u4e3b\u7bc0\u3068\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u5883\u754c\u753b\u5b9a\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u63a2\u7d22<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3067\u306f\u300c\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u3068\u306e\u610f\u5473\u7684\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308a\u300d\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u771f\u306b\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u3079\u304d\u306f\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u9023\u7d50\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08finite verb\uff09\u304c\u65e2\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u7a7a\u6240\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u3092\u6020\u308c\u3070\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u7834\u7dbb\u3057\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u6587\u8108\u306e\u96f0\u56f2\u6c17\u3060\u3051\u3067\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u7bc0\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3084\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u306e\u6570\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u6570\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u5747\u8861\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u8981\u8acb\u306f\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u6587\u8108\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u306b\u512a\u5148\u3059\u308b\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u5883\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u306b\u51fa\u4f1a\u3063\u305f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6587\u982d\u304b\u3089\u6587\u672b\u307e\u3067\u306e\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u5f62\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u7bc0\u306e\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u3092\u5f15\u3044\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7bc0\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u4e09\u6bb5\u968e\u306e\u78ba\u8a8d\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u5bfe\u8c61\u6587\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u30fb\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u30fb\u7591\u554f\u8a5e\u306e\u7dcf\u6570\u3092\u8a08\u6570\u3057\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u3067\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u7dcf\u6570\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u6e96\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u30fb\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u30fb\u5206\u8a5e\uff09\u3068\u672c\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u533a\u5225\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5404\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7dda\u5f15\u304d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u8ff0\u8a9e\u30fb\u88dc\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u8981\u69cb\u6210\u7d20\uff08core arguments\uff09\u306e\u4e0d\u8db3\u3092\u88dc\u3046\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u4fee\u98fe\u8a9e\uff08adjunct\uff09\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u54c1\u8a5e\u304a\u3088\u3073\u52d5\u8a5e\u5f62\u614b\uff08\u6709\u9650\u5f62\u304b\u975e\u6709\u9650\u5f62\u304b\uff09\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The committee, having considered all the preliminary proposals presented by the advisory board, [ ] to reject the revised budget.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e “The committee” \u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u672c\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u307e\u305f\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u5f62\u304c\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6e96\u52d5\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b “deciding” \u306a\u3069\u3092\u9078\u3076\u3053\u3068\u306f\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “Although the experimental data was thoroughly scrutinized by independent researchers, [ ] inconsistencies in the statistical analysis.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0 “Although…” \u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u4e3b\u7bc0\u304c\u7d9a\u304f\u69cb\u9020\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u4ee5\u964d\u306b\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u69cb\u6587 “there remained significant” \u306a\u3069\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u8907\u5408\u4f53\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “The hypothesis that environmental factors directly influence epigenetic modifications [ ] widely accepted among contemporary geneticists.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u540c\u683c\u306e “that” \u7bc0\u304c “modifications” \u307e\u3067\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u6587\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f “The hypothesis” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5358\u6570\u6271\u3044\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e “is” \u307e\u305f\u306f “has been” \u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\u3084\u6e96\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u7834\u7dbb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technologies, many conventional administrative tasks [ ] performed by human workers are being automated.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f “are being automated” \u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f “tasks” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u672c\u52d5\u8a5e “were” \u3092\u88dc\u3046\u3068\u4e00\u6587\u306b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306a\u3057\u306b\u5171\u5b58\u3059\u308b\u7834\u7dbb\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u904e\u53bb\u5206\u8a5e “previously” \u4f34\u3046\u5f8c\u7f6e\u4fee\u98fe\u8981\u7d20\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7bc0\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u78ba\u5b9a\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u4ed5\u69d8\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff12. \u4fee\u98fe\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u5206\u96e2\u3068\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u306e\u7d14\u5316<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306b\u591a\u91cd\u306e\u4fee\u98fe\u53e5\u3084\u633f\u5165\u7bc0\u304c\u7d61\u307f\u5408\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4fee\u98fe\u8a9e\u53e5\u306b\u60d1\u308f\u3055\u308c\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u76f4\u63a5\u4fc2\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3044\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u8ad6\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5247\u306b\u5f93\u3048\u3070\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u4fee\u98fe\u8981\u7d20\u306f\u4e3b\u8981\u7d20\uff08head\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u4ed8\u52a0\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u3059\u304e\u305a\u3001\u4e3b\u5e79\u3068\u306a\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u95a2\u4fc2\u304b\u3089\u62ec\u5f27\u3067\u62ec\u3063\u3066\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u6368\u8c61\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3001\u540c\u683c\u8868\u73fe\u306a\u3069\u306e\u526f\u6b21\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u7d71\u8a9e\u30c4\u30ea\u30fc\u304b\u3089\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5207\u308a\u96e2\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306e\u307f\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u771f\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30ca\u30fc\uff08\u52d5\u8a5e\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u4fee\u98fe\u526f\u8a5e\u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u7d14\u7c8b\u306a\u5f62\u3067\u8996\u91ce\u306b\u6d6e\u304b\u3073\u4e0a\u304c\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u5206\u96e2\u3092\u7d4c\u305a\u306b\u8868\u5c64\u306e\u96a3\u63a5\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u307f\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u57cb\u3081\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u4fee\u98fe\u8a9e\u5185\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u53d6\u308a\u9055\u3048\u308b\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u30a8\u30e9\u30fc\u306e\u6e29\u5e8a\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u7d14\u5316\u539f\u7406\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u4fee\u98fe\u74b0\u5883\u3092\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u8df5\u7684\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\uff08who, which, that\u7b49\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u304b\u3089\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u4fee\u98fe\u53e5\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u306a\u62ec\u5f27\u3067\u62ec\u3063\u3066\u4e3b\u305f\u308b\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306b\u5206\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u633f\u5165\u53e5\uff08however, for instance, parenthetical clauses\uff09\u3092\u9664\u53bb\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u76f4\u63a5\u4fc2\u308b\u4e3b\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u7269\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u306b\u96a3\u63a5\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u7d14\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u57fa\u672c\u9aa8\u683c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u4e3b\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u88dc\u90e8\uff08complement\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u4e3b\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u4ed8\u52a0\u90e8\uff08adjunct\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u5019\u88dc\u3068\u306a\u308a\u5f97\u308b\u8a9e\u53e5\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u7d20\u6750\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4fee\u98fe\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u5206\u96e2\u3068\u7d71\u8a9e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u306e\u7d14\u5316\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The unprecedented legal framework, which was originally designed to curb corporate monopolies during the industrial expansion, [ ] ineffective in addressing digital platform dominance.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7bc0 “which was originally… industrial expansion” \u3092\u62ec\u5f27\u3067\u62ec\u3063\u3066\u6368\u8c61\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u5e79\u306f “The unprecedented legal framework [ ] ineffective…” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u7b2c2\u6587\u578b\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5224\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u304b\u3064\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e “ineffective” \u3092\u88dc\u8a9e\u306b\u3068\u308b\u9023\u7d50\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08linking verb\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b “proved” \u3084 “remained” \u304c\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The profound discrepancy between the theoretical predictions derived from quantum electrodynamics and the experimental outcomes observed in the laboratory [ ] a fundamental reevaluation of the underlying constants.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“between A and B” \u306e\u9577\u5927\u306a\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u308c\u306b\u4ed8\u968f\u3059\u308b\u904e\u53bb\u5206\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u9aa8\u683c\u306f “The profound discrepancy [ ] a fundamental reevaluation…” \u306b\u7d14\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u540d\u8a5e “discrepancy” \u3092\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5 “a fundamental reevaluation” \u3092\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306b\u3068\u308b\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”necessitates” \u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “Scholars who dedicated decades to deciphering the ancient manuscript, despite being confronted with severe textual degradation, [ ] succeeded in reconstructing the original philosophical arguments.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u304a\u3088\u3073 “despite” \u304b\u3089\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u8b72\u6b69\u53e5\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e “Scholars” \u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e “succeeded” \u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u304c\u9732\u308f\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u52d5\u8a5e “succeeded” \u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u6587\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3057\u306a\u3044\u526f\u8a5e\uff08”ultimately” \u306a\u3069\uff09\u306e\u307f\u304c\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u8a31\u5bb9\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The regulatory authority imposed strict sanctions on the multinational enterprise, [ ] that its persistent violation of privacy laws undermined consumer trust.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306f “The regulatory authority imposed strict sanctions…” \u3067\u5b8c\u7d50\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e “that” \u7bc0\u3092\u5f93\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u73fe\u5728\u5206\u8a5e\uff08”contending” \u3084 “asserting” \u306a\u3069\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u306b\u5bfe\u7b49\u306a\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u3092\u4e0d\u7528\u610f\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306a\u304d\u91cd\u6587\u3068\u306a\u308a\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u7834\u7dbb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u4fee\u98fe\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u5206\u96e2\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u304c\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12. \u54c1\u8a5e\u6027\u5411\u3068\u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u304c\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u6b21\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8a9e\u53e5\u304c\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u3079\u304d\u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\uff08\u54c1\u8a5e\u3001\u6570\u3001\u614b\u3001\u6642\u5236\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u5ea6\u306a\u3069\uff09\u306e\u9069\u5408\u6027\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5165\u8a66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306b\u901a\u3058\u308b\u8907\u6570\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u4e26\u3073\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306e\u307f\u4e0d\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u5cfb\u5225\u3067\u304d\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u983b\u5ea6\u3067\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u5dfb\u304f\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5f62\u614b\u8ad6\u7684\u30fb\u7d71\u8a9e\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u7db2\u7f85\u7684\u306b\u6d17\u3044\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u9069\u683c\u6027\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u610f\u5473\u306e\u985e\u4f3c\u6027\u306b\u60d1\u308f\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u3075\u308b\u3044\u306b\u304b\u3051\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u7df4\u78e8\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff11. \u9805\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3068\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u547c\u5fdc<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u8a9e\u7fa9\u3092\u3069\u308c\u307b\u3069\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3082\u3001\u305d\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u9805\u69cb\u9020\uff08argument structure\uff09\u3068\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\uff08valency\uff09\u3092\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u5cfb\u5225\u306f\u6700\u3082\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u306a\u5236\u7d04\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306f\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u610f\u5473\u9818\u57df\u306b\u5c5e\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u306e\u7570\u306a\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u5bfe\uff08\u4f8b\u3048\u3070 discuss \u3068 talk about\u3001reach \u3068 arrive at\u3001resemble \u3068 look like \u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u30fb\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u30fb\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u610f\u5473\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3068\u306e\u547c\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08collocational preposition\uff09\u306f\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u633f\u5165\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u8a9e\u3092\u53b3\u683c\u306b\u62d8\u675f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u8a33\u8a9e\u306e\u307f\u3067\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5d29\u58ca\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8a9e\u306e\u9078\u629e\u3068\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a9e\u304c\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u6295\u5c04\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u74b0\u5883\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3068\u540c\u7fa9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u4e09\u3064\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u691c\u8a3c\u304b\u3089\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u3064\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\uff08\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\uff09\u304c\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8996\u899a\u7684\u30fb\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u80fd\u52d5\u614b\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3057\u305f\u969b\u306b\u3069\u306e\u9805\u304c\u4e3b\u8a9e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u7e70\u308a\u4e0a\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3057\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u672c\u6765\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\uff08to, with, of, for, from, in \u7b49\uff09\u3068\u306e\u5171\u8d77\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3068\u306e\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306e\u307f\u76ee\u7684\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u304d\u308b\u8a9e\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The international diplomatic delegation sought to [ ] the escalating territorial dispute between the two sovereign states through peaceful mediation.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “the escalating territorial dispute” \u304c\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3092\u4ecb\u3055\u305a\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002”intervene”\uff08\u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e\uff1aintervene in \u304c\u5fc5\u8981\uff09\u3084 “mediate”\uff08\u81ea\u4ed6\u4e21\u7528\u3060\u304c\u6587\u8108\u7684\u306b mediation \u304c\u5f8c\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u305f\u3081\u53cd\u5fa9\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\uff09\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001”resolve” \u3084 “settle” \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u76f4\u63a5\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u3068\u308b\u7d14\u7c8b\u306a\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The newly appointed chief executive officer strictly refrained from [ ] on the speculative rumors regarding the imminent corporate takeover.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “from” \u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u306a\u308b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “on” \u304c\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u74b0\u5883\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001”commenting” \u3084 “elaborating” \u306a\u3069\u306e\u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e\uff0bon \u306e\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b “explaining” \u3084 “mentioning” \u306f\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b on \u3092\u53d6\u308c\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “The experimental protocol approved by the bioethics committee does not [ ] of any deviations from the established safety standards.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “of” \u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002”permit” \u3084 “allow” \u306f\u901a\u5e38\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001”permit of…”\uff08\u301c\u306e\u4f59\u5730\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002\u4ed6\u65b9\u3001”admit of” \u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u3068\u308b\u3002\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “of” \u3068\u547c\u5fdc\u3057\u3066\u5426\u5b9a\u6587\u3067\u300c\u8a31\u5bb9\u3057\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3067\u304d\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The comprehensive environmental report [ ] the rapid decline of biodiversity to the uncontrolled deforestation in tropical regions.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “the rapid decline of biodiversity” \u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306b “to the uncontrolled deforestation” \u3068\u3044\u3046 “to B” \u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e “A \u3092 B \u306b\u5e30\u3059\u308b” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u9805\u69cb\u9020 [V + A + to B] \u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f “attributes” \u3084 “ascribes” \u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001”contributes”\uff08contribute to B\uff1a\u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e\uff09\u3092\u9078\u3076\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306f\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u306e\u78ba\u8a8d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u9632\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a9e\u53e5\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u7279\u5b9a\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff12. \u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u53ef\u7b97\u30fb\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u6027\u3068\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u306e\u6574\u5408\u7684\u9078\u629e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u7bc4\u7587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u53ef\u7b97\u6027\uff08countability\uff09\u306f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306a\u6587\u6cd5\u77e5\u8b58\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\uff08determiners\uff09\u306e\u9078\u629e\u3084\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u6570\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u3092\u652f\u914d\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u3067\u306f\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u610f\u5473\u306e\u6975\u3081\u3066\u8fd1\u3044\u540d\u8a5e\uff08\u4f8b\u3048\u3070 job \u3068 work\u3001suggestion \u3068 advice\u3001baggage \u3068 bag\u3001information \u3068 fact \u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u53ef\u7b97\u30fb\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3068\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u51a0\u8a5e\u30fb\u6570\u8a5e\u30fb\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3068\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u306e\u307f\u304c\u6b63\u8aa4\u306e\u5206\u6c34\u5dba\u3068\u306a\u308b\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u304c\u983b\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u306f\u4e0d\u5b9a\u51a0\u8a5e “a\/an” \u3092\u53d6\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305a\u3001\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u8a9e\u5c3e “-s” \u3092\u4ed8\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u8a31\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u53e5\u3082 “many” \u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f “much”\u3001”few” \u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f “little”\u3001”fewer” \u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f “less” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u533a\u5206\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u7684\u306b\u3069\u308c\u307b\u3069\u76f8\u5fdc\u3057\u304f\u611f\u3058\u3089\u308c\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u5468\u56f2\u306e\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u4f53\u7cfb\u3068\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u8abf\u548c\u3092\u6b20\u304f\u3082\u306e\u306f\u4e00\u9867\u3060\u306b\u5024\u3057\u306a\u3044\u8aa4\u7b54\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53ef\u7b97\u30fb\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u904b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u540d\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u51a0\u8a5e\uff08a\/an, the\uff09\u3084\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\uff08this, every, each, much, many, little \u7b49\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u7121\u51a0\u8a5e\u30fb\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u5358\u6570\u5f62\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u306a\u3057\u3067\u5b64\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u539f\u5247\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u30fb\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3001\u500b\u5225\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3057\u3001\u5468\u56f2\u306e\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u4ed5\u69d8\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u307f\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u53ef\u7b97\u6027\u3068\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The visiting professor offered several valuable [ ] concerning the theoretical methodology of the proposed research project.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u306f\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e “several” \u304a\u3088\u3073\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e “valuable” \u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8907\u6570\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b “advice” \u3068 “suggestions” \u304c\u4e26\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001”advice” \u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081 “several” \u3067\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u98fe\u3057\u3066\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u306f\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u3067\u3042\u308b “suggestions” \u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “Due to the unprecedented computational complexity of the simulation, the supercomputer consumed an enormous [ ] of electrical energy.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u53e5 “an enormous [ ] of” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e “electrical energy” \u304c\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u74b0\u5883\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5206\u91cf\u3092\u8868\u3059\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f “amount” \u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u96c6\u5408\u306b\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b “number” \u3092\u9078\u3076\u3053\u3068\u306f\u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u9055\u53cd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “Although the historical archive contains a vast collection of documents, there is surprisingly [ ] empirical evidence to substantiate the controversial claim.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e “evidence” \u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f\u5358\u6570\u6271\u3044\u306e “is” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u6587\u8108\u306f\u300c\u9a5a\u304f\u307b\u3069\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u6975\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u98fe\u3057\u3066\u300c\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6210\u3059\u306e\u306f “little” \u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b “few” \u3084\u3001\u5358\u72ec\u3067\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u306a\u3044\u526f\u8a5e\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u306f\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The human resources department announced that applicants for the executive position must have substantial [ ] in international project management.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e “substantial” \u306b\u4fee\u98fe\u3055\u308c\u3001\u7121\u51a0\u8a5e\u3067\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3068\u3057\u3066 “experience” \u3068 “career” \u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001”career” \u306f\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u7121\u51a0\u8a5e\u5358\u6570\u3067\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u306f\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08\u901a\u5e38 a career\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u7d4c\u9a13\u306e\u84c4\u7a4d\u3092\u8868\u3059 “experience” \u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u3053\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u74b0\u5883\u306b\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u3068\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13. \u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304c\u3064\u306a\u3050\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u7b49\u4fa1\u6027\u306e\u691c\u8a3c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\uff08and, but, or, nor, yet \u7b49\uff09\u306f\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7b49\u4fa1\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u5358\u4f4d\uff08\u8a9e\u3068\u8a9e\u3001\u53e5\u3068\u53e5\u3001\u7bc0\u3068\u7bc0\uff09\u3092\u4e26\u5217\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u898f\u5247\uff08Coordinate Structure Constraint\uff09\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u3084\u3001\u76f8\u95a2\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\uff08not only A but also B\u3001either A or B\u3001both A and B \u7b49\uff09\u306e\u4e00\u7ffc\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u8a9e\u53e5\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u306f\u3001\u5bfe\u3092\u306a\u3059\u3082\u3046\u4e00\u65b9\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u62d8\u675f\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u4e26\u5217\u69cb\u9020\uff08parallelism\uff09\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u898b\u629c\u304d\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u57fa\u6e96\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5145\u586b\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u624b\u639b\u304b\u308a\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u9577\u6587\u306e\u53ea\u4e2d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u78ba\u4fe1\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u529b\u3092\u990a\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff11. \u5358\u7d14\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e26\u5217\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u540c\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b “and” \u3084 “but” \u306a\u3069\u306e\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u5358\u306b\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306e\u300c\u610f\u5473\u306e\u985e\u4f3c\u300d\u3092\u63a2\u305d\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u6700\u3082\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u6a5f\u80fd\u306f\u610f\u5473\u306e\u9023\u7d50\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u7b49\u4fa1\u6027\uff08structural parallelism\uff09\u306e\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3068\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3001\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u53e5\u3068\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3068\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4e21\u9805\u306f\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u5f62\u614b\u3092\u3068\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6587\u304c\u9577\u5927\u5316\u3057\u4fee\u98fe\u8a9e\u304c\u91cd\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304c\u4f55\u3068\u4f55\u3092\u7d50\u5408\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u5408\u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\uff08scope of coordination\uff09\u304c\u66d6\u6627\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u8981\u7d20\u3068\u4e26\u5217\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u60f3\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u306a\u54c1\u8a5e\u3084\u6d3b\u7528\u5f62\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u771f\u306e\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30ca\u30fc\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u63a2\u7d22\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u7279\u5fb4\u3092\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u6295\u5c04\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3001\u89e3\u6cd5\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e26\u5217\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4e09\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u9032\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u5f8c\u65b9\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\uff08\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001that\u7bc0\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3088\u308a\u524d\u65b9\u3092\u9006\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u5f8c\u65b9\u8981\u7d20\u3068\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u30fb\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u300c\u5bfe\u306e\u5019\u88dc\u300d\u3092\u63a2\u7d22\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u3068\u6574\u5408\u3059\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u5148\u884c\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5148\u884c\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u5f62\u614b\uff08\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u6d3b\u7528\u5f62\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3001\u6e96\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u3092\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5358\u7d14\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e26\u5217\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The comprehensive reform aims not to dismantle the existing welfare system, but rather to stabilize public finances and [ ] the long-term sustainability of social security benefits.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e “and” \u306e\u524d\u65b9\u3092\u63a2\u7d22\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e “to stabilize public finances” \u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f “aims not to A, but rather to B and C” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u4e26\u5217\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u539f\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”ensure” \u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308a\u3001”to stabilize” \u3068\u4e26\u5217\u3057\u3066\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u539f\u5f62\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u57cb\u3081\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u5358\u6570\u73fe\u5728\u5f62\u3084\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u306f\u4e26\u5217\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The empirical study demonstrated that the new therapeutic drug was exceptionally effective in reducing severe symptoms, yet surprisingly [ ] to the patient’s cardiovascular system.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e “yet” \u306f\u3001\u526f\u8a5e “exceptionally” \u3092\u4f34\u3046\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e “effective in…” \u3068\u3001\u526f\u8a5e “surprisingly” \u3092\u4f34\u3046\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u4e26\u5217\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “to” \u304c\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3082\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f “effective” \u3068\u7b49\u4fa1\u306a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001”to” \u3068\u547c\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\uff08”detrimental” \u3084 “harmful” \u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “Throughout his philosophical career, he persistently rejected dogmatic orthodoxies, questioned established authorities, and [ ] for an open society based on rational discourse.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30b3\u30f3\u30de\u3067\u533a\u5207\u3089\u308c\u305f\u4e09\u3064\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u69cb\u9020\uff08A, B, and C\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”rejected…”\uff08\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\uff09\u3001”questioned…”\uff08\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\uff09\u3068\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001”and” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”advocated” \u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u5b8c\u4e86\u5f62\u3084\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u7b49\u4fa1\u6027\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3055\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The primary objective of the cognitive science seminar is to analyze how sensory information is encoded by neural circuits, processed by higher cortical areas, and [ ] into coherent conscious perception.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u7fa4\u304c\u4e26\u5217\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002”is encoded…”\u3001”processed…”\uff08is \u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u305f\u904e\u53bb\u5206\u8a5e\uff09\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066 “and [ ]” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “into” \u3068\u5171\u8d77\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u899a\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u3092\u8868\u3059\u904e\u53bb\u5206\u8a5e\uff08”integrated” \u3084 “synthesized”\uff09\u306e\u307f\u304c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u74b0\u5883\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u8981\u8acb\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u306a\u7d20\u6750\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e26\u5217\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u304c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff12. \u76f8\u95a2\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\u78ba\u5b9a\u3068\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u76f8\u95a2\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\uff08correlative conjunctions: either A or B, neither A nor B, not only A but also B, whether A or B \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e26\u5217\u6027\u306e\u8981\u8acb\u306f\u3088\u308a\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306f\u3001A\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u9577\u5927\u306a\u53e5\u3084\u7bc0\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30ef\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u306b\u8ca0\u8377\u3092\u304b\u3051\u3001B\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u3092\u7834\u7dbb\u3055\u305b\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3078\u3068\u8a98\u5c0e\u3059\u308b\u3002A\u3068B\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u54c1\u8a5e\u304c\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u914d\u7f6e\u3084\u7bc0\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u307e\u3067\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u9650\u308a\u93e1\u50cf\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u76f8\u95a2\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u7b2c1\u8981\u7d20\uff08either, not only \u7b49\uff09\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3092\u898b\u6975\u3081\u3001\u305d\u3053\u304b\u3089\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u5358\u4f4d\u306e\u30b5\u30a4\u30ba\uff08\u69cb\u6210\u7d20\u306e\u5883\u754c\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7b2c2\u8981\u7d20\uff08or, but also \u7b49\uff09\u306e\u5f8c\u65b9\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u9006\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76f8\u95a2\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5145\u586b\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u76f8\u95a2\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u7b2c1\u6a19\u8b58\uff08not only, either \u7b49\uff09\u3068\u7b2c2\u6a19\u8b58\uff08but also, or \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3057\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u76f8\u95a2\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u7b2c1\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u7d20 A \u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u69cb\u9020\uff08[\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\uff0b\u540d\u8a5e]\u3001[\u52d5\u8a5e\uff0b\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e]\u3001[that\uff0b\u5b8c\u5168\u6587] \u7b49\uff09\u306e\u958b\u59cb\u70b9\u3068\u7d42\u4e86\u70b9\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u8a08\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u7b2c2\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u7d20 B\uff08\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\uff09\u304c\u3001\u69cb\u6210\u7d20 A \u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u540c\u3058\u5185\u90e8\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3057\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u305d\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5145\u586b\u3059\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u9078\u3073\u51fa\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u76f8\u95a2\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u691c\u8a3c\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The pioneering sociologist argued that cultural values not only determine the collective identity of a community, but also [ ] the trajectory of its economic development.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76f8\u95a2\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e “not only A but also B” \u306e\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”not only” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u5358\u6570\u73fe\u5728\u5f62\u306e\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e “determine” \u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001”but also” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u3082\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e “cultural values”\uff08\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u5358\u6570\u6271\u3044\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8907\u6570\u6271\u3044\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u52d5\u8a5e\uff09\u3068\u547c\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u73fe\u5728\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c values \u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070 “shape” \u306a\u3069\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u539f\u5f62\u30fb\u8907\u6570\u547c\u5fdc\uff09\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “the trajectory…” \u3092\u5f93\u3048\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The viability of the proposed space exploration mission depends not on the technological feasibility of the propulsion system, but rather [ ] the long-term international willingness to sustain funding.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76f8\u95a2\u69cb\u9020 “not A but B” \u306e\u30d0\u30ea\u30a8\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”not” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5 “on the technological feasibility…” \u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u52d5\u8a5e “depends” \u3068\u306e\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u304d\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3001\u304b\u3064\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001”but rather” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u3082\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “on” \u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “on” \u3092\u542b\u3080\u69cb\u6210\u7d20\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f “on” \u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “During the constitutional debates, the delegates were forced to choose either between maintaining a loose confederation of sovereign states [ ] establishing a powerful centralized federal government.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76f8\u95a2\u8868\u73fe “either A or B” \u3068 “between A and B” \u306e\u4ea4\u932f\u306b\u6ce8\u610f\u3059\u308b\u3002”either” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b “between A” \u304c\u6765\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u76f8\u95a2\u6a19\u8b58\u306f “or” \u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u304b\u3064 “between” \u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b “and” \u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u3082\u8003\u616e\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u76f8\u95a2\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f “either between A or between B” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u79f0\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6210\u3059\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5358\u306b “either A or B” \u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u898b\u6975\u3081\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f “or” \u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5 “establishing…” \u3092\u7f6e\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5 “maintaining…” \u3068\u306e\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The comprehensive philosophical treatise addresses the fundamental question of whether morality is an innate characteristic of human psychology [ ] a social construct developed through historical evolution.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9593\u63a5\u7591\u554f\u3092\u5c0e\u304f “whether A or B” \u306e\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”whether” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306f\u4e3b\u8a9e\uff0bbe\u52d5\u8a5e\uff0b\u88dc\u8a9e “morality is an innate characteristic…” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u76f8\u95a2\u3059\u308b “or” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u3001\u88dc\u8a9e “an innate characteristic” \u3068\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5 “a social construct…” \u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u76f8\u95a2\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u7b49\u4f4d\u6a19\u8b58 “or” \u81ea\u8eab\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f “or is” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u5bfe\u79f0\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5f53\u3066\u306f\u307e\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u76f8\u95a2\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14. \u5f93\u5c5e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304c\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u7bc0\u9593\u306e\u610f\u5473\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5f93\u5c5e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\uff08although, because, if, unless, while, whereas \u7b49\uff09\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3068\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u9593\u306b\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u4f9d\u5b58\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3001\u6642\u9593\uff09\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7d50\u3070\u308c\u305f\u4e00\u65b9\u306e\u7bc0\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8a2d\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u89e3\u6cd5\u306e\u6210\u5426\u306f\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u7bc0\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u547d\u984c\u9593\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u6f14\u7b97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306b\u304b\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u3068\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u3092\u7d50\u3076\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u6587\u8108\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u6392\u3057\u3001\u547d\u984c\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u7167\u5408\u3092\u884c\u3046\u6280\u8853\u3092\u990a\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff11. \u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u3068\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u547d\u984c\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u5f93\u5c5e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6700\u3082\u983b\u51fa\u3057\u304b\u3064\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u89e3\u6cd5\u624b\u304c\u304b\u308a\u3068\u306a\u308b\u306e\u304c\u300c\u8b72\u6b69\uff08concession\uff09\u300d\u3068\u300c\u5bfe\u7acb\uff08contrast\uff09\u300d\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”Although” \u3084 “While”\u3001”Whereas” \u306a\u3069\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306f\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f\u4e8b\u8c61\u304b\u3089\u901a\u5e38\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u88cf\u5207\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53cd\u76f4\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u547d\u984c P \u3068\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u547d\u984c Q \u306e\u9593\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5e38\u8b58\u7684\u306a\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08P \u306a\u3089\u3070\u901a\u5e38 R\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5426\u5b9a\uff08\u3057\u304b\u3057\u5b9f\u969b\u306f Q \u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001Q \u306f not R \u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7dca\u5f35\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u53cd\u8ee2\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u3001\u4e00\u65b9\u306e\u7bc0\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u304b\u3089\u4ed6\u65b9\u306e\u7bc0\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u8a9e\u53e5\u306e\u610f\u5473\u7684\u6975\u6027\uff08\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u304b\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u304b\uff09\u3084\u8a55\u4fa1\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u50cf\u304c\u63b4\u3081\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3082\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u304c\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6307\u6a19\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u307f\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u78ba\u5b9f\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u547d\u984c\u53cd\u8ee2\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u6790\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4e09\u6bb5\u968e\u304b\u3089\u6210\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u3068\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u307e\u306a\u3044\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u7bc0\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u304c\u6301\u3064\u4fa1\u5024\u5224\u65ad\u306e\u6975\u6027\uff08\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\u30fb\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u3001\u4fc3\u9032\u30fb\u963b\u5bb3\u3001\u6210\u529f\u30fb\u5931\u6557\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304c\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u5bfe\u7acb\u3092\u8868\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u7bc0\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6975\u6027\u304c\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u7bc0\u304b\u3089\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u308b\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u3068\u9006\u8ee2\u3059\u308b\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u6301\u3064\u6975\u6027\u3068\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\uff08not, hardly, fail to \u7b49\uff09\u3068\u306e\u7a4d\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3057\u3001\u7bc0\u5168\u4f53\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53cd\u8ee2\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u8a9e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u547d\u984c\u53cd\u8ee2\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “Although the newly implemented monetary policy successfully curbed rampant inflation, it [ ] exacerbated the rate of youth unemployment in urban regions.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306f “successfully curbed rampant inflation” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\u306e\u6210\u679c\uff08\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30ec\u306e\u6291\u5236\uff09\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e “Although” \u304c\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306b\u306f\u671f\u5f85\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\uff08\u5931\u696d\u7387\u306e\u60aa\u5316\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308b\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u52d5\u8a5e “exacerbated”\uff08\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\uff09\u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u597d\u307e\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3044\u5e30\u7d50\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3059\u308b\u526f\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001”simultaneously” \u3084 “inadvertently”\uff08\u4e0d\u6ce8\u610f\u306b\u3082\u30fb\u610f\u56f3\u306b\u53cd\u3057\u3066\uff09\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u9078\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “[ ] the initial empirical trials showed promising therapeutic effects, the pharmaceutical company abruptly halted the mass production of the drug due to unforeseen toxicity.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306f\u300c\u4e88\u671f\u305b\u306c\u6bd2\u6027\u306b\u3088\u308a\u88fd\u9020\u3092\u7a81\u7136\u4e2d\u6b62\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u306e\u4e8b\u614b\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306f\u300c\u521d\u671f\u306e\u81e8\u5e8a\u8a66\u9a13\u306f\u6709\u671b\u306a\u6cbb\u7642\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6975\u3081\u3066\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u7834\u7dbb\u306a\u304f\u7d50\u5408\u3067\u304d\u308b\u5f93\u5c5e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306f\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u3092\u8868\u3059 “Although”\u3001”Even though”\u3001”While” \u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u3092\u8868\u3059 “Because” \u3084\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u8868\u3059 “Unless” \u306f\u8ad6\u7406\u77db\u76fe\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “While classical economists assumed that market participants always behave with perfect rationality, modern behavioral economists argue that human decisions are [ ] biased by cognitive heuristics.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5bfe\u6bd4\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e “While”\uff08\u301c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u53e4\u5178\u6d3e\u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u300c\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff08perfect rationality\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3001\u884c\u52d5\u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u304c\u9bae\u3084\u304b\u306b\u5bfe\u7167\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5f8c\u8005\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u5408\u7406\u6027\u300d\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u306a\u308b\u8a9e\u304c\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002”systematically” \u3084 “fundamentally” \u306a\u3069\u306e\u526f\u8a5e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4fee\u98fe\u3055\u308c\u305f “biased”\uff08\u504f\u3063\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u72b6\u614b\u304c\u3001\u300c\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u5408\u7406\u6027\u300d\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6574\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “Despite the extensive geological evidence indicating imminent volcanic activity, the municipal government [ ] to issue an immediate evacuation order to the surrounding communities.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “Despite” \u306b\u3088\u308b\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u5dee\u3057\u8feb\u3063\u305f\u706b\u5c71\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u793a\u3059\u5e83\u7bc4\u306a\u5730\u8cea\u5b66\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5371\u967a\u4fe1\u53f7\u304b\u3089\u901a\u5e38\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5e30\u7d50\u306f\u300c\u907f\u96e3\u547d\u4ee4\u306e\u767a\u4ee4\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306f\u671f\u5f85\u306b\u53cd\u3057\u3066\u907f\u96e3\u547d\u4ee4\u304c\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b “hesitated” \u3084 “failed” \u304c\u5165\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u767a\u4ee4\u3092\u6020\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u6587\u8108\u7684\u6574\u5408\u6027\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff12. \u56e0\u679c\u30fb\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3068\u524d\u63d0\u5145\u8db3<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08causality\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6761\u4ef6\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08conditionality\uff09\u3092\u8868\u3059\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u3068\u306f\u5bfe\u7167\u7684\u306b\u3001\u539f\u56e0 P \u304b\u3089\u7d50\u679c Q \u3078\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u6761\u4ef6 C \u306e\u4e0b\u3067\u306e\u307f\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u5e30\u7d50\u547d\u984c R \u304c\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002”Because”\u3001”Since”\u3001”As”\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f “If”\u3001”Unless” \u306a\u3069\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u6a19\u8b58\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u9593\u306b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306e\u9396\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u539f\u56e0\u5074\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u751f\u3058\u305f\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u304b\u3089\u9006\u7b97\u3057\u3066\u300c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u539f\u56e0\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u304b\u300d\u3092\u63a8\u8ad6\u3059\u308b\u3002\u9006\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u7d50\u679c\u5074\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u539f\u56e0\u30fb\u6761\u4ef6\u304b\u3089\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306b\u300c\u4f55\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u306f\u305a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u300d\u3092\u5c0e\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u51fa\u984c\u3067\u306f\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3092\u9006\u306b\u89e3\u91c8\u3055\u305b\u308b\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u3084\u3001\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6df7\u540c\u3055\u305b\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304c\u5468\u5230\u306b\u7528\u610f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56e0\u679c\u30fb\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5145\u8db3\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4e09\u6bb5\u968e\u304b\u3089\u6210\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u6a19\u8b58\uff08because, therefore, consequently, so…that \u7b49\uff09\u3084\u6761\u4ef6\u6a19\u8b58\uff08if, provided that, on condition that \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u306e\u7bc0\u304c\u300c\u539f\u56e0\u30fb\u6761\u4ef6\u300d\u3067\u3069\u3061\u3089\u306e\u7bc0\u304c\u300c\u7d50\u679c\u30fb\u5e30\u7d50\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u65e2\u77e5\u306e\u7bc0\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u547d\u984c\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u751f\u8d77\u9806\u5e8f\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u9023\u9396\u3092\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5247\u30fb\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5e38\u8b58\u30fb\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u306b\u7167\u3089\u3057\u3066\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8a9e\u53e5\u3092\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304b\u3089\u9078\u3073\u51fa\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u30fb\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “Because the archaeological artifacts were preserved in a completely anaerobic environment beneath the peat bog, their organic structures remained virtually [ ] for millennia.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u56e0\u7bc0\u306f\u300c\u6ce5\u70ad\u6e7f\u539f\u306e\u4e0b\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7121\u9178\u7d20\u306e\u74b0\u5883\u3067\u4fdd\u5b58\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6975\u3081\u3066\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u4fdd\u5b58\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7121\u9178\u7d20\u74b0\u5883\u304c\u6709\u6a5f\u7269\u306b\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u300c\u8150\u6557\u306e\u9632\u6b62\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7d50\u679c\u7bc0\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4f55\u5343\u5e74\u3082\u300c\u7121\u50b7\u306e\u307e\u307e\u3001\u52a3\u5316\u305b\u305a\u306b\u300d\u6b8b\u5b58\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”intact” \u3084 “undamaged”\uff09\u304c\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The fragile ecosystem of the coral reef will inevitably collapse [ ] global sea temperatures are stabilized through coordinated international emissions reductions.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306f\u300c\u30b5\u30f3\u30b4\u7901\u306e\u8106\u5f31\u306a\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u7684\u306b\u5d29\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5c06\u6765\u306e\u7834\u6ec5\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306f\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u306a\u6d77\u6c34\u6e29\u304c\u5b89\u5b9a\u5316\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u671b\u307e\u3057\u3044\u4e8b\u614b\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u6574\u5408\u7684\u306b\u7d50\u3076\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6d77\u6c34\u6e29\u304c\u5b89\u5b9a\u5316\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u9650\u308a\u306f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5426\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u8868\u3059\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e “unless”\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f “except if” \u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002”if” \u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3068\u300c\u5b89\u5b9a\u5316\u3059\u308c\u3070\u5d29\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u306a\u56e0\u679c\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “So intensely [ ] the competition among multinational technology corporations for scarce semiconductor chips that several manufacturing sectors were forced to suspend production.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“so… that…” \u306e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u30fb\u7d50\u679c\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u5012\u7f6e\u5f62\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u7bc0 “that several manufacturing sectors were forced to suspend…”\uff08\u88fd\u9020\u90e8\u9580\u304c\u751f\u7523\u505c\u6b62\u306b\u8ffd\u3044\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u4e8b\u614b\u304b\u3089\u9006\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7af6\u4e89\u306e\u6fc0\u3057\u3055\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5012\u7f6e\u304c\u8d77\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u4e3b\u8a9e “the competition” \u3068\u547c\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u307e\u305f\u306f\u672c\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\uff08”became” \u3084 “did [grow]” \u7b49\uff09\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u69cb\u6587\u3068\u610f\u5473\u306e\u4e21\u9762\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “Since the primary historical sources documenting the treaty negotiations are notoriously biased, contemporary historians must exercise extreme [ ] when interpreting the official diplomatic transcripts.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u56e0\u7bc0\u306f\u300c\u8b1b\u548c\u6761\u7d04\u4ea4\u6e09\u3092\u8a18\u9332\u3057\u305f\u4e00\u6b21\u53f2\u6599\u306f\u60aa\u540d\u9ad8\u3044\u307b\u3069\u504f\u5411\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53f2\u6599\u306e\u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u306e\u4f4e\u3055\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u5bb6\u304c\u53d6\u308b\u3079\u304d\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u306f\u300c\u7d30\u5fc3\u306e\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u6255\u3046\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u52d5\u8a5e “exercise” \u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066 “caution” \u3084 “circumspection”\uff08\u614e\u91cd\u3055\uff09\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u304b\u3089\u5e30\u7d50\u3078\u306e\u5408\u7406\u7684\u306a\u63a8\u8ad6\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u30fb\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7a7a\u6240\u5145\u586b\u306e\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15. \u6587\u8108\u7684\u6975\u6027\u3068\u611f\u60c5\u4fa1\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u5224\u65ad<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u7cbe\u7dfb\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u500b\u3005\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u5e2f\u3073\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6587\u8108\u7684\u6975\u6027\uff08polarity: \u80af\u5b9a\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u3001\u4e2d\u7acb\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u611f\u60c5\u4fa1\uff08valence: \u597d\u610f\u7684\u3001\u6279\u5224\u7684\u3001\u61f8\u5ff5\u7684\u306a\u3069\uff09\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u306f\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3092\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u89e3\u6c7a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u6b66\u5668\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u7acb\u5834\u3092\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u6279\u5224\u7684\u30fb\u61d0\u7591\u7684\u306a\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u4e0b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u53b3\u683c\u306b\u4fdd\u305f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u6563\u308a\u3070\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5fae\u7d30\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u304b\u3089\u6587\u8108\u306e\u6975\u6027\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u611f\u60c5\u4fa1\u3068\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6975\u6027\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8aa4\u7b54\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u76f4\u89b3\u3092\u990a\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff11. \u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u542b\u610f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u306a\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4e3b\u89b3\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u8868\u51fa\u3055\u305b\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u9078\u629e\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u5de7\u5999\u306b\u8a55\u4fa1\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u3042\u308b\u7406\u8ad6\u3092\u300c\u5305\u62ec\u7684\uff08comprehensive\uff09\u300d\u3068\u5f62\u5bb9\u3059\u308b\u304b\u300c\u904e\u5ea6\u306b\u5358\u7d14\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\uff08oversimplified\uff09\u300d\u3068\u5f62\u5bb9\u3059\u308b\u304b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8a55\u4fa1\u306f\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3084\u8a55\u4fa1\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u90e8\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u6bb5\u843d\u3084\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a55\u4fa1\u7684\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u3092\u6ce8\u610f\u6df1\u304f\u53ce\u96c6\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6587\u8108\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u73fe\u8c61\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u61f8\u5ff5\u3084\u8b66\u544a\u3067\u6e80\u3061\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u7121\u6279\u5224\u306a\u8cde\u8cdb\u3084\u697d\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u898b\u901a\u3057\u3092\u8868\u3059\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u633f\u5165\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306b\u640d\u306a\u3046\u3002\u8a9e\u5f59\u304c\u5185\u5305\u3059\u308b\u30b3\u30ce\u30c6\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\uff08connotation: \u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u542b\u610f\uff09\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u8ef8\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u8996\u5ea7\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a55\u4fa1\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u8a9e\u5f59\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u304a\u3088\u3073\u540c\u4e00\u6bb5\u843d\u5185\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u8a55\u4fa1\u6027\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u30fb\u526f\u8a5e\u30fb\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08e.g., superficially, rigorously, merely, remarkably, problematic\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u614b\u5ea6\u304c\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\uff08\u652f\u6301\u30fb\u8cde\u8cdb\u30fb\u4fe1\u983c\uff09\u304b\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\uff08\u6279\u5224\u30fb\u61f8\u5ff5\u30fb\u61d0\u7591\uff09\u304b\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u305d\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u62c5\u3044\u624b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5bfe\u6bd4\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u53cd\u8ee2\u3057\u305f\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u62c5\u3046\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\u7fa4\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u5b9a\u7fa9\u306e\u307f\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a9e\u304c\u901a\u5e38\u5e2f\u3073\u3066\u3044\u308b\u542b\u610f\u306e\u6975\u6027\u3092\u541f\u5473\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u8abf\u548c\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8a55\u4fa1\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u542b\u610f\u306e\u7167\u5408\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “Far from being a beneficial modernization initiative, the ill-conceived urban renewal project was severely [ ] by local residents for destroying historical landmarks.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u982d\u306e “Far from being a beneficial…”\uff08\u6709\u76ca\u306a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5316\u8a08\u753b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073 “ill-conceived”\uff08\u69cb\u60f3\u306e\u62d9\u3044\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u3044\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u306e\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u660e\u78ba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u53d7\u52d5\u614b “was severely [ ] by local residents” \u3068\u7406\u7531 “for destroying…” \u304b\u3089\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u5f37\u3044\u975e\u96e3\u30fb\u6279\u5224\u3092\u8868\u3059\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u5206\u8a5e\uff08”criticized” \u3084 “denounced”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001”praised” \u3084 “endorsed” \u306f\u6587\u8108\u7684\u6975\u6027\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u306b\u3088\u308a\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The distinguished literary critic offered a highly [ ] appraisal of the young author’s debut novel, lauding its profound psychological depth and innovative narrative technique.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587 “lauding its profound psychological depth…”\uff08\u305d\u306e\u6df1\u9060\u306a\u5fc3\u7406\u63cf\u5199\u3068\u9769\u65b0\u7684\u306a\u8a9e\u308a\u306e\u624b\u6cd5\u3092\u79f0\u8cdb\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\uff09\u304c\u3001\u8a55\u8005\u306e\u614b\u5ea6\u304c\u5727\u5012\u7684\u306b\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3065\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u540d\u8a5e “appraisal”\uff08\u8a55\u4fa1\uff09\u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u597d\u610f\u7684\u306a\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”favorable” \u3084 “laudatory”\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002”skeptical” \u3084 “lukewarm”\uff08\u751f\u306c\u308b\u3044\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u6279\u5224\u7684\u30fb\u7559\u4fdd\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u8a9e\u306f\u9069\u5408\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “Although the corporate spokesperson attempted to present the mass layoffs as a strategic restructuring, investigative journalists exposed the move as a desperate attempt to disguise [ ] financial insolvency.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“attempted to present… as…”\uff08\u301c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u8a66\u307f\u305f\u304c\uff09\u3068 “investigative journalists exposed the move as…”\uff08\u66b4\u9732\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u6bd4\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u53d6\u308a\u7e55\u3044\u3068\u5185\u5b9f\u306e\u60b2\u60e8\u3055\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u7acb\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u8aad\u307f\u53d6\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306f “financial insolvency”\uff08\u8ca1\u653f\u7834\u7dbb\uff09\u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u53d6\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u306e\u3064\u304b\u306a\u3044\u7834\u6ec5\u7684\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u542b\u610f\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\uff08”imminent” \u3084 “catastrophic”\uff09\u304c\u6975\u6027\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The philosophical treatise dismisses the radical skepticism of earlier thinkers as an intellectual dead end, arguing instead for a more [ ] approach grounded in pragmatic realism.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u601d\u60f3\u3092 “an intellectual dead end”\uff08\u77e5\u7684\u306a\u884c\u304d\u8a70\u307e\u308a\uff09\u3068\u5f37\u304f\u6279\u5224\u7684\u306b\u9000\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08dismisses\uff09\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3057\u3066 “instead” \u3067\u5c0e\u5165\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7b46\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u63a8\u5968\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u306f\u3001\u6975\u6027\u3068\u3057\u3066\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u304b\u3064\u5065\u5168\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002”grounded in pragmatic realism”\uff08\u30d7\u30e9\u30b0\u30de\u30c6\u30a3\u30c3\u30af\u306a\u30ea\u30a2\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306b\u6839\u3056\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3068\u8abf\u548c\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001”constructive” \u3084 “viable”\uff08\u5b9f\u884c\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\uff09\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u4fa1\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8a55\u4fa1\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306e\u7cbe\u5ea6\u5411\u4e0a\u304c\u9054\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff12. \u5c40\u6240\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e\u306e\u7a4d\u3068\u5168\u4f53\u6975\u6027\u306e\u9006\u7b97<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u8108\u7684\u6975\u6027\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6700\u3082\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u8981\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304c\u3001\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u3084\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3092\u5185\u5305\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u5f59\u304c\u91cd\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u74b0\u5883\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”not” \u3084 “never” \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306a\u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001”hardly”\u3001”scarcely”\u3001”rarely” \u306a\u3069\u306e\u6e96\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u3001”fail to”\u3001”refuse to”\u3001”deny”\u3001”prevent”\u3001”lack” \u306a\u3069\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u306f “un-“\u3001”in-“\u3001”dis-“\u3001”-less” \u306a\u3069\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u63a5\u8f9e\u304c\u8907\u6570\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u3055\u308b\u3068\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u547d\u984c\u6975\u6027\u306f\u53cd\u8ee2\u3092\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3059\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5426\u5b9a\u74b0\u5883\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u6975\u6027\u306e\u6b63\u8ca0\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3044\u3001\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u6975\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3064\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u3092\u5f62\u5f0f\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u306e\u7b26\u53f7\uff08\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u8a18\u53f7\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6349\u3048\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u639b\u3051\u5408\u308f\u305b\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6975\u6027\u3092\u7b97\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u53b3\u5bc6\u3055\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u7a4d\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3057\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u5bfe\u8c61\u6587\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u660e\u793a\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e\uff08not, no\uff09\u3001\u6e96\u5426\u5b9a\u526f\u8a5e\uff08seldom, barely\uff09\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08doubt, deny, omit\uff09\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\uff08without, against\uff09\u3092\u3059\u3079\u3066\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u5404\u8981\u7d20\u306b\u8ca0\u306e\u7b26\u53f7\uff08-1\uff09\u3092\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u6587\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5168\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u7d50\u8ad6\u547d\u984c\u306e\u6975\u6027\u304c\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u3092\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u30fb\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u6f14\u7e79\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u81ea\u8eab\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u3079\u304d\u6975\u6027\u7b26\u53f7 $X$ \u3092\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\uff08\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u30013\u3064\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001$(-1)^3 \\times X = +1$ \u3088\u308a $X = -1$ \u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u3082\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u8a9e\u304c\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u7167\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e\u306e\u7a4d\u3068\u5168\u4f53\u6975\u6027\u306e\u9006\u7b97\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “It is not entirely [ ] that the diplomatic negotiations will collapse, given that neither party has shown any willingness to make mutual concessions.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“given that neither party…”\uff08\u53cc\u65b9\u304c\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u610f\u601d\u3092\u5168\u304f\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5916\u4ea4\u4ea4\u6e09\u304c\u6c7a\u88c2\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306f\u300c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u3044\u300d\u306f\u305a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306b\u306f\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e “not” \u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3068\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u3055\u3063\u3066\u300c\u6c7a\u88c2\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u5341\u5206\u306b\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6210\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u3042\u308a\u305d\u3046\u3082\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u8a9e\uff08”implausible” \u3084 “unlikely”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\uff08not unlikely\uff09\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u300c\u5341\u5206\u306b\u3042\u308a\u5f97\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u7d50\u8ad6\u304c\u5c0e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The scientific community scarcely doubts that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have [ ] contributed to the accelerated pace of global climatic change.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“scarcely doubts that…” \u306f\u6e96\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e “scarcely”\uff08\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u301c\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3068\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u52d5\u8a5e “doubt”\uff08\u7591\u3046\uff09\u306e\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u300c\u7591\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u300c\u5f37\u304f\u78ba\u4fe1\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6975\u3081\u3066\u5f37\u3044\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u547d\u984c\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001”that” \u7bc0\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u3078\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u526f\u8a5e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5bc4\u4e0e\u3092\u80af\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\uff08”substantially” \u3084 “undeniably”\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “No regulatory framework can be completely effective without [ ] mechanisms to penalize non-compliant corporate entities.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u982d\u306b “No” \u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “without”\uff08\u301c\u306a\u3057\u3067\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u69cb\u6587 “No A… without B” \u306f\u300cB \u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u521d\u3081\u3066 A \u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u3044\u6761\u4ef6\u80af\u5b9a\uff08A requires B\uff09\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u898f\u5236\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u304c\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u300d\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u5b9f\u52b9\u6027\u306e\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3084\u300c\u5341\u5206\u306a\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\uff08”adequate” \u3084 “stringent”\uff09\u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The defense attorney failed to present any credible evidence that would disprove the prosecutor’s claim that the defendant was not [ ] of the fraudulent transaction.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u9023\u9396\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u3002”failed to present credible evidence”\uff08\u4fe1\u983c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u8a3c\u62e0\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u306b\u5931\u6557\u3057\u305f\uff09\uff1d\u691c\u5bdf\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306f\u8986\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u691c\u5bdf\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u300c\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u306f\u4e0d\u6b63\u53d6\u5f15\u3092\u77e5\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff08was not innocent \/ was aware\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306b “was not [ ]” \u304c\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u300c\u7121\u5b9f\u306e\u3001\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”innocent” \u3084 “unaware”\uff09\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff08\uff1d\u95a2\u4e0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3057\u3001\u6709\u7f6a\u3092\u7acb\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u691c\u5bdf\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u3068\u6574\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e\u306e\u7a4d\u304b\u3089\u6587\u8108\u7684\u6975\u6027\u3092\u9006\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u624b\u6cd5\u306e\u904b\u7528\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16. \u7167\u5fdc\u8a5e\u3068\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u7167\u5408\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4ee3\u5165\u59a5\u5f53\u6027<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\uff08it, they, this, that, one, another, the former, the latter \u7b49\uff09\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\uff08antecedent\uff09\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u8a9e\u53e5\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u624b\u304c\u304b\u308a\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u88dc\u5b8c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3084\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3067\u7f6e\u63db\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u9069\u5207\u306a\u8ff0\u8a9e\u3084\u4fee\u98fe\u8a9e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u8a2d\u554f\u304c\u591a\u6570\u3092\u5360\u3081\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u5185\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08anaphoric relation\uff09\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3057\u3001\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u6301\u3064\u5c5e\u6027\u3092\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u3066\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u6587\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u3001\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u3068\u7dca\u5bc6\u306b\u9023\u52d5\u3057\u305f\u7a7a\u6240\u6c7a\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff11. \u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6570\u30fb\u6027\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2\u306e\u4e00\u81f4<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u793a\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6700\u3082\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u691c\u8a3c\u9805\u76ee\u306f\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u305d\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u9593\u3067\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u3079\u304d\u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\uff08\u6570\u3001\u6027\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u304b\u975e\u4eba\u9593\u304b\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6307\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2\uff08\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u304b\u3001\u53e5\u3084\u7bc0\u5168\u4f53\u304b\uff09\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u4e00\u81f4\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u8907\u6570\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3069\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u771f\u306e\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306f\u3001\u5358\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u6df7\u5728\u3055\u305b\u305f\u308a\u3001\u96c6\u5408\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3092\u8a98\u767a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7279\u5fb4\u3092\u624b\u304c\u304b\u308a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u306e\u5019\u88dc\u3092\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u307f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u7684\u610f\u5473\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3057\u306a\u3044\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u51e6\u7406\u306f\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aad\u89e3\u306e\u6839\u5e79\u3092\u306a\u3059\u6280\u8853\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4e09\u6bb5\u968e\u304b\u3089\u6210\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u307e\u305f\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5468\u8fba\u306b\u3042\u308b\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\uff08\u5358\u6570\u304b\u8907\u6570\u304b\u3001\u4eba\u79f0\u3001\u4e3b\u683c\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u683c\u30fb\u6240\u6709\u683c\uff09\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u3092\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u304b\u3089\u9061\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u5404\u5019\u88dc\u3092\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u4eee\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\uff08substitution\uff09\u3057\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3084\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u7834\u7dbb\u306a\u304f\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u8a9e\u53e5\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u4e00\u81f4\u3068\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u7167\u5408\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The unprecedented legal disputes between multinational tech conglomerates and independent software developers demonstrated that [ ] often lack the financial resources to sustain prolonged litigation.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306f\u8907\u6570\u6271\u3044\u306e “lack the financial resources…”\uff08\u9577\u671f\u7684\u306a\u8a34\u8a1f\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u8cc7\u91d1\u529b\u306b\u6b20\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306b\u306f\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e “tech conglomerates”\uff08\u5de8\u5927\u30b3\u30f3\u30b0\u30ed\u30de\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8\uff09\u3068 “software developers”\uff08\u72ec\u7acb\u7cfb\u958b\u767a\u8005\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8cc7\u91d1\u529b\u306b\u6b20\u3051\u3066\u8a34\u8a1f\u7dad\u6301\u304c\u56f0\u96e3\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3068\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u5f8c\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u5f8c\u8005\u3092\u6307\u3059\u7167\u5fdc\u8a5e\uff08”the latter”\uff09\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “While genetic factors undoubtedly contribute to an individual’s susceptibility to cardiovascular disease, environmental influences are often more decisive, because [ ] can be directly modified through lifestyle interventions.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7406\u7531\u7bc0\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306f “can be directly modified through lifestyle interventions”\uff08\u751f\u6d3b\u7fd2\u6163\u306e\u4ecb\u5165\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u76f4\u63a5\u5909\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u5019\u88dc\u306f “genetic factors”\uff08\u8907\u6570\uff09\u3068 “environmental influences”\uff08\u8907\u6570\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u7fd2\u6163\u306e\u4ecb\u5165\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5909\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u5f8c\u8005\u306e\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u8981\u56e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u5f8c\u8005\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6307\u793a\u3059\u308b\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e “they” \u307e\u305f\u306f “these factors” \u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “The archaeological team discovered a peculiar ceremonial vessel and several bronze ornaments; [ ] was adorned with intricate geometrical patterns characteristic of the early Bronze Age.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u767a\u898b\u7269\u304c\u8a00\u53ca\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u7bc0\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f\u5358\u6570\u5f62\u306e “was adorned” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3001\u5358\u6570\u5f62\u306a\u306e\u306f “a peculiar ceremonial vessel” \u306e\u307f\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001”several bronze ornaments” \u306f\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u5358\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u307f\u3092\u6307\u3059\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”the former” \u3084 “this vessel”\uff09\u304c\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30fb\u5f62\u614b\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “Artificial intelligence systems process vast amounts of unstructured data with remarkable speed; however, [ ] cannot replicate the nuanced ethical judgment inherent in human decision-making.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9006\u63a5\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e “however” \u306e\u5f8c\u3067\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u502b\u7406\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u518d\u73fe\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u4e3b\u4f53\u304c\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u306e “Artificial intelligence systems” \u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e “unstructured data” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u502b\u7406\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u306e\u4e3b\u4f53\u30fb\u975e\u4e3b\u4f53\u306e\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f AI \u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u6307\u3059\u8907\u6570\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e “they” \u304c\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u5358\u6570\u306e “it” \u3092\u9078\u3076\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306f\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u306e\u63a2\u7d22\u30df\u30b9\u306b\u8d77\u56e0\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u7167\u5408\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5185\u5bb9\u304c\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff12. \u6307\u793a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3068\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7167\u5fdc<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6975\u3081\u3066\u6d17\u7df4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f62\u5f0f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304c\u3001”this [ ]” \u3084 “such [ ]”\u3001”these [ ]” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6307\u793a\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u306f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u6587\u3084\u6bb5\u843d\u3067\u8a73\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u8c61\u30fb\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u30fb\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u3001\u4e00\u6bb5\u9ad8\u3044\u62bd\u8c61\u5ea6\u3067\u5305\u62ec\u30fb\u8981\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u300c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u30e9\u30d9\u30eb\uff08conceptual label\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5148\u884c\u6587\u304c\u300c\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u6392\u51fa\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6c17\u6e29\u4e0a\u6607\u3068\u305d\u308c\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u6d77\u9762\u6c34\u4f4d\u306e\u4e0a\u6607\u300d\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u306e “this [ ]” \u306b\u306f “phenomenon” \u3084 “crisis”\u3001”trend” \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8981\u7d04\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u5145\u586b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u8a18\u8ff0\u3068\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u306b\u5305\u6442\u3059\u308b\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306e\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a8d\u8b58\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u793a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3068\u5171\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u6307\u793a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08this, such, these \u7b49\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u6587\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3092\u7cbe\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u3067\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u8ad6\u70b9\uff08\u554f\u984c\u70b9\u3001\u624b\u6cd5\u3001\u5bfe\u7acb\u3001\u767a\u898b\u3001\u5909\u5316\u306a\u3069\uff09\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8981\u7d04\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8ad6\u70b9\u304c\u6301\u3064\u6587\u8108\u7684\u6027\u683c\uff08\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304b\u3001\u672a\u89e3\u6c7a\u306e\u96e3\u554f\u304b\u3001\u9769\u65b0\u7684\u306a\u624b\u6cd5\u304b\u3001\u5371\u967a\u306a\u50be\u5411\u304b\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e26\u3076\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\uff08e.g., dilemma, paradigm, breakthrough, disparity, anomaly\uff09\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u4e00\u8a9e\u3067\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u547d\u540d\u3067\u304d\u308b\u6700\u9069\u306a\u6982\u5ff5\u30e9\u30d9\u30eb\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The unprecedented failure of the state-of-the-art climate model to predict the abrupt deceleration of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation puzzled oceanographers. To address this [ ], researchers introduced new parameters representing glacial meltwater influx.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5148\u884c\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6700\u65b0\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u304c\u6d77\u6d41\u306e\u6e1b\u901f\u3092\u4e88\u6e2c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u8aac\u660e\u56f0\u96e3\u306a\u4e8b\u8c61\u30fb\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u300d\u304c\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u3067 “this [ ]” \u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u5909\u5247\u7684\u4e8b\u614b\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u3068\u89b3\u6e2c\u306e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u8853\u7528\u8a9e “anomaly” \u3084 “discrepancy” \u304c\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5358\u306a\u308b “event” \u3084 “mistake” \u3067\u306f\u6587\u8108\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u7cbe\u5bc6\u3055\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “Renewable energy infrastructure requires substantial initial capital investment, yet its long-term operational costs are negligible. Reconciling these contradictory economic characteristics presents a formidable [ ] for municipal policymakers.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u300c\u521d\u671f\u6295\u8cc7\u304c\u83ab\u5927\u3067\u3042\u308b\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u9577\u671f\u904b\u7528\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u306f\u7121\u8996\u3067\u304d\u308b\u307b\u3069\u5c0f\u3055\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u7279\u5fb4\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092 “Reconciling these contradictory… presents a formidable [ ]” \u3068\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u8981\u6c42\u306e\u677f\u631f\u307f\u3001\u30b8\u30ec\u30f3\u30de\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e “dilemma” \u3084 “challenge” \u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “In the early twentieth century, quantum mechanics overturned the deterministic worldview of classical Newtonian physics by demonstrating that subatomic events are fundamentally probabilistic. This radical [ ] in scientific thinking transformed not only physics but also modern epistemology.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u304c\u53e4\u5178\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89b3\u3092\u8986\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u601d\u8003\u306e\u6839\u672c\u7684\u8ee2\u63db\u300d\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u30fb\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u6307\u3059\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u30e9\u30d9\u30eb\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f “shift”\u3001”revolution”\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f “paradigm shift” \u306e\u4e2d\u6838\u3092\u6210\u3059 “transition” \u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002”failure” \u3084 “continuation” \u306f\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “While agricultural productivity has dramatically increased due to synthetic fertilizers, the runoff has caused severe eutrophication and toxic algal blooms in downstream river basins. Mitigating such ecological [ ] requires an immediate transition to sustainable farming practices.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u3001\u80a5\u6599\u306e\u6d41\u51fa\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u5bcc\u6804\u990a\u5316\u3068\u6709\u6bd2\u30a2\u30aa\u30b3\u306e\u767a\u751f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u74b0\u5883\u7834\u58ca\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3092\u6319\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092 “such ecological [ ]” \u3068\u3057\u3066\u5305\u62ec\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u74b0\u5883\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6709\u5bb3\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3084\u88ab\u5bb3\u3092\u8868\u3059\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”consequences”\u3001”hazards”\u3001”impacts”\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002”benefits” \u3084 “advancements” \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u540d\u8a5e\u306f\u6587\u8108\u306e\u611f\u60c5\u4fa1\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6307\u793a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3068\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17. \u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u4e88\u544a\u3059\u308b\u5f8c\u7d9a\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5c5e\u6027<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u3068\u6587\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u6bb5\u843d\u3068\u6bb5\u843d\u3092\u7d50\u3076\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\uff08discourse markers: however, moreover, consequently, furthermore, in contrast, nevertheless \u7b49\uff09\u306f\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u547d\u984c\u7684\u5f79\u5272\uff08\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3001\u4ed8\u52a0\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0\u3001\u5148\u884c\u8b70\u8ad6\u3078\u306e\u53cd\u99c1\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u304b\u3092\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u4e8b\u524d\u306b\u544a\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u81ea\u8eab\u304c\u554f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u305d\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u4ed5\u69d8\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u6a5f\u80fd\u3054\u3068\u306b\u5206\u985e\u3057\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u3068\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u8108\u306e\u9593\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u304b\u3089\u9069\u5207\u306a\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u4e88\u544a\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5145\u586b\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u3092\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u5de8\u8996\u7684\u8aad\u89e3\u529b\u3092\u990a\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17.\uff11. \u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u306e\u5206\u985e\u3068\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u5224\u5225<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u6587\u982d\u3084\u30bb\u30df\u30b3\u30ed\u30f3\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u526f\u8a5e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u500b\u3005\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u306a\u8a33\u8a9e\uff08\u300c\u3057\u304b\u3057\u300d\u300c\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u300d\u300c\u3055\u3089\u306b\u300d\uff09\u306b\u983c\u3063\u3066\u5b89\u6613\u306b\u9078\u629e\u3057\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u5206\u985e\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u6a19\u8b58\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u9069\u7528\u6761\u4ef6\uff08functional condition\uff09\u306f\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u540c\u3058\u9006\u63a5\u30fb\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001”however” \u306f\u5148\u884c\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u4fee\u6b63\u3084\u7126\u70b9\u306e\u79fb\u884c\u306b\u5e83\u304f\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001”in contrast” \u306f\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u5bfe\u7acb\u9805\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30ec\u30eb\u306a\u6bd4\u8f03\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3001”nevertheless” \u306f\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u6975\u3081\u3066\u4e0d\u5229\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u751f\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u614b\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3059\u308b\u3002\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u8ffd\u52a0\u3092\u8868\u3059 “moreover” \u3084 “furthermore” \u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u4e26\u5217\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u88dc\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u300c\u3088\u308a\u8aac\u5f97\u529b\u306e\u3042\u308b\u7b2c2\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\u300d\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u6301\u3064\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306b\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u4e00\u610f\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u524d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u6587\uff08\u5148\u884c\u547d\u984c P\uff09\u3068\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u6587\uff08\u5f8c\u7d9a\u547d\u984c Q\uff09\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u8981\u7d04\u3057\u3001P \u3068 Q \u306e\u9593\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u3010\u56e0\u679c\u3011\uff08P \u304c\u539f\u56e0\u3067 Q \u304c\u751f\u8d77\uff09\u3001\u3010\u9006\u63a5\u30fb\u8b72\u6b69\u3011\uff08P \u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a Q\uff09\u3001\u3010\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3011\uff08A \u306f P \u3060\u304c B \u306f Q\uff09\u3001\u3010\u4ed8\u52a0\u30fb\u7d2f\u52a0\u3011\uff08P \u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3055\u3089\u306b\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u8ad6\u62e0 Q\uff09\u3001\u3010\u4f8b\u793a\u30fb\u6577\u884d\u3011\uff08\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u547d\u984c P \u306e\u5177\u4f53\u5316 Q\uff09\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u540c\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u5185\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5404\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u7684\u5236\u7d04\uff08\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3001\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u306e\u914d\u7f6e\u3001\u8a9e\u9806\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u5224\u5225\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The theoretical physicist proposed a groundbreaking mathematical model to reconcile general relativity with quantum mechanics. [ ], the experimental verification of the model requires particle accelerators far exceeding current technological capabilities.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u300c\u753b\u671f\u7684\u306a\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u63d0\u6848\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u30fb\u524d\u9032\u7684\u306a\u696d\u7e3e\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306f\u300c\u5b9f\u9a13\u7684\u691c\u8a3c\u306b\u306f\u73fe\u4ee3\u306e\u6280\u8853\u3092\u9065\u304b\u306b\u8d85\u3048\u308b\u52a0\u901f\u5668\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u73fe\u5b9f\u7684\u306a\u691c\u8a3c\u306e\u56f0\u96e3\u3055\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u3001\u696d\u7e3e\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7559\u4fdd\u30fb\u5236\u9650\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u9006\u63a5\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u526f\u8a5e “However” \u3084 “Nevertheless” \u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002”Therefore”\uff08\u56e0\u679c\uff09\u3084 “Furthermore”\uff08\u4ed8\u52a0\uff09\u306f\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u65b9\u5411\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u9006\u8ee2\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The implementation of stringent environmental regulations significantly reduced sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial plants. [ ], overall urban air quality improved dramatically within a single decade.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u300c\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u30fb\u786b\u9ec4\u9178\u5316\u7269\u306e\u6392\u51fa\u524a\u6e1b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\uff08\u539f\u56e0\uff09\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306f\u300c\u90fd\u5e02\u306e\u5927\u6c17\u8cea\u304c\u5287\u7684\u306b\u6539\u5584\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u6069\u6075\uff08\u7d50\u679c\uff09\u3092\u5831\u544a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u660e\u767d\u306a\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001”Consequently”\u3001”As a result”\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f “Therefore” \u304c\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002”On the contrary” \u306a\u3069\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u3092\u9078\u3076\u3053\u3068\u306f\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u7121\u8996\u306b\u4ed6\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “Advanced robotic automation dramatically lowers operational costs by eliminating repetitive manual labor. [ ], it enhances workplace safety by removing human workers from hazardous industrial environments.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u306e\u30e1\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8\uff08\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u524a\u6e1b\uff09\u3092\u6319\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306f\u5225\u306e\u30e1\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8\uff08\u52b4\u50cd\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u306e\u5411\u4e0a\uff09\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e21\u8005\u306f\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\uff08\u30ed\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u306e\u6709\u76ca\u6027\uff09\u3092\u5f37\u5316\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u540c\u65b9\u5411\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u8ffd\u52a0\u30fb\u7d2f\u52a0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f “Furthermore” \u3084 “Moreover”\u3001”In addition” \u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002”Instead”\uff08\u4ee3\u884c\uff09\u3084 “Nevertheless”\uff08\u9006\u63a5\uff09\u306f\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “Western legal philosophy historically emphasizes individual rights and procedural justice. [ ], traditional East Asian legal thought often prioritizes social harmony and collective responsibility over personal entitlements.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u300c\u897f\u6d0b\u306e\u6cd5\u54f2\u5b66\uff1d\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u300d\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306f\u300c\u6771\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u306e\u6cd5\u601d\u60f3\uff1d\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u8abf\u548c\u3068\u96c6\u56e3\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u300d\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u7570\u306a\u308b\u6587\u5316\u570f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u601d\u60f3\u304c\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u30d1\u30e9\u30ec\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5bfe\u7167\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u6a19\u8b58\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001”In contrast”\u3001”By comparison”\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f “On the other hand” \u304c\u6700\u3082\u7d14\u7c8b\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u306e\u5224\u5225\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17.\uff12. \u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u5f8c\u7d9a\u547d\u984c\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u5145\u8db3<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8a2d\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u6301\u3064\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u4e88\u544a\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u6700\u5927\u9650\u306b\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5145\u586b\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306b “Consequently”\uff08\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff09\u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u304b\u3089\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5e30\u7d50\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001”On the contrary”\uff08\u305d\u308c\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b\u53cd\u5bfe\u306b\uff09\u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u3067\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u547d\u984c\uff08not A\uff09\u306e\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u5b9f\u614b\uff08A \u306e\u9006\u306e\u6975\u9650\uff09\u304c\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u3067\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u591a\u304f\u306e\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u98db\u3070\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u8a9e\u53e5\u3060\u3051\u3067\u610f\u5473\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u30ec\u30fc\u30eb\u304b\u3089\u9038\u8131\u3057\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u547d\u984c\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u3092\u6307\u793a\u3059\u308b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6349\u3048\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u4e88\u544a\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u5f8c\u7d9a\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5145\u8db3\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\uff08\u9006\u63a5\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3001\u63db\u8a00\u3001\u4f8b\u793a\u7b49\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u547d\u984c\u5c5e\u6027\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u547d\u984c\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u3079\u304d\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u4e88\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u62c5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4e88\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6b20\u304b\u305b\u306a\u3044\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u5099\u3048\u305f\u8a9e\u53e5\u3092\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304b\u3089\u9078\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u4e88\u544a\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u5f8c\u7d9a\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u5145\u8db3\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The pharmaceutical corporation repeatedly claimed that the new antidepressant had no adverse side effects. On the contrary, subsequent clinical trials revealed that the medication significantly [ ] the incidence of severe insomnia among participants.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u982d\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58 “On the contrary” \u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u300c\u6709\u5bb3\u306a\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u306f\u5168\u304f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u5168\u9762\u7684\u306b\u8986\u3057\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u6709\u5bb3\u306a\u4e8b\u614b\u304c\u751f\u3058\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4e0d\u7720\u75c7\u306e\u767a\u751f\u7387\u3092\u300c\u5f15\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u305f\u3001\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”increased” \u3084 “heightened”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002”reduced” \u306a\u3069\u3092\u9078\u3076\u3068\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3068\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044 “On the contrary” \u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a5f\u80fd\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The initial economic sanctions failed to dissuade the authoritarian regime from continuing its nuclear weapons development. Consequently, the United Nations Security Council resolved to impose far more [ ] financial measures to cripple the state’s international banking operations.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u982d\u306e “Consequently”\uff08\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff09\u306f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u300c\u5236\u88c1\u306e\u5931\u6557\u300d\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u3002\u521d\u671f\u306e\u5236\u88c1\u304c\u52b9\u304b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u56fd\u969b\u793e\u4f1a\u304c\u53d6\u308b\u3079\u304d\u6b21\u306e\u4e00\u624b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u3088\u308a\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u3001\u3088\u308a\u5f37\u5236\u529b\u306e\u3042\u308b\u300d\u63aa\u7f6e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u6bd4\u8f03\u7d1a “far more” \u306b\u4fee\u98fe\u3055\u308c\u3066\u5236\u88c1\u306e\u5f37\u5316\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”stringent” \u3084 “drastic”\uff09\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “The cognitive psychologist demonstrated that human memory does not operate like a digital recording device that stores exact copies of past events. Instead, memory is a [ ] process wherein past experiences are continuously reconstructed based on current beliefs and expectations.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f “does not operate like a digital recording device…\uff08\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8a18\u9332\u88c5\u7f6e\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff09” \u3068\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u8aa4\u89e3\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7d9a\u304f “Instead”\uff08\u305d\u3046\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3066\uff09\u306f\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u4ee3\u308f\u308b\u3001\u771f\u306e\u8a18\u61b6\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e “continuously reconstructed”\uff08\u7d76\u3048\u305a\u518d\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a18\u8ff0\u3068\u8abf\u548c\u3057\u3001\u53d7\u52d5\u7684\u8a18\u9332\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u306a\u308b\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u80fd\u52d5\u7684\u306a\u3001\u5275\u9020\u7684\u306a\u3001\u518d\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u306a\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”constructive” \u3084 “reconstructive”\uff09\u304c\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The empirical survey revealed that high consumer confidence does not necessarily translate into increased retail spending. In other words, positive economic sentiment can easily [ ] with household spending behavior under conditions of macroeconomic uncertainty.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58 “In other words”\uff08\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u308c\u3070\uff09\u306f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u300c\u9ad8\u3044\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u4fe1\u983c\u611f\u304c\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u5c0f\u58f2\u652f\u51fa\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u306b\u76f4\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u306e\u540c\u7fa9\u7684\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3092\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u3067\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5148\u884c\u6587\u304c\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u300c\u610f\u8b58\uff08\u30de\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\uff09\u3068\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u884c\u52d5\uff08\u6d88\u8cbb\uff09\u306e\u89e3\u96e2\u30fb\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u89e3\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u3001\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3001\u4e56\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\uff08”diverge from” \u3084 “decouple from”\uff09\u304c\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u4e88\u544a\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u6d3b\u7528\u3057\u305f\u7a7a\u6240\u5145\u586b\u306e\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18. \u8a9e\u8108\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3068\u540c\u7fa9\u30fb\u5bfe\u7acb\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u5c04\u7a0b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u8cab\u304f\u6700\u5927\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7684\u7279\u5fb4\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u306f\u3001\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\uff08lexical cohesion\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u304c\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u305f\u30c6\u30fc\u30de\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u9650\u308a\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u3084\u4e3b\u984c\u306f\u3001\u5f62\u614b\u3084\u54c1\u8a5e\u3092\u5909\u3048\u306a\u304c\u3089\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u53cd\u5fa9\u51fa\u73fe\u3057\u3001\u307e\u305f\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u306f\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u5bfe\u7acb\u9805\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u308c\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3079\u304d\u5358\u8a9e\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5b64\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u307b\u307c\u4f8b\u5916\u306a\u304f\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u300c\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\uff08synonym\uff09\u300d\u300c\u53cd\u610f\u8a9e\uff08antonym\uff09\u300d\u300c\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8a9e\u30fb\u4e0b\u4f4d\u8a9e\uff08hypernym\/hyponym\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u3067\u305d\u306e\u5f71\u3092\u843d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5185\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3068\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u5171\u9cf4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8a9e\u53e5\u306e\u624b\u304c\u304b\u308a\u3092\u6355\u6349\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u56da\u308f\u308c\u305a\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u9023\u9396\u3092\u4fef\u77b0\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u8996\u91ce\u3092\u80b2\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18.\uff11. \u30d1\u30e9\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u3068\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u306e\u62bd\u51fa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u9577\u6587\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u6570\u884c\u524d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6570\u884c\u5f8c\u3067\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u305f\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u5de7\u5999\u306a\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\uff08paraphrase\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u591a\u3044\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u8a9e\u3092\u5358\u8abf\u306b\u53cd\u5fa9\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u540c\u7fa9\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u7528\u8a9e\u3001\u6bd4\u55a9\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u8aac\u660e\u63cf\u5199\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u5909\u594f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u547d\u984c\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u540c\u7b49\u306a\u547d\u984c\u304c\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u3067\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308c\u3070\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\uff08semantic features\uff09\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3068\u306f\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5185\u306b\u6563\u5728\u3059\u308b\u540c\u7fa9\u306e\u30d1\u30ba\u30eb\u30d4\u30fc\u30b9\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u306b\u518d\u4ee3\u5165\u3059\u308b\u4f5c\u696d\u306b\u4ed6\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30d1\u30e9\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u6295\u5c04\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4e09\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u9032\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u304c\u5b9a\u7fa9\u30fb\u8aac\u660e\u30fb\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5bfe\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\uff08target concept\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7b87\u6240\uff08\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u6587\uff09\u3092\u63a2\u7d22\u30fb\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u540c\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e2d\u6838\u7684\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\u30fb\u8ff0\u8a9e\u304b\u3089\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\uff08\u4f8b\u3048\u3070 [+\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u6027]\u3001[+\u96c6\u56e3\u7684]\u3001[+\u4eba\u5de5\u7684] \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u9078\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u30d1\u30e9\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u3068\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “Throughout the eighteenth century, European political thinkers were preoccupied with preventing the concentration of arbitrary power in the hands of a single ruler. They firmly believed that the [ ] of governmental authority was the ultimate safeguard against tyranny.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306e\u300c\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u652f\u914d\u8005\u306e\u624b\u306b\u6063\u610f\u7684\u306a\u6a29\u529b\u304c\u96c6\u4e2d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u9632\u6b62\u3059\u308b\uff08preventing the concentration of arbitrary power\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u304c\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u3067\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6a29\u529b\u306e\u300c\u96c6\u4e2d\u3092\u9632\u6b62\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3053\u3068\u306e\u540c\u7fa9\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u6a29\u529b\u306e\u300c\u5206\u6563\u3001\u5206\u5272\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u540d\u8a5e\u306f\u3001”concentration” \u306e\u53cd\u610f\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308a “prevention of concentration” \u306e\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3068\u306a\u308b “dispersion”\u3001”distribution”\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f “separation”\uff08\u6a29\u7acb\u5206\u7acb\uff09\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The newly synthesized chemical compound proved to be remarkably resilient under conditions of extreme heat and mechanical stress. Because of this extraordinary [ ], materials scientists anticipated its widespread application in aerospace engineering.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u3067 “remarkably resilient under conditions of extreme heat and mechanical stress”\uff08\u6975\u7aef\u306a\u71b1\u3068\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u30b9\u30c8\u30ec\u30b9\u306e\u4e0b\u3067\u8457\u3057\u304f\u5f3e\u529b\u6027\u30fb\u5fa9\u5143\u529b\u30fb\u8010\u4e45\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6307\u793a\u8868\u73fe “this extraordinary [ ]” \u306f\u3053\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u30d1\u30e9\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e “resilient” \u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u5f62\u3067\u3042\u308b “resilience”\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u305d\u306e\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b “durability”\uff08\u8010\u4e45\u6027\uff09\u304c\u3001\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “Unlike modern agricultural practices that focus on a single crop, traditional agroforestry integrates trees, livestock, and diverse vegetables within the same ecological plot. This agricultural [ ] maximizes ecological resilience while minimizing susceptibility to pest outbreaks.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u300c\u5358\u4e00\u4f5c\u7269\u306e\u683d\u57f9\uff08monoculture\uff09\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308a\u3001\u6a39\u6728\u30fb\u5bb6\u755c\u30fb\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u91ce\u83dc\u3092\u540c\u4e00\u533a\u753b\u306b\u7d71\u5408\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u8fb2\u6cd5\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e “This agricultural [ ]” \u306f\u3053\u306e\u8fb2\u6cd5\u306e\u7279\u5fb4\u3092\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u3067\u5305\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7279\u5fb4\u304b\u3089\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u306f\u300c\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f “diversity” \u3084 “heterogeneity”\u3001”polyculture” \u304c\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The philosopher argued that human language is inherently ambiguous, filled with metaphors and context-dependent meanings that defy formal mathematical logic. Given this pervasive [ ], the quest for a perfectly unambiguous philosophical vocabulary was doomed to failure.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u300c\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306f\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u66d6\u6627\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff08inherently ambiguous\uff09\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4f9d\u5b58\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306b\u6e80\u3061\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e “this pervasive [ ]” \u306f\u3053\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e “ambiguous” \u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u5f62\u3067\u3042\u308b “ambiguity”\uff08\u66d6\u6627\u3055\uff09\u3084\u305d\u306e\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e “equivocality” \u304c\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u7121\u77db\u76fe\u306a\u30d1\u30e9\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u30d1\u30e9\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u304c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18.\uff12. \u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u56f3\u5f0f\u3068\u53cd\u610f\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u5c04\u7a0b<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u304c\u597d\u3093\u3067\u53d6\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\uff08binary opposition\uff09\u306e\u56f3\u5f0f\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u983b\u7e41\u306b\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u9bae\u660e\u306b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u8ef8\uff08\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u3068\u6587\u5316\u300d\u300c\u7406\u6027\u3068\u611f\u60c5\u300d\u300c\u500b\u5225\u6027\u3068\u666e\u904d\u6027\u300d\u300c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u3068\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u300d\u300c\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3068\u5468\u7e01\u300d\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u30b3\u30f3\u8108\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5bfe\u7acb\u9805\u306e\u4e00\u65b9\u304c\u6587\u8108\u4e2d\u306b\u660e\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u3001\u4ed6\u65b9\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u8a9e\u53e5\u306f\u3001\u660e\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u7d14\u7c8b\u306a\u300c\u53cd\u610f\u8a9e\uff08antonym\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u7b97\u51fa\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u56f3\u5f0f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u4e2d\u9593\u306e\u66d6\u6627\u306a\u6982\u5ff5\u306f\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u3001A \u5bfe B \u306e\u5cfb\u53b3\u306a\u5bfe\u7acb\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u652f\u914d\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u5bfe\u7acb\u9805\u306e\u93e1\u50cf\u3068\u306a\u308b\u8a9e\u3092\u898b\u3064\u3051\u51fa\u3059\u4f5c\u696d\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u3044\u78ba\u5b9f\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u56f3\u5f0f\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u8cab\u304f\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u8ef8\uff08\u6982\u5ff5 A vs \u6982\u5ff5 B\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u6975\u306b\u5272\u308a\u632f\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5c5e\u6027\u3084\u30ad\u30fc\u30ef\u30fc\u30c9\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u6982\u5ff5 A \u306e\u9663\u55b6\u306b\u5c5e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u6982\u5ff5 B \u306e\u9663\u55b6\u306b\u5c5e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u30fb\u6587\u8108\u7684\u306b\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u4ed6\u65b9\u306e\u9663\u55b6\u3067\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30ad\u30fc\u30ef\u30fc\u30c9\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u53cd\u5bfe\u6975\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u9078\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u56f3\u5f0f\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7a7a\u6240\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “While instinctual animal communication is largely innate and genetically predetermined, human symbolic language is predominantly [ ], transmitted across generations through social learning and cultural immersion.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u52d5\u7269\u306e\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3068\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u52d5\u7269\u5074\u306b\u306f “innate”\uff08\u751f\u5f97\u7684\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073 “genetically predetermined”\uff08\u907a\u4f1d\u7684\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5c5e\u6027\u304c\u4ed8\u4e0e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u9593\u5074\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u751f\u5f97\u7684\u300d\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u5bfe\u7fa9\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u5f8c\u5929\u7684\u306b\u7372\u5f97\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\uff08”acquired” \u3084 “learned”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “Scientific inquiry demands empirical verification based on observable physical evidence, whereas metaphysical speculation relies heavily on [ ] reasoning that cannot be tested through sensory experience.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\u3068\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u601d\u5f01\u306e\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5074\u306f “empirical verification based on observable physical evidence”\uff08\u89b3\u5bdf\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u7269\u7406\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7d4c\u9a13\u7684\u691c\u8a3c\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5bfe\u6bd4\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e “whereas” \u3092\u631f\u3093\u3060\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5074\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u7d4c\u9a13\u7684\u30fb\u7269\u7406\u7684\u300d\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u9805\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u30aa\u30ea\u306a\u3001\u7d14\u7c8b\u306b\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306a\u3001\u975e\u7d4c\u9a13\u7684\u306a\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\uff08”a priori”\u3001”abstract”\u3001”speculative”\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “The central government advocated for a uniform, centralized administrative policy across all provinces; however, regional leaders defended their traditional autonomy, arguing that local governance must be sensitive to [ ] peculiarities rather than national standards.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6a29\uff08centralized \/ uniform \/ national standards\uff09\u3068\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u6a29\uff08autonomy \/ local governance\uff09\u306e\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u69cb\u56f3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 “national standards”\uff08\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u30fb\u666e\u904d\u7684\u57fa\u6e96\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u5404\u5730\u57df\u306e\u500b\u5225\u7684\u7279\u5fb4\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f “universal \/ national” \u306e\u53cd\u610f\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b “regional”\u3001”local”\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f “idiosyncratic”\uff08\u7279\u7570\u306a\u3001\u500b\u5225\u306e\uff09\u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “In the realm of international relations, realists view state behavior as governed by immutable laws of national self-interest, while constructivists maintain that international norms are malleable and subject to historical [ ].”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30ea\u30a2\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3068\u30b3\u30f3\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30af\u30c6\u30a3\u30d3\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30ea\u30a2\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u5074\u306f “immutable laws”\uff08\u4e0d\u5909\u306e\u6cd5\u5247\uff09\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u30b3\u30f3\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30af\u30c6\u30a3\u30d3\u30ba\u30e0\u5074\u306f “malleable”\uff08\u53ef\u5909\u7684\u306a\u3001\u5909\u5f62\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\uff09\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u4e0d\u5909\uff08immutability\uff09\u300d\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u6982\u5ff5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u5909\u5316\u3001\u6539\u5909\u3001\u5909\u5bb9\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”transformation” \u3084 “evolution”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u56f3\u5f0f\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u56f3\u5f0f\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7a7a\u6240\u5145\u586b\u306e\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19. \u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d71\u8a9e\u5236\u7d04\u3068\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u610f\u5473\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u7af6\u5408\u89e3\u6d88<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u306e\u6700\u9ad8\u96e3\u5ea6\u9818\u57df\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u6587\u6cd5\u30fb\u9023\u8a9e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u307f\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u5019\u88dc\u8a9e\u3068\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u3084\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\uff08\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u6587\u8108\uff09\u304c\u8981\u8acb\u3059\u308b\u5019\u88dc\u8a9e\u304c\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306b\u885d\u7a81\u30fb\u7af6\u5408\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u614b\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306b\u306f\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u3082\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u7684\u306b\u3082\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3068\u7167\u3089\u3057\u5408\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3068\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u77db\u76fe\u3092\u5b55\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u306f\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u304c\u6700\u3082\u6d17\u7df4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f62\u3067\u4ed5\u639b\u3051\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u5236\u7d04\u3068\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u91cd\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u8a55\u4fa1\u3057\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u89e3\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u9078\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u5408\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30df\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u8996\u70b9\u3068\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u8996\u70b9\u3092\u7d76\u3048\u9593\u306a\u304f\u5f80\u9084\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u601d\u8003\u529b\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19.\uff11. \u5c40\u6240\u7684\u9069\u5408\u6027\u3068\u8ac7\u8a71\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u7d71\u5408<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u6570\u8a9e\u3092\u898b\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u98db\u3073\u3064\u304f\u53d7\u9a13\u8005\u306f\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u9023\u8a9e\u306e\u7f60\uff08local collocational trap\uff09\u306b\u5bb9\u6613\u306b\u5d4c\u5bb3\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b “with” \u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3092\u898b\u3066\u3001\u8a18\u61b6\u306b\u3042\u308b\u719f\u8a9e “comply with” \u3092\u53cd\u5c04\u7684\u306b\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u304c\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u300c\u59a5\u5354\u306e\u62d2\u7d76\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6587\u8108\u7684\u306b\u306f “clash with” \u3084 “dispense with” \u304c\u6b63\u89e3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u5236\u7d04\uff08\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3001\u54c1\u8a5e\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3068\u306e\u5171\u8d77\uff09\u306f\u3001\u5019\u88dc\u8a9e\u3092\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u305f\u3081\u306e\u300c\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u300d\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u306b\u3059\u304e\u305a\u3001\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306a\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u300c\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u300d\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u306e\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u306a\u8ac7\u8a71\u8ad6\u7406\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u8907\u6570\u306e\u5019\u88dc\u8a9e\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3051\u3092\u6b8b\u3059\u3068\u3044\u3046\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u904b\u7528\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u7af6\u5408\u3092\u89e3\u6d88\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u5408\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4e09\u6bb5\u968e\u304b\u3089\u6210\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5236\u7d04\uff08\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u547c\u5fdc\u3001\u54c1\u8a5e\u6027\u5411\uff09\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u7834\u7dbb\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5019\u88dc\u8a9e\u306e\u30b5\u30d6\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\uff08\u5c40\u6240\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u30fb\u30bb\u30f3\u30c6\u30f3\u30b9\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5148\u884c\u30fb\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u304c\u9054\u6210\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\uff08\u5927\u5c40\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u30b5\u30d6\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u5185\u306e\u5404\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u6587\u8108\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u3061\u3001\u304b\u3064\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u8a9e\u3092\u6700\u7d42\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3068\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The treaty was initially hailed as a landmark achievement in international diplomacy. However, rigorous legal scrutiny soon revealed that its ambiguous language effectively [ ] the enforcement mechanisms, rendering the agreement virtually toothless.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066 “strengthened” \u3082 “undermined” \u3082\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “the enforcement mechanisms” \u3092\u53d6\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e\u9006\u63a5 “However”\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u7d50\u679c\u53e5 “rendering the agreement virtually toothless”\uff08\u5354\u5b9a\u3092\u4e8b\u5b9f\u4e0a\u9aa8\u629c\u304d\u306b\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u6587\u8108\u306f\u3001\u5f37\u5236\u63aa\u7f6e\u304c\u300c\u5f31\u4f53\u5316\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3001\u7121\u529b\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u3092\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u9069\u5408\u8a9e\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b “undermined” \u3084 “compromised” \u304c\u9078\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3001”strengthened” \u306f\u6587\u8108\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “Although the CEO publicly expressed unwavering confidence in the merger, internal communications indicated that senior executives were profoundly [ ] about the integration of corporate cultures.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b “about…” \u304c\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3001\u611f\u60c5\u3092\u8868\u3059\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e “enthusiastic about”\uff08\u71b1\u5fc3\u306a\uff09\u3082 “apprehensive about”\uff08\u61f8\u5ff5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff09\u3082\u7b49\u3057\u304f\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e\u8b72\u6b69 “Although publicly expressed unwavering confidence…”\uff08\u516c\u306b\u306f\u63fa\u308b\u304e\u306a\u3044\u81ea\u4fe1\u3092\u8868\u660e\u3057\u305f\u304c\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u7f6e\u304d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u793e\u5185\u3067\u306e\u5b9f\u614b\u306f\u300c\u61f8\u5ff5\u3001\u4e0d\u5b89\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9006\u306e\u6975\u6027\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u6587\u8108\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059 “apprehensive” \u3084 “skeptical” \u304c\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b “enthusiastic” \u306f\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “The government’s heavy subsidies were intended to stimulate domestic manufacturing; paradoxically, this artificial protection [ ] technological innovation by shielding inefficient firms from global competition.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“paradoxically”\uff08\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u30fb\u76ae\u8089\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u652f\u914d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u306f\u300c\u523a\u6fc0\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff08stimulate\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u306a\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u751f\u3058\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u7af6\u4e89\u304b\u3089\u306e\u4fdd\u8b77\u306b\u3088\u308b\u300c\u30a4\u30ce\u30d9\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u963b\u5bb3\u30fb\u505c\u6ede\u300d\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306b\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “technological innovation” \u3092\u53d6\u308c\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u7fa4\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u963b\u5bb3\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b “stifled” \u3084 “inhibited” \u304c\u9078\u3070\u308c\u3001”promoted” \u3084 “accelerated” \u306f\u9006\u8aac\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u7834\u68c4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “Rather than dismissing the indigenous medicinal practices as primitive superstition, the modern ethnobotanist sought to [ ] their therapeutic efficacy through rigorous pharmacological testing.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Rather than dismissing… as primitive superstition”\uff08\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u306a\u8ff7\u4fe1\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9000\u3051\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u7f6e\u304d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u614b\u5ea6\u306f\u571f\u7740\u306e\u533b\u7642\u6163\u884c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u304b\u3064\u5b9f\u8a3c\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “their therapeutic efficacy”\uff08\u305d\u306e\u6cbb\u7642\u52b9\u679c\uff09\u3092\u3068\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u300c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3001\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u5411\u304d\u306a\u884c\u70ba\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001”validate” \u3084 “corroborate” \u304c\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u6587\u8108\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3002”ignore” \u3084 “exaggerate” \u306f\u6587\u8108\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u5236\u7d04\u3068\u5927\u5c40\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u7af6\u5408\u89e3\u6d88\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19.\uff12. \u591a\u91cd\u7a7a\u6240\u9023\u52d5\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u9023\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u95a2\u79c1\u7acb\u5927\u3084\u56fd\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u306e\u9577\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u6700\u3082\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u5f62\u5f0f\u304c\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6587\u307e\u305f\u306f\u96a3\u63a5\u3059\u308b\u6587\u306b\u4e8c\u3064\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u304c\u76f8\u4e92\u306b\u62d8\u675f\u3057\u5408\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u591a\u91cd\u7a7a\u6240\u9023\u52d5\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u65b9\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5358\u72ec\u3067\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u539f\u7406\u7684\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7a7a\u6240 A \u3068\u7a7a\u6240 B \u304c\u540c\u6642\u306b\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u3079\u304d\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027\u306e\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u300c\u9023\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u300d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u89e3\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306f\u3001\u7a7a\u6240 A \u5358\u4f53\u3067\u898b\u308c\u3070\u9b45\u529b\u7684\u306b\u601d\u3048\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u3068\u3001\u7a7a\u6240 B \u5358\u4f53\u3067\u898b\u308c\u3070\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u601d\u3048\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u305f\u8aa4\u7b54\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u5468\u5230\u306b\u7528\u610f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u89e3\u6cd5\u306e\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u9053\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u9593\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u30fb\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3001\u76f8\u95a2\u63a5\u7d9a\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u30da\u30a2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u4e00\u62ec\u3057\u3066\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u591a\u91cd\u7a7a\u6240\u9023\u52d5\u554f\u984c\u3092\u89e3\u6c7a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240 A \u3068\u7a7a\u6240 B \u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u4fef\u77b0\u3057\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\uff08not A but B, more A than B, so A that B, from A to B \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u4e21\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u9593\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u3079\u304d\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u540c\u7fa9\u3001\u53cd\u610f\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u9032\u5c55\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30da\u30a2\u7fa4\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u3001\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3068\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u3092\u9023\u7acb\u7684\u306b\u5145\u8db3\u3059\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u9023\u7acb\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The new taxation policy is designed to be [ A ], imposing higher rates on luxury consumption while providing substantial relief to low-income households, thereby ensuring that the overall fiscal burden is distributed in an [ B ] manner.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u7a7a\u6240 A \u306f\u653f\u7b56\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u5305\u62ec\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240 B \u306f\u8ca0\u62c5\u914d\u5206\u306e\u69d8\u614b\u3092\u8868\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u306e “imposing higher rates on luxury… while providing relief to low-income…” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u6bd4\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u7d2f\u9032\u7684\u30fb\u516c\u6b63\u306a\u8ab2\u7a0e\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001[ A ] \u306b\u306f\u300c\u7d2f\u9032\u7684\u306a\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b “progressive”\u3001[ B ] \u306b\u306f\u300c\u516c\u6b63\u306a\u3001\u8861\u5e73\u306a\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b “equitable” \u306e\u30da\u30a2\u304c\u9023\u7acb\u7684\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002[ A ] \u306b “regressive”\uff08\u9006\u9032\u7684\uff09\u3084 [ B ] \u306b “arbitrary”\uff08\u6063\u610f\u7684\u306a\uff09\u3092\u542b\u3080\u30da\u30a2\u306f\u6587\u8108\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The scientific community was initially [ A ] to accept the revolutionary hypothesis, not because the underlying mathematics was flawed, but because the empirical data appeared fundamentally [ B ] with established physical laws.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76f8\u95a2\u69cb\u9020 “not because A, but because B” \u304c\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u7406\u7531\u7bc0\u300c\u7d4c\u9a13\u7684\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7269\u7406\u6cd5\u5247\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304b\u3089\u3001\u521d\u671f\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u53cd\u5fdc [ A ] \u306f\u300c\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u306b\u6d88\u6975\u7684\u30fb\u8e8a\u8e87\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066 [ A ] \u306b\u306f “reluctant” \u3084 “hesitant” \u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3053\u306e\u6d88\u6975\u6027\u3092\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001[ B ] \u306b\u306f\u300c\u6cd5\u5247\u3068\u4e21\u7acb\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3001\u77db\u76fe\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b “incompatible” \u3084 “inconsistent”\uff08\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e with \u3068\u547c\u5fdc\uff09\u304c\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002[ A: eager, B: consistent ] \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u306f\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “Rather than fostering [ A ] among the member states, the ambiguous language of the treaty inadvertently exacerbated existing geopolitical [ B ], leading to mutual distrust.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u69cb\u6587 “Rather than fostering A, … exacerbated B”\uff08A \u3092\u80b2\u3080\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b\u3001\u9006\u306b B \u3092\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\uff09\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002A \u3068 B \u306f\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u5bfe\u7fa9\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300c\u76f8\u4e92\u4e0d\u4fe1\uff08mutual distrust\uff09\u300d\u304c\u751f\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u305f [ B ] \u306f\u300c\u7dca\u5f35\u3001\u5bfe\u7acb\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u80b2\u307e\u308c\u308b\u306f\u305a\u3060\u3063\u305f [ A ] \u306f\u300c\u8abf\u548c\u3001\u5354\u529b\u3001\u9023\u5e2f\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001[ A: solidarity \/ harmony, B: tensions \/ rivalries ] \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u7acb\u30da\u30a2\u306e\u307f\u304c\u3053\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u9023\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3092\u5145\u8db3\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The primary flaw of the economic model lies in its [ A ] of human altruism; by assuming that individuals act solely out of pecuniary self-interest, it severely [ B ] the complexity of social behavior.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u524d\u6587\u300c\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u6b20\u9665\u306f\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u5229\u4ed6\u6027\u306e [ A ] \u306b\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3001\u5f8c\u6587\u300c\u500b\u4eba\u304c\u91d1\u92ad\u7684\u81ea\u5df1\u5229\u76ca\u306e\u307f\u304b\u3089\u884c\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3068\u4eee\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u52d5\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u3055\u3092 [ B ] \u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u304c\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u306b\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u81ea\u5df1\u5229\u76ca\u306e\u307f\u3092\u4eee\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5229\u4ed6\u6027\u3092\u300c\u7121\u8996\u30fb\u8efd\u8996\u300d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u3055\u3092\u300c\u904e\u5c0f\u8a55\u4fa1\u30fb\u5358\u7d14\u5316\u300d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001[ A: neglect \/ exclusion, B: underestimates \/ oversimplifies ] \u306e\u30da\u30a2\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u7a7a\u6240\u9023\u52d5\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u9023\u7acb\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u57fa\u790e M15]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2514 \u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u7bc0\u9593\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u9806\u63a5\u30fb\u9006\u63a5\u30fb\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30fb\u56e0\u679c\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6d3b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u57fa\u790e M30]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2514 \u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u591a\u7fa9\u8a9e\u306e\u9078\u629e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3084\u5171\u8d77\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u624b\u304c\u304b\u308a\u306b\u6587\u8108\u4f9d\u5b58\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u500b\u5225 M01]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2514 \u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u306e\u8996\u5ea7\u3092\u3001\u8aa4\u308a\u7b87\u6240\u6307\u6458\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u9055\u53cd\u691c\u51fa\u3078\u3068\u76f4\u63a5\u63a5\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u7406\uff1a\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u9069\u5408\u6027\u5224\u5b9a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u9078\u629e\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5019\u88dc\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3092\u9806\u306b\u5f53\u3066\u306f\u3081\u3066\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u7d0d\u5f97\u611f\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u4f5c\u696d\u3067\u306f\u6c7a\u3057\u3066\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u554f\u984c\u6587\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u591a\u6b21\u5143\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3001\u6587\u8108\u7684\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u8ad6\u7406\u3001\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\uff09\u3092\u9023\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30e1\u30fc\u30bf\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u7fa4\u3092\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u9806\u6b21\u901a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u975e\u9069\u5408\u306a\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3075\u308b\u3044\u843d\u3068\u3059\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u300c\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\uff08Constraint Satisfaction\uff09\u300d\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u305f\u7d1b\u3089\u308f\u3057\u3044\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u611f\u899a\u306b\u983c\u3089\u305a\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7684\u30fb\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u601d\u8003\u539f\u7406\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u8996\u5ea7\u5c64\u3067\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u7bc0\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u3068\u6587\u8108\u7684\u624b\u304c\u304b\u308a\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u591a\u6b21\u5143\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3001\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u7d20\u6027\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u3001\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3068\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\uff08\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u30fb\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\uff09\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u539f\u7406\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30fb\u985e\u4f3c\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30ec\u30eb\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u5316\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u8003\u7a76\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9577\u5927\u306a\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8ac7\u8a71\u306e\u51e6\u7406\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u74b0\u5883\u4e0b\u3067\u306e\u5373\u6642\u78ba\u5b9a\u3092\u652f\u3048\u308b\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u76e4\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u524d\u306b\u3057\u3066\u8ff7\u3044\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u5224\u65ad\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\u304c\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u5185\u9762\u7684\u306a\u8a9e\u611f\u306b\u59d4\u306d\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u539f\u7406\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5185\u9762\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u96e3\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u306a\u305c\u305d\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b\u3001\u306a\u305c\u4ed6\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u660e\u5feb\u306b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u89e3\u7b54\u529b\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u578b\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u8a9e\u6cd5\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u9808\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3001\u88dc\u8a9e\uff09\u306e\u914d\u5217\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u6587\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u524d\u5f8c\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3092\u6f14\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u76e4\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M01]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u3068\u7bc0\u306e\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u8907\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u3057\u3066\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u306e\u4fee\u98fe\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u3001\u7bc0\u5185\u90e8\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u6b20\u8131\uff08\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6587\u304b\u5b8c\u5168\u6587\u304b\uff09\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u7bc0\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u790e\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M13]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11. \u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5019\u88dc\u8a9e\u306e\u591a\u6b21\u5143\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u7fa4\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u898b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3069\u308c\u3082\u6587\u8108\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5468\u5230\u306b\u4f5c\u554f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u8a18\u53f7\u304c\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u9069\u683c\u306b\u51fa\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u8ad6\u7684\u3001\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u7684\u306a\u8af8\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u3059\u3079\u3066\u540c\u6642\u306b\u6e80\u305f\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3042\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u306f\u610f\u5473\u7684\u306b\u306f\u5b8c\u74a7\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3068\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u306b\u53cd\u3057\u3001\u5225\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u306f\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u306f\u9069\u5408\u3057\u3066\u3082\u6587\u8108\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6975\u6027\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u8aa4\u7b54\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u5fc5\u305a\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304b\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u6b21\u5143\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4e0d\u9069\u683c\u6027\u3092\u9732\u5448\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u8907\u6570\u306e\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u691c\u8a3c\u6b21\u5143\u306b\u5206\u89e3\u3057\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u901a\u3057\u3066\u3075\u308b\u3044\u843d\u3068\u3059\u300c\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u300d\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u904b\u7528\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7db2\u7f85\u7684\u304b\u3064\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u6d88\u53bb\u6cd5\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3068\u901f\u5ea6\u3092\u6975\u9650\u307e\u3067\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff11. \u7d71\u8a9e\u30fb\u610f\u5473\u30fb\u8a9e\u7528\u30fb\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u56db\u6b21\u5143\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u541f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u300c\u610f\u5473\u304c\u901a\u3058\u308b\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u76f4\u611f\u7684\u306a\u57fa\u6e96\u306e\u307f\u3067\u5168\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u4e00\u62ec\u3057\u3066\u8a55\u4fa1\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5358\u4e00\u6b21\u5143\u306e\u76f4\u611f\u5224\u65ad\u3053\u305d\u304c\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306e\u4ed5\u639b\u3051\u305f\u6587\u8108\u7684\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u306b\u6355\u6349\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6700\u5927\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u9069\u683c\u6027\u5224\u5b9a\u3092\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u56db\u3064\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u6b21\u5143\u306b\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u968e\u5c64\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5143\u306f\u3010\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\uff08Syntactic Filter\uff09\u3011\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u54c1\u8a5e\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3001\u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e\u30fb\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u533a\u5225\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3068\u306e\u547c\u5fdc\u306a\u3069\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\u306e\u9069\u683c\u6027\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5143\u306f\u3010\u610f\u5473\u7684\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\uff08Semantic Filter\uff09\u3011\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\uff08selectional restrictions: \u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u300c\u4eba\u9593\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u300c\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u7b49\uff09\u3084\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6975\u6027\u3068\u306e\u8abf\u548c\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u5143\u306f\u3010\u8a9e\u7528\u7684\u30fb\u8ac7\u8a71\u7684\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\uff08Pragmatic\/Discourse Filter\uff09\u3011\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u30fb\u6279\u5224\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3001\u5148\u884c\u8b70\u8ad6\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u53cd\u99c1\u3084\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u6b21\u5143\u306f\u3010\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\uff08Collocational Filter\uff09\u3011\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u5206\u91ce\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6163\u7528\u7684\u306a\u8a9e\u7d50\u5408\u3084\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u3055\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u56db\u3064\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u9806\u6b21\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4e3b\u89b3\u306e\u4ecb\u5728\u3059\u308b\u4f59\u5730\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3057\u305f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u9078\u5b9a\u304c\u5b9f\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56db\u6b21\u5143\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u89e3\u6790\u304b\u3089\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u8a9e\u3092\u76f4\u3061\u306b\u9664\u5916\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3066\u610f\u5473\u7684\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u8a9e\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3066\u8a9e\u7528\u7684\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u3092\u3075\u308b\u3044\u843d\u3068\u3059\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u306b\u3001\u6b8b\u5b58\u3057\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u5171\u8d77\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3001\u552f\u4e00\u7121\u4e8c\u306e\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u6700\u7d42\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u56db\u6b21\u5143\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u307f\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The rigorous laboratory experiments successfully [ ] the initial skepticism surrounding the validity of the novel superconducting material.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3068\u3057\u3066 [ dissipated, vanished, refuted, argued ] \u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “the initial skepticism” \u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u3068\u308b\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e “vanished” \u304a\u3088\u3073\u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e\u4e3b\u4f53\u306e “argued”\uff08argue against \u304c\u5fc5\u8981\uff09\u304c\u9664\u5916\u3055\u308c\u3001\u5019\u88dc\u306f dissipated \u3068 refuted \u306b\u7d5e\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u610f\u5473\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306f\u300c\u61d0\u7591\u8ad6\uff08skepticism\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u547d\u984c\u3084\u7406\u8ad6\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u8ad6\u7834\u3059\u308b “refuted” \u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u9727\u3084\u7591\u5ff5\u3092\u9727\u6563\u30fb\u89e3\u6d88\u3055\u305b\u308b “dissipated” \u306e\u65b9\u304c\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “skepticism” \u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5727\u5012\u7684\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u306f “dissipated” \u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The unprecedented influx of digital media has profoundly altered the cognitive habits of younger generations, [ ] their attention spans in academic environments.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3068\u3057\u3066 [ deteriorating, diminishing, curtailing, descending ] \u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7d71\u8a9e\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “their attention spans”\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u6301\u7d9a\u6642\u9593\uff09\u3092\u3068\u308b\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u73fe\u5728\u5206\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7d14\u7c8b\u306a\u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e “descending” \u304c\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u610f\u5473\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u6301\u7d9a\u6642\u9593\u30fb\u671f\u9593\u3092\u77ed\u7e2e\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u8cea\u306e\u60aa\u5316\u3092\u8868\u3059\u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e\u4e3b\u4f53\u306e “deteriorating”\uff08\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u7528\u6cd5\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u7a00\uff09\u304c\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6b8b\u308b “diminishing” \u3068 “curtailing” \u3092\u8a9e\u5f59\u30fb\u8ac7\u8a71\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u6bd4\u8f03\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u300c\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u30fb\u4eba\u70ba\u7684\u306b\u524a\u6e1b\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u542b\u610f\u306e\u5f37\u3044 “curtailing” \u3088\u308a\u3082\u3001\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u8981\u56e0\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u300c\u6e1b\u5c11\u30fb\u7e2e\u5c0f\u3055\u305b\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u679c\u7684\u542b\u610f\u3092\u6301\u3064 “diminishing” \u304c\u6587\u8108\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “Despite the extensive circumstantial evidence, the public prosecutor could not [ ] the jury of the defendant’s direct involvement in the conspiracy.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b [ persuade, convince, assure, believe ] \u304c\u4e26\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306f [ V + the jury + of + \u540d\u8a5e ] \u3068\u3044\u3046\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7d71\u8a9e\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001”believe” \u306f\u3053\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u3068\u308c\u305a\uff08believe A of B \u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\uff09\u3001”persuade” \u306f\u73fe\u4ee3\u82f1\u8a9e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 “persuade A of B” \u3088\u308a\u3082 “persuade A to do \/ that…” \u304c\u5727\u5012\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001”assure” \u306f “assure A of B” \u3092\u3068\u308b\u304c\u300cA \u306b B \u3092\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3057\u3066\u5b89\u5fc3\u3055\u305b\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u306b\u306a\u308a\u691c\u5bdf\u306e\u8a34\u8ffd\u6587\u8108\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\uff08\u8a9e\u7528\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u306e\u6392\u9664\uff09\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001[ convince + \u4eba + of + \u4e8b\u67c4 ]\uff08\u4eba\u306b\u301c\u3092\u78ba\u4fe1\u3055\u305b\u308b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3068\u610f\u5473\u7684\u8981\u8acb\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u6e80\u305f\u3059 “convince” \u304c\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b8b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The committee concluded that the preliminary environmental assessment was too [ ] to justify the immediate suspension of the infrastructure project.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b [ flawed, defective, superficial, vulnerable ] \u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u69cb\u6587\u306f “too [ ] to justify…”\uff08\u3042\u307e\u308a\u306b\u301c\u306a\u306e\u3067\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002\u610f\u5473\u30fb\u8a9e\u7528\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u8abf\u67fb\u5831\u544a\u66f8\uff08assessment\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u77e5\u7684\u306a\u6210\u679c\u7269\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6279\u5224\u7684\u8a55\u4fa1\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f55\u304c\u9069\u5207\u304b\u304c\u554f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002”vulnerable” \u306f\u653b\u6483\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u3067\u3042\u308a\u8abf\u67fb\u306e\u8cea\u306b\u5408\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3002”defective” \u306f\u5de5\u696d\u88fd\u54c1\u306a\u3069\u306e\u7269\u7406\u7684\u6b20\u9665\u306b\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002\u6b8b\u308b “flawed”\uff08\u6b20\u9665\u306e\u3042\u308b\uff09\u3068 “superficial”\uff08\u76ae\u8089\u306b\u3082\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u3001\u6d45\u8584\u306a\uff09\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u300c\u4e2d\u6b62\u3092\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3059\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3042\u307e\u308a\u306b\u6d45\u8584\u30fb\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\uff08\u5341\u5206\u306a\u8a3c\u62e0\u306e\u6b20\u5982\uff09\u3068\u3001”preliminary”\uff08\u4e88\u5099\u7684\u306a\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5148\u884c\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3068\u306e\u89aa\u548c\u6027\u304b\u3089\u3001”superficial” \u304c\u6700\u3082\u7cbe\u7dfb\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u56db\u6b21\u5143\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u904b\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u305f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u89e3\u7b54\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff12. \u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u30fb\u8a9e\u6e90\u7684\u30d5\u30a1\u30df\u30ea\u30fc\u5206\u6790\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u6392\u9664<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u3084\u96e3\u5ea6\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u5b66\u8853\u8a9e\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u30d1\u30cb\u30c3\u30af\u306b\u9665\u308a\u3001\u898b\u6163\u308c\u305f\u5e73\u6613\u306a\u5358\u8a9e\u3078\u3068\u9003\u907f\u3057\u3066\u8aa4\u7b54\u3092\u9078\u3076\u50be\u5411\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u9078\u629e\u5f0f\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306f\u3042\u3048\u3066\u96e3\u5ea6\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u6d3e\u751f\u8a9e\u3092\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u5e73\u6613\u306a\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u6587\u8108\u7684\u30fb\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306a\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5c40\u9762\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5a01\u529b\u3092\u767a\u63ee\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304c\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u69cb\u9020\uff08\u63a5\u982d\u8f9e\u3001\u8a9e\u6839\u3001\u63a5\u5c3e\u8f9e\uff09\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a9e\u304c\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u5f59\u30d5\u30a1\u30df\u30ea\u30fc\uff08word family\uff09\u304b\u3089\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u9818\u57df\u3068\u54c1\u8a5e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u3092\u5272\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u5f62\u614b\u8ad6\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u898b\u6163\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5358\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u63a5\u982d\u8f9e\uff08e.g., con-, de-, in-, sub-, trans-\uff09\u304c\u793a\u3059\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3084\u6975\u6027\u3001\u8a9e\u6839\uff08root\uff09\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u539f\u521d\u7684\u30a4\u30e1\u30fc\u30b8\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u63a5\u5c3e\u8f9e\uff08e.g., -ate, -ify, -ive, -ous, -tion\uff09\u304c\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u54c1\u8a5e\u6027\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u30d5\u30a1\u30df\u30ea\u30fc\u5206\u6790\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u6392\u9664\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u3092\u63a5\u982d\u8f9e\u30fb\u8a9e\u6839\u30fb\u63a5\u5c3e\u8f9e\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u306b\u5f62\u614b\u7d20\u5206\u89e3\uff08morphological decomposition\uff09\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u63a5\u5c3e\u8f9e\u304b\u3089\u54c1\u8a5e\uff08\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\uff09\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u8981\u8acb\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3055\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u9664\u5916\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u63a5\u982d\u8f9e\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\uff08\u5426\u5b9a\u3001\u53cd\u8ee2\u3001\u5171\u540c\u3001\u4e0b\u65b9\u3001\u8d85\u8d8a\u7b49\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u610f\u5473\u7684\u6975\u6027\u3068\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u306b\u3001\u65e2\u77e5\u306e\u540c\u8a9e\u6e90\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\uff08cognates\uff09\u304b\u3089\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u985e\u63a8\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3078\u306e\u9069\u5408\u6027\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u307f\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The constitutional court ruled that the newly enacted surveillance statute was fundamentally [ ] with the fundamental right to privacy.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b [ incompatible, irreconcilable, incongruous, incontrovertible ] \u3068\u3044\u3046\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u5426\u5b9a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u304c\u4e26\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u63a5\u982d\u8f9e “in- \/ ir-” \u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u5426\u5b9a\u3092\u8868\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “with” \u3068\u306e\u5171\u8d77\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001”incontrovertible”\uff08\u8ad6\u4e89\u306e\u4f59\u5730\u306e\u306a\u3044\uff09\u306f with \u3092\u53d6\u3089\u305a\u610f\u5473\u7684\u306b\u3082\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6b8b\u308b\u4e09\u8005\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u6cd5\u3084\u6a29\u5229\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u898f\u7bc4\u304c\u4e21\u7acb\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u6cd5\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u4e0b\u3059\u969b\u3001”incompatible with” \u307e\u305f\u306f “irreconcilable with” \u304c\u6709\u529b\u3068\u306a\u308b\u304c\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304c\u300c\u4e21\u7acb\u3057\u5f97\u306a\u3044\uff08\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9759\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6700\u3082\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u547c\u5fdc\u3092\u6301\u3064 “incompatible” \u304c\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The sudden resignation of the foreign minister served to [ ] the delicate diplomatic negotiations between the two rival states.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b [ exacerbate, facilitate, alleviate, ameliorate ] \u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u63a5\u982d\u8f9e\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002”ex-“\uff08\u5916\u3078\u3001\u5f37\u610f\uff09\uff0b “acerb”\uff08\u92ed\u3044\u3001\u82e6\u3044\uff09\u304b\u3089\u6210\u308b “exacerbate” \u306f\u300c\u4e8b\u614b\u3092\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001”alleviate”\uff08\u8efd\u6e1b\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3084 “ameliorate”\uff08\u6539\u5584\u3059\u308b\uff09\u306f\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\u306e\u6539\u5584\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002\u5916\u76f8\u306e\u7a81\u7136\u306e\u8f9e\u4efb\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u8c61\u304c\u3001\u30c7\u30ea\u30b1\u30fc\u30c8\u306a\u5916\u4ea4\u4ea4\u6e09\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u306f\u300c\u6df7\u4e71\u30fb\u60aa\u5316\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u306e\u6975\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3064 “exacerbate” \u304c\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u9078\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6539\u5584\u7cfb\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u4e00\u62ec\u3057\u3066\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “The government’s agricultural policy was designed to stimulate food production, but it unintentionally created an unsustainable [ ] that depressed crop prices.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b [ deficit, surplus, scarcity, insufficiency ] \u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e “depressed crop prices”\uff08\u4f5c\u7269\u306e\u4fa1\u683c\u3092\u66b4\u843d\u3055\u305b\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4fa1\u683c\u66b4\u843d\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u539f\u56e0\u306f\u3001\u4f9b\u7d66\u904e\u5270\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u306b “sur-“\uff08\u904e\u5270\u306b\u3001\u4e0a\u306b\uff09\uff0b “plus”\uff08\u591a\u3044\uff09\u304b\u3089\u6210\u308b “surplus”\uff08\u4f59\u5270\uff09\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u3002”deficit”\uff08\u8d64\u5b57\u30fb\u4e0d\u8db3\uff09\u3084 “scarcity”\uff08\u5e0c\u5c11\u6027\uff09\u306f\u3001\u4fa1\u683c\u3092\u9ad8\u9a30\u3055\u305b\u308b\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u77db\u76fe\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The anthropological evidence suggests that the symbolic rituals were not merely decorative, but played an [ ] role in preserving social cohesion.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b [ extraneous, incidental, integral, peripheral ] \u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002”not merely A but B” \u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002A \u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3042\u308b “decorative”\uff08\u5358\u306a\u308b\u88c5\u98fe\u7684\u306a\u3001\u975e\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u306a\uff09\u3068\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001B \u306b\u306f\u300c\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u3067\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u304c\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002”extra-“\uff08\u5916\u90e8\u306e\uff09\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b “extraneous” \u3084\u3001”peri-“\uff08\u5468\u8fba\u306e\uff09\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b “peripheral” \u306f\u300c\u975e\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u300d\u306e\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001A \u5074\u306e\u9663\u55b6\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002”in-“\uff08\u5185\u90e8\u306b\uff09\uff0b “teger”\uff08\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\uff09\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b “integral”\uff08\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u3001\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\uff09\u304c\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u30d5\u30a1\u30df\u30ea\u30fc\u5206\u6790\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12. \u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u7d20\u6027\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u3068\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u306e\u9069\u7528\u539f\u7406<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u52d5\u8a5e\u3084\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u6700\u3082\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u7d71\u5236\u529b\u3092\u6301\u3064\u306e\u304c\u300c\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\uff08selectional restrictions\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u306f\u9069\u683c\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u300c\u7121\u751f\u7269\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306e\u306b\u300c\u610f\u5fd7\u3084\u610f\u56f3\u300d\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u300c\u5177\u8c61\u7269\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306e\u306b\u300c\u547d\u984c\u300d\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306b\u3068\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u4e0d\u9069\u683c\uff08semantic anomaly\uff09\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u3092\u7a81\u304f\u8a2d\u554f\u304c\u5de7\u5999\u306b\u4ed5\u7d44\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u8ff0\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u5e2f\u3073\u308b\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\uff08semantic features: e.g., [\u00b1Human], [\u00b1Abstract], [\u00b1Animate], [\u00b1Volitional]\uff09\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u3092\u53b3\u683c\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8a33\u306e\u9069\u5408\u306b\u60d1\u308f\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3001\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u7d14\u5ea6\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u89e3\u7b54\u529b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff11. \u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u8ad6\u7684\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306e\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u3042\u308b\u8ff0\u8a9e\u304c\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u6295\u5c04\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u9805\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u8ad6\u7684\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\uff08ontological category\uff09\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001”decide” \u3084 “intend” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u610f\u5fd7\u6c7a\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u6301\u3064\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061 [+Human] \u307e\u305f\u306f [+Volitional] \u306e\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7121\u751f\u7269\u4e3b\u8a9e\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u767a\u9054\u3057\u305f\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001”The study decided that…” \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u4e0d\u9069\u683c\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001”The study concluded that…” \u3084 “The study suggests that…” \u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001”alleviate” \u306f\u82e6\u75db\u3084\u8ca7\u56f0\u306a\u3069\u306e [+Negative Condition] \u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3001”revoke” \u306f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3084\u514d\u8a31\u306a\u3069\u306e [+Legal Entitlement] \u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u524d\u5f8c\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5b58\u5728\u8ad6\u7684\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u5099\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u76e3\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7d20\u6027\u3068\u5171\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u8a31\u5bb9\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306e\u307f\u3092\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304b\u3089\u9078\u308a\u5206\u3051\u308b\u4f5c\u696d\u306f\u3001\u611f\u899a\u7684\u306a\u76f4\u611f\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u51cc\u99d5\u3059\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u9078\u5b9a\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u3092\u76e3\u67fb\u3057\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u306a\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u5177\u8c61\u7269\u304b\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u304b\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u304b\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u30fb\u7d44\u7e54\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b58\u5728\u8ad6\u7684\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u30bf\u30b0\u4ed8\u3051\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u307e\u305f\u306f\u88dc\u8a9e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u305d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u5404\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304a\u3088\u3073\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u306e\u4ed5\u69d8\u3092\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u30fb\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u306b\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u7d20\u6027\u3068\u885d\u7a81\uff08clash\uff09\u3092\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u3059\u3079\u3066\u9664\u5916\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u306e\u9069\u7528\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The comprehensive statistical data published by the central bank [ ] that the national economy is entering a prolonged period of stagflation.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f “The comprehensive statistical data”\uff08\u7d71\u8a08\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7121\u751f\u7269\u30fb\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b [ claimed, argued, indicated, asserted ] \u304c\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001claimed \u3084 argued\u3001asserted \u306f\u672c\u6765\u3001\u610f\u5fd7\u3068\u8ad6\u8a3c\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u6301\u3064\u4e3b\u4f53\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\uff08[+Human] \u4e3b\u8a9e\uff09\u3092\u5f37\u304f\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0\u3084\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u7121\u751f\u7269\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u300c\u301c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u5831\u544a\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001”indicated” \u3084 “demonstrated” \u304c\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u552f\u4e00\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The newly developed bio-sensor is capable of [ ] microscopic traces of airborne contaminants with unprecedented accuracy.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “of” \u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u306a\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306f “microscopic traces of airborne contaminants”\uff08\u7a7a\u6c17\u4e2d\u306e\u6c5a\u67d3\u7269\u8cea\u306e\u5fae\u7d30\u306a\u75d5\u8de1\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7269\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u5b9f\u4f53\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3068\u3057\u3066 [ perceiving, detecting, noticing, recognizing ] \u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002perceiving \u3084 noticing\u3001recognizing \u306f\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u77e5\u899a\u30fb\u8a8d\u77e5\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\uff08[+Human Mind]\uff09\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7121\u751f\u7269\u306e\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u30fb\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u30bb\u30f3\u30b5\u30fc\u304c\u7269\u7406\u7684\u5fae\u7c92\u5b50\u3092\u6355\u6349\u30fb\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u306e\u306f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u6e2c\u5b9a\u52d5\u8a5e “detecting” \u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “The municipal government decided to implement strict rationing to [ ] the acute shortage of potable water caused by the prolonged drought.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306f “the acute shortage of potable water”\uff08\u98f2\u6599\u6c34\u306e\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u4e0d\u8db3\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u306e\u6b20\u4e4f\u72b6\u614b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b [ remedy, heal, cure, repair ] \u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002”heal” \u3084 “cure” \u306f\u751f\u4f53\u7d44\u7e54\u306e\u5275\u50b7\u3084\u75c5\u6c17\uff08[+Biological Condition]\uff09\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3001”repair” \u306f\u7834\u640d\u3057\u305f\u5668\u5177\u3084\u6a5f\u68b0\u306a\u3069\u306e\u7269\u7406\u7684\u5177\u8c61\u7269\uff08[+Physical Object]\uff09\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u4e0d\u8db3\u3001\u6b20\u4e4f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u304b\u3064\u597d\u307e\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3044\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u6539\u5584\u30fb\u662f\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u306e\u306f “remedy”\uff08\u662f\u6b63\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The international arbitration tribunal issued a binding verdict that [ ] the controversial maritime border agreement signed by the previous administration.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306f “the controversial maritime border agreement”\uff08\u5883\u754c\u5354\u5b9a\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6cd5\u7684\u6587\u66f8\u30fb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u53d6\u308a\u6c7a\u3081\uff08[+Legal Instrument]\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b [ murdered, destroyed, extinguished, invalidated ] \u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7269\u7406\u7684\u7834\u58ca\u3092\u8868\u3059 destroyed \u3084\u751f\u547d\u306e\u505c\u6b62\u3092\u8868\u3059 murdered\u3001\u706b\u3084\u6a29\u5229\u306e\u6d88\u6ec5\u3092\u8868\u3059 extinguished \u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u6cd5\u7684\u52b9\u529b\u3092\u6b63\u5f0f\u306b\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3064\u306e\u306f “invalidated” \u3084 “nullified” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6cd5\u7684\u5bfe\u8c61\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8ff0\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u304c\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u4e00\u610f\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u306e\u9069\u7528\u306b\u3088\u308b\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u9069\u5408\u6027\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff12. \u4e8b\u8c61\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7\uff08\u72b6\u614b\u30fb\u52d5\u4f5c\u30fb\u5909\u5316\uff09\u3068\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u7684\u9069\u5408\u6027<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u9078\u629e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u306a\u3082\u3046\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u304c\u3001\u4e8b\u8c61\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7\uff08aspectual event types: \u72b6\u614b\u3001\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u9054\u6210\u3001\u5230\u9054\uff09\u3068\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u7684\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f\u305d\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3001\u6642\u9593\u7684\u306a\u5e83\u304c\u308a\u3084\u7d42\u6975\u70b9\uff08telicity\uff09\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001”know” \u3084 “contain” \u306f\u9759\u7684\u306a\u72b6\u614b\uff08state\uff09\u3092\u8868\u3057\u3001\u9032\u884c\u5f62\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u901a\u5e38\u8a31\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001”run” \u3084 “discuss” \u306f\u6642\u9593\u7684\u7d99\u7d9a\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3064\u6d3b\u52d5\uff08activity\uff09\u3092\u8868\u3057\u3001”find” \u3084 “arrive” \u306f\u77ac\u9593\u7684\u306a\u7d42\u6975\u70b9\u3078\u306e\u5230\u9054\uff08achievement\uff09\u3092\u8868\u3059\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6642\u5236\u3084\u76f8\uff08\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\uff09\u3001\u5171\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u6642\u9593\u526f\u8a5e\uff08e.g., for three hours, in ten minutes, gradually, suddenly\uff09\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7\u306f\u305d\u306e\u6642\u9593\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8abf\u548c\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6642\u9593\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u305f\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u9078\u629e\u306f\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u306f\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u898b\u3048\u3066\u3082\u3001\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u7684\u9069\u5408\u6027\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6642\u9593\u7684\u6a19\u8b58\uff08\u5b8c\u4e86\u5f62\u3001\u9032\u884c\u5f62\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u6642\u9593\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u6642\u9593\u7684\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\uff08\u7d99\u7d9a\u7684\u304b\u77ac\u9593\u7684\u304b\u3001\u5b8c\u4e86\u3057\u305f\u306e\u304b\u672a\u5b8c\u4e86\u306a\u306e\u304b\uff09\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u52d5\u8a5e\u7fa4\u306e\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff08\u72b6\u614b\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u6301\u7d9a\u7684\u52d5\u4f5c\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u77ac\u9593\u7684\u5909\u5316\u52d5\u8a5e\uff09\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u6587\u306e\u6642\u9593\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u77db\u76fe\u3092\u8d77\u3053\u3055\u306a\u3044\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u306e\u307f\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u7684\u9069\u5408\u6027\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The theoretical dispute over the origins of language has been [ ] among evolutionary anthropologists for more than half a century.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u306e\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u7684\u6a19\u8b58\u306f “has been [ ] … for more than half a century”\uff08\u534a\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u73fe\u5728\u5b8c\u4e86\u9032\u884c\u5f62\u307e\u305f\u306f\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u3067\u7d99\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5 “for…” \u306f\u6642\u9593\u7684\u7d99\u7d9a\u6027\uff08duration\uff09\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b [ raged, concluded, erupted, occurred ] \u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002”concluded” \u3084 “erupted” \u306f\u77ac\u9593\u7684\u306a\u5230\u9054\u30fb\u751f\u8d77\u3092\u8868\u3059\u52d5\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001”for half a century” \u3068\u306e\u6301\u7d9a\u7684\u5171\u8d77\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u8b70\u8ad6\u304c\u731b\u5a01\u3092\u632f\u308b\u3044\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u304d\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u6301\u7d9a\u3092\u8868\u3059\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u73fe\u5728\u5206\u8a5e\u307e\u305f\u306f\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\uff08”raging” \u307e\u305f\u306f “disputed”\uff09\u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002\u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e “raged” \u306e\u9032\u884c\u5f62 “has been raging” \u304c\u6642\u9593\u7684\u6301\u7d9a\u6027\u3068\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “By the time the international peacekeeping forces arrived at the border, the rebel militia had already [ ] the strategic mountain fortress.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86\u5f62 “had already [ ]” \u304a\u3088\u3073\u6642\u9593\u6a19\u8b58 “By the time… arrived”\uff08\u5230\u7740\u3057\u305f\u6642\u307e\u3067\u306b\u65e2\u306b\uff09\u306f\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u3042\u308b\u57fa\u6e96\u6642\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u4e8b\u8c61\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5b8c\u4e86\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\uff08\u7d42\u6975\u6027\u306e\u9054\u6210\uff09\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b [ approached, surrounded, occupied, besieged ] \u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002”approached” \u3084 “besieged” \u306f\u5305\u56f2\u30fb\u63a5\u8fd1\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d99\u7d9a\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u8868\u3059\u5074\u9762\u304c\u5f37\u3044\u304c\u3001\u300c\u8981\u585e\u306e\u5360\u9818\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u5b8c\u4e86\u30fb\u9054\u6210\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5230\u9054\u52d5\u8a5e “occupied” \u3084 “captured” \u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001”already” \u3068\u306e\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u7684\u6574\u5408\u6027\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “Through decades of meticulous observation, the primatologist gradually [ ] to the conclusion that chimpanzees possess a rudimentary theory of mind.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u526f\u8a5e “gradually”\uff08\u6b21\u7b2c\u306b\u3001\u5f90\u3005\u306b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6f38\u9032\u7684\u5909\u5316\u306e\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b “to the conclusion”\uff08\u7d50\u8ad6\u3078\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5230\u9054\u70b9\u304c\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6f38\u9032\u7684\u306a\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u7d4c\u3066\u7d50\u8ad6\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u5909\u5316\u3092\u8868\u3059\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001”came to the conclusion” \u3084 “arrived at the conclusion” \u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u52d5\u8a5e\u5358\u4f53\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001”came” \u304c\u3053\u306e\u6f38\u9032\u7684\u5230\u9054\u306e\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u306b\u6700\u3082\u9069\u683c\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u77ac\u306e\u98db\u8e8d\u3092\u8868\u3059\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f “gradually” \u3068\u885d\u7a81\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The ancient philosopher asserted that true happiness does not consist in the acquisition of material wealth, but [ ] in the cultivation of virtue and intellectual wisdom.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9759\u7684\u306a\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u73fe\u5728\u6642\u5236\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001”consist in…”\uff08\u301c\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u72b6\u614b\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u5bfe\u6bd4\u306e\u8d77\u70b9\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u76f8\u95a2\u69cb\u9020 “not consist in A, but [ ] in B” \u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5f8c\u8005\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u3082\u300c\u72b6\u614b\u306e\u5b58\u7acb\u300d\u3092\u8868\u3059\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u52d5\u4f5c\u3084\u5909\u5316\u3092\u8868\u3059\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u3001\u72b6\u614b\u52d5\u8a5e “resides” \u3084 “lies”\uff08\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3082 in \u3068\u5171\u8d77\u3057\u3066\u301c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306e\u610f\uff09\u304c\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u7684\u30fb\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u4e8b\u8c61\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7\u3068\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u7684\u6574\u5408\u6027\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a\u304c\u9054\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13. \u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3068\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u59a5\u5f53\u6027<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u8a9e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5358\u8a9e\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u30e0\u306b\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u4f7f\u7528\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u300c\u5171\u8d77\u306e\u84cb\u7136\u6027\uff08collocational probability\uff09\u300d\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u914d\u5217\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u540d\u8a5e\u306f\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u3084\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3068\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u306b\u5171\u8d77\u3057\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u306a\u6982\u5ff5\u9023\u9396\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u898f\u5247\u3084\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u306e\u67a0\u5185\u3067\u306f\u8907\u6570\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u5c40\u9762\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u3055\u306e\u307f\u304c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u5224\u5b9a\u57fa\u6e96\u3068\u306a\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30fc\u30d1\u30b9\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u898b\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u5b66\u8853\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u4f53\u7cfb\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u767a\u4fe1\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u5171\u8d77\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u304b\u3089\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u4e00\u610f\u306b\u6355\u6349\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306a\u8a33\u8a9e\u306e\u7167\u5408\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u305f\u3001\u672c\u7269\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u904b\u7528\u529b\u306b\u88cf\u6253\u3061\u3055\u308c\u305f\u89e3\u7b54\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3092\u57f9\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff11. \u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u5171\u8d77\u95a2\u4fc2<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3067\u6700\u3082\u5931\u70b9\u3057\u3084\u3059\u3044\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u611f\u899a\u304b\u3089\u3059\u308c\u3070\u6975\u3081\u3066\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\uff08academic register\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u5168\u304f\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u9f5f\u9f6c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u300c\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u884c\u3046\u300d\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u306b\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u65e5\u5e38\u4f1a\u8a71\u7684\u306a “do an experiment” \u306f\u5b66\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u306f\u656c\u9060\u3055\u308c\u3001”conduct an experiment”\u3001”carry out an experiment”\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f “perform an experiment” \u304c\u9078\u597d\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3059\u308b\u300d\u306f “support a theory” \u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u3088\u308a\u5f62\u5f0f\u5ea6\u306e\u9ad8\u3044 “substantiate a theory” \u3084 “corroborate a hypothesis” \u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306f\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u65e5\u5e38\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u901a\u3058\u308b\u304c\u5b66\u8853\u6587\u8108\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u5358\u8a9e\u3084\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u76f4\u8a33\uff08\u76f4\u8a33\u306e\u7f60\uff09\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u5fcd\u3070\u305b\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\uff08\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\uff09\u3092\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6700\u3082\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u983b\u5ea6\u30fb\u81ea\u7136\u5ea6\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u8a9e\u7d50\u5408\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3068\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3068\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u526f\u8a5e\uff09\u306b\u3042\u308b\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30ca\u30fc\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30ca\u30fc\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u5b66\u8853\u82f1\u8a9e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u901a\u5e38\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u52d5\u8a5e\u3084\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u304b\u3001\u982d\u306e\u4e2d\u306e\u5171\u8d77\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\uff08\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30fb\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\uff09\u3092\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u304c\u4f3c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u7fa4\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6700\u3082\u7dca\u5bc6\u306b\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u304f\u6163\u7528\u7684\u306a\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The interdisciplinary research team failed to [ ] any statistically significant differences between the two control groups.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “any statistically significant differences”\uff08\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306b\u6709\u610f\u306a\u5dee\u7570\uff09\u3092\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300c\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3001\u898b\u51fa\u3059\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b66\u8853\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6700\u3082\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f “detect” \u3084 “observe”\u3001”find” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b “invent” \u3084 “generate”\u3001”compose” \u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u5dee\u7570\u3092\u4eba\u70ba\u7684\u306b\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u610f\u5473\u306b\u306a\u308a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6587\u8108\u306e\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “To ensure the safety of the new aviation system, the engineers were mandated to [ ] the prototype to rigorous stress testing.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u69cb\u6587\u306f [ V + the prototype + to + \u540d\u8a5e ] \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u30d7\u30ed\u30c8\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7\u3092\u904e\u9177\u306a\u30b9\u30c8\u30ec\u30b9\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304b\u3051\u308b\u3001\u53d7\u3051\u3055\u305b\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6210\u3059\u5b66\u8853\u30fb\u6280\u8853\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001”subject the prototype to…”\uff08subject A to B\uff1aA \u306b B \u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3055\u305b\u308b\uff09\u304c\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b “expose”\uff08\u5371\u967a\u306b\u6652\u3059\uff09\u3084 “apply”\uff08\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\uff09\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u9023\u8a9e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u306e\u306f “subject” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “The environmental economist argued that market-based carbon pricing mechanisms would [ ] a powerful incentive for industries to adopt renewable technologies.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “a powerful incentive”\uff08\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u30a4\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u52d5\u6a5f\uff09\u3092\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300c\u30a4\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u3001\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3059\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u3067\u6700\u3082\u983b\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u8853\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f “provide an incentive” \u307e\u305f\u306f “create an incentive” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b “cause”\uff08\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\uff09\u3084 “make”\uff08\u4f7f\u5f79\uff09\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u540d\u8a5e incentive \u3068\u76f4\u63a5\u9023\u8a9e\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3066\u76ee\u7684\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f “provide” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The international monetary committee reached a consensus that member states must [ ] comprehensive structural reforms to restore fiscal stability.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306f “comprehensive structural reforms”\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7684\u306a\u69cb\u9020\u6539\u9769\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u6539\u9769\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u3001\u5b9f\u65bd\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u306b\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f “implement” \u3084 “undertake” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b “perform”\uff08\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3001\u4e0a\u6f14\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3084 “practice”\uff08\u5b9f\u8df5\u3059\u308b\uff09\u304c\u4e26\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6539\u9769\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u306e\u306f “implement” \u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u7167\u5408\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6700\u3082\u81ea\u7136\u3067\u9069\u683c\u306a\u8a9e\u53e5\u306e\u9078\u5b9a\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff12. \u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u9023\u9396\uff08Lexical Chain\uff09\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u3068\u610f\u5473\u7684\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u62c5\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u3082\u3046\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u6a5f\u5e8f\u304c\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u6587\u3092\u8de8\u3044\u3067\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300c\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u9023\u9396\uff08lexical chain\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u8b70\u8ad6\u304c\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u3066\u9032\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u969b\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u610f\u5473\u9818\u57df\uff08semantic field\uff09\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u7fa4\u3092\u7db2\u306e\u76ee\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u52d5\u3092\u6271\u3046\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001climate, warming, emissions, atmosphere, greenhouse, Arctic, temperature \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8a9e\u5f59\u7fa4\u304c\u76f8\u4e92\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u5408\u3044\u306a\u304c\u3089\u51fa\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u4e2d\u307b\u3069\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u5358\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\uff08semantic network\uff09\u306e\u7d50\u7bc0\u70b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u306f\u305a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u306b\u6563\u5728\u3059\u308b\u95a2\u9023\u8a9e\u5f59\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u304c\u5171\u901a\u3057\u3066\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u610f\u5473\u9818\u57df\u3092\u5272\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u5ea7\u6a19\u3092\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u9023\u9396\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3057\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u4fef\u77b0\u3057\u3001\u983b\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5b9f\u8cea\u8a9e\uff08\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff09\u3092\u30de\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u304c\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u9818\u57df\uff08e.g., \u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u8870\u9000\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u845b\u85e4\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u9032\u5316\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u305d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u9818\u57df\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u62c5\u3046\u3079\u304d\u304b\u3092\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u304b\u3089\u6f14\u7e79\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u540c\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u610f\u5473\u9818\u57df\u3068\u6700\u3082\u5bc6\u63a5\u306a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u89aa\u548c\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u9023\u9396\u3092\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u88dc\u5b8c\u30fb\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u9023\u9396\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The ecosystem of the coral reef is experiencing unprecedented degradation. Rising ocean temperatures cause widespread bleaching, agricultural runoff induces toxic sedimentation, and destructive overfishing disrupts the trophic hierarchy. Consequently, the [ ] of this aquatic biodiversity is gravely compromised.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u652f\u914d\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u9023\u9396\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u3002”degradation”\uff08\u52a3\u5316\uff09\u3001”bleaching”\uff08\u767d\u5316\uff09\u3001”sedimentation”\uff08\u6c88\u6bbf\u30fb\u5806\u7a4d\uff09\u3001”disrupts”\uff08\u5d29\u58ca\u3055\u305b\u308b\uff09\u3001”compromised”\uff08\u8105\u304b\u3055\u308c\u308b\uff09\u3002\u3059\u3079\u3066\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u306e\u5b58\u7d9a\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7834\u58ca\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\u3092\u6307\u793a\u3059\u308b\u9023\u9396\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 “the [ ] of this aquatic biodiversity” \u3068\u3057\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u6982\u5ff5\u306f\u3001\u751f\u7269\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u306e\u300c\u5b58\u7d9a\u3001\u7dad\u6301\u3001\u751f\u5b58\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f “viability”\uff08\u751f\u5b58\u80fd\u529b\u30fb\u5b58\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff09\u3084 “survival”\u3001”sustainability” \u304c\u610f\u5473\u7684\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “During the late Middle Ages, the emergence of merchant guilds fundamentally transformed urban economies. These commercial associations established strict quality standards, regulated commodity prices, and protected trade routes from feudal interference. Through such collective coordination, the merchant class succeeded in consolidating their economic [ ].”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u9023\u9396\uff1a “merchant guilds”\u3001”commercial associations”\u3001”established standards”\u3001”regulated prices”\u3001”protected routes”\u3001”collective coordination”\u3002\u3059\u3079\u3066\u5546\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u306a\u6a29\u529b\u30fb\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u306e\u638c\u63e1\u3068\u7d71\u5236\u3092\u6307\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u3067 “consolidating their economic [ ]”\uff08\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u301c\u3092\u5f37\u56fa\u306b\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3068\u7d50\u3070\u308c\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001”hegemony”\uff08\u8987\u6a29\uff09\u3001”influence”\uff08\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\uff09\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f “dominance”\uff08\u652f\u914d\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u6a29\u529b\u638c\u63e1\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u9023\u9396\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “Cognitive development in early childhood is not a solitary process of passive biological maturation. Rather, infants acquire linguistic and social competencies through continuous, reciprocal interactions with caregivers who scaffold their learning experiences. Language acquisition is thus fundamentally an [ ] endeavor.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u9023\u9396\uff1a “not a solitary process”\uff08\u5b64\u72ec\u306a\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3001”reciprocal interactions”\uff08\u76f8\u4e92\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff09\u3001”with caregivers”\uff08\u990a\u80b2\u8005\u3068\u306e\uff09\u3001”scaffold”\uff08\u8db3\u5834\u3092\u7d44\u3080\uff09\u3002\u3059\u3079\u3066\u4ed6\u8005\u3068\u306e\u5171\u540c\u7684\u30fb\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u95a2\u308f\u308a\u3092\u5f37\u304f\u6307\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7d50\u8ad6\u90e8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8a00\u8a9e\u7fd2\u5f97\u3092\u5f62\u5bb9\u3059\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u5b64\u7acb\u3057\u305f\uff08solitary\uff09\u300d\u306e\u5bfe\u6975\u306b\u3042\u308a\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u306e\u9023\u9396\u3092\u5305\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e “interpersonal”\u3001”collaborative”\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f “interactive” \u304c\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The sudden devaluation of the national currency triggered hyperinflation, causing the purchasing power of ordinary citizens to evaporate overnight. Basic consumer goods became virtually unaffordable, prompting widespread strikes and civil unrest. The entire socioeconomic fabric was plunged into acute [ ].”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u9023\u9396\uff1a “hyperinflation”\u3001”evaporate overnight”\u3001”unaffordable”\u3001”strikes”\u3001”civil unrest”\u3001”plunged into”\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u3068\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u6df7\u4e71\u3092\u6307\u793a\u3059\u308b\u8ca0\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u9023\u9396\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066 “plunged into acute [ ]” \u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u300c\u6df7\u4e71\u3001\u7121\u79e9\u5e8f\u3001\u52d5\u4e71\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”turmoil” \u3084 “chaos”\u3001”instability”\uff09\u304c\u9023\u9396\u306e\u7d42\u7740\u70b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u53ce\u307e\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u7a7a\u6240\u5145\u586b\u306e\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14. \u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u3068\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u30fb\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u914d\u7f6e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u6587\u306e\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u306a\u8a9e\u53e5\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u8981\u56e0\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u306b\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\uff08information structure\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8a8d\u8b58\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6587\u982d\u304b\u3089\u6587\u672b\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066\u65e2\u77e5\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u304b\u3089\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u3078\u3068\u6d41\u308c\u308b\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u539f\u5247\u300d\u304c\u53b3\u683c\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u3079\u304d\u4f1d\u9054\u8ca0\u8377\u306e\u91cd\u3055\u306f\u305d\u306e\u914d\u7f6e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u982d\u3068\u6587\u672b\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u4e3b\u984c\uff08Theme\uff09\u3068\u53d9\u8ff0\uff08Rheme\uff09\u306e\u4e8c\u5143\u6027\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3057\u3001\u6587\u5185\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u52fe\u914d\u306b\u5373\u3057\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u8a9e\u53e5\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u306a\u914d\u7f6e\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u8996\u5ea7\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff11. \u6587\u982d\u30fb\u6587\u672b\u7126\u70b9\u3068\u4e3b\u984c\u30fb\u53d9\u8ff0\u306e\u4e8c\u5143\u7684\u5206\u96e2<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u914d\u7f6e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306f\u6587\u8108\u306e\u610f\u5473\u5c55\u958b\u306b\u306e\u307f\u5f93\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u3068\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u8ad6\uff08information structure\uff09\u306b\u5f93\u3048\u3070\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306b\u306f\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u4e88\u6e2c\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u65e2\u77e5\u306e\u300c\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\uff08Given \/ Theme\uff09\u300d\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6587\u672b\u306b\u306f\u6587\u306e\u4f1d\u9054\u306e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3092\u306a\u3059\u65b0\u898f\u3067\u4e88\u6e2c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u300c\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\uff08New \/ Rheme\uff09\u300d\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u60c5\u5831\u5206\u5e03\u306e\u539f\u5247\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u52fe\u914d\u306e\u79e9\u5e8f\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u672b\u306e\u7126\u70b9\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u62bd\u8c61\u5ea6\u306e\u9ad8\u3059\u304e\u308b\u65e2\u77e5\u306e\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u88dc\u304a\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u9006\u306b\u6587\u982d\u306e\u4e3b\u984c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u4e56\u96e2\u3057\u305f\u7a81\u98db\u306a\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u4e0d\u7528\u610f\u306b\u633f\u5165\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u306e\u6ed1\u3089\u304b\u306a\u63a5\u7d9a\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u6587\u306e\u3069\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u5360\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u6295\u5165\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u8a9e\u53e5\u306e\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u7684\u91cd\u307f\u300d\u3092\u4e8b\u524d\u306b\u5272\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u5883\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4e09\u6bb5\u968e\u304b\u3089\u6210\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6587\u982d\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u306e\u3069\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3084\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u9023\u7d50\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3057\u3066\u300c\u4e3b\u984c\uff08\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\uff09\u300d\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u8ff0\u90e8\u3001\u3068\u308a\u308f\u3051\u6587\u672b\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u7d20\u304c\u62c5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u306e\u7126\u70b9\uff08focus\uff09\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u6587\u672b\u7126\u70b9\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304c\u65b0\u305f\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u3079\u304d\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u6982\u5ff5\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u5099\u3048\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e\u4e3b\u984c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u5f15\u304d\u7d99\u3050\u51dd\u7e2e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6307\u793a\u7684\u8a9e\u53e5\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u7d20\u6750\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u4e8c\u5143\u7684\u5206\u96e2\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7a7a\u6240\u5145\u8db3\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b1: “The Industrial Revolution dramatically altered European social hierarchies. Driven by mechanization and urbanization, [ ] emerged as the dominant economic class, displacing the traditional landed aristocracy.”
\u6587\u982d\u306e\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587 “Driven by mechanization and urbanization” \u306f\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306e\u300c\u7523\u696d\u9769\u547d\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u7d99\u3050\u4e3b\u984c\u90e8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u306a\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b “displacing the traditional landed aristocracy”\uff08\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u571f\u5730\u8cb4\u65cf\u306b\u53d6\u3063\u3066\u4ee3\u308f\u3063\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u3068\u9023\u7d50\u3057\u3001\u6a5f\u68b0\u5316\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u53f0\u982d\u3057\u305f\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u968e\u7d1a\u3092\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u65b0\u8208\u52e2\u529b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u30d6\u30eb\u30b8\u30e7\u30ef\u30b8\u30fc\u3001\u7523\u696d\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u5c64\uff08”the industrial bourgeoisie” \u3084 “capitalist entrepreneurs”\uff09\u300d\u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b2: “During the twentieth century, linguists widely assumed that child language acquisition relies entirely on general cognitive learning mechanisms. Challenging this prevailing consensus, Noam Chomsky proposed [ ], arguing that the human mind possesses an innate grammatical capacity.”
\u6587\u672b\u306e\u7126\u70b9\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6587\u982d\u306e\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u901a\u8aac\u3078\u306e\u6311\u6226\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u52d5\u8a5e “proposed” \u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u540c\u683c\u7684\u8aac\u660e “arguing that the human mind possesses an innate grammatical capacity” \u3068\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u3001\u30c1\u30e7\u30e0\u30b9\u30ad\u30fc\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u305f\u9769\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u3092\u547d\u540d\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\uff08”the innateness hypothesis” \u3084 “the universal grammar framework”\uff09\u304c\u6587\u672b\u7126\u70b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b3: “Modern astronomical observatories are frequently constructed in extremely remote, high-altitude deserts. Minimizing atmospheric interference is the primary reason for this geographic [ ], as dry and cloudless air provides optimal conditions for optical telescopes.”
\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u6307\u793a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e “this” \u306b\u4f34\u308f\u308c\u3066\u4e3b\u8a9e\u88dc\u8a9e\u306e\u672b\u5c3e\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002”Minimizing atmospheric interference is the primary reason for this geographic [ ]” \u306e\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9060\u9694\u306e\u9ad8\u6a19\u9ad8\u7802\u6f20\u306b\u5efa\u8a2d\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u6b62\u3081\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u30e9\u30d9\u30eb\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7acb\u5730\u30fb\u914d\u7f6e\u3092\u8868\u3059\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”isolation” \u3084 “placement”\u3001”location”\uff09\u304c\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b4: “Sociologists studying institutional power dynamics observe that formal administrative hierarchies often fail to reflect the actual decision-making process. Frequently, real organizational authority is concentrated among [ ] who control critical informal communication channels.”
\u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5f79\u8077\u8005\u3092\u9078\u3070\u305b\u308b\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3084\u3059\u3044\u3002\u6587\u982d\u3067\u306f\u300c\u516c\u5f0f\u306e\u7ba1\u7406\u968e\u5c64\u306f\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u53cd\u6620\u3057\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5426\u5b9a\u547d\u984c\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u306e\u6587\u672b\u7126\u70b9 “is concentrated among [ ]” \u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u516c\u5f0f\u306e\u5e79\u90e8\u300d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u975e\u516c\u5f0f\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u7d4c\u8def\u3092\u63e1\u308b\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u30a2\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\uff08”informal intermediaries” \u3084 “influential subordinates”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u9023\u60f3\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8aa4\u5224\u65ad\u304c\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u4e8c\u5143\u7684\u5206\u96e2\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7a7a\u6240\u5224\u5b9a\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff12. \u5206\u88c2\u6587\u30fb\u5012\u7f6e\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7126\u70b9\u306e\u79fb\u52d5\u3068\u60c5\u5831\u8ca0\u8377\u306e\u504f\u91cd<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u306a\u305c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u74b0\u5883\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u52d5\u8a5e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u898f\u5247\u7684\u8a9e\u9806\u304c\u89e3\u4f53\u3055\u308c\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u914d\u7f6e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u547d\u984c\u8981\u7d20\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u306b\u96c6\u4e2d\u3055\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u300c\u7126\u70b9\u5316\uff08focusing\uff09\u300d\u306e\u52d5\u6a5f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3002\u5206\u88c2\u6587\uff08It is … that …\uff09\u3084\u5426\u5b9a\u526f\u8a5e\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u5012\u7f6e\u69cb\u6587\uff08Inversion\uff09\u306f\u3001\u6587\u672b\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u306f\u305a\u306e\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u6587\u982d\u4ed8\u8fd1\u306b\u7e70\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u305f\u308a\u3001\u9006\u306b\u3042\u308b\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u6587\u672b\u306b\u5b64\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u3066\u6975\u7aef\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u8ca0\u8377\u3092\u304b\u3051\u308b\u30ec\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u88c5\u7f6e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7126\u70b9\u5316\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u8a9e\u9806\u3078\u306e\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u5fa9\u5143\u3092\u904e\u4fe1\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u3069\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u969b\u7acb\u305f\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ac7\u8a71\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u6f14\u7b97\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7279\u6b8a\u69cb\u6587\u74b0\u5883\u3092\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4e09\u6bb5\u968e\u304b\u3089\u6210\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f “It is”\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u53e5\uff08Hardly, Seldom, Not until \u7b49\uff09\u3001\u5834\u6240\u30fb\u65b9\u5411\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u5012\u7f6e\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5206\u88c2\u6587\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u79fb\u52d5\u30fb\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u69cb\u6210\u7d20\u3068\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u7bc0\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u3067\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u3068\u306e\u4fc2\u308a\u53d7\u3051\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3057\u3001\u6587\u306e\u672c\u6765\u306e\u547d\u984c\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u7126\u70b9\u5316\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f37\u8abf\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u3001\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3084\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u5f37\u8abf\u3068\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u9023\u52d5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u7126\u70b9\u5316\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u5145\u8db3\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b1: “The committee spent months debating various economic incentives, but it was the implementation of strict regulatory [ ] that ultimately forced corporations to reduce toxic chemical discharges.”
“It was A that B” \u306e\u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587\uff08\u5206\u88c2\u6587\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e “various economic incentives”\uff08\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u512a\u9047\u63aa\u7f6e\uff09\u3068\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b\u4f01\u696d\u306b\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u3057\u305f\u300c\u771f\u306e\u8981\u56e0\u300d\u304c\u5f37\u8abf\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e “regulatory” \u306b\u4fee\u98fe\u3055\u308c\u3001\u5f37\u5236\u529b\u3092\u6301\u3064\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u63aa\u7f6e\u3092\u8868\u3059\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”penalties” \u3084 “sanctions”\u3001”mandates”\uff09\u304c\u7126\u70b9\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b2: “Not until the late nineteenth century did archaeologists begin to [ ] the profound historical significance of the bronze artifacts excavated in the Mediterranean basin.”
\u5426\u5b9a\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5 “Not until the late nineteenth century” \u304c\u6587\u982d\u306b\u524d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e “did” \u3068\u4e3b\u8a9e “archaeologists” \u306e\u5012\u7f6e\u304c\u751f\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u306f\u300c19\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u521d\u3081\u3066\u301c\u3057\u59cb\u3081\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u3044\u6642\u671f\u306e\u9650\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u52d5\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u9752\u9285\u5668\u306e\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3092\u300c\u8a8d\u8b58\u3059\u308b\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”comprehend” \u3084 “appreciate”\u3001”realize”\uff09\u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b3: “Rarely has an author managed to [ ] the complex ambiguities of human moral decision-making with such intellectual rigor and stylistic elegance as she demonstrated in her latest philosophical novel.”
\u6e96\u5426\u5b9a\u526f\u8a5e “Rarely” \u306e\u6587\u982d\u524d\u7f6e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5012\u7f6e\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u5168\u4f53\u306f\u8457\u8005\u306e\u5353\u8d8a\u3057\u305f\u63cf\u5199\u529b\u3092\u79f0\u8cdb\u3059\u308b\u6975\u3081\u3066\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u8a55\u4fa1\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “the complex ambiguities of human moral decision-making”\uff08\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u610f\u601d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u66d6\u6627\u3055\uff09\u3092\u3068\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u3055\u3068\u512a\u96c5\u3055\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u300c\u63cf\u5199\u3057\u305f\u3001\u6349\u3048\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\uff08”illuminate” \u3084 “capture”\uff09\u304c\u7126\u70b9\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b4: “Only through prolonged exposure to severe climatic conditions do these alpine plant species [ ] the physiological capacity to synthesize protective thermal proteins.”
\u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044 “Only” \u3092\u5358\u306a\u308b\u9650\u5b9a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3057\u3001\u5012\u7f6e\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3046\u30df\u30b9\u304c\u751f\u3058\u3084\u3059\u3044\u3002”Only through…” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e “do” \u3068\u4e3b\u8a9e “species” \u304c\u5012\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u672c\u52d5\u8a5e\u539f\u5f62\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u904e\u9177\u306a\u74b0\u5883\u3078\u306e\u66b4\u9732\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u300c\u7372\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3001\u767a\u9054\u3055\u305b\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”acquire” \u3084 “develop”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u3084\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u3092\u9078\u3076\u6587\u6cd5\u7834\u7dbb\u304c\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u7126\u70b9\u79fb\u52d5\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306e\u7cbe\u5ea6\u304c\u5411\u4e0a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15. \u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u4ea4\u5dee\u3068\u5c48\u6298\u30fb\u6d3e\u751f\u5f62\u614b\u7d20\u306e\u6574\u5408\u5224\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u304c\u6587\u8108\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a9e\u304c\u6587\u4e2d\u3067\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5f62\u614b\u8ad6\u7684\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5168\u304f\u5225\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u6b21\u5143\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3067\u306f\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u540c\u4e00\u8a9e\u6839\u304b\u3089\u6d3e\u751f\u3057\u305f\u8907\u6570\u306e\u54c1\u8a5e\uff08\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\uff09\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u540c\u4e00\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u7570\u306a\u308b\u6d3b\u7528\u5f62\uff08\u73fe\u5728\u5206\u8a5e\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u5206\u8a5e\u3001\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u3001\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\uff09\u304c\u4e26\u3073\u3001\u5f62\u614b\u8ad6\u7684\u30fb\u7d71\u8a9e\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u7167\u5408\u306e\u307f\u304c\u6b63\u89e3\u3078\u306e\u5230\u9054\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3059\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u304c\u591a\u6570\u3092\u5360\u3081\u308b\u3002
\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304c\u8ab2\u3059\u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\uff08\u6570\u3001\u6642\u5236\u3001\u76f8\u3001\u614b\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u5ea6\uff09\u3068\u5f62\u614b\u7d20\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u7db2\u7f85\u7684\u306b\u76e3\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u8868\u9762\u7684\u985e\u4f3c\u6027\u306b\u60d1\u308f\u3055\u308c\u305a\u306b\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8a9e\u5f62\u5909\u5316\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3092\u5cfb\u5225\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u614b\u7d71\u8a9e\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u932c\u78e8\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff11. \u5c48\u6298\u5f62\u614b\u7d20\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u6570\u30fb\u6642\u5236\u30fb\u76f8\u30fb\u614b\u306e\u8907\u5408\u5236\u7d04<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u8a9e\u5f62\u5909\u5316\uff08\u5c48\u6298\u5f62\u614b\u7d20\uff1ainflectional morphemes\uff09\u306f\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6642\u5236\uff08tense\uff09\u3001\u76f8\uff08aspect\uff09\u3001\u614b\uff08voice\uff09\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u306e\u6570\u30fb\u4eba\u79f0\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\uff08agreement\uff09\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u591a\u6b21\u5143\u306e\u8a18\u53f7\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u610f\u5473\u306e\u9069\u5408\u6027\u3092\u63a2\u308b\u524d\u306b\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u5358\u8907\u3001\u6587\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\u6642\u3001\u5b8c\u4e86\u6027\u3001\u53d7\u52d5\u6027\u306e\u56db\u3064\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30e1\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u96c6\u5408\u540d\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u8a9e\u5c3e “-s” \u306e\u8981\u5426\u304c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u539f\u5f62\u304b\u5206\u8a5e\u304b\u304c\u62d8\u675f\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u610f\u5473\u7684\u306b\u306f\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8907\u5408\u30d1\u30e9\u30e1\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304b\u4e00\u3064\u306b\u9055\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u9069\u683c\u6027\u3092\u6b20\u304f\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u7834\u68c4\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c48\u6298\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u76e3\u67fb\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u6570\uff08\u5358\u6570\u304b\u8907\u6570\u304b\u3001\u96c6\u5408\u540d\u8a5e\u304b\u7269\u8cea\u540d\u8a5e\u304b\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6642\u9593\u7684\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u3084\u5148\u884c\u30fb\u5f8c\u7d9a\u7bc0\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u304b\u3089\u57fa\u6e96\u6642\uff08\u904e\u53bb\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u3001\u672a\u6765\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\uff08\u5b8c\u4e86\u3001\u9032\u884c\u3001\u5358\u7d14\uff09\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u304b\u3089\u614b\uff08\u80fd\u52d5\u304b\u53d7\u52d5\u304b\uff09\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u3059\u3079\u3066\u5145\u8db3\u3059\u308b\u5c48\u6298\u5f62\u614b\u3092\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304b\u3089\u9078\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5c48\u6298\u5f62\u614b\u7d20\u306e\u8907\u5408\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b1: “The unprecedented collection of medieval manuscripts, which was preserved in the subterranean vault of the cathedral, [ ] thoroughly cataloged by historical archivists last year.”
\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f “The unprecedented collection”\uff08\u5358\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5 “of medieval manuscripts” \u3084\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u306b\u60d1\u308f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6642\u5236\u306f “last year” \u3088\u308a\u904e\u53bb\u3001\u614b\u306f\u300c\u76ee\u9332\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5358\u6570\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u904e\u53bb\u6642\u5236\u30fb\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”was”\uff09\u304c\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8907\u6570\u5f62 “were” \u3084\u73fe\u5728\u5b8c\u4e86\u5f62 “has been” \u306f\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b2: “By the time the international environmental treaty finally takes effect next month, the industrialized nations [ ] their carbon emissions by twenty percent relative to baseline levels.”
\u6642\u9593\u6a19\u8b58 “By the time… takes effect next month”\uff08\u6765\u6708\u767a\u52b9\u3059\u308b\u6642\u307e\u3067\u306b\uff09\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672a\u6765\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\u6642\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u524a\u6e1b\u304c\u5b8c\u4e86\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8868\u3059\u305f\u3081\u3001\u672a\u6765\u5b8c\u4e86\u5f62\uff08”will have reduced”\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5358\u7d14\u672a\u6765\u5f62 “will reduce” \u3084\u73fe\u5728\u5b8c\u4e86\u5f62 “have reduced” \u306f\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u306e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b3: “Neither the chief research investigator nor his laboratory assistants [ ] able to replicate the anomalous experimental results under identical laboratory conditions.”
\u76f8\u95a2\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e “Neither A nor B” \u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u6570\u306f B\uff08his laboratory assistants\uff1a\u8907\u6570\uff09\u306b\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e00\u81f4\u898f\u5247\uff08proximity agreement\uff09\u304c\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u6587\u8108\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u8907\u6570\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”were”\uff09\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u5358\u6570\u5f62 “was” \u3092\u9078\u3076\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306f\u7d71\u8a9e\u898f\u5247\u9055\u53cd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b4: “The regulatory board mandated that every multinational pharmaceutical corporation [ ] the raw data from all clinical trials to independent oversight committees.”
\u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u5358\u6570\uff08every… corporation\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u8a9e\u5c3e\u306b “-s” \u3092\u4ed8\u52a0\u3057\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u3070\u305b\u308b\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u304c\u4ed5\u639b\u3051\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u52d5\u8a5e “mandated”\uff08\u8981\u6c42\u30fb\u547d\u4ee4\uff09\u306b\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b “that” \u7bc0\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u73fe\u5728\uff08\u52d5\u8a5e\u539f\u5f62 “submit”\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f should submit\uff09\u304c\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u5f37\u5236\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5c48\u6298\u8a9e\u5c3e\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044\u539f\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002
\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8907\u5408\u7684\u5c48\u6298\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u5145\u8db3\u624b\u9806\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff12. \u6d3e\u751f\u63a5\u8f9e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u54c1\u8a5e\u8ee2\u63db\u3068\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u7d99\u627f\u30fb\u906e\u65ad<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u52d5\u8a5e\u304b\u3089\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3078\u306e\u6d3e\u751f\uff08derivation\uff09\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u8a9e\u5f62\u306e\u5909\u5f62\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u518d\u7de8\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u5f62\u614b\u8ad6\u7684\u5909\u63db\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e “destroy” \u306f\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u3068\u308b\uff08destroy the city\uff09\u304c\u3001\u63a5\u5c3e\u8f9e “-tion” \u3092\u4ed8\u52a0\u3057\u3066\u540d\u8a5e “destruction” \u3078\u3068\u6d3e\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u3068\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u55aa\u5931\u3057\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “of” \u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u9805\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308b\uff08the destruction of the city\uff09\u3002\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u304b\u3089\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3078\u306e\u6d3e\u751f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u80fd\u52d5\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u62c5\u3046\u63a5\u5c3e\u8f9e\uff08”-ing”, “-ive”\uff09\u3068\u3001\u53d7\u52d5\u30fb\u53ef\u80fd\u306e\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u62c5\u3046\u63a5\u5c3e\u8f9e\uff08”-ed”, “-able”\uff09\u306f\u3001\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u306e\u9593\u3067\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u9805\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3084\u88ab\u4fee\u98fe\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u8a9e\u5e79\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3060\u3051\u3067\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u3076\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u306b\u76f4\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6d3e\u751f\u5f62\u614b\u7d20\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4e09\u6bb5\u968e\u304b\u3089\u6210\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u5360\u3081\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u306e\u54c1\u8a5e\uff08\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u7b49\uff09\u3092\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u304b\u3089\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3084\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7cbe\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u306e\u578b\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e26\u3076\u6d3e\u751f\u8a9e\u7fa4\u306e\u63a5\u982d\u8f9e\u30fb\u63a5\u5c3e\u8f9e\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u306e\u54c1\u8a5e\u6027\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3057\u3001\u304b\u3064\u5f8c\u7d9a\u8981\u7d20\u3068\u306e\u9805\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6574\u5408\u7684\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u6d3e\u751f\u8a9e\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6d3e\u751f\u5f62\u614b\u7d20\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b1: “The sudden and [ ] collapse of the ancient imperial dynasty astonished contemporary chroniclers, who had long considered the regime invincible.”
\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e “and” \u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e “sudden” \u3068\u4e26\u5217\u3055\u308c\u3001\u540d\u8a5e “collapse” \u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b [ predict, prediction, predictable, unpredictable ] \u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u54c1\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u305f\u3081\u540d\u8a5e “prediction” \u3084\u52d5\u8a5e “predict” \u306f\u9664\u5916\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587 “who had long considered the regime invincible”\uff08\u7121\u6575\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5d29\u58ca\u306f\u300c\u4e88\u6e2c\u4e0d\u80fd\u306a\u300d\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306f\u305a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u5426\u5b9a\u63a5\u982d\u8f9e “un-” \u3092\u4f34\u3046\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e “unpredictable” \u304c\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b2: “The empirical findings obtained from the oceanographic survey were fundamentally [ ] of the previously accepted climatic models.”
\u69cb\u6587\u306f “were fundamentally [ ] of…” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9023\u7d50\u52d5\u8a5e “were” \u306e\u88dc\u8a9e\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “of” \u3068\u547c\u5fdc\u3057\u3066\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u3068\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u52d5\u8a5e “substantiate”\uff08\u5b9f\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3084 “refute”\uff08\u8ad6\u7834\u3059\u308b\uff09\u306e\u6d3e\u751f\u8a9e\u7fa4\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001[ destructive of… ] \u3084 [ critical of… ] \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b “of” \u3092\u5f93\u3048\u3066\u6279\u5224\u7684\u30fb\u7834\u58ca\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6210\u3059\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”destructive” \u3084 “subversive”\uff09\u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b3: “To prevent the arbitrary [ ] of regulatory power by local administrators, the central ministry instituted transparent procedural guidelines.”
\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u5b9a\u51a0\u8a5e “the” \u3068\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “of” \u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u540d\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b “of regulatory power”\uff08\u898f\u5236\u6a29\u529b\u306e\u301c\uff09\u304c\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u52d5\u8a5e “exercise”\uff08\u884c\u4f7f\u3059\u308b\uff09\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u5f62\u3068\u3057\u3066 “exercise” \u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3001\u300c\u6a29\u529b\u306e\u884c\u4f7f\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3082\u3057\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e “exercising” \u304c\u4e26\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u524d\u51a0\u8a5e “the” \u3068\u5f8c\u7f6e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “of” \u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u308b\u7d14\u7c8b\u540d\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\uff08the exercise of power\uff09\u304c\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u9078\u597d\u3055\u308c\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u3068\u308b\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u306f\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “of” \u3068\u885d\u7a81\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b4: “The archaeological artifact was remarkably well-preserved, exhibiting an extraordinary degree of material [ ] despite having been buried in acidic soil for millennia.”
\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “of” \u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e “material”\uff08\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u306a\uff09\u306b\u4fee\u98fe\u3055\u308c\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u5f62 “durable” \u3084\u526f\u8a5e\u5f62 “durably” \u3092\u6df7\u5165\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u300c\u8010\u4e45\u6027\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u6d3e\u751f\u63a5\u5c3e\u8f9e “-ity” \u3092\u6301\u3064 “durability” \u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u552f\u4e00\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u6d3e\u751f\u8a9e\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u7d99\u627f\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7a7a\u6240\u6c7a\u5b9a\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16. \u8ad6\u7406\u547d\u984c\u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\u753b\u5b9a\u3068\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u306e\u5e7e\u4f55\u5b66\u7684\u5224\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5f62\u5f0f\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50\u304c\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u300c\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\uff08\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\uff1ascope\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e\uff08not, hardly\uff09\u3001\u9650\u5b9a\u8f9e\uff08only, merely\uff09\u3001\u69d8\u76f8\u526f\u8a5e\uff08necessarily, possibly\uff09\u3001\u91cf\u5316\u5b50\uff08all, every\uff09\u306a\u3069\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6a19\u8b58\u306f\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u306b\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u3053\u308c\u3089\u8ad6\u7406\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50\u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\u306e\u300c\u5185\u5074\u300d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u300c\u5916\u5074\u300d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u610f\u5473\u5185\u5bb9\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u3068\u306a\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50\u304c\u652f\u914d\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\u306e\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u3092\u5e7e\u4f55\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u547d\u984c\u306e\u771f\u507d\u5024\u3084\u6975\u6027\u3092\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5145\u586b\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7cbe\u7dfb\u306a\u5f62\u5f0f\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u904b\u7528\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u7121\u529b\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff11. \u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e\u30fb\u9650\u5b9a\u8f9e\u306e\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u3068\u547d\u984c\u5883\u754c\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e “not” \u306e\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\uff08scope of negation\uff09\u306f\u3001\u6587\u982d\u304b\u3089\u6587\u672b\u307e\u3067\u7121\u5dee\u5225\u306b\u53ca\u3076\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u305d\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e\u304c\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u652f\u914d\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u7d20\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001”He did not leave because he was angry.” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001”not” \u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\u304c\u4e3b\u7bc0\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u307f\u306b\u53ca\u3076\u5834\u5408\uff08\u5f7c\u306f\u6012\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001\u51fa\u767a\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3001\u7406\u7531\u7bc0\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u53ca\u3076\u5834\u5408\uff08\u6012\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3089\u51fa\u767a\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u9006\u8ee2\u3059\u308b\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u5426\u5b9a\uff08not all, not always\uff09\u3084\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e “only” \u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\uff08\u4f55\u304c\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff09\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e\u3084\u9650\u5b9a\u8f9e\u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u305d\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u8a9e\u53e5\u304c\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5bfe\u8c61\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u67a0\u5916\u3067\u80af\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u533a\u5225\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u3092\u753b\u5b9a\u3057\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e\uff08not, never\uff09\u3001\u6e96\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\uff08seldom, rarely\uff09\u3001\u9650\u5b9a\u8f9e\uff08only, merely\uff09\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3092\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u89e3\u6790\uff08\u69cb\u6210\u7d20\u69cb\u9020\u5206\u6790\uff09\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50\u304c\u76f4\u63a5\u4fc2\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53e5\u3084\u7bc0\u306e\u5883\u754c\uff08\u62ec\u5f27\uff09\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\u306e\u5e7e\u4f55\u5b66\u7684\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u305d\u306e\u62ec\u5f27\u306e\u5185\u5074\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u5099\u3048\u305f\u8a9e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304b\u3089\u9078\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u62ec\u5f27\u306e\u5916\u5074\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3068\u8abf\u548c\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u306e\u5e7e\u4f55\u5b66\u7684\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b1: “The constitutional court clarified that freedom of speech does not protect expressions [ ] intended to incite imminent lawless violence.”
\u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e “does not protect expressions…” \u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u304c\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e “not” \u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\u306f\u52d5\u8a5e “protect” \u306b\u53ca\u3093\u3067\u304a\u308a\u3001\u4fdd\u8b77\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5bfe\u8c61\u304c\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u526f\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u5206\u8a5e “intended” \u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5dee\u3057\u8feb\u3063\u305f\u9055\u6cd5\u66b4\u529b\u3092\u6247\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u300c\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u305f\u300d\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u4fdd\u8b77\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u660e\u767d\u6027\u3092\u9650\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u526f\u8a5e\uff08”specifically” \u3084 “directly”\uff09\u304c\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u53ce\u307e\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b2: “The government’s fiscal stimulus package was not designed [ ] to rescue failing financial conglomerates, but rather to stabilize consumer confidence and prevent mass unemployment.”
\u76f8\u95a2\u69cb\u9020 “not A but B” \u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001”not” \u306e\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u306f A \u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5 “designed [ ] to rescue…” \u306b\u53ca\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002A \u3068 B \u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3092\u6210\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u304c\u5927\u624b\u91d1\u878d\u6a5f\u95a2\u306e\u6551\u6e08\u300c\u3060\u3051\u306b\u300d\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9650\u5b9a\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\uff08\u90e8\u5206\u5426\u5b9a\uff09\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u9650\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u526f\u8a5e\uff08”merely” \u3084 “solely”\u3001”exclusively”\uff09\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u300c\u301c\u3060\u3051\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u3080\u3057\u308dB\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b3: “Contrary to popular belief, high intelligence does not necessarily [ ] sound real-world decision-making, as highly intelligent individuals are often adept at rationalizing preexisting biases.”
\u69d8\u76f8\u8868\u73fe “not necessarily”\uff08\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u301c\u3068\u306f\u9650\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u90e8\u5206\u5426\u5b9a\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”not” \u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\u304c\u526f\u8a5e “necessarily” \u3068\u672c\u52d5\u8a5e\u306b\u53ca\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002\u77e5\u6027\u306e\u9ad8\u3055\u304c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u610f\u601d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3092\u300c\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”guarantee” \u3084 “ensure”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308a\u3001\u300c\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3057\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u9650\u5b9a\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b4: “The sociologist emphasized that individuals who participate in violent protests are not [ ] motivated by ideological zealotry; many join simply out of economic desperation or peer pressure.”
\u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5168\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u8a9e\u3092\u9078\u3070\u305b\u308b\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002”many join simply out of…” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6297\u8b70\u8005\u306e\u52d5\u6a5f\u306f\u30a4\u30c7\u30aa\u30ed\u30ae\u30fc\u7684\u72c2\u4fe1\u300c\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff08\u90e8\u5206\u5426\u5b9a\uff09\u300d\u3053\u3068\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b “completely” \u3084 “universally”\u3001”always” \u3092\u88dc\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u5168\u54e1\u304c\u72c2\u4fe1\u306b\u52d5\u6a5f\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u90e8\u5206\u5426\u5b9a\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u3001\u5168\u5426\u5b9a\u3092\u9078\u3076\u8ad6\u7406\u77db\u76fe\u304c\u56de\u907f\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u306e\u5e7e\u4f55\u5b66\u7684\u5224\u5b9a\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff12. \u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u526f\u8a5e\u3068\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u5206\u96e2<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u4fee\u98fe\u526f\u8a5e\uff08sentence adverbs: e.g., arguably, presumably, inevitably, paradoxically\uff09\u306f\u3001\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\uff08propositional content\uff09\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3092\u306a\u3059\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u614b\u5ea6\u3084\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3092\u4e00\u6bb5\u9ad8\u3044\u30e1\u30bf\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u304b\u3089\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u62c5\u3046\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u6587\u982d\u3084\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3092\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u69d8\u614b\u526f\u8a5e\uff08manner adverb\uff09\u3068\u6df7\u540c\u3057\u3001\u52d5\u4f5c\u306e\u69d8\u5b50\u3092\u8868\u3059\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u306a\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u6587\u4fee\u98fe\u526f\u8a5e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u526f\u8a5e\u304c\u652f\u914d\u3059\u308b\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u547d\u984c\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u547d\u984c\u304c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u8ad6\u4e89\u306e\u4f59\u5730\u306e\u3042\u308b\u89e3\u91c8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5e38\u8b58\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u9006\u8aac\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u547d\u984c\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u300d\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u526f\u8a5e\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u6587\u4fee\u98fe\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff08\u6587\u982d\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u9593\u306e\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u5185\uff09\u306b\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u3084\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u5cfb\u5225\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u652f\u914d\u3059\u308b\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u8981\u7d04\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u547d\u984c\u304c\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u8a55\u4fa1\uff08\u8ad6\u4e89\u6027\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u6027\u3001\u9006\u8aac\u6027\u3001\u660e\u767d\u6027\uff09\u3092\u6295\u3052\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u5404\u526f\u8a5e\u304c\u6301\u3064\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u578b\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3001\u547d\u984c\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u526f\u8a5e\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u5206\u96e2\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b1: “The archaeological discovery of domestic pottery predating agriculture was, [ ], the most significant breakthrough in Neolithic scholarship of the past century, completely overturning established chronologies.”
\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u300c\u3053\u306e\u767a\u898b\u304c\u904e\u53bb\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u6642\u4ee3\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u7a81\u7834\u53e3\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a55\u4fa1\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u3092\u62c5\u3046\u3002\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0 “completely overturning established chronologies”\uff08\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5e74\u4ee3\u8a18\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8986\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u30a4\u30f3\u30d1\u30af\u30c8\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5341\u5206\u306a\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u300c\u307b\u307c\u9593\u9055\u3044\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u4f59\u5730\u306f\u3042\u308b\u306b\u305b\u3088\u6700\u3082\u301c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u6587\u4fee\u98fe\u526f\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001”arguably” \u3084 “undoubtedly” \u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b2: “The aggressive deregulation of financial markets was intended to stimulate entrepreneurial investment; [ ], it precipitated a speculative asset bubble that devastated the national economy.”
\u30bb\u30df\u30b3\u30ed\u30f3\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u982d\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u526f\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u610f\u56f3\uff08\u6295\u8cc7\u306e\u523a\u6fc0\uff09\u3068\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u7834\u6ec5\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff08\u6295\u6a5f\u30d0\u30d6\u30eb\u3068\u7d4c\u6e08\u7834\u58ca\uff09\u306e\u9593\u306e\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u77db\u76fe\u3092\u5305\u62ec\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u547d\u984c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u306b\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u526f\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u76ae\u8089\u306b\u3082\u3001\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u306b\u3082\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b “paradoxically” \u3084 “ironically” \u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002”similarly” \u3084 “subsequently” \u3067\u306f\u610f\u56f3\u3068\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u4e56\u96e2\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002
\u4f8b3: “Given that all living organisms share the same universal genetic code, terrestrial life [ ] originated from a single common ancestor that emerged billions of years ago.”
\u524d\u63d0 “Given that all living organisms share the same universal genetic code”\uff08\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u751f\u7269\u304c\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u666e\u904d\u7684\u907a\u4f1d\u6697\u53f7\u3092\u5171\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3059\u308b\u3068\uff09\u304b\u3089\u6f14\u7e79\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7d50\u8ad6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5171\u901a\u306e\u6697\u53f7\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5727\u5012\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u5171\u901a\u7956\u5148\u304b\u3089\u751f\u3058\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u306f\u300c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u7684\u306b\u300d\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3092\u8868\u3059\u526f\u8a5e\uff08”inevitably” \u3084 “necessarily”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b4: “The theoretical physicist admitted that direct empirical observation of higher-dimensional strings is, strictly speaking, technologically impossible; [ ], the mathematical elegance of string theory continues to captivate modern researchers.”
\u524d\u534a\u3067\u300c\u76f4\u63a5\u89b3\u6e2c\u306f\u6280\u8853\u7684\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u9650\u754c\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306f\u305d\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u7f8e\u3057\u3055\u304c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u3092\u9b45\u4e86\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u306b\u7e4b\u3050\u526f\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u9650\u754c\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8868\u3059\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u63a5\u306e\u526f\u8a5e\uff08”nonetheless” \u3084 “nevertheless”\uff09\u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5358\u306a\u308b\u6642\u9593\u7d4c\u904e\u3092\u8868\u3059\u526f\u8a5e\u3092\u9078\u3076\u8aa4\u8b2c\u304c\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u5206\u96e2\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17. \u5bfe\u6bd4\u30fb\u4e26\u5217\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u3068\u610f\u5473\u7684\u7b49\u4fa1\u6027\u306e\u691c\u8a3c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u6563\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e26\u5217\u69cb\u6587\u3084\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u5bfe\u7b49\u306a\u7acb\u5834\u3067\u6bd4\u8f03\u30fb\u5bfe\u7167\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u74b0\u5883\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u308c\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u7d20\u304c\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30fb\u5f62\u614b\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u7b49\u4fa1\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff08parallelism\uff09\u304c\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u898f\u5247\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3001\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u3082\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u5bfe\u8c61\u540c\u58eb\u304c\u6bd4\u8f03\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\uff08category matching\uff09\u300d\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u304c\u652f\u914d\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u95a2\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3084\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5e7e\u4f55\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u5bfe\u79f0\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u8a9e\u53e5\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u304a\u3088\u3073\u610f\u5473\u7bc4\u7587\u3092\u9006\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u624b\u639b\u304b\u308a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u6355\u6349\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u529b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17.\uff11. \u76f8\u95a2\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u93e1\u50cf\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u5145\u8db3<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u76f8\u95a2\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\uff08either A or B, neither A nor B, not only A but also B, not A but B \u7b49\uff09\u304c\u652f\u914d\u3059\u308b\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u69cb\u6210\u7d20 A \u3068\u69cb\u6210\u7d20 B \u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u54c1\u8a5e\u304c\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u914d\u7f6e\u3084\u6e96\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u307e\u3067\u3001\u6975\u3081\u3066\u7cbe\u7dfb\u306a\u93e1\u50cf\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306f\u3001\u69cb\u6210\u7d20 A \u306e\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u4fee\u98fe\u53e5\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306e\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u9038\u3089\u3057\u3001\u69cb\u6210\u7d20 B \u306b\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3084\u6d3b\u7528\u5f62\u306e\u7570\u306a\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u3070\u305b\u308b\u3002\u76f8\u95a2\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u7b2c1\u6a19\u8b58\u3068\u7b2c2\u6a19\u8b58\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u753b\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5883\u754c\u3092\u51b7\u5fb9\u306b\u8a08\u6e2c\u3057\u3001\u69cb\u6210\u7d20 A \u306e\u5185\u90e8\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u69cb\u6210\u7d20 B \u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5c04\u5f71\uff08projection\uff09\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u6cd5\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u904b\u7528\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76f8\u95a2\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5145\u8db3\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u76f8\u95a2\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u7b2c1\u6a19\u8b58\uff08not only, neither \u7b49\uff09\u3068\u7b2c2\u6a19\u8b58\uff08but also, nor \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3057\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u76f8\u95a2\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u7b2c1\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u7d20 A \u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a[\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\uff0b\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\uff0b\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e]\u3001[\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\uff0b\u526f\u8a5e]\u3001[that\u7bc0]\uff09\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u89e3\u4f53\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u7b2c2\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u5f8c\u65b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u7d20 B \u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u3001\u69cb\u6210\u7d20 A \u306e\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3068\u4e00\u5bfe\u4e00\u3067\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7d71\u8a9e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3057\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u76f8\u95a2\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u691c\u8a3c\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b1: “The success of the public health campaign depends not only on the rapid distribution of effective vaccines, but also [ ] the transparent communication of potential risks to the community.”
\u76f8\u95a2\u69cb\u9020 “not only A but also B” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”not only” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5 “on the rapid distribution…” \u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u52d5\u8a5e “depends” \u3068\u306e\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u304d\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3001\u304b\u3064\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001”but also” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u3082\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “on” \u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “on” \u3092\u4f34\u3046\u8868\u73fe\uff08”on” \u5358\u4f53\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f “on ensuring” \u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3092\u6b20\u3044\u305f\u540d\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u9055\u53cd\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b2: “During the political crisis, the prime minister sought neither to antagonize the parliamentary opposition by imposing unilateral decrees, nor [ ] the fundamental tenets of his party’s platform.”
\u76f8\u95a2\u69cb\u9020 “neither A nor B” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”neither” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u53e5 “to antagonize the parliamentary opposition…” \u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066 “nor” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u3082\u3001”neither” \u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u5bfe\u79f0\u3092\u306a\u3059\u539f\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”to” \u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\uff1a “to compromise” \u307e\u305f\u306f “compromise”\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u3001\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u306f\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u7834\u7dbb\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b3: “The environmental regulation was designed either to penalize corporate polluters through substantial financial fines, or [ ] economic incentives to industries that voluntarily reduced emissions.”
“either A or B” \u306e\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”either” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306f\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u53e5 “to penalize corporate polluters through…” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u76f8\u95a2\u3059\u308b “or” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u3001\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u539f\u5f62\uff08”to provide” \u307e\u305f\u306f “provide”\uff09\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “economic incentives” \u3092\u5f93\u3048\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u5206\u8a5e\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u93e1\u50cf\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b4: “The philosophical debate was concerned not with whether human beings possess free will in an absolute metaphysical sense, but rather [ ] moral responsibility can be rationally sustained within a deterministic universe.”
\u76f8\u95a2\u69cb\u9020 “not with A, but rather with B” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”not” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “with” \u304a\u3088\u3073\u9593\u63a5\u7591\u554f\u7bc0 “whether human beings possess…” \u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001”but rather” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u3082\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “with” \u304a\u3088\u3073\u7bc0\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\u63a5\u7d9a\u6a19\u8b58\uff08”with how” \u3084 “with whether”\uff09\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “with” \u3092\u6b20\u843d\u3055\u305b\u305f\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u5358\u4f53\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u3076\u8aa4\u8b2c\u304c\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u76f8\u95a2\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17.\uff12. \u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u7684\u4e00\u81f4<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\uff08more … than, as … as, prefer A to B, compare A with B \u7b49\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u6587\u6cd5\u5236\u7d04\u306f\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u9805\uff08\u9805 A \u3068\u9805 B\uff09\u304c\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u30fb\u5b58\u5728\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u5c5e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u540c\u4e00\u6027\uff08comparative parallelism\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001”The climate of Tokyo is milder than London.” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u306f\u3001\u6771\u4eac\u306e\u300c\u6c17\u5019\u300d\u3068\u90fd\u5e02\u300c\u30ed\u30f3\u30c9\u30f3\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7570\u306a\u308b\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u4e8b\u7269\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u898f\u7bc4\u6587\u6cd5\u3067\u306f\u8a31\u5bb9\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\uff08\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u306f “milder than that of London” \u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\uff08than \u307e\u305f\u306f as \u306e\u5f8c\u65b9\uff09\u306b\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4f55\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff08\u5148\u884c\u6bd4\u8f03\u9805\uff09\u3092\u7cbe\u78ba\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e “that” \u3084 “those”\u3001\u6240\u6709\u683c\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u9069\u5207\u306a\u4ee3\u7528\u5f62\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u4e00\u81f4\u3055\u305b\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u6a19\u8b58\uff08more, less, -er, as, prefer\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\u6a19\u8b58\uff08than, as, to\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u57fa\u6e96\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\uff08\u5148\u884c\u6bd4\u8f03\u9805\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u5358\u6570\u304b\u8907\u6570\u304b\u3001\u53ef\u7b97\u304b\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u304b\u3001\u5177\u8c61\u7269\u304b\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u304b\u3092\u30bf\u30b0\u4ed8\u3051\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u57fa\u6e96\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u5f8c\u65b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6bd4\u8f03\u9805\u3068\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u6307\u793a\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u7d20\uff08\u5358\u6570\u306a\u3089 that of, \u8907\u6570\u306a\u3089 those of, \u52d5\u4f5c\u306a\u3089 do\/does\/did \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304b\u3089\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b1: “The cognitive processing speed of artificial neural networks in pattern recognition tasks is far superior to [ ] of the average human brain.”
\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f “The cognitive processing speed”\uff08\u8a8d\u77e5\u7684\u51e6\u7406\u901f\u5ea6\uff1a\u5358\u6570\u30fb\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\u6a19\u8b58 “superior to” \u306e\u5f8c\u65b9\u3067\u6bd4\u8f03\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u8133\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u8133\u306e\u300c\u51e6\u7406\u901f\u5ea6\u300d\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5358\u6570\u540d\u8a5e “the speed” \u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”that”\uff09\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001”that of the average human brain” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u79f0\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b2: “The environmental regulations enforced by the European Union regarding toxic industrial waste are substantially more rigorous than [ ] adopted by developing nations.”
\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\uff08\u5148\u884c\u6bd4\u8f03\u9805\uff09\u306f “The environmental regulations”\uff08\u74b0\u5883\u898f\u5236\uff1a\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6bd4\u8f03\u6a19\u8b58 “more rigorous than” \u306e\u5f8c\u65b9\u3067\u6bd4\u8f03\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u306f\u3001\u767a\u5c55\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u767a\u5c55\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u304c\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u305f\u300c\u898f\u5236\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e “regulations” \u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u4ee3\u7528\u3059\u308b\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f “those”\uff08those adopted by…\uff09\u304c\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30fb\u5f62\u614b\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b3: “In seventeenth-century Europe, ordinary citizens had far less access to clean drinking water than [ ] aristocrats residing in luxurious urban palaces.”
\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u306f “had far less access to clean drinking water than [ ]” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f “ordinary citizens”\uff08\u4e00\u822c\u5e02\u6c11\uff1a\u8907\u6570\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f “had” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6bd4\u8f03\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u300c\u5e02\u6c11\u304c\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u30a2\u30af\u30bb\u30b9\u300d\u3068\u300c\u8cb4\u65cf\u304c\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u30a2\u30af\u30bb\u30b9\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u4e3b\u8a9e “aristocrats” \u3092\u4f34\u3044\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e “had” \u306e\u4ee3\u7528\u3068\u306a\u308b\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”did”\uff1athan did aristocrats…\uff09\u304c\u5012\u7f6e\u5f62\u3068\u3057\u3066\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u304c\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b4: “The energy consumption required to operate commercial quantum computers is virtually negligible compared with [ ] consumed by traditional silicon supercomputers.”
\u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6a5f\u68b0\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3055\u305b\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u3070\u305b\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u304c\u983b\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f “The energy consumption”\uff08\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u6d88\u8cbb\u91cf\uff1a\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5 “compared with” \u306e\u5f8c\u65b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6d88\u8cbb\u91cf\u3092\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3059\u4ee3\u7528\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u5358\u6570\u6271\u3044\u306e\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e “that”\uff08that consumed by…\uff09\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d1\u30fc\u30b3\u30f3\u30d4\u30e5\u30fc\u30bf\u81ea\u8eab\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u6bd4\u8f03\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u9055\u53cd\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u78ba\u8a8d\u304c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18. \u6587\u8108\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u4fa1\u3068\u8a55\u4fa1\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u6574\u5408<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5b66\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\u3084\u9ad8\u7d1a\u306a\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30ca\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u8a00\u8aac\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3084\u4e8b\u8c61\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8a55\u4fa1\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\uff08evaluative tone\uff09\u306f\u3001\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u306a\u8a9e\u6c17\u306e\u8868\u51fa\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306b\u6d17\u7df4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u611f\u60c5\u4fa1\uff08valence\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6291\u5236\u7684\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u30fb\u653f\u7b56\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u4e0b\u3059\u7b87\u6240\u306b\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u500b\u3005\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u306a\u5b9a\u7fa9\u304c\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a9e\u304c\u5185\u5305\u3059\u308b\u30b3\u30ce\u30c6\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\uff08\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u304b\u6279\u5224\u7684\u304b\u3001\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u304b\u61d0\u7591\u7684\u304b\uff09\u304c\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8abf\u548c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002
\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u6563\u308a\u3070\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5fae\u7d30\u306a\u8a55\u4fa1\u7684\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u611f\u60c5\u4fa1\u306e\u6975\u6027\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u6587\u8108\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u6cd5\u529b\u3092\u57f9\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18.\uff11. \u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3068\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u611f\u60c5\u4fa1<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u7528\u3044\u308b\u5b66\u8853\u8a9e\u5f59\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u898b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u306a\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u898b\u3048\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u8a55\u4fa1\u7684\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u5e2f\u3073\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u3042\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u624b\u6cd5\u3092\u300c\u614e\u91cd\u306a\uff08deliberate\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u304b\u300c\u512a\u67d4\u4e0d\u65ad\u306a\uff08hesitant\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u3092\u300c\u5927\u80c6\u306a\u6539\u9769\uff08bold reform\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u304b\u300c\u7121\u8b00\u306a\u5b9f\u9a13\uff08reckless experimentation\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u304b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\u306f\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306b\u5206\u5c90\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5bfe\u8c61\uff08\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5b66\u8aac\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u52d5\u5411\u3001\u6280\u8853\u7684\u9769\u65b0\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u30fb\u6279\u5224\u7684\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3084\u526f\u8a5e\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u8ef8\u3092\u5272\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u6b20\u9665\u3084\u502b\u7406\u7684\u5371\u967a\u6027\u3092\u544a\u767a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u7121\u6279\u5224\u306a\u80af\u5b9a\u3084\u79f0\u8cdb\u3092\u542b\u610f\u3059\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u306e\u9996\u5c3e\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3092\u6839\u672c\u304b\u3089\u7834\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a55\u4fa1\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6bb5\u843d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5148\u884c\u6bb5\u843d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8a55\u4fa1\u6027\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u4fee\u98fe\u8a9e\uff08e.g., problematic, flawed, remarkable, profound, innovative\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u304c\u3010\u652f\u6301\u30fb\u80af\u5b9a\u3011\u304b\u3010\u6279\u5224\u30fb\u61f8\u5ff5\u3011\u304b\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u305d\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u5bfe\u8c61\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u5c5e\u6027\u3092\u4ed8\u4e0e\u3059\u308b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u5bfe\u7acb\u9805\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53cd\u8ee2\u3057\u305f\u5c5e\u6027\u3092\u4ed8\u4e0e\u3059\u3079\u304d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u5404\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u6301\u3064\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u4fa1\uff08positive \/ negative \/ neutral\uff09\u3092\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u30fb\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8abf\u548c\u3059\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u8a9e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8a55\u4fa1\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u611f\u60c5\u4fa1\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b1: “The revolutionary genomic editing technology, while initially hailed as a panacea for hereditary diseases, has drawn severe criticism from bioethicists who warn that its unchecked application could lead to [ ] societal consequences.”
\u6587\u8108\u306e\u4e3b\u305f\u308b\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u306f “severe criticism”\uff08\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u6279\u5224\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073 “warn that its unchecked application…”\uff08\u6291\u5236\u306a\u304d\u9069\u7528\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8b66\u544a\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e “societal consequences”\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u30fb\u5e30\u7d50\uff09\u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7834\u6ec5\u7684\u30fb\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u306a\u60aa\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u542b\u610f\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”catastrophic” \u3084 “disastrous”\u3001”perilous”\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002”prosperous” \u3084 “beneficial” \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u306f\u6587\u8108\u306e\u611f\u60c5\u4fa1\u3068\u771f\u3063\u5411\u304b\u3089\u885d\u7a81\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b2: “Through decades of meticulous archival research, the historian provided a [ ] defense of the controversial treaty, successfully demonstrating that it had preserved regional peace despite intense geopolitical instability.”
\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0 “successfully demonstrating that it had preserved regional peace”\uff08\u5730\u57df\u5e73\u548c\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u9996\u5c3e\u3088\u304f\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\uff09\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6b74\u53f2\u5bb6\u306e\u696d\u7e3e\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u540d\u8a5e “defense”\uff08\u5f01\u8b77\u3001\u64c1\u8b77\uff09\u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u5f37\u56fa\u3067\u8aac\u5f97\u529b\u306e\u3042\u308b\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”compelling” \u3084 “robust”\u3001”persuasive”\uff09\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002”feeble”\uff08\u8ca7\u5f31\u306a\uff09\u3084 “superficial”\uff08\u6d45\u8584\u306a\uff09\u306f\u8a55\u4fa1\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b3: “The municipal authority\u2019s decision to dismantle the historic public library was widely condemned as an act of cultural [ ], sacrificing decades of accumulated intellectual heritage for short-term commercial redevelopment.”
\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306f “was widely condemned”\uff08\u5e83\u304f\u975e\u96e3\u3055\u308c\u305f\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7406\u7531\u7bc0\u306f “sacrificing intellectual heritage for commercial redevelopment”\uff08\u5546\u696d\u7684\u518d\u958b\u767a\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u77e5\u7684\u907a\u7523\u3092\u72a0\u7272\u306b\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u3044\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u306e\u544a\u767a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “of” \u306e\u5f8c\u3067\u300c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u301c\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u91ce\u86ee\u306a\u7834\u58ca\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”vandalism” \u3084 “destruction”\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”preservation” \u3084 “enrichment” \u306f\u611f\u60c5\u4fa1\u306e\u9006\u8ee2\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3002
\u4f8b4: “Rather than offering a comprehensive solution to urban traffic congestion, the newly constructed highway proved to be merely a [ ] measure, temporarily easing bottleneck delays without addressing underlying commuter patterns.”
\u69cb\u6587 “Rather than offering a comprehensive solution… proved to be merely a [ ] measure”\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u7b56\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b\u3001\u5358\u306b\u301c\u306a\u63aa\u7f6e\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5224\u660e\u3057\u305f\uff09\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002”merely”\uff08\u5358\u306b\u301c\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9650\u5b9a\u6a19\u8b58\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e “temporarily easing… without addressing underlying patterns”\uff08\u6839\u672c\u7684\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u5bfe\u51e6\u305b\u305a\u306b\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u7de9\u548c\u3057\u305f\u3060\u3051\uff09\u304b\u3089\u3001\u63aa\u7f6e\u306e\u5834\u5f53\u305f\u308a\u6027\u30fb\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3055\u304c\u6279\u5224\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306a\u3001\u5bfe\u75c7\u7642\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”stopgap” \u3084 “palliative”\u3001”provisional”\uff09\u304c\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u4fa1\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u5224\u5b9a\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18.\uff12. \u591a\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u3068\u53cd\u8ee2\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u9023\u9396\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6975\u6027\u6f14\u7b97<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u8108\u7684\u6975\u6027\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6700\u3082\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8a8d\u77e5\u7684\u8ca0\u8377\u304c\u304b\u304b\u308b\u306e\u304c\u3001\u660e\u793a\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e\u3001\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u9006\u63a5\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u9023\u9396\u3059\u308b\u74b0\u5883\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”It is not impossible that…” \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001”No evidence fails to disprove that…” \u3084 “Hardly anyone doubts that the theory is not without merit” \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08fail, deny, doubt\uff09\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\uff08without\uff09\u3001\u63a5\u982d\u8f9e\uff08un-, in-\uff09\u304c\u591a\u91cd\u306b\u91cd\u306a\u308a\u5408\u3046\u3068\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u547d\u984c\u6975\u6027\u306f\u6fc0\u3057\u304f\u53cd\u8ee2\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u3053\u306e\u9023\u9396\u306e\u7d50\u7bc0\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u76f4\u611f\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u306b\u983c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u505c\u6b62\u3057\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u5404\u5426\u5b9a\u8981\u7d20\u306b\u8ca0\u306e\u7b26\u53f7\uff08$-1$\uff09\u3092\u5272\u308a\u632f\u3063\u3066\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u639b\u3051\u5408\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u5f62\u5f0f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6975\u6027\u6f14\u7b97\u300d\u3092\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u5b9f\u884c\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6975\u6027\u6f14\u7b97\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u7bc0\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u8981\u7d20\uff08not, no, hardly, without, fail to, deny, lack \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7dcf\u6570\u3092\u8a08\u6570\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u304c\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u3084\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\uff08however, therefore \u7b49\uff09\u304b\u3089\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u3066\u80af\u5b9a\u547d\u984c\uff08$+1$\uff09\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u547d\u984c\uff08$-1$\uff09\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f $(-1)^n \\times X = \\text{\u76ee\u6a19\u6975\u6027}$\uff08$n$ \u306f\u65e2\u77e5\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u6570\u3001$X$ \u306f\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u3079\u304d\u6975\u6027\uff09\u3092\u89e3\u304d\u3001$X$ \u304c\u6b63\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u80af\u5b9a\u8a9e\u3092\u3001\u8ca0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304b\u3089\u9078\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u74b0\u5883\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6975\u6027\u6f14\u7b97\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b1: “Given the overwhelming abundance of empirical data collected by the satellite array, it is no longer [ ] to deny that oceanic circulation patterns are undergoing rapid structural transformations.”
\u524d\u63d0\u300c\u885b\u661f\u7fa4\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u53ce\u96c6\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5727\u5012\u7684\u306a\u7d4c\u9a13\u7684\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u300d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u5faa\u74b0\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001”it is no longer [ ] to deny that…”\uff08\u301c\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3082\u306f\u3084\u301c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002”no longer”\uff08\u5426\u5b9a\uff1a$-1$\uff09\uff0b \u7a7a\u6240 $X$ \uff0b “to deny”\uff08\u5426\u5b9a\uff1a$-1$\uff09\u304c\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u3055\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5909\u5316\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u3092\u5c01\u3058\u8fbc\u3081\u308b\u547d\u984c\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3060\u3001\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u306b\u306a\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u64c1\u8b77\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u3001\u59a5\u5f53\u306a\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\uff08”tenable” \u3084 “defensible”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308a\u3001\u300c\u3082\u306f\u3084\u59a5\u5f53\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff08$-1 \\times +1 \\times -1 = +1$\uff1a\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3044\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80af\u5b9a\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b2: “The defense counsel demonstrated that the defendant could not have committed the financial forgery without the active [ ] of senior bank executives who controlled the digital authorization keys.”
\u69cb\u6587 “could not have committed… without…”\uff08\u301c\u306a\u3057\u306b\u306f\u72af\u884c\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306f\u305a\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5f37\u3044\u6761\u4ef6\u80af\u5b9a\uff08A requires B\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u300c\u4e0a\u7d1a\u5e79\u90e8\u306e\u95a2\u4e0e\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u521d\u3081\u3066\u72af\u884c\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u72af\u884c\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3057\u305f\u300c\u5171\u8b00\u3001\u52a0\u62c5\u3001\u5354\u529b\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”collusion” \u3084 “complicity”\u3001”cooperation”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002”resistance” \u3084 “ignorance” \u306f\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b3: “Few contemporary philosophers would dispute the claim that scientific knowledge is not entirely [ ] from the cultural and historical contexts in which it is produced.”
\u6587\u982d\u306e\u6e96\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e “Few”\uff08$-1$\uff09\uff0b \u52d5\u8a5e “dispute”\uff08\u7570\u8b70\u3092\u5531\u3048\u308b\uff1a$-1$\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u7570\u8b70\u3092\u5531\u3048\u308b\u54f2\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u3044\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u300c\u5927\u534a\u304c\u8a8d\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80af\u5b9a\u547d\u984c\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002”that” \u7bc0\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001”is not entirely [ ]”\uff08\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u301c\u306a\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff1a$-1$\uff09\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u73fe\u4ee3\u306e\u54f2\u5b66\u8005\u304c\u8a8d\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u300c\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8b58\u306f\u6587\u5316\u304b\u3089\u5b64\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\uff08\u6587\u5316\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u5206\u96e2\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3001\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”isolated” \u3084 “divorced”\u3001”exempt”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff08\uff1d\u95a2\u4fc2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e09\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b4: “The regulatory inspection revealed that the factory had not failed to comply with the safety protocols, but rather that the existing protocols were fundamentally [ ] to prevent chemical contamination.”
\u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5de5\u5834\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u3092\u8ffd\u53ca\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u3068\u932f\u899a\u3055\u305b\u308b\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002”had not failed to comply with…”\uff08\u9075\u5b88\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6020\u3063\u305f\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff1d\u9075\u5b88\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306b\u7d9a\u304f “but rather that the existing protocols were fundamentally [ ]”\uff08\u305d\u3046\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3066\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30c8\u30b3\u30eb\u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u301c\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\uff09\u304b\u3089\u3001\u554f\u984c\u306f\u5de5\u5834\u5074\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u30d7\u30ed\u30c8\u30b3\u30eb\u5074\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6c5a\u67d3\u3092\u9632\u3050\u4e0a\u3067\u30d7\u30ed\u30c8\u30b3\u30eb\u304c\u300c\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3001\u6b20\u9665\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”inadequate” \u3084 “insufficient”\uff09\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u74b0\u5883\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6975\u6027\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u9006\u7b97\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19. \u7167\u5fdc\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u4ee3\u5165\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u3068\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5185\u306e\u6587\u3068\u6587\u3092\u7dca\u5bc6\u306b\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u308b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u7d50\u675f\u88c5\u7f6e\u304c\u3001\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\uff08this, that, these, those, it, they\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6307\u793a\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\uff08this problem, such phenomena\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6307\u793a\u8868\u73fe\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u6307\u793a\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u306b\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u89e3\u6cd5\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u306f\u300c\u4ee3\u5165\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\uff08substitution validity\uff09\u300d\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002
\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u5185\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30fb\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3057\u3001\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u304c\u6301\u3064\u5c5e\u6027\u3092\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u3066\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3001\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u3068\u7dca\u5bc6\u306b\u9023\u52d5\u3057\u305f\u7a7a\u6240\u6c7a\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19.\uff11. \u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6570\u30fb\u6027\u30fb\u5916\u5ef6\u7684\u6307\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2\u306e\u4e00\u81f4<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6700\u3082\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u691c\u8a3c\u9805\u76ee\u306f\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u305d\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u9593\u3067\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u3079\u304d\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\uff08\u5358\u6570\u304b\u8907\u6570\u304b\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u304b\u975e\u4eba\u9593\u304b\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5916\u5ef6\u7684\u6307\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2\uff08\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304b\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u7bc0\u3084\u547d\u984c\u5168\u4f53\u304b\uff09\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u8907\u6570\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u4f55\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u898b\u8aa4\u308a\u3001\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u8aa4\u7b54\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306f\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\uff08information, evidence\uff09\u3084\u96c6\u5408\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u5358\u8907\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u3092\u7a81\u304f\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u4ed5\u639b\u3051\u308b\u3002\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4ed5\u69d8\u3092\u624b\u304c\u304b\u308a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u5019\u88dc\u3092\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u307f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u7684\u610f\u5473\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3057\u306a\u3044\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u51e6\u7406\u306f\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aad\u89e3\u306e\u6839\u5e79\u3092\u306a\u3059\u6280\u8853\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u307e\u305f\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5468\u8fba\u306b\u3042\u308b\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\uff08it, they, this, that \u7b49\uff09\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\uff08\u5358\u6570\u304b\u8907\u6570\u304b\u3001\u4eba\u79f0\u3001\u683c\uff09\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u5019\u88dc\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5404\u5019\u88dc\u3092\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u4eee\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\uff08substitution\uff09\u3057\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u8ff0\u8a9e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3084\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u7834\u7dbb\u306a\u304f\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u8a9e\u53e5\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b1: “The unprecedented legal disputes between multinational technology conglomerates and independent software developers demonstrated that [ ] frequently lack the capital reserves required to endure years of commercial litigation.”
\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306f\u8907\u6570\u6271\u3044\u306e “frequently lack the capital reserves…”\uff08\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u8cc7\u672c\u6e96\u5099\u91d1\u306b\u6b20\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306b\u306f\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5 “technology conglomerates”\uff08\u5de8\u5927\u8907\u5408\u4f01\u696d\uff09\u3068 “software developers”\uff08\u72ec\u7acb\u7cfb\u958b\u767a\u8005\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u9577\u671f\u8a34\u8a1f\u306b\u8010\u3048\u308b\u8cc7\u91d1\u529b\u306b\u6b20\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5c5e\u6027\u3068\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u5f8c\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u5f8c\u8005\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6307\u793a\u3059\u308b\u8868\u73fe\uff08”the latter” \u3084 “these developers”\uff09\u304c\u9069\u5408\u3057\u3001\u5de8\u5927\u4f01\u696d\u3092\u6307\u3059\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u9078\u3076\u8aa4\u8b2c\u304c\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b2: “Although the historical documents and physical artifacts discovered at the excavation site were exceptionally fragile, [ ] provided archaeologists with invaluable insights into early Bronze Age metallurgical techniques.”
\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u306a\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u3001\u8ff0\u8a9e “provided archaeologists with invaluable insights…” \u3092\u5f93\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306e\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306b\u306f\u8907\u6570\u4e3b\u8a9e “the historical documents and physical artifacts” \u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3053\u308c\u3089\u3092\u5305\u62ec\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u8907\u6570\u5f62\uff08”they”\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5358\u6570\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e “it” \u3092\u9078\u3076\u30df\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u6570\u306e\u7121\u8996\u306b\u8d77\u56e0\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b3: “The committee reviewed the new environmental regulation and the existing corporate compliance guidelines; while the former was praised for its stringency, [ ] was criticized for creating administrative ambiguity.”
\u76f8\u95a2\u7684\u306a\u6307\u793a\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306b\u306f “the new environmental regulation”\uff08\u65b0\u74b0\u5883\u898f\u5236\uff1a\u5358\u6570\uff09\u3068 “the existing corporate compliance guidelines”\uff08\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u9806\u5b88\u6307\u91dd\uff1a\u8907\u6570\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002”while the former was praised…”\uff08\u524d\u8005\u304c\u79f0\u8cdb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\uff09\u3068\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5f8c\u8005\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u8005\u306f\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f “the latter”\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8907\u6570\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b4: “While genetic predispositions undoubtedly shape human cognitive capacities, cultural environments are often far more influential, precisely because [ ] can be modified through intentional social interventions.”
\u7406\u7531\u7bc0\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306f “can be modified through intentional social interventions”\uff08\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5909\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5 “genetic predispositions”\uff08\u907a\u4f1d\u7684\u7d20\u56e0\uff1a\u8907\u6570\uff09\u3068 “cultural environments”\uff08\u6587\u5316\u74b0\u5883\uff1a\u8907\u6570\uff09\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3001\u4eba\u70ba\u7684\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u3067\u5909\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u306e\u306f\u5f8c\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u6587\u5316\u74b0\u5883\u3092\u6307\u793a\u3059\u308b\u8907\u6570\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e “they” \u307e\u305f\u306f “the latter” \u304c\u5165\u308a\u3001\u610f\u5473\u7684\u6574\u5408\u6027\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u78ba\u5b9a\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19.\uff12. \u6307\u793a\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u6a5f\u80fd<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u6587\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u51fa\u984c\u983b\u5ea6\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u3044\u5f62\u5f0f\u304c\u3001”this [ ]” \u3084 “such [ ]”\u3001”these [ ]” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6307\u793a\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u53cd\u5fa9\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u6587\u3084\u6bb5\u843d\u3067\u8a73\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u95a2\u4fc2\u3001\u8ad6\u4e89\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u63a8\u79fb\u3092\u3001\u4e00\u6bb5\u9ad8\u3044\u62bd\u8c61\u5ea6\u3067\u5305\u62ec\u30fb\u547d\u540d\u3059\u308b\u300c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\uff08conceptual encapsulation\uff09\u300d\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5148\u884c\u6587\u304c\u300c\u90fd\u5e02\u90e8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5bb6\u8cc3\u306e\u9ad8\u9a30\u3068\u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u8005\u5c64\u306e\u90ca\u5916\u3078\u306e\u5f37\u5236\u79fb\u4f4f\u300d\u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e “this [ ]” \u306b\u306f “gentrification” \u3084 “displacement”\u3001”phenomenon” \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8981\u7d04\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u5145\u586b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u8a18\u8ff0\u304b\u3089\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306a\u6982\u5ff5\u30e9\u30d9\u30eb\u3078\u3068\u6607\u83ef\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8a8d\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u8a66\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4e09\u6bb5\u968e\u304b\u3089\u6210\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u6307\u793a\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\uff08this, such, these \u7b49\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u6587\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3092\u7cbe\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u3067\u8ad6\u3058\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u4e8b\u8c61\u30fb\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u30fb\u554f\u984c\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5185\u5bb9\u304c\u6301\u3064\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6027\u683c\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u73fe\u8c61\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6b20\u9665\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3001\u753b\u671f\u7684\u767a\u898b\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e26\u3076\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u4e00\u8a9e\u3067\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u547d\u540d\u3067\u304d\u308b\u6700\u9069\u306a\u6982\u5ff5\u30e9\u30d9\u30eb\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8981\u7d04\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b1: “The unexpected inability of the advanced computational model to predict sudden market volatility puzzled financial analysts. To address this [ ], mathematicians introduced non-linear algorithmic parameters reflecting investor panic.”
\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u3001\u6700\u65b0\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u304c\u5e02\u5834\u306e\u6025\u5909\u52d5\u3092\u4e88\u6e2c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u8aac\u660e\u56f0\u96e3\u306a\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u30fb\u5931\u6557\u300d\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e “To address this [ ]”\uff08\u3053\u306e\u301c\u306b\u5bfe\u51e6\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u614b\u3092\u4e00\u8a9e\u3067\u8981\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u3068\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3001\u4e0d\u5177\u5408\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u8853\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”discrepancy” \u3084 “shortcoming”\u3001”deficiency”\uff09\u304c\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b2: “During the early seventeenth century, astronomical observations of planetary orbits directly contradicted the sacred geocentric doctrine of the Church, precipitating an intense intellectual crisis. Reconciling this cosmological [ ] required a fundamental reevaluation of the relationship between religious faith and scientific inquiry.”
\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u3001\u5730\u52d5\u8aac\u306e\u89b3\u6e2c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u6559\u4f1a\u306e\u5929\u52d5\u8aac\u6559\u7fa9\u304c\u76f4\u63a5\u885d\u7a81\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u77e5\u7684\u5bfe\u7acb\u30fb\u77db\u76fe\u300d\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092 “this cosmological [ ]” \u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u6559\u7fa9\u3084\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u9593\u306e\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u5bfe\u7acb\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”conflict” \u3084 “contradiction”\u3001”schism”\uff09\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b3: “Although synthetic agricultural fertilizers substantially boosted crop yields in the short term, the subsequent soil degradation, aquifer depletion, and toxic runoff created severe ecological crises. Overcoming these unforeseen [ ] has become the primary objective of modern sustainable agronomy.”
\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u80a5\u6599\u304c\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u305f\u300c\u571f\u58cc\u52a3\u5316\u3001\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u67af\u6e07\u3001\u6709\u5bb3\u6d41\u51fa\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e88\u671f\u305b\u306c\u7834\u58ca\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u5217\u6319\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6307\u793a\u8868\u73fe “these unforeseen [ ]” \u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u305b\u3056\u308b\u8ca0\u306e\u907a\u7523\u3084\u5f0a\u5bb3\u3092\u5305\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”consequences” \u3084 “ramifications”\u3001”byproducts”\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002”benefits” \u3084 “advancements” \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u540d\u8a5e\u306f\u6587\u8108\u306e\u611f\u60c5\u4fa1\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b4: “The sudden devaluation of the national currency triggered hyperinflation, causing the purchasing power of ordinary citizens to evaporate overnight and sparking nationwide civil unrest. Confronted with this acute socioeconomic [ ], the newly appointed government declared a state of emergency.”
\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u3001\u901a\u8ca8\u66b4\u843d\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30cf\u30a4\u30d1\u30fc\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30ec\u3068\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5b89\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u58ca\u6ec5\u7684\u306a\u6df7\u4e71\u30fb\u52d5\u4e71\u300d\u3092\u63cf\u5199\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6307\u793a\u8868\u73fe “this acute socioeconomic [ ]” \u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u52d5\u63fa\u3084\u5371\u6a5f\u3092\u8981\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”turmoil” \u3084 “crisis”\u3001”upheaval”\uff09\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5358\u306a\u308b “change” \u3084 “event” \u3067\u306f\u6587\u8108\u306e\u6df1\u523b\u3055\u3068\u6574\u5408\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8981\u7d04\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff10. \u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u3068\u5f8c\u7d9a\u547d\u984c\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u6f14\u7e79<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u3068\u6587\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6bb5\u843d\u3068\u6bb5\u843d\u3092\u7d50\u3076\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\uff08discourse markers \/ transitional adverbs: however, consequently, furthermore, instead, in contrast \u7b49\uff09\u306f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u8b70\u8ad6\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u304b\u3092\u4e8b\u524d\u306b\u5ba3\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u30e1\u30bf\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5145\u586b\u3059\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3001\u89e3\u6cd5\u306e\u6210\u5426\u306f\u305d\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u300c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u300d\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u6f14\u7b97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u306b\u304b\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002
\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u306b\u5206\u985e\u3057\u3001\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u4e88\u544a\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\u5c5e\u6027\u304b\u3089\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u5de8\u8996\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u638c\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u529b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff10.\uff11. \u63a5\u7d9a\u526f\u8a5e\u304c\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u7bc0\u9593\u30fb\u6587\u9593\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u982d\u3084\u30bb\u30df\u30b3\u30ed\u30f3\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u63a5\u7d9a\u526f\u8a5e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u8a33\u8a9e\uff08\u300c\u3057\u304b\u3057\u300d\u300c\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u300d\uff09\u306b\u983c\u3063\u3066\u5b89\u6613\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u5206\u985e\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u6a19\u8b58\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u9069\u7528\u6761\u4ef6\u306f\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u9006\u63a5\u3092\u8868\u3059 “however” \u306f\u5148\u884c\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u7126\u70b9\u79fb\u52d5\u3084\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7559\u4fdd\u306b\u5e83\u304f\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001”on the contrary” \u306f\u5148\u884c\u6587\u3067\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306b\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u547d\u984c\uff08not A\uff09\u306e\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u5b9f\u614b\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001”consequently” \u306f\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u8c61\u304b\u3089\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001”in other words” \u306f\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u5225\u306e\u8996\u70b9\u3084\u5e73\u6613\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306e\u307f\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6587\u3068\u6587\u306e\u9593\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u4e00\u610f\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u63a5\u7d9a\u526f\u8a5e\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u524d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5148\u884c\u6587\uff08\u547d\u984c P\uff09\u3068\u5f8c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\uff08\u547d\u984c Q\uff09\u306e\u4e2d\u6838\u547d\u984c\u3092\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u8981\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001P \u3068 Q \u306e\u9593\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u3079\u304d\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u3010\u56e0\u679c\u3011\uff08P \u304c\u539f\u56e0\u3067 Q \u304c\u751f\u8d77\uff09\u3001\u3010\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3011\uff08P \u3068 Q \u304c\u5bfe\u7acb\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\uff09\u3001\u3010\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u53cd\u99c1\u3011\uff08P \u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a Q\uff09\u3001\u3010\u63db\u8a00\u30fb\u8981\u7d04\u3011\uff08P \u3068 Q \u304c\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u540c\u7fa9\uff09\u3001\u3010\u4ed8\u52a0\u30fb\u7d2f\u52a0\u3011\uff08\u540c\u65b9\u5411\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\u306e\u8ffd\u52a0\uff09\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304b\u306b\u5206\u985e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u540c\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u6a19\u8b58\u7fa4\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\uff08\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u30d4\u30ea\u30aa\u30c9\u3084\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u306e\u914d\u7f6e\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u526f\u8a5e\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u5224\u5225\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b1: “The theoretical physicist proposed a groundbreaking mathematical model to reconcile general relativity with quantum mechanics. [ ], the experimental verification of the model requires particle accelerators far exceeding current technological capabilities.”
\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u300c\u753b\u671f\u7684\u306a\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u63d0\u6848\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u696d\u7e3e\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306f\u300c\u5b9f\u9a13\u7684\u691c\u8a3c\u306b\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u6280\u8853\u3092\u9065\u304b\u306b\u8d85\u3048\u308b\u52a0\u901f\u5668\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u73fe\u5b9f\u7684\u306a\u691c\u8a3c\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6210\u529f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u73fe\u5b9f\u7684\u9650\u754c\u306e\u63d0\u793a\uff08\u9006\u63a5\u30fb\u7559\u4fdd\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u526f\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066 “However” \u3084 “Nevertheless” \u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002”Therefore”\uff08\u56e0\u679c\uff09\u3084 “Furthermore”\uff08\u4ed8\u52a0\uff09\u306f\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3092\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3057\u305f\u8aa4\u7b54\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b2: “The implementation of stringent industrial emission standards significantly reduced airborne sulfur dioxide concentrations across the metropolitan region. [ ], the incidence of chronic respiratory illnesses among urban residents declined by nearly thirty percent over the subsequent decade.”
\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u300c\u6392\u51fa\u57fa\u6e96\u306e\u53b3\u683c\u5316\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u786b\u9ec4\u6fc3\u5ea6\u306e\u524a\u6e1b\uff08\u539f\u56e0\uff09\u300d\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306f\u300c\u547c\u5438\u5668\u75be\u60a3\u306e\u767a\u75c7\u7387\u304c30\uff05\u6e1b\u5c11\u3057\u305f\uff08\u7d50\u679c\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u6069\u6075\u3092\u5831\u544a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u660e\u767d\u306a\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f “Consequently” \u3084 “As a result”\u3001”Therefore” \u304c\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002”On the other hand” \u306a\u3069\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u3092\u9078\u3076\u3053\u3068\u306f\u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\u306e\u7121\u8996\u306b\u4ed6\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002
\u4f8b3: “Advanced robotic automation dramatically lowers operational manufacturing costs by eliminating repetitive manual labor. [ ], it enhances workplace safety by removing human operators from hazardous industrial environments.”
\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u306e\u30e1\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8\uff08\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u524a\u6e1b\uff09\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306f\u5225\u306e\u30e1\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8\uff08\u52b4\u50cd\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u306e\u5411\u4e0a\uff09\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e21\u8005\u306f\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\uff08\u30ed\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u306e\u6709\u76ca\u6027\uff09\u3092\u5f37\u5316\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u540c\u65b9\u5411\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u8ffd\u52a0\u30fb\u7d2f\u52a0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f “Furthermore” \u3084 “Moreover”\u3001”In addition” \u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002”Instead”\uff08\u4ee3\u66ff\uff09\u3084 “Nevertheless”\uff08\u9006\u63a5\uff09\u306f\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b4: “Western constitutional jurisprudence historically emphasizes the entrenchment of individual negative rights against state interference. [ ], many post-colonial legal frameworks prioritize collective socioeconomic entitlements and community solidarity.”
\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f\u300c\u897f\u6d0b\u306e\u61b2\u6cd5\u6cd5\u7406\uff1d\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u6d88\u6975\u7684\u6a29\u5229\u300d\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306f\u300c\u65e7\u690d\u6c11\u5730\u8af8\u56fd\u306e\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\uff1d\u96c6\u56e3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u6a29\u5229\u3068\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u9023\u5e2f\u300d\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u7570\u306a\u308b\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\u306e\u7406\u5ff5\u304c\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u30d1\u30e9\u30ec\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5bfe\u7167\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u6a19\u8b58\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001”In contrast”\u3001”By comparison”\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f “Conversely” \u304c\u6700\u3082\u9069\u683c\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002
\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u526f\u8a5e\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u304c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff10.\uff12. \u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u4e88\u544a\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u5f8c\u7d9a\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u5145\u8db3<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u982d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8a2d\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u6301\u3064\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u4e88\u544a\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u6700\u5927\u9650\u306b\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5145\u586b\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306b “Consequently”\uff08\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u304b\u3089\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001”Instead”\uff08\u305d\u3046\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3066\uff09\u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u3067\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u4ee3\u308f\u308b\u300c\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\u300d\u304c\u7a7a\u6240\u3067\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u591a\u304f\u306e\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u6f2b\u7136\u3068\u8aad\u307f\u98db\u3070\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u3060\u3051\u3067\u8fbb\u8904\u3092\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u30ec\u30fc\u30eb\u304b\u3089\u9038\u8131\u3057\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u547d\u984c\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u3092\u62d8\u675f\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6349\u3048\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u4e88\u544a\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u5f8c\u7d9a\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5145\u8db3\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\uff08\u9006\u63a5\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u4ee3\u66ff\u3001\u63db\u8a00\u3001\u4f8b\u793a\u7b49\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u547d\u984c\u5c5e\u6027\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u547d\u984c\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u3079\u304d\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u4e88\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u62c5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4e88\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6b20\u304b\u305b\u306a\u3044\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u5099\u3048\u305f\u8a9e\u53e5\u3092\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304b\u3089\u9078\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u4e88\u544a\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u5f8c\u7d9a\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u5145\u8db3\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b1: “The pharmaceutical corporation repeatedly claimed that the newly developed antidepressant had virtually no adverse side effects. On the contrary, independent clinical evaluations revealed that the medication significantly [ ] the risk of cardiovascular complications among elderly patients.”
\u6587\u982d\u306e “On the contrary” \u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u300c\u6709\u5bb3\u306a\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u306f\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u7686\u7121\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u5168\u9762\u7684\u306b\u53cd\u99c1\u3057\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u6709\u5bb3\u306a\u4e8b\u614b\u304c\u751f\u3058\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5fc3\u8840\u7ba1\u7cfb\u5408\u4f75\u75c7\u306e\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u3092\u300c\u5897\u5927\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3001\u9ad8\u3081\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”increased” \u3084 “elevated”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002”reduced” \u3084 “minimized” \u3092\u9078\u3076\u3068\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3068\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044 “On the contrary” \u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a5f\u80fd\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b2: “The initial economic sanctions failed to dissuade the authoritarian regime from pursuing its nuclear weapons program. Consequently, the international coalition resolved to implement far more [ ] financial measures to cripple the state’s foreign trade operations.”
\u6587\u982d\u306e “Consequently”\uff08\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff09\u306f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u300c\u5236\u88c1\u306e\u5931\u6557\u300d\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u3002\u521d\u671f\u306e\u5236\u88c1\u304c\u52b9\u304b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u56fd\u969b\u793e\u4f1a\u304c\u53d6\u308b\u3079\u304d\u6b21\u306e\u4e00\u624b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u3088\u308a\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u3001\u3088\u308a\u5f37\u5236\u529b\u306e\u3042\u308b\u300d\u63aa\u7f6e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u6bd4\u8f03\u7d1a “far more” \u306b\u4fee\u98fe\u3055\u308c\u3066\u5236\u88c1\u306e\u5f37\u5316\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”stringent” \u3084 “drastic”\uff09\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b3: “Human cognitive memory does not operate like a static digital storage drive that preserves photographic duplicates of past experiences. Instead, recollective memory is a dynamic and [ ] process wherein past events are continuously reconstructed using current beliefs.”
\u5148\u884c\u6587\u306f “does not operate like a static digital storage drive…\uff08\u9759\u7684\u306a\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u8a18\u9332\u88c5\u7f6e\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff09” \u3068\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u8aa4\u89e3\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7d9a\u304f “Instead”\uff08\u305d\u3046\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3066\uff09\u306f\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u53d7\u52d5\u7684\u30fb\u9759\u7684\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u4ee3\u308f\u308b\u3001\u771f\u306e\u8a18\u61b6\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e “continuously reconstructed”\uff08\u7d76\u3048\u305a\u518d\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a18\u8ff0\u3068\u8abf\u548c\u3057\u3001\u53d7\u52d5\u7684\u8a18\u9332\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u306a\u308b\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u80fd\u52d5\u7684\u306a\u3001\u5275\u9020\u7684\u306a\u3001\u69cb\u7bc9\u7684\u306a\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”constructive” \u3084 “reconstructive”\uff09\u304c\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b4: “The cross-sectional empirical survey indicated that high consumer confidence does not consistently correlate with expanded retail expenditure. In other words, subjective economic optimism can frequently [ ] with actual household purchasing behavior in periods of macroeconomic volatility.”
\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58 “In other words”\uff08\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u308c\u3070\uff09\u306f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u300c\u9ad8\u3044\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u4fe1\u983c\u611f\u304c\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u5c0f\u58f2\u652f\u51fa\u306e\u62e1\u5927\u3068\u76f8\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u306e\u540c\u7fa9\u7684\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3092\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u3067\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5148\u884c\u6587\u304c\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u300c\u610f\u8b58\uff08\u30de\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\uff09\u3068\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u884c\u52d5\uff08\u6d88\u8cbb\uff09\u306e\u89e3\u96e2\u30fb\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u89e3\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u3001\u4e56\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u3001\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\uff08”diverge from” \u3084 “decouple from”\u3001”conflict with”\uff09\u304c\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u8ad6\u8a3c\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u6f14\u7e79\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff11. \u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d71\u8a9e\u8981\u8acb\u3068\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u8ac7\u8a71\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u9023\u7acb\u7684\u7af6\u5408\u89e3\u6d88<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u306e\u6700\u9ad8\u96e3\u5ea6\u9818\u57df\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u6587\u6cd5\u30fb\u9023\u8a9e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u307f\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u5019\u88dc\u8a9e\u3068\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u3084\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\uff08\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u6587\u8108\uff09\u304c\u8981\u8acb\u3059\u308b\u5019\u88dc\u8a9e\u304c\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306b\u885d\u7a81\u30fb\u7af6\u5408\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u614b\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306b\u306f\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u3082\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u7684\u306b\u3082\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3068\u7167\u3089\u3057\u5408\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3068\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u77db\u76fe\u3092\u5b55\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u306f\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u304c\u6700\u3082\u6d17\u7df4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f62\u3067\u4ed5\u639b\u3051\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002
\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u5236\u7d04\u3068\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u91cd\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u8a55\u4fa1\u3057\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u89e3\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u9078\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u5408\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30df\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u8996\u70b9\u3068\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u8996\u70b9\u3092\u7d76\u3048\u9593\u306a\u304f\u5f80\u9084\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u601d\u8003\u529b\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff11.\uff11. \u5c40\u6240\u7684\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u7f60\u3068\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u7d71\u5408<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u6570\u8a9e\u3092\u898b\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u98db\u3073\u3064\u304f\u53d7\u9a13\u8005\u306f\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u9023\u8a9e\u306e\u7f60\uff08local collocational trap\uff09\u306b\u5bb9\u6613\u306b\u5d4c\u5bb3\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b “with” \u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3092\u898b\u3066\u3001\u8a18\u61b6\u306b\u3042\u308b\u719f\u8a9e “comply with” \u3092\u53cd\u5c04\u7684\u306b\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u304c\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u300c\u59a5\u5354\u306e\u62d2\u7d76\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6587\u8108\u7684\u306b\u306f “clash with” \u3084 “dispense with” \u304c\u6b63\u89e3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u5236\u7d04\uff08\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3001\u54c1\u8a5e\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3068\u306e\u5171\u8d77\uff09\u306f\u3001\u5019\u88dc\u8a9e\u3092\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u305f\u3081\u306e\u300c\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u300d\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u306b\u3059\u304e\u305a\u3001\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306a\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u300c\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u300d\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u306e\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u306a\u8ac7\u8a71\u8ad6\u7406\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u8907\u6570\u306e\u5019\u88dc\u8a9e\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3051\u3092\u6b8b\u3059\u3068\u3044\u3046\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u904b\u7528\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u7af6\u5408\u3092\u89e3\u6d88\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u5408\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4e09\u6bb5\u968e\u304b\u3089\u6210\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5236\u7d04\uff08\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u547c\u5fdc\u3001\u54c1\u8a5e\u6027\u5411\uff09\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u7834\u7dbb\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5019\u88dc\u8a9e\u306e\u30b5\u30d6\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\uff08\u5c40\u6240\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u30fb\u30bb\u30f3\u30c6\u30f3\u30b9\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5148\u884c\u30fb\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u304c\u9054\u6210\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\uff08\u5927\u5c40\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u30b5\u30d6\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u5185\u306e\u5404\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u6587\u8108\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u3061\u3001\u304b\u3064\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u8a9e\u3092\u6700\u7d42\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3068\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b1: “The peace agreement was initially celebrated as a triumph of international diplomacy. However, independent legal analysts soon discovered that its vaguely formulated clauses effectively [ ] the enforcement mechanisms, rendering the treaty virtually powerless against future violations.”
\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066 “strengthened” \u3082 “undermined” \u3082\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “the enforcement mechanisms” \u3092\u53d6\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e\u9006\u63a5 “However”\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u7d50\u679c\u53e5 “rendering the treaty virtually powerless”\uff08\u6761\u7d04\u3092\u4e8b\u5b9f\u4e0a\u7121\u529b\u306b\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u6587\u8108\u306f\u3001\u5f37\u5236\u63aa\u7f6e\u304c\u300c\u5f31\u4f53\u5316\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3001\u7121\u529b\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u3092\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u9069\u5408\u8a9e\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b “undermined” \u3084 “weakened” \u304c\u9078\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3001”strengthened” \u306f\u6587\u8108\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b2: “Although the corporate executive publicly professed unconditional optimism regarding the proposed acquisition, confidential internal memos suggested that senior managers were deeply [ ] about the financial stability of the target firm.”
\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5 “about the financial stability…” \u304c\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3001\u611f\u60c5\u3092\u8868\u3059\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e “confident about” \u3082 “apprehensive about”\uff08\u61f8\u5ff5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff09\u3082\u7b49\u3057\u304f\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “about” \u3068\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e\u8b72\u6b69 “Although publicly professed unconditional optimism…”\uff08\u516c\u306b\u306f\u7121\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u697d\u89b3\u3092\u8a00\u660e\u3057\u305f\u304c\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u7f6e\u304d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u793e\u5185\u3067\u306e\u5b9f\u614b\u306f\u300c\u61f8\u5ff5\u3001\u4e0d\u5b89\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9006\u306e\u6975\u6027\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u6587\u8108\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059 “apprehensive” \u3084 “concerned” \u304c\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b “confident” \u306f\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b3: “The central bank’s unprecedented monetary expansion was intended to stimulate domestic productive investment; paradoxically, this massive liquidity [ ] genuine industrial innovation by encouraging speculative real estate investments instead.”
“paradoxically”\uff08\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u30fb\u76ae\u8089\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u652f\u914d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e2d\u592e\u9280\u884c\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u306f\u300c\u523a\u6fc0\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff08stimulate\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u306a\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u751f\u3058\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u6295\u6a5f\u306e\u904e\u71b1\u306b\u3088\u308b\u300c\u771f\u306e\u30a4\u30ce\u30d9\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u963b\u5bb3\u300d\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306b\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “genuine industrial innovation” \u3092\u53d6\u308c\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u7fa4\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u963b\u5bb3\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b “stifled” \u3084 “discouraged” \u304c\u9078\u3070\u308c\u3001”promoted” \u3084 “fostered” \u306f\u9006\u8aac\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u7834\u68c4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b4: “Rather than treating the complex ecological phenomenon as an insoluble mystery, the interdisciplinary research team sought to [ ] its underlying physical mechanisms through advanced computer simulations.”
“Rather than treating… as an insoluble mystery”\uff08\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e0d\u80fd\u306a\u8b0e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6271\u3046\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u7f6e\u304d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u30c1\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u614b\u5ea6\u306f\u73fe\u8c61\u306e\u89e3\u660e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u524d\u5411\u304d\u304b\u3064\u5b9f\u8a3c\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “its underlying physical mechanisms”\uff08\u305d\u306e\u6839\u5e95\u306b\u3042\u308b\u7269\u7406\u7684\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\uff09\u3092\u3068\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u300c\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3001\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u77e5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001”elucidate” \u3084 “clarify” \u304c\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u6587\u8108\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3002”obscure”\uff08\u66d6\u6627\u306b\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3084 “dismiss” \u306f\u6587\u8108\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u5236\u7d04\u3068\u5927\u5c40\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u7af6\u5408\u89e3\u6d88\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff11.\uff12. \u591a\u91cd\u7a7a\u6240\u9023\u52d5\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u9023\u7acb\u89e3\u6c7a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6587\u307e\u305f\u306f\u96a3\u63a5\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u306b\u4e8c\u3064\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u304c\u76f8\u4e92\u306b\u62d8\u675f\u3057\u5408\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u591a\u91cd\u7a7a\u6240\u9023\u52d5\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u500b\u3005\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5358\u72ec\u3067\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u8a66\u307f\u306f\u539f\u7406\u7684\u306b\u5931\u6557\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240 A \u306b\u5165\u308b\u8a9e\u53e5\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u304c\u7a7a\u6240 B \u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30fb\u610f\u5473\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u9006\u306b\u7a7a\u6240 B \u306e\u9078\u629e\u304c\u7a7a\u6240 A \u306e\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5faa\u74b0\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u89e3\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306e\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u6bb5\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u30fb\u8ac7\u8a71\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u76f8\u95a2\u69cb\u6587\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u69cb\u6587\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u30da\u30a2\u3092\u300c\u9023\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u300d\u306e\u89e3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e00\u62ec\u3057\u3066\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7247\u65b9\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u3060\u3051\u3067\u5224\u65ad\u305b\u305a\u3001\u30da\u30a2\u5168\u4f53\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u591a\u91cd\u7a7a\u6240\u9023\u52d5\u554f\u984c\u3092\u89e3\u6c7a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240 A \u3068\u7a7a\u6240 B \u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\uff08not A but B, more A than B, because A therefore B \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u9593\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u3079\u304d\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u53cd\u610f\u3001\u540c\u7fa9\u3001\u56e0\u679c\uff09\u3092\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u5404\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u30da\u30a2\u306e\u7b2c1\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u7a7a\u6240 A \u306b\u3001\u7b2c2\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u7a7a\u6240 B \u306b\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u305f\u969b\u306e\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u30fb\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u9069\u5408\u6027\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u5be9\u67fb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u4e21\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u610f\u5473\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8abf\u548c\u3059\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u30da\u30a2\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u9023\u7acb\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b1: “The new regulatory framework is designed to be [ A ], imposing severe penalties on corporate polluters while offering substantial tax credits to sustainable enterprises, thereby ensuring that industrial development proceeds in an [ B ] manner.”
\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u7a7a\u6240 A \u306f\u653f\u7b56\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6027\u683c\u3092\u5305\u62ec\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240 B \u306f\u958b\u767a\u306e\u69d8\u614b\u3092\u8868\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u306e “imposing severe penalties on polluters while offering substantial tax credits to sustainable enterprises” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u6bd4\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u74b0\u5883\u3068\u7d4c\u6e08\u306e\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u3068\u308b\u9032\u6b69\u7684\u304b\u3064\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u653f\u7b56\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001[ A ] \u306b\u306f\u300c\u5148\u9032\u7684\u306a\u3001\u6f38\u9032\u7684\u306a\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b “progressive”\u3001[ B ] \u306b\u306f\u300c\u74b0\u5883\u306b\u914d\u616e\u3057\u305f\u3001\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b “ecologically sustainable” \u306e\u30da\u30a2\u304c\u9023\u7acb\u7684\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002[ A ] \u306b “regressive”\uff08\u9006\u9032\u7684\uff09\u3084 [ B ] \u306b “reckless”\uff08\u7121\u8b00\u306a\uff09\u3092\u542b\u3080\u30da\u30a2\u306f\u6587\u8108\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b2: “The scientific community was initially [ A ] to accept the revolutionary hypothesis, not because the empirical evidence was insufficient, but because the theoretical claims appeared fundamentally [ B ] with established physical laws.”
\u76f8\u95a2\u69cb\u9020 “not because A, but because B” \u304c\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u7406\u7531\u7bc0\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7269\u7406\u6cd5\u5247\u3068\u301c\u306b\u898b\u3048\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304b\u3089\u3001\u521d\u671f\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u53cd\u5fdc [ A ] \u306f\u300c\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u306b\u6d88\u6975\u7684\u30fb\u8e8a\u8e87\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066 [ A ] \u306b\u306f “reluctant” \u3084 “hesitant” \u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3053\u306e\u6d88\u6975\u6027\u3092\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001[ B ] \u306b\u306f\u300c\u6cd5\u5247\u3068\u4e21\u7acb\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3001\u77db\u76fe\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b “incompatible” \u3084 “inconsistent”\uff08\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e with \u3068\u547c\u5fdc\uff09\u304c\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002[ A: eager, B: compatible ] \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u306f\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3002
\u4f8b3: “Rather than encouraging [ A ] between the rival factions, the ambiguous wording of the ceasefire agreement inadvertently exacerbated existing sectarian [ B ], culminating in renewed armed conflict.”
\u69cb\u6587 “Rather than encouraging A, … exacerbated B”\uff08A \u3092\u4fc3\u3059\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b\u3001\u9006\u306b B \u3092\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\uff09\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002A \u3068 B \u306f\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u5bfe\u7fa9\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300c\u518d\u5ea6\u306e\u6b66\u529b\u885d\u7a81\u300d\u306b\u81f3\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u305f [ B ] \u306f\u300c\u7dca\u5f35\u3001\u5bfe\u7acb\u3001\u6575\u610f\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4fc3\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306f\u305a\u3060\u3063\u305f [ A ] \u306f\u300c\u548c\u89e3\u3001\u5354\u8abf\u3001\u5e73\u548c\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001[ A: reconciliation \/ cooperation, B: hostilities \/ animosities ] \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u7acb\u30da\u30a2\u306e\u307f\u304c\u3053\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u9023\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3092\u5145\u8db3\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u4f8b4: “The primary weakness of the sociological model lies in its [ A ] of cultural diversity; by assuming that all modern societies follow an identical developmental trajectory, it severely [ B ] the complex particularities of non-Western nations.”
\u524d\u6587\u300c\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u5f31\u70b9\u306f\u6587\u5316\u7684\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u306e [ A ] \u306b\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3001\u5f8c\u6587\u300c\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u304c\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u767a\u5c55\u8ecc\u9053\u3092\u8fbf\u308b\u3068\u4eee\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u975e\u897f\u6d0b\u8af8\u56fd\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u3092 [ B ] \u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u304c\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u306b\u7d50\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u753b\u4e00\u7684\u306a\u8ecc\u9053\u3092\u4eee\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u3092\u300c\u7121\u8996\u30fb\u6392\u9664\u300d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u3092\u300c\u904e\u5c0f\u8a55\u4fa1\u30fb\u5358\u7d14\u5316\u300d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001[ A: neglect \/ oversight, B: oversimplifies \/ underestimates ] \u306e\u30da\u30a2\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002
\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u7a7a\u6240\u9023\u52d5\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9023\u7acb\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong>
[\u57fa\u790e M01]
\u2514 \u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u3084\u6587\u578b\u5224\u5b9a\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u78ba\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u307f\u3092\u652f\u3048\u308b\u57fa\u76e4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6d3b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002
[\u57fa\u790e M13]
\u2514 \u7bc0\u306e\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307f\u3084\u591a\u91cd\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8981\u7d20\u6b20\u8131\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u539f\u7406\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3001\u9577\u5927\u306a\u8907\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u8cc7\u683c\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u3002
[\u500b\u5225 M03]
\u2514 \u672c\u5c64\u3067\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u591a\u6b21\u5143\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u3001\u8a9e\u7fa9\u9078\u629e\u30fb\u8a9e\u5f59\u77e5\u8b58\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u8108\u7684\u6975\u6027\u5224\u5b9a\u3078\u3068\u76f4\u63a5\u63a5\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8003\u7a76\uff1a\u8ac7\u8a71\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u3068\u591a\u91cd\u5236\u7d04\u4e0b\u306e\u9577\u6587\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u6587\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e00\u6bb5\u843d\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u308b\u9577\u5927\u306a\u6587\u8108\u3084\u5b66\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\u7279\u6709\u306e\u91cd\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u5c55\u958b\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u306e\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u5bfe\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u307f\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u305f\u8aad\u89e3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3044\u3001\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3082\u3063\u3068\u3082\u3089\u3057\u304f\u898b\u3048\u308b\u507d\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u8a98\u5c0e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5371\u967a\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u771f\u306e\u6587\u8108\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u6587\u3084\u96a3\u63a5\u6587\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30fb\u610f\u5473\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u8cab\u304f\u4e3b\u984c\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u6027\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5c04\u7a0b\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u6bb5\u968e\u304c\u8ab2\u3059\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u306a\u8ac7\u8a71\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u5145\u8db3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u521d\u3081\u3066\u9054\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u9593\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u547d\u984c\u304b\u3089\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3078\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u304b\u3089\u4e3b\u5f35\u3078\u306e\u56de\u5e30\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u9023\u9396\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u9577\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u52d5\u614b\u3092\u4fef\u77b0\u7684\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u8ab2\u3055\u308c\u308b\u591a\u91cd\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u6f14\u7b97\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u4e00\u610f\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u691c\u8a3c\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u8996\u5ea7\u5c64\u3067\u57f9\u3063\u305f\u69cb\u6587\u89e3\u6790\u529b\u304a\u3088\u3073\u539f\u7406\u5c64\u3067\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u305f\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u904b\u7528\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u63a8\u79fb\u3001\u8907\u5c64\u7684\u5bfe\u6bd4\u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\u753b\u5b9a\u3001\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u30d1\u30e9\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u306e\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u8ffd\u8de1\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u98db\u8e8d\u306e\u770b\u7834\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3068\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u5224\u5b9a\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u935b\u3048\u4e0a\u3052\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u691c\u8a3c\u529b\u306f\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u7cbe\u9ac4\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u3084\u6975\u9650\u306e\u6642\u9593\u5236\u7d04\u4e0b\u3067\u3082\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u6b20\u843d\u3092\u5c04\u629c\u304f\u5373\u6642\u78ba\u5b9a\u306e\u76f4\u89b3\u3078\u3068\u6607\u83ef\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u6587\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5bfe\u5cd9\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306f\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u6587\u8108\u306b\u8996\u91ce\u72ed\u7a84\u3092\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u6709\u6a5f\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u8a3c\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6349\u3048\u76f4\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u3069\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u3078\u63a8\u3057\u9032\u3081\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5de8\u8996\u7684\u306a\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u5e38\u306b\u610f\u8b58\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u7d50\u7bc0\u70b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3065\u3051\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u59ff\u52e2\u3053\u305d\u304c\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u9577\u6587\u8aad\u89e3\u3092\u653b\u7565\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u790e\u77f3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u4e3b\u984c\u6587\u306e\u7279\u5b9a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u5c55\u958b\uff08\u4e3b\u984c\u6587\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3001\u652f\u6301\u6587\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\u3078\u306e\u7740\u5730\uff09\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3001\u5404\u6587\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u9577\u6587\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u8981\u65e8\u3092\u62c5\u3046\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u4e0b\u4f4d\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3092\u88dc\u5b8c\u3059\u308b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u76e4\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M19]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u306e\u985e\u578b\u3068\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u5206\u6790<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30fb\u4f8b\u793a\u30fb\u56e0\u679c\u30fb\u63db\u8a00\u306a\u3069\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3057\u3001\u6307\u793a\u8a9e\u30fb\u63a5\u7d9a\u8868\u73fe\u30fb\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u6587\u3068\u6587\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u3068\u6bb5\u843d\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8907\u6570\u6bb5\u843d\u3092\u8de8\u3050\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30ae\u30e3\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u57fa\u790e\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M20]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11. \u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u9593\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u3068\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u4e3b\u984c\u306e\u63a8\u79fb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u6587\u306e\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u500b\u3005\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u5185\u90e8\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3067\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u3092\u8de8\u3044\u3060\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3067\u8aa4\u7b54\u3092\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u8981\u56e0\u306f\u3001\u5404\u6bb5\u843d\u304c\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u679c\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u5f79\u5272\u306e\u628a\u63e1\u304c\u4e0d\u8db3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u3067\u5b8c\u7d50\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5e83\u7bc4\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u3054\u3068\u306b\u7570\u306a\u308b\u8ad6\u70b9\u3084\u5bfe\u6bd4\u8ef8\u3092\u5272\u308a\u632f\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306b\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u9593\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u652f\u914d\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u984c\u306e\u63a8\u79fb\u306b\u5373\u3057\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u3001\u9577\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5145\u586b\u3059\u308b\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u529b\u3092\u990a\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff11. \u6bb5\u843d\u5c0e\u5165\u6587\uff08Topic Sentence\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e3b\u984c\u898f\u5b9a\u529b<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u5192\u982d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u300c\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u672b\u5c3e\u3068\u306e\u610f\u5473\u7684\u306a\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308a\u300d\u3060\u3051\u3067\u5224\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u771f\u306b\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u3079\u304d\u306f\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u9023\u7d50\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u304c\u5f53\u8a72\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3092\u652f\u914d\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u984c\u6587\uff08Topic Sentence\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u30fb\u610f\u5473\u5236\u7d04\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5192\u982d\u6587\u306f\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u6587\uff08Supporting Sentences\uff09\u306e\u4e0a\u4f4d\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3084\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u7d71\u62ec\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3060\u3051\u306e\u5341\u5206\u306a\u5305\u6442\u6027\u3092\u5099\u3048\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u6700\u7d42\u6587\u3068\u3069\u308c\u307b\u3069\u6ed1\u3089\u304b\u306b\u7e4b\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u3067\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8a73\u7d30\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u3068\u6574\u5408\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u9996\u5c3e\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u4e0d\u9069\u683c\u306a\u8981\u7d20\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5192\u982d\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5145\u586b\u3059\u308b\u4e09\u6bb5\u968e\u306e\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6587\u4ee5\u964d\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u3067\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3001\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u304c\u5171\u901a\u3057\u3066\u652f\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u5c0f\u4e3b\u984c\u300d\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u547d\u984c\u3068\u5f53\u8a72\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u5c0f\u4e3b\u984c\u3068\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u6577\u884d\u3001\u53cd\u8a3c\u306e\u5c0e\u5165\u3001\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u8996\u70b9\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u9593\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u9077\u79fb\u3092\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u9077\u79fb\u3092\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3057\u3001\u304b\u3064\u5f53\u8a72\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u5168\u652f\u6301\u6587\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u7d71\u62ec\u3067\u304d\u308b\u5305\u6442\u7684\u547d\u984c\u3092\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5c0e\u5165\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e3b\u984c\u898f\u5b9a\u529b\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “Paragraph 1 concludes that technological efficiency alone cannot resolve global resource depletion. Paragraph 2 begins: ‘[ ]. For instance, despite the widespread adoption of fuel-efficient vehicles, overall petroleum consumption has paradoxically increased due to the tendency of drivers to travel greater distances.’ “<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u652f\u6301\u6587\u306f\u3001\u71c3\u8cbb\u5411\u4e0a\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u8d70\u884c\u8ddd\u96e2\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u77f3\u6cb9\u6d88\u8cbb\u304c\u5897\u3048\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u30ea\u30d0\u30a6\u30f3\u30c9\u52b9\u679c\uff08\u30b8\u30a7\u30dc\u30f3\u30ba\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30c9\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\uff09\u300d\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u300c\u6280\u8853\u7684\u52b9\u7387\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u89e3\u6c7a\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3001\u7b2c2\u6bb5\u843d\u5192\u982d\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u52b9\u7387\u6027\u306e\u5411\u4e0a\u304c\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u306b\u6d88\u8cbb\u306e\u5897\u5927\u3092\u62db\u304f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u73fe\u8c61\u3092\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u984c\u6587\uff08”Technological improvements often trigger unintended behavioral adjustments that offset initial conservation gains.” \u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5358\u306b\u300c\u81ea\u52d5\u8eca\u306e\u6280\u8853\u9769\u65b0\u306f\u76ee\u899a\u307e\u3057\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u652f\u6301\u6587\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u307f\u3092\u6271\u3063\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u7d71\u62ec\u529b\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “Paragraph 1 analyzes the traditional view that emotional states impair cognitive rationality. Paragraph 2 begins: ‘[ ]. Recent neuroscientific experiments indicate that individuals with damage to emotional processing centers exhibit profound deficits in real-world decision-making, frequently becoming paralyzed by minor choices.’ “<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u652f\u6301\u6587\u306f\u611f\u60c5\u4e2d\u67a2\u3092\u640d\u50b7\u3057\u305f\u60a3\u8005\u304c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u610f\u601d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3092\u884c\u3048\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53cd\u8a3c\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u300c\u611f\u60c5\u306f\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3092\u640d\u306a\u3046\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u898b\u89e3\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u7b2c2\u6bb5\u843d\u306f\u300c\u611f\u60c5\u306f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u610f\u601d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u4e3b\u984c\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u3092\u5bfe\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u3064\u3064\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u8133\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0\u3092\u5305\u6442\u3059\u308b\u6587\uff08”Far from being an impediment to rational thought, affective processes appear to be indispensable to sound judgment.”\uff09\u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “Paragraph 1 traces the economic benefits of international specialization in manufacturing. Paragraph 2 begins: ‘[ ]. Disruptions caused by geopolitical conflicts or natural disasters can instantly sever complex supply chains, leaving nations without access to critical components and medical supplies.’ “<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u652f\u6301\u6587\u306f\u30b5\u30d7\u30e9\u30a4\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u5bf8\u65ad\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5371\u6a5f\u3092\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u8a73\u8ff0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u300c\u5206\u696d\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u4fbf\u76ca\u300d\u3068\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u305b\u3001\u30b5\u30d7\u30e9\u30a4\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u6bb5\u843d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u5229\u76ca\u306e\u88cf\u306b\u3042\u308b\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u3092\u4e00\u822c\u547d\u984c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5ba3\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u6587\uff08”However, this global interconnectedness introduces severe systemic vulnerabilities into the global economy.”\uff09\u304c\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “Paragraph 1 outlines how early anthropologists categorized indigenous cultures into rigid evolutionary hierarchies. Paragraph 2 begins: ‘[ ]. When evaluated within their own environmental and historical contexts, these cultural practices represent sophisticated adaptations rather than primitive survivals.’ “<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u652f\u6301\u6587\u306f\u571f\u7740\u306e\u6587\u5316\u5b9f\u8df5\u304c\u6d17\u7df4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9069\u5fdc\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u300c\u786c\u76f4\u3057\u305f\u9032\u5316\u8ad6\u7684\u968e\u5c64\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5206\u985e\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6279\u5224\u7684\u4e57\u308a\u8d8a\u3048\u3092\u4e88\u544a\u3059\u308b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u76f8\u5bfe\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u30fb\u6a5f\u80fd\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u306a\u5206\u6790\u8996\u5ea7\u306e\u7372\u5f97\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u984c\u6587\uff08”Subsequent ethnographers challenged this linear progression by adopting a perspective of cultural relativism.”\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u652f\u6301\u6587\u3092\u7d71\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u984c\u898f\u5b9a\u529b\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u5192\u982d\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff12. \u6bb5\u843d\u672b\u5c3e\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u53ce\u675f\u3068\u6b21\u6bb5\u843d\u3078\u306e\u8ee2\u63db<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u672b\u5c3e\u306b\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u6bb5\u843d\u3067\u7a4d\u307f\u4e0a\u3052\u3089\u308c\u305f\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306a\u5e30\u7d50\uff08Concluding Sentence\uff09\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3001\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u6b21\u6bb5\u843d\u3067\u8ad6\u3058\u3089\u308c\u308b\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u5c55\u958b\u3078\u306e\u4f0f\u7dda\u3084\u554f\u984c\u63d0\u8d77\u3092\u542b\u3080\u3002\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u3067\u8a00\u53ca\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7d30\u90e8\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u306b\u6c17\u3092\u53d6\u3089\u308c\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u5305\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u307e\u3068\u3081\u306e\u8996\u70b9\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3044\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6bb5\u843d\u672b\u5c3e\u306e\u6587\u306f\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5192\u982d\u306e\u4e3b\u984c\u6587\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u305f\u4eee\u8aac\u3084\u554f\u984c\u63d0\u8d77\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u652f\u6301\u6587\u7fa4\u304c\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u305f\u8ad6\u62e0\u3092\u8e0f\u307e\u3048\u305f\u300c\u89e3\u6c7a\u30fb\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d\u30fb\u767a\u5c55\u300d\u3092\u5ba3\u544a\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u62c5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u9577\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u6587\u304c\u6b21\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u53cd\u8ad6\u3084\u8996\u70b9\u79fb\u884c\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u8a98\u767a\u3059\u308b\u8776\u756a\uff08\u3061\u3087\u3046\u3064\u304c\u3044\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u524d\u5f8c\u4e21\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u5883\u754c\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u6b63\u7b54\u3092\u5c04\u629c\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6bb5\u843d\u672b\u5c3e\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u4e3b\u984c\u6587\u3068\u652f\u6301\u6587\u7fa4\u3092\u518d\u70b9\u691c\u3057\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u8a3c\u660e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e2d\u6838\u547d\u984c\uff08Core Proposition\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u6b21\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u5192\u982d\u6587\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u6b21\u6bb5\u843d\u304c\u5f53\u8a72\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306b\u7d99\u627f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u9006\u63a5\u6a19\u8b58\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u5236\u9650\u30fb\u53cd\u99c1\u3092\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u5168\u8ad6\u70b9\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u306b\u8981\u7d04\u3057\u3001\u304b\u3064\u6b21\u6bb5\u843d\u3078\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30d6\u30ea\u30c3\u30b8\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u547d\u984c\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u672b\u5c3e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8b70\u8ad6\u53ce\u675f\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “Paragraph 1 details how artificial intelligence systems identify patterns in medical imaging with greater accuracy than human doctors. The paragraph ends: ‘[ ].’ Paragraph 2 begins: ‘Nevertheless, the clinical deployment of these systems remains severely constrained by the inability of algorithms to explain the underlying reasoning behind their diagnoses.’ “<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c1\u6bb5\u843d\u306f AI \u306b\u3088\u308b\u753b\u50cf\u8a3a\u65ad\u306e\u5727\u5012\u7684\u306a\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6b21\u6bb5\u843d\u306f “Nevertheless” \u3067\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u3001\u300c\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u30d6\u30e9\u30c3\u30af\u30dc\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u6027\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7b2c1\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001AI \u306e\u8a3a\u65ad\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u3044\u6c34\u6e96\u3092\u4e00\u65e6\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306b\u7d50\u8ad6\u3065\u3051\u308b\u6587\uff08”These remarkable diagnostic capabilities suggest that machine learning could revolutionize preventative healthcare.” \u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6b21\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u9006\u63a5\u3068\u6574\u5408\u3057\u3001\u304b\u3064\u7b2c1\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u6210\u679c\u3092\u8981\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “Paragraph 1 discusses the substantial decline in print newspaper readership and the corresponding loss of advertising revenue. The paragraph ends: ‘[ ].’ Paragraph 2 begins: ‘Without the financial capacity to maintain investigative reporting, local communities increasingly suffer from unchecked municipal corruption.’ “<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c1\u6bb5\u843d\u306f\u65b0\u805e\u8aad\u8005\u6570\u306e\u6e1b\u5c11\u3068\u5e83\u544a\u53ce\u5165\u306e\u55aa\u5931\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6b21\u6bb5\u843d\u306f\u8abf\u67fb\u5831\u9053\u306e\u7dad\u6301\u56f0\u96e3\u3068\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u306e\u8150\u6557\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306e\u5371\u6a5f\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7b2c1\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u672b\u5c3e\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u53ce\u5165\u306e\u6fc0\u6e1b\u304c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u7523\u696d\u306e\u8870\u9000\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u5831\u9053\u6a5f\u95a2\u306e\u5b58\u7d9a\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u8105\u304b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u307e\u3068\u3081\u308b\u6587\uff08”This economic contraction has forced numerous regional news organizations to shut down operations entirely.”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u6b21\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u5831\u9053\u306e\u55aa\u5931\u3078\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u9023\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “Paragraph 1 outlines the strict methodological constraints imposed by early behaviorist psychologists, who rejected the study of internal mental states as unscientific. The paragraph ends: ‘[ ].’ Paragraph 2 begins: ‘This intentional disregard of consciousness, however, rendered behaviorism incapable of accounting for complex linguistic creativity.’ “<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c1\u6bb5\u843d\u306f\u884c\u52d5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u304c\u5185\u7684\u306a\u7cbe\u795e\u72b6\u614b\u306e\u6392\u9664\u3092\u5fb9\u5e95\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6b21\u6bb5\u843d\u306f “This intentional disregard of consciousness, however…” \u3068\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7b2c1\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u610f\u8b58\u306e\u6392\u9664\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5ba3\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u6587\uff08”Consequently, psychology was redefined strictly as the objective science of observable external behavior.”\uff09\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6b21\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u6307\u793a\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u7167\u5fdc\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “Paragraph 1 analyzes the astronomical observations that challenged the Ptolemaic geocentric model, highlighting the complex mathematical corrections required to account for retrograde planetary motion. The paragraph ends: ‘[ ].’ Paragraph 2 begins: ‘By placing the sun at the center of the planetary orbits, Copernicus offered a radically simpler geometrical explanation.’ “<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c1\u6bb5\u843d\u306f\u5929\u52d5\u8aac\u304c\u60d1\u661f\u306e\u9006\u884c\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u904e\u5ea6\u306b\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\uff08\u5468\u8ee2\u5186\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u5f37\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u7834\u7dbb\u5bf8\u524d\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u6b21\u6bb5\u843d\u3067\u30b3\u30da\u30eb\u30cb\u30af\u30b9\u306e\u5730\u52d5\u8aac\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c1\u6bb5\u843d\u672b\u5c3e\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5929\u52d5\u8aac\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u9650\u754c\u3084\u904e\u5270\u306a\u8907\u96d1\u5316\u3092\u7d50\u8ad6\u3065\u3051\u308b\u6587\uff08”As anomalies accumulated, the traditional geocentric framework became increasingly convoluted and intellectually untenable.”\uff09\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u53ce\u307e\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u672b\u5c3e\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u53ce\u675f\u3068\u6b21\u6bb5\u843d\u3078\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u63a5\u7d9a\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12. \u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u5bfe\u6bd4\u306e\u591a\u5c64\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306e\u7279\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8b70\u8ad6\u306f\u5358\u7d14\u306a\u76f4\u7dda\u7684\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u8fbf\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u53cd\u8ad6\u306e\u60f3\u5b9a\uff08\u8b72\u6b69\uff09\u3068\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u518d\u53cd\u99c1\uff08\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u5f37\u5316\uff09\u304c\u5e7e\u91cd\u306b\u3082\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u8ad6\u8a3c\u69cb\u9020\u300d\u3092\u3068\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8a2d\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u305d\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u300c\u7b46\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u300d\u306e\u5c64\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u300c\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3089\u308c\u305f\u76f8\u624b\u5074\u306e\u898b\u89e3\uff08\u8b72\u6b69\uff09\u300d\u306e\u5c64\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u898b\u8aa4\u308a\u3001\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u6975\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3064\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u8cab\u304f\u8907\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30fb\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u7acb\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u5206\u89e3\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u3069\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u968e\u5c64\uff08\u4e3b\u8ad6\u304b\u8b72\u6b69\u304b\uff09\u306b\u5c5e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u932f\u7d9c\u3057\u305f\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7acb\u3061\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6355\u6349\u3059\u308b\u601d\u8003\u529b\u3092\u990a\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff11. \u4e3b\u5f35\u5c64\u3068\u8b72\u6b69\u5c64\u306e\u5883\u754c\u8a8d\u8b58\u3068\u6975\u6027\u306e\u632f\u308a\u5206\u3051<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u82f1\u8a9e\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u8aac\u5f97\u529b\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u6575\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u3084\u5e38\u8b58\u7684\u306a\u53cd\u8ad6\u3092\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u5148\u56de\u308a\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002”Granted that A”\u3001”Admittedly”\u3001”To be sure”\u3001”It is true that A” \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8b72\u6b69\u6a19\u8b58\u306b\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u547d\u984c\u7fa4\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u898b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u3066\u3082\u3001\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u306f\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u4e3b\u8ad6\uff08”However, B”\uff09\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u7acb\u305f\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u5f93\u5c5e\u7684\u306a\u821e\u53f0\u88c5\u7f6e\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u305d\u3053\u3067\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u6575\u5bfe\u7684\u898b\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u53e5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4ed6\u65b9\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u518d\u53cd\u99c1\u306e\u4e3b\u8ad6\u90e8\u5206\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u8986\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6279\u5224\u7684\u30fb\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u8a9e\u53e5\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u9055\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\u3068\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u306e\u7b26\u53f7\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u898b\u8aa4\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u7b49\u3057\u3044\u3002\u6587\u982d\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u526f\u8a5e\u306e\u307f\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30ec\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5c64\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6975\u6027\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u5cfb\u5225\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u5f35\u5c64\u3068\u8b72\u6b69\u5c64\u306e\u5883\u754c\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5185\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u6a19\u8b58\uff08Of course, Certainly, It cannot be denied that \u7b49\uff09\u3068\u9006\u63a5\u30fb\u518d\u53cd\u99c1\u6a19\u8b58\uff08Nonetheless, That being said, Yet the reality is that \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u3057\u3001\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u56f3\u5f0f\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u652f\u914d\u9818\u57df\uff08\u76f8\u624b\u9663\u55b6\uff09\u306b\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3001\u518d\u53cd\u99c1\u306e\u652f\u914d\u9818\u57df\uff08\u7b46\u8005\u9663\u55b6\uff09\u306b\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u9663\u55b6\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u76f8\u624b\u5074\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u88dc\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u6975\u6027\u306e\u8a9e\u3092\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u9663\u55b6\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u305d\u308c\u3092\u8ad6\u7834\u3059\u308b\u6975\u6027\u306e\u8a9e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304b\u3089\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4e3b\u5f35\u5c64\u3068\u8b72\u6b69\u5c64\u306e\u5883\u754c\u8a8d\u8b58\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “To be sure, opponents of nuclear energy correctly point out the catastrophic ecological risks associated with radioactive waste management. [ ]. Without a substantial baseload of zero-emission nuclear generation, industrialized economies will inevitably fail to meet their near-term decarbonization targets.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u524d\u534a\u306e “To be sure…” \u306f\u539f\u5b50\u529b\u53cd\u5bfe\u6d3e\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u8b72\u6b69\u5c64\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u304b\u3089\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u6587\u306f\u3001\u8131\u70ad\u7d20\u5316\u306e\u9054\u6210\u306b\u306f\u539f\u5b50\u529b\u767a\u96fb\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u63a8\u9032\u8ad6\uff08\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u8ad6\uff09\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u5c64\u3092\u9589\u3058\u3066\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u8ad6\u5c64\u3078\u3068\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u5287\u7684\u306b\u53cd\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u308b\u9006\u63a5\u306e\u6587\uff08”Nevertheless, an immediate cessation of nuclear power would catastrophically undermine global efforts to combat climate change.” \u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “It is widely acknowledged that standardized testing provides an objective, scalable metric for evaluating academic achievement. It cannot be denied that such assessments [ A ] administrative bias in university admissions. However, an exclusive reliance on these metrics profoundly [ B ] the socio-economic inequities that disadvantage underprivileged applicants.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76f8\u95a2\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u8907\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002”It cannot be denied that…” \u306f\u8b72\u6b69\u5c64\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001[ A ] \u306b\u306f\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u5074\u9762\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u8ff0\u8a9e\uff08”minimize” \u3084 “reduce”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001”However” \u4ee5\u964d\u306f\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u6279\u5224\u7684\u898b\u89e3\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u8ad6\u5c64\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001[ B ] \u306b\u306f\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3092\u300c\u56fa\u5b9a\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3001\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6279\u5224\u7684\u8ff0\u8a9e\uff08”reinforces” \u3084 “exacerbates”\uff09\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “Although the philosopher concedes that completely unbiased historical interpretation is unattainable due to the subjectivity of the human observer, she adamantly insists that rigorous textual analysis can nevertheless [ ] the degree of subjective distortion.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0 “Although the philosopher concedes that…”\uff08\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u306f\u9054\u6210\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u304c\uff09\u306f\u8b72\u6b69\u5c64\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0 “she adamantly insists that… can nevertheless [ ]” \u306f\u7b46\u8005\uff08\u54f2\u5b66\u8005\uff09\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u5c64\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8b72\u6b69\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u300c\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3082\u306a\u304a\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u6b6a\u307f\u3092\u301c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u300d\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u6b6a\u307f\u3092\u300c\u6291\u5236\u3059\u308b\u3001\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3001\u8efd\u6e1b\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u5411\u304d\u306a\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”mitigate”\u3001”curtail”\u3001”circumscribe”\uff09\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “Market advocates argue that financial deregulation unleashes entrepreneurial vitality and accelerates economic growth. Admittedly, capital market liberalization did generate unprecedented wealth during the late twentieth century. Yet the fatal flaw of this doctrine lies in its persistent refusal to acknowledge that unregulated markets inherently [ ] severe systemic fragility.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Admittedly…” \u306f\u5e02\u5834\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u306e\u6069\u6075\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u8b72\u6b69\u5c64\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7d9a\u304f “Yet the fatal flaw…” \u306f\u7b46\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6839\u672c\u7684\u6279\u5224\u306e\u5c64\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u898f\u5236\u306a\u304d\u5e02\u5834\u306e\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u3042\u308a\u3001\u300c\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u3092\u5185\u5728\u7684\u306b\u301c\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u3092\u300c\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3059\u3001\u80b2\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3001\u5185\u5728\u3055\u305b\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”engender” \u3084 “foster”\uff09\u304c\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u5f35\u5c64\u3068\u8b72\u6b69\u5c64\u306e\u5883\u754c\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7a7a\u6240\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306e\u7cbe\u5ea6\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff12. \u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5e38\u8b58\u300d\u3068\u300c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u65b0\u4e8b\u5b9f\u300d\u306e\u4e8c\u91cd\u69cb\u9020<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u306a\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u983b\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u5178\u578b\u7684\u306a\u8ac7\u8a71\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u3001\u300c\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u901a\u5e95\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7d20\u6734\u306a\u901a\u8aac\uff08Conventional Wisdom\uff09\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u300d\u3068\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u4ee3\u308f\u308b\u300c\u5b9f\u8a3c\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u305f\u65b0\u4e8b\u5b9f\uff08Empirical Novelty\uff09\u300d\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u307e\u305a\u300c\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u301c\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u300c\u5f93\u6765\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u5b66\u3067\u306f\u301c\u3068\u8aac\u660e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u56fa\u5b9a\u89b3\u5ff5\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u3067\u300c\u3057\u304b\u3057\u6700\u65b0\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u73fe\u5b9f\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u53cd\u99c1\u3092\u52a0\u3048\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u3053\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u56f3\u5f0f\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u53e4\u3044\u901a\u8aac\u300d\u306e\u9663\u55b6\u3068\u300c\u80af\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u4e8b\u5b9f\u300d\u306e\u9663\u55b6\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u533a\u5225\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u901a\u8aac\u5074\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5f8c\u3067\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u904b\u547d\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5358\u7d14\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u898b\u89e3\u3092\u88dc\u5b8c\u3057\u3001\u65b0\u4e8b\u5b9f\u5074\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u901a\u8aac\u306e\u76f2\u70b9\u3092\u7a81\u304f\u6d17\u7df4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6d1e\u5bdf\u3092\u88dc\u5b8c\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u901a\u8aac\u3068\u65b0\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u4e8c\u91cd\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5185\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u308b\u300c\u8a8d\u8b58\u306e\u4e3b\u4f53\u300d\uff08\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u3001\u5f93\u6765\u306e\u5b66\u8005 vs \u6700\u8fd1\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u3001\u6700\u65b0\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u306e\u9663\u55b6\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u901a\u8aac\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6b20\u9665\uff08\u904e\u5ea6\u306e\u5358\u7d14\u5316\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3001\u30a4\u30c7\u30aa\u30ed\u30ae\u30fc\u7684\u504f\u5411\uff09\u3092\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u65b0\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u901a\u8aac\u306e\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u662f\u6b63\u30fb\u8a02\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u5099\u3048\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u901a\u8aac\u5426\u5b9a\u3068\u65b0\u4e8b\u5b9f\u63d0\u793a\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “Popular folklore long maintained that the ancient library was destroyed in a single catastrophic conflagration set by religious zealots. Modern historical scholarship, however, has thoroughly [ A ] this dramatic narrative, demonstrating instead that the institution suffered a slow, prolonged [ B ] driven by bureaucratic neglect and financial starvation.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u901a\u8aac\u300c\u72c2\u4fe1\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4e00\u56de\u9650\u308a\u306e\u58ca\u6ec5\u7684\u5927\u706b\u707d\u3067\u7834\u58ca\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3001\u65b0\u4e8b\u5b9f\u300c\u5b98\u50da\u7684\u6020\u6162\u3068\u8ca1\u653f\u98e2\u9913\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7de9\u6162\u306a\u8870\u9000\u300d\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u73fe\u4ee3\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u5b66\u306f\u524d\u8005\u306e\u30c9\u30e9\u30de\u30c1\u30c3\u30af\u306a\u901a\u8aac\u3092\u300c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8ad6\u7834\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\uff08[ A ]: debunked \/ discredited\uff09\u300d\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5f8c\u8005\u306e\u73fe\u5b9f\u614b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u306e\u300c\u8870\u9000\u3001\u8352\u5ec3\uff08[ B ]: decline \/ decay\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e8c\u91cd\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u304c [ A: debunked, B: decline ] \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u30da\u30a2\u3092\u9023\u7acb\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “For decades, evolutionary biologists assumed that natural selection operates exclusively on individual organisms competing for survival. Recent developments in sociobiology, however, suggest that evolutionary pressures can also act at the [ ] level, favoring altruistic behaviors that benefit the kin group as a whole.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f93\u6765\u306e\u901a\u8aac\u306f\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u6dd8\u6c70\u306f\u500b\u4f53\uff08individual organisms\uff09\u306e\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3067\u306e\u307f\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u65b0\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306f\u3001\u8840\u7e01\u96c6\u56e3\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u5229\u76ca\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u5229\u4ed6\u884c\u52d5\u306e\u9032\u5316\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u500b\u4f53\u300d\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u5bfe\u7acb\u9805\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u96c6\u56e3\u3084\u793e\u4f1a\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”collective” \u3084 “group”\uff09\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u901a\u8aac\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u62e1\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “Common sense suggests that memory operates like a photographic archive, passively recording sensory impressions for later retrieval. Cognitive psychological experiments, however, reveal that recall is an intensely [ ] process in which fragmentary recollections are reconstructed using contemporary expectations.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u901a\u8aac\u306f\u300c\u53d7\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u611f\u899a\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u3092\u8a18\u9332\u3059\u308b\uff08passively recording\uff09\u5199\u771f\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4fdd\u7ba1\u5eab\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u65b0\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306f\u3001\u60f3\u8d77\u304c\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u306e\u671f\u5f85\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u65ad\u7247\u7684\u306a\u8a18\u61b6\u3092\u518d\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u300d\u55b6\u307f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u53d7\u52d5\u7684\u8a18\u9332\uff08passive\uff09\u300d\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u80fd\u52d5\u7684\u306a\u3001\u5275\u9020\u7684\u306a\u3001\u69cb\u7bc9\u7684\u306a\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”active” \u3084 “constructive”\uff09\u304c\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “Conventional economic theory posited that wage increases inevitably fuel consumer inflation. Empirical economic analyses across several metropolitan regions, however, showed that moderate minimum wage hikes resulted in virtually [ ] upward pressure on the consumer price index, primarily because improved worker retention boosted overall labor productivity.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u901a\u8aac\u306f\u300c\u8cc3\u91d1\u4e0a\u6607\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u7684\u306b\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30ec\u3092\u717d\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u3044\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002”however” \u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u5b9f\u8a3c\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u3001\u52b4\u50cd\u751f\u7523\u6027\u306e\u5411\u4e0a\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u305d\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u76f8\u6bba\u3055\u308c\u305f\u65b0\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u5831\u544a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30ec\u5727\u529b\u304c\u300c\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3001\u7121\u8996\u3067\u304d\u308b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\uff08”negligible” \u3084 “imperceptible”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308a\u3001\u901a\u8aac\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u4e88\u6e2c\u304c\u8986\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u901a\u8aac\u3068\u65b0\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u4e8c\u91cd\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u8f2a\u90ed\u304c\u9bae\u660e\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13. \u62bd\u8c61\u30fb\u5177\u4f53\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u306e\u5145\u8db3<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u89e3\u304f\u4e0a\u3067\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u8a8d\u77e5\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u304c\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u547d\u984c\uff08General Claim\uff09\u3068\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4f8b\u793a\uff08Specific Evidence\uff09\u306e\u9593\u3092\u5f80\u9084\u3059\u308b\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u968e\u5c64\u306e\u628a\u63e1\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u52a9\u3051\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u6bd4\u55a9\u3001\u5b9f\u9a13\u4f8b\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u4e8b\u8c61\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u9006\u306b\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u500b\u5225\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3092\u5217\u6319\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u306b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u4e00\u6319\u306b\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u3057\u3066\u666e\u904d\u7684\u306a\u5b66\u8853\u547d\u984c\u3078\u3068\u6607\u83ef\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u62bd\u8c61\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u5177\u4f53\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u610f\u8b58\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u9069\u5207\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u6307\u6a19\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5185\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u5ea6\uff08\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff09\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8b58\u5225\u3057\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u547d\u984c\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u5ea6\u3067\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5145\u586b\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30df\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u5177\u4f53\u8a18\u8ff0\u304b\u3089\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u5b66\u8853\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u6f14\u7e79\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u8aad\u89e3\u529b\u3092\u57f9\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff11. \u4e0a\u4f4d\u6982\u5ff5\uff08Hypernym\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u306e\u5305\u62ec\u3068\u8981\u7d04<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u90e8\u5206\u3084\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u7d50\u8ad6\u90e8\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u8907\u6570\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3092\u3059\u3079\u3066\u5098\u306e\u4e0b\u306b\u53ce\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u300c\u4e0a\u4f4d\u6982\u5ff5\uff08hypernym\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u300c\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u306e\u6392\u51fa\u524a\u6e1b\u300d\u300c\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\u30c1\u30c3\u30af\u30b4\u30df\u306e\u56de\u53ce\u300d\u300c\u68ee\u6797\u306e\u4fdd\u5168\u300d\u304c\u4e26\u5217\u3057\u3066\u8ad6\u3058\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u5305\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u306f “environmental [ ]” \u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f “initiatives” \u3084 “remediations”\u3001”interventions” \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u4e0a\u4f4d\u306e\u5305\u62ec\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306f\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306b\u3057\u304b\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u4e0b\u4f4d\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\uff08\u4f8b\u3048\u3070 “recycling” \u3084 “afforestation”\uff09\u3092\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u3068\u3057\u3066\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8907\u6570\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e8b\u8c61\u304b\u3089\u5171\u901a\u3059\u308b\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u7279\u5fb4\uff08\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5c5e\u6027\uff09\u3092\u5272\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5305\u62ec\u3067\u304d\u308b\u9069\u5207\u306a\u62bd\u8c61\u5ea6\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8996\u5ea7\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u304b\u3089\u4e0a\u4f4d\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u5c0e\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u4f8b\u30fb\u73fe\u8c61\u30fb\u64cd\u4f5c\u306e\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\uff08A, B, C…\uff09\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u5404\u4e8b\u4f8b\u304c\u5171\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u5171\u901a\u9805\uff08\u5171\u901a\u306e\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4e8b\u4f8b\u304c\u4f55\u306e\u4e00\u7a2e\uff08an instance of what\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4e8b\u4f8b\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u307f\u3092\u6307\u3059\u72ed\u9698\u306a\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5171\u901a\u9805\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u5305\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u6700\u9069\u306a\u4e0a\u4f4d\u6982\u5ff5\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u306e\u5305\u62ec\u3068\u4e0a\u4f4d\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The municipal administration introduced financial subsidies for solar panel installations, expanded designated bicycle lanes to discourage vehicular traffic, and enforced stringent insulation requirements for commercial real estate. These diverse urban [ ] were designed to accelerate the city’s transition toward carbon neutrality.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\uff1a\u592a\u967d\u5149\u30d1\u30cd\u30eb\u3078\u306e\u88dc\u52a9\u91d1\u3001\u81ea\u8ee2\u8eca\u5c02\u7528\u30ec\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u62e1\u5f35\u3001\u5546\u696d\u30d3\u30eb\u306e\u65ad\u71b1\u57fa\u6e96\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u5316\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u300c\u90fd\u5e02\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u30fb\u74b0\u5883\u5bfe\u7b56\u300d\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6307\u793a\u8868\u73fe “These diverse urban [ ]” \u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u500b\u3005\u306e\u65bd\u7b56\u3092\u5305\u6442\u3059\u308b\u4e0a\u4f4d\u6982\u5ff5\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”measures”\u3001”policies”\u3001”initiatives”\uff09\u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002”regulations” \u306f\u88dc\u52a9\u91d1\u3092\u542b\u3081\u305a\u3001”technologies” \u306f\u653f\u7b56\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u6307\u3055\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5305\u62ec\u6027\u306e\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The pediatric study recorded that children who suffered from chronic nutritional deprivation, severe parental neglect, or violent household conflict exhibited marked impairments in prefrontal cortex maturation. Neuroscientists concluded that such early childhood [ ] fundamentally alters the structural architecture of the developing brain.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\uff1a\u6162\u6027\u7684\u6804\u990a\u5931\u8abf\u3001\u91cd\u5ea6\u306e\u30cd\u30b0\u30ec\u30af\u30c8\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u5185\u306e\u66b4\u529b\u7d1b\u4e89\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u300c\u5c0f\u5150\u671f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u9006\u5883\u30fb\u904e\u9177\u306a\u4f53\u9a13\u300d\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6307\u793a\u8868\u73fe “such early childhood [ ]” \u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6709\u5bb3\u306a\u74b0\u5883\u8981\u56e0\u3092\u5305\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u8853\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”adversity” \u3084 “hardship”\u3001”trauma”\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002”poverty” \u3067\u306f\u5bb6\u5ead\u5185\u66b4\u529b\u3084\u30cd\u30b0\u30ec\u30af\u30c8\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u306f\u5305\u6442\u3067\u304d\u305a\u3001\u4e0a\u4f4d\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u306b\u6b20\u3051\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “During the late nineteenth century, the widespread adoption of the electric telegraph, the transatlantic undersea cable, and the transcontinental railway system radically compressed the subjective experience of time and space. Historians refer to this profound technological [ ] as the foundation of modern globalization.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\uff1a\u96fb\u4fe1\u306e\u666e\u53ca\u3001\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u6a2a\u65ad\u6d77\u5e95\u30b1\u30fc\u30d6\u30eb\u3001\u5927\u9678\u6a2a\u65ad\u9244\u9053\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u901a\u4fe1\u3068\u4ea4\u901a\u306e\u9769\u547d\u7684\u9032\u5c55\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6307\u793a\u8868\u73fe “this profound technological [ ]” \u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6280\u8853\u7684\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30e9\u306e\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u306a\u5909\u9769\u3092\u5305\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”transformation” \u3084 “revolution”\u3001”breakthrough”\uff09\u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002”invention” \u3067\u306f\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u8003\u6848\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u308a\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u5dfb\u304d\u8fbc\u3080\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30e9\u306e\u8907\u5408\u7684\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u5305\u6442\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The ancient philosopher observed that physical strength deteriorates with age, sensory acuity diminishes, and bodily pleasures quickly yield diminishing returns. Recognizing the [ ] of purely corporeal satisfactions, he concluded that enduring tranquility could only be attained through intellectual contemplation.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\uff1a\u4f53\u529b\u306e\u8870\u3048\u3001\u611f\u899a\u306e\u920d\u5316\u3001\u8089\u4f53\u7684\u5feb\u697d\u306e\u4f4e\u6e1b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u300c\u8089\u4f53\u7684\u5feb\u697d\u306e\u511a\u3055\u3001\u4e00\u6642\u6027\u3001\u8106\u3055\u300d\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u4e00\u8a9e\u3067\u5305\u62ec\u30fb\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”transience”\u3001”ephemerality”\u3001”impermanence”\uff09\u304c\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002”dangers” \u3084 “evils” \u3067\u306f\u3001\u5feb\u697d\u304c\u6642\u9593\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u8272\u892a\u305b\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u306e\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u5171\u901a\u9805\u3092\u6349\u3048\u304d\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u306e\u5305\u62ec\u3068\u4e0a\u4f4d\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u5145\u586b\u306e\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff12. \u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6577\u884d\uff08Elaboration\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308b\u62bd\u8c61\u547d\u984c\u306e\u691c\u8a3c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0a\u4f4d\u6982\u5ff5\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8981\u7d04\u3068\u306f\u9006\u306b\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u5192\u982d\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u62bd\u8c61\u547d\u984c\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u304c\u305d\u308c\u3092\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u30fb\u5b9f\u8a3c\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8449\u3067\u300c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u6577\u884d\uff08elaboration\uff09\u300d\u3059\u308b\u5c40\u9762\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u547d\u984c\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u8aac\u660e\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u300c\u5b9f\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u5b9a\u7fa9\u300d\u304c\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306b “Specifically”\u3001”That is to say”\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u6a19\u8b58\u306a\u3057\u3067\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u8a18\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u4e00\u6bb5\u9ad8\u3044\u62bd\u8c61\u5ea6\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u8a9e\u5f59\u3078\u3068\u7ffb\u8a33\u3057\u76f4\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u6b63\u89e3\u304c\u4e00\u610f\u306b\u5c0e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u62bd\u8c61\u547d\u984c\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u96e3\u3057\u3055\u306b\u60d1\u308f\u3055\u308c\u305a\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u6587\u306b\u63cf\u304b\u308c\u305f\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u624b\u304c\u304b\u308a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u62bd\u8c61\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u9006\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6577\u884d\u304b\u3089\u62bd\u8c61\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u9006\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u62bd\u8c61\u547d\u984c\u6587\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u3001\u4f55\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u6577\u884d\u6587\uff08\u8aac\u660e\u3001\u6bd4\u55a9\u3001\u5b9f\u9a13\u64cd\u4f5c\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u7cbe\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u3067\u751f\u8d77\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7269\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u306a\u62bd\u8c61\u8a9e\u5f59\u3078\u3068\u6607\u83ef\u3055\u305b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u306b\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u9078\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6577\u884d\u304b\u3089\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u9006\u7b97\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The social theorist argued that modern bureaucratic organizations possess an inherent tendency toward structural [ ]. Specifically, procedural rules originally designed to facilitate administrative efficiency gradually become rigid dogmas that employees blindly follow even when doing so undermines the institution’s primary mission.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u62bd\u8c61\u6587\u300c\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u7d44\u7e54\u306f\u69cb\u9020\u7684 [ ] \u3078\u306e\u751f\u5f97\u7684\u50be\u5411\u3092\u6301\u3064\u300d\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u6587\uff1a\u672c\u6765\u52b9\u7387\u5316\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u898f\u5247\u304c\u786c\u76f4\u3057\u305f\u30c9\u30b0\u30de\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u9054\u6210\u3092\u963b\u5bb3\u3057\u3066\u3082\u76f2\u76ee\u7684\u306b\u5f93\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\uff08\u624b\u6bb5\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u5316\u3001\u7d44\u7e54\u306e\u786c\u76f4\u5316\u3001\u6a5f\u80fd\u4e0d\u5168\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u306b\u7ffb\u8a33\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001”ossification”\uff08\u9aa8\u5316\u30fb\u786c\u76f4\u5316\uff09\u3001”inertia”\uff08\u4e0d\u6d3b\u6027\u30fb\u60f0\u6027\uff09\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f “dysfunction”\uff08\u6a5f\u80fd\u4e0d\u5168\uff09\u304c\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002”flexibility” \u3084 “innovation” \u306f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6577\u884d\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u3068\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “Certain biological ecosystems exhibit remarkable ecological [ ]. When subjected to severe environmental shocks such as prolonged forest fires or destructive hurricanes, they rapidly regenerate their original species composition and nutrient cycles without long-term degradation.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u62bd\u8c61\u6587\u300c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u306f\u8457\u3057\u3044\u751f\u614b\u5b66\u7684 [ ] \u3092\u793a\u3059\u300d\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u6587\uff1a\u68ee\u6797\u706b\u707d\u3084\u30cf\u30ea\u30b1\u30fc\u30f3\u306a\u3069\u306e\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u74b0\u5883\u30b7\u30e7\u30c3\u30af\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3082\u3001\u52a3\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u5143\u306e\u7a2e\u69cb\u6210\u3068\u6804\u990a\u5faa\u74b0\u3092\u6025\u901f\u306b\u518d\u751f\u30fb\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30b7\u30e7\u30c3\u30af\u304b\u3089\u306e\u6025\u901f\u306a\u56de\u5fa9\u30fb\u5fa9\u5143\u529b\u3092\u8868\u3059\u62bd\u8c61\u5b66\u8853\u7528\u8a9e\u306f “resilience”\uff08\u56de\u5fa9\u529b\u30fb\u5f3e\u6027\uff09\u306b\u4ed6\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002”fragility”\uff08\u8106\u5f31\u6027\uff09\u3084 “stagnation”\uff08\u505c\u6ede\uff09\u306f\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u9006\u3092\u7a81\u304f\u8aa4\u7b54\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “The cognitive linguist maintained that human metaphorical thought is fundamentally [ ]. We conceptualize abstract domains such as time, emotional intimacy, and morality entirely through physical, sensory-motor experiences grounded in the bodily navigation of physical space.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u62bd\u8c61\u6587\u300c\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u6bd4\u55a9\u7684\u601d\u8003\u306f\u6839\u672c\u7684\u306b [ ] \u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u6587\uff1a\u6642\u9593\u3084\u89aa\u5bc6\u3055\u306a\u3069\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7269\u7406\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u306e\u79fb\u52d5\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u611f\u899a\u904b\u52d5\u7d4c\u9a13\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u30fb\u7269\u7406\u7684\u7d4c\u9a13\u306b\u6839\u3056\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\u3092\u5305\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u8853\u6982\u5ff5\u306f “embodied”\uff08\u8eab\u4f53\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”disembodied”\uff08\u8131\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u306a\uff09\u3084 “transcendental”\uff08\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u306a\uff09\u306f\u5177\u4f53\u6587\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u771f\u3063\u5411\u304b\u3089\u885d\u7a81\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The international legal order suffers from chronic institutional [ ]. Despite passing numerous global resolutions prohibiting maritime aggression, the international community possesses no centralized police force capable of coercively enforcing compliance against sovereign nuclear states.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u62bd\u8c61\u6587\u300c\u56fd\u969b\u6cd5\u79e9\u5e8f\u306f\u6162\u6027\u7684\u306a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684 [ ] \u306b\u82e6\u3057\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u6587\uff1a\u4fb5\u7565\u3092\u7981\u3058\u308b\u6c7a\u8b70\u304c\u591a\u6570\u53ef\u6c7a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3082\u3001\u4e3b\u6a29\u56fd\u5bb6\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u306b\u9075\u5b88\u3055\u305b\u308b\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6a29\u7684\u306a\u8b66\u5bdf\u529b\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5f37\u5236\u529b\u30fb\u57f7\u884c\u529b\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u72b6\u6cc1\u3092\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f “impotence”\uff08\u7121\u529b\u3055\uff09\u3001”weakness”\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f “inefficacy”\uff08\u5b9f\u52b9\u6027\u306e\u6b20\u5982\uff09\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6577\u884d\u306e\u5206\u6790\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u304c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14. \u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\u306e\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u5c55\u958b\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u98db\u8e8d\u306e\u5145\u586b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u6587\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6700\u9ad8\u96e3\u5ea6\u9818\u57df\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u7d50\u679c\uff08A \u3060\u304b\u3089 B\uff09\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u300c\u4e8b\u8c61 A \u304c\u4e8b\u8c61 B \u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u3001\u4e8b\u8c61 B \u304c\u4e8b\u8c61 C \u3092\u8a98\u767a\u3057\u3001\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b\u4e8b\u8c61 D \u306b\u81f3\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\uff08multi-step causal chain\uff09\u300d\u304c\u69cb\u7bc9\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u9023\u9396\u306e\u9014\u4e2d\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u7d50\u7bc0\u70b9\uff08\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001B \u304b\u3089 C \u3078\u306e\u79fb\u884c\u90e8\uff09\u3092\u7a7a\u6240\u5316\u3057\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u304c\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u98db\u8e8d\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8907\u6570\u6bb5\u843d\u306b\u307e\u305f\u304c\u308b\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u9023\u9396\u3092\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u30e3\u30fc\u30c8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u9023\u9396\u3092\u7834\u7dbb\u306a\u304f\u7e4b\u3050\u30df\u30c3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0\u30fb\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\uff08\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u305f\u8981\u7d20\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u9006\u8ee2\u3084\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u98db\u8e8d\u3092\u898b\u7834\u308a\u3001\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u57cb\u3081\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u601d\u8003\u529b\u3092\u990a\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff11. \u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u30df\u30c3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0\u30fb\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\u7279\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\u306e\u9014\u4e2d\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u300c\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u300d\u306e\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304b\u4e00\u65b9\u306e\u307f\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3057\u3066\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u771f\u306b\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u8981\u7d20\u306f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u540c\u6642\u306b\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u8c61\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u7a7a\u6240 $X$ \u306f\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027 $A \\rightarrow X \\rightarrow B$ \u306e\u4e21\u5074\u304b\u3089\u306e\u631f\u307f\u6483\u3061\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u7d50\u7bc0\u70b9\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5148\u884c\u4e8b\u8c61 A \u304b\u3089\u306f\u5c0e\u51fa\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u5f8c\u7d9a\u4e8b\u8c61 B \u306b\u7e4b\u304c\u3089\u306a\u3044\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3084\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u4e8b\u8c61 B \u306e\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u308a\u5f97\u308b\u304c\u5148\u884c\u4e8b\u8c61 A \u304b\u3089\u751f\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306e\u306a\u3044\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u3001\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3082\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u9396\u3092\u65ad\u3061\u5207\u308b\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e21\u65b9\u5411\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u3001\u30df\u30c3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0\u30fb\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u5145\u586b\u3059\u308b\u6f14\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30df\u30c3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0\u30fb\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u307e\u3067\u306b\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u539f\u56e0\u5074\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u7fa4\u300d\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3001\u4f55\u304c\u8d77\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8981\u7d04\u3059\u308b\uff08\u5165\u529b\u547d\u984c A\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u304b\u3089\u751f\u8d77\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u7d50\u679c\u5074\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u7fa4\u300d\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3001\u4f55\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u306b\u81f3\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3092\u8981\u7d04\u3059\u308b\uff08\u51fa\u529b\u547d\u984c B\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u5165\u529b\u547d\u984c A \u304b\u3089\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5247\u7684\u30fb\u793e\u4f1a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u3001\u304b\u3064\u51fa\u529b\u547d\u984c B \u3092\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u7684\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u4e2d\u9593\u4e8b\u8c61 $X$ \u3092\u4e88\u6e2c\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u30df\u30c3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0\u30fb\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\u7279\u5b9a\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “The unprecedented drought severely depleted hydroelectric reservoirs across the nation. This catastrophic reduction in generating capacity [ ], which in turn forced industrial manufacturing facilities to halt operations and triggered widespread economic stagnation.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5165\u529b\u547d\u984c A\uff1a\u524d\u4f8b\u306e\u306a\u3044\u5e72\u3070\u3064\u304c\u5168\u56fd\u306e\u6c34\u529b\u767a\u96fb\u7528\u30c0\u30e0\u3092\u5e72\u4e0a\u304c\u3089\u305b\u3001\u767a\u96fb\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u58ca\u6ec5\u7684\u306b\u6e1b\u5c11\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u51fa\u529b\u547d\u984c B\uff1a\u88fd\u9020\u696d\u306e\u5de5\u5834\u304c\u64cd\u696d\u505c\u6b62\u306b\u8ffd\u3044\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3001\u5e83\u7bc4\u306a\u7d4c\u6e08\u505c\u6ede\u304c\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u767a\u96fb\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u6fc0\u6e1b\uff08A\uff09\u304b\u3089\u5de5\u5834\u306e\u64cd\u696d\u505c\u6b62\uff08B\uff09\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u4e2d\u9593\u4e8b\u8c61 $X$ \u306f\u3001\u300c\u96fb\u529b\u4f9b\u7d66\u306e\u903c\u8feb\u30fb\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u96fb\u529b\u4e0d\u8db3\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u96fb\u529b\u4e0d\u8db3\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u8ff0\u8a9e\u53e5\uff08”precipitated an acute energy shortage” \u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001$A \\rightarrow X \\rightarrow B$ \u306e\u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\u304c\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The aggressive introduction of automated self-checkout terminals at major supermarket chains eliminated thousands of entry-level retail jobs. This sudden contraction in employment opportunities for low-skilled laborers [ ], leading directly to an unprecedented decline in regional consumer spending.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5165\u529b\u547d\u984c A\uff1a\u30bb\u30eb\u30d5\u30ec\u30b8\u306e\u5c0e\u5165\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4f4e\u6280\u80fd\u52b4\u50cd\u8005\u306e\u96c7\u7528\u6a5f\u4f1a\u304c\u6025\u6e1b\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u51fa\u529b\u547d\u984c B\uff1a\u5730\u57df\u306e\u500b\u4eba\u6d88\u8cbb\u304c\u524d\u4f8b\u306e\u306a\u3044\u843d\u3061\u8fbc\u307f\u3092\u898b\u305b\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u96c7\u7528\u306e\u55aa\u5931\uff08A\uff09\u304b\u3089\u500b\u4eba\u6d88\u8cbb\u306e\u6e1b\u5c11\uff08B\uff09\u3092\u7e4b\u3050\u30df\u30c3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0\u30fb\u30ea\u30f3\u30af $X$ \u306f\u3001\u300c\u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u5bb6\u8a08\u306e\u53ef\u51e6\u5206\u6240\u5f97\u306e\u55aa\u5931\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4e16\u5e2f\u306e\u5bb6\u8a08\u53ce\u5165\u3092\u8457\u3057\u304f\u5727\u8feb\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e2d\u9593\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u547d\u984c\uff08”severely eroded the disposable income of working-class households”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308a\u3001\u96c7\u7528\u55aa\u5931\u304b\u3089\u6d88\u8cbb\u6e1b\u9000\u3078\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u9023\u9396\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “Excessive application of chemical pesticides eliminated not only target agricultural pests but also harmless predatory insects. In the absence of these natural population controllers, secondary pest species that had previously been negligible [ ], culminating in catastrophic crop destruction far exceeding the original infestation.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5165\u529b\u547d\u984c A\uff1a\u8fb2\u85ac\u306e\u904e\u5270\u4f7f\u7528\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5929\u6575\u3068\u306a\u308b\u6355\u98df\u6027\u6606\u866b\u304c\u6839\u7d76\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u51fa\u529b\u547d\u984c B\uff1a\u5f93\u6765\u306e\u5bb3\u866b\u88ab\u5bb3\u3092\u9065\u304b\u306b\u8d85\u3048\u308b\u58ca\u6ec5\u7684\u306a\u8fb2\u4f5c\u7269\u7834\u58ca\u306b\u81f3\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5929\u6575\u306e\u4e0d\u5728\uff08A\uff09\u304b\u3089\u4f5c\u7269\u7834\u58ca\u306e\u6fc0\u5316\uff08B\uff09\u3092\u5a92\u4ecb\u3059\u308b\u4e2d\u9593\u4e8b\u8c61 $X$ \u306f\u3001\u300c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5bb3\u866b\u306e\u7206\u767a\u7684\u306a\u500b\u4f53\u6570\u5897\u52a0\uff08\u30ea\u30b5\u30fc\u30b8\u30a7\u30f3\u30b9\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u500b\u4f53\u6570\u3092\u7206\u767a\u7684\u306b\u5897\u52a0\u3055\u305b\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ff0\u8a9e\uff08”experienced an exponential population surge” \u3084 “proliferated uncontrollably”\uff09\u304c\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The sudden devaluation of the national currency made imported petroleum and raw materials prohibitively expensive for domestic firms. Confronted with skyrocketing production costs, domestic manufacturers were forced to [ ], ultimately depressing aggregate demand across the entire domestic economy.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5165\u529b\u547d\u984c A\uff1a\u901a\u8ca8\u66b4\u843d\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8f38\u5165\u539f\u6cb9\u3084\u539f\u6750\u6599\u306e\u4fa1\u683c\u304c\u6cd5\u5916\u306b\u9ad8\u9a30\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u51fa\u529b\u547d\u984c B\uff1a\u56fd\u5185\u7d4c\u6e08\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u7dcf\u9700\u8981\u304c\u6e1b\u9000\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u6750\u6599\u306e\u9ad8\u9a30\uff08A\uff09\u304b\u3089\u7dcf\u9700\u8981\u306e\u6e1b\u9000\uff08B\uff09\u3092\u7e4b\u3050\u4e2d\u9593\u4e8b\u8c61 $X$ \u306f\u3001\u300c\u88fd\u54c1\u4fa1\u683c\u3078\u306e\u8ee2\u5ac1\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6700\u7d42\u8ca1\u306e\u5024\u4e0a\u3052\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u305d\u306e\u8cbb\u7528\u5897\u52a0\u3092\u6700\u7d42\u88fd\u54c1\u306e\u4fa1\u683c\u306b\u8ee2\u5ac1\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\uff08”pass these increased expenditures onto consumers in the form of higher retail prices”\uff09\u304c\u9069\u5408\u3057\u3001\u7269\u4fa1\u9ad8\u9a30\u3092\u901a\u3058\u305f\u9700\u8981\u6e1b\u9000\u306e\u9023\u9396\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u30df\u30c3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0\u30fb\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u304c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u6c7a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff12. \u610f\u56f3\u305b\u306c\u7d50\u679c\uff08Unintended Consequences\uff09\u306e\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u9023\u9396<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u30fb\u74b0\u5883\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u3044\u983b\u5ea6\u3067\u4e3b\u984c\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304c\u3001\u300c\u3042\u308b\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u5b9f\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u306a\u653f\u7b56\u3084\u884c\u52d5\u304c\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5185\u90e8\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5f53\u521d\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3068\u306f\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u7834\u6ec5\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u62db\u304f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u610f\u56f3\u305b\u306c\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u9023\u9396\uff08paradox of unintended consequences\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u4ea4\u901a\u6e0b\u6ede\u3092\u89e3\u6d88\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u9053\u8def\u3092\u62e1\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u304b\u3048\u3063\u3066\u81ea\u52d5\u8eca\u5229\u7528\u8005\u304c\u5897\u3048\u3066\u6e0b\u6ede\u304c\u60aa\u5316\u3057\u305f\uff08\u8a98\u767a\u9700\u8981\uff09\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u611f\u67d3\u75c7\u306e\u62e1\u5927\u3092\u9632\u3050\u305f\u3081\u306b\u90fd\u5e02\u3092\u5c01\u9396\u3057\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u7269\u6d41\u306e\u505c\u6ede\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u98e2\u9913\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u9023\u9396\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u90e8\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u300c\u5f53\u521d\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u300d\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u3093\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u305f\u300c\u76ae\u8089\u306a\u3001\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u306a\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u300d\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u53e5\u3092\u51b7\u5fb9\u306b\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u3084\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u300c\u5f53\u521d\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\uff08Intended Goal\uff09\u300d\u3092\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304b\u3089\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9006\u8aac\u6a19\u8b58\uff08paradoxically, ironically, counterintuitively, perverse effect \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3057\u3001\u4e8b\u614b\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u3068\u306f\u9006\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u3078\u8ee2\u843d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u53cd\u4f5c\u7528\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u751f\u3058\u305f\u300c\u610f\u56f3\u305b\u306c\u7d50\u679c\u300d\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u5f53\u521d\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u9bae\u3084\u304b\u306b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u7d50\u672b\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u305b\u306c\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u9023\u9396\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “In an effort to protect domestic textile manufacturers from foreign competition, the government imposed exorbitant tariffs on imported fabrics. Paradoxically, this protective policy [ ] the domestic garment industry, as local clothing makers could no longer afford the essential high-grade textiles required to compete in international fashion markets.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f53\u521d\u306e\u610f\u56f3\uff1a\u56fd\u5185\u306e\u7e4a\u7dad\u88fd\u9020\u696d\u8005\u3092\u4fdd\u8b77\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002\u9006\u8aac\u6a19\u8b58\uff1a”Paradoxically”\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u7d50\u672b\uff1a\u56fd\u5185\u306e\u30a2\u30d1\u30ec\u30eb\u696d\u8005\u304c\u9ad8\u54c1\u8cea\u306a\u5e03\u5730\u3092\u5165\u624b\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308a\u3001\u56fd\u969b\u5e02\u5834\u3067\u7af6\u4e89\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4fdd\u8b77\u3059\u308b\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b\u56fd\u5185\u7523\u696d\u3092\u300c\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306b\u5f31\u4f53\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3001\u640d\u306a\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”crippled” \u3084 “devastated”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002”bolstered” \u3084 “revitalized” \u306f\u9006\u8aac\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u305f\u8aa4\u7b54\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The municipal authority constructed expansive floodwalls along the riverbank to eliminate seasonal flooding in agricultural valleys. Counterintuitively, this structural intervention [ ] catastrophic flood risks downriver, because confining the surging water within a narrow channel dramatically increased the velocity and volume of downstream torrents.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f53\u521d\u306e\u610f\u56f3\uff1a\u6d2a\u6c34\u88ab\u5bb3\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002\u9006\u8aac\u6a19\u8b58\uff1a”Counterintuitively”\uff08\u76f4\u89b3\u306b\u53cd\u3057\u3066\uff09\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u7d50\u672b\uff1a\u4e0b\u6d41\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6d2a\u6c34\u306e\u6d41\u901f\u3068\u6c34\u91cf\u3092\u5287\u7684\u306b\u5897\u5927\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4e0b\u6d41\u5730\u57df\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6d2a\u6c34\u306e\u5371\u967a\u6027\u3092\u300c\u5897\u5927\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3001\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”exacerbated” \u3084 “amplified”\uff09\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “To suppress street crime, the authoritarian regime instituted severe mandatory minimum prison sentences for minor infractions. Ironically, this punitive rigidity [ ] the rate of violent crime; once individuals realized they faced decades of imprisonment for petty offenses, they had little incentive to refrain from committing far more violent acts to evade arrest.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f53\u521d\u306e\u610f\u56f3\uff1a\u72af\u7f6a\u3092\u6291\u5236\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002\u9006\u8aac\u6a19\u8b58\uff1a”Ironically”\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u7d50\u672b\uff1a\u902e\u6355\u3092\u514d\u308c\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u51f6\u60aa\u72af\u7f6a\u3092\u72af\u3059\u52d5\u6a5f\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u51f6\u60aa\u72af\u7f6a\u306e\u767a\u751f\u7387\u3092\u300c\u8df3\u306d\u4e0a\u3052\u305f\u3001\u523a\u6fc0\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”escalated” \u3084 “stimulated”\uff09\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u53b3\u7f70\u5316\u304c\u51f6\u60aa\u5316\u3092\u62db\u304f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9006\u8aac\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “Hoping to prevent deforestation, international conservation agencies offered cash incentives to local landowners for every hectare of pristine forest preserved. Perversely, this financial mechanism [ ] land clearing, as speculative investors preemptively bulldozed forested plots to establish legal ownership before enrolling the land in the preservation program.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f53\u521d\u306e\u610f\u56f3\uff1a\u68ee\u6797\u4f10\u63a1\u3092\u9632\u6b62\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002\u9006\u8aac\u6a19\u8b58\uff1a”Perversely”\uff08\u3042\u3079\u3053\u3079\u306b\u3001\u4e0d\u90fd\u5408\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306b\uff09\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u7d50\u672b\uff1a\u4fdd\u5168\u8a08\u753b\u306b\u767b\u9332\u3059\u308b\u524d\u306b\u571f\u5730\u306e\u6240\u6709\u6a29\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u6295\u6a5f\u5bb6\u304c\u5148\u624b\u3092\u6253\u3063\u3066\u68ee\u6797\u3092\u30d6\u30eb\u30c9\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u3067\u7834\u58ca\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u68ee\u6797\u4f10\u63a1\u3092\u6e1b\u3089\u3059\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b\u300c\u52a0\u901f\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3001\u52a9\u9577\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”accelerated” \u3084 “incentivized”\uff09\u304c\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u305b\u306c\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u9023\u9396\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7a7a\u6240\u5145\u586b\u306e\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15. \u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u614b\u5ea6\uff08\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\uff09\u3068\u6587\u8108\u7684\u8a55\u4fa1\u306e\u7279\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u80cc\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u8ad6\u8a3c\u614b\u5ea6\uff08epistemic stance: \u78ba\u4fe1\u3001\u61d0\u7591\u3001\u7559\u4fdd\u3001\u61f8\u5ff5\u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u8a18\u8ff0\u3092\u88c5\u3044\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3082\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u306f\u5f37\u3044\u7591\u5ff5\u3092\u62b1\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u308a\u3001\u3042\u308b\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u306f\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u61f8\u5ff5\u3092\u8868\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u614b\u5ea6\u3084\u8a55\u4fa1\u304c\u8272\u6fc3\u304f\u53cd\u6620\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7b87\u6240\u306b\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u500b\u3005\u306e\u6587\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u8cab\u304f\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u300c\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\u300d\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u6b63\u89e3\u306b\u5230\u9054\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u30e1\u30bf\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\uff08\u8a8d\u8b58\u526f\u8a5e\u3001\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u8a55\u4fa1\u7684\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff09\u304b\u3089\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8a55\u4fa1\u306e\u6df1\u5ea6\u3068\u6574\u5408\u3059\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u5b9a\u91cf\u5316\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u773c\u3092\u990a\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff11. \u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u3068\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u306e\u30b0\u30e9\u30c7\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u78ba\u4fe1\u306e\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\uff08epistemic certainty\uff09\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u6975\u3081\u3066\u7d30\u5bc6\u306a\u30b0\u30e9\u30c7\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002”It is conclusively proven that…” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u78ba\u4fe1\u304b\u3089\u3001”Evidence strongly suggests that…” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u9ad8\u3044\u84cb\u7136\u6027\u3001”It is plausible that…” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eee\u8aac\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066 “It remains highly questionable whether…” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u3044\u61d0\u7591\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u307e\u3067\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u614e\u91cd\u306b\u4f7f\u3044\u5206\u3051\u3066\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u90e8\u3084\u63a8\u8ad6\u90e8\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u5358\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u3067\u8868\u660e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u306e\u6c34\u6e96\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8abf\u548c\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u614e\u91cd\u306a\u5b9f\u9a13\u7684\u7559\u4fdd\uff08provisional caution\uff09\u3092\u4fc3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u65ad\u5b9a\u3084\u904e\u5ea6\u306e\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u3092\u8868\u3059\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u633f\u5165\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u9055\u53cd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u306e\u30b0\u30e9\u30c7\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3057\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u6a19\u8b58\uff08may, might, could, clearly, undeniably, presumably, tentatively\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u305d\u306e\u547d\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u4ed8\u4e0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u306e\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff08\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u30fb\u84cb\u7136\u7684\u30fb\u4eee\u8aac\u7684\u30fb\u61d0\u7591\u7684\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u6027\u8cea\uff08\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5247\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u304b\u3001\u8ad6\u4e89\u4e2d\u306e\u672a\u691c\u8a3c\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u63d0\u5531\u304b\uff09\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3057\u3001\u9069\u5207\u306a\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u5f37\u3055\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u904e\u5ea6\u306e\u65ad\u5b9a\uff08\u8a87\u5f35\uff09\u3084\u4e0d\u5f53\u306a\u77ee\u5c0f\u5316\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u5f37\u3055\u3068\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u53e5\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u3068\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “Although preliminary clinical trials on the synthetic peptide demonstrated modest antiviral activity, researchers cautioned that these laboratory outcomes [ ] guarantee clinical efficacy in human patients.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u524d\u7f6e\u304d\u306e “preliminary”\uff08\u4e88\u5099\u7684\u306a\uff09\u3001”modest”\uff08\u3055\u3055\u3084\u304b\u306a\uff09\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u52d5\u8a5e “cautioned that…”\uff08\u301c\u3068\u8b66\u544a\u3057\u305f\uff09\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306e\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u614e\u91cd\u304b\u3064\u7559\u4fdd\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8a66\u9a13\u7ba1\u5185\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u60a3\u8005\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u300c\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3068\u306f\u5230\u5e95\u8a00\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3001\u6c7a\u3057\u3066\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3057\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u5f37\u3044\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u7559\u4fdd\u3092\u8868\u3059\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\uff08”by no means” \u3084 “in no way”\uff09\u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002”definitely” \u3084 “undoubtedly” \u306f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306e\u8b66\u544a\u7684\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u885d\u7a81\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “Decades of paleoclimatic data derived from Antarctic ice cores have [ ] established that atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and planetary surface temperatures have been intimately linked over the past eight hundred thousand years.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Decades of paleoclimatic data”\uff08\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u306b\u304a\u3088\u3076\u53e4\u6c17\u5019\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073 “Antarctic ice cores”\uff08\u5357\u6975\u6c37\u5e8a\u30b3\u30a2\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5727\u5012\u7684\u306a\u5b9f\u8a3c\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u306f\u6700\u5927\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e “established” \u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u78ba\u5b9f\u6027\u3092\u8868\u3059\u526f\u8a5e\uff08”conclusively”\u3001”irrefutably”\u3001”definitively”\uff09\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002”tentatively”\uff08\u66ab\u5b9a\u7684\u306b\uff09\u3084 “speculatively” \u306f\u84c4\u7a4d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a3c\u62e0\u306e\u91cd\u307f\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “Given the profound methodological limitations of the early sociological survey, its controversial findings regarding institutional discrimination must be regarded as highly [ ] rather than established empirical truth.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“profound methodological limitations”\uff08\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u4e0a\u306e\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u9650\u754c\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e “rather than established empirical truth”\uff08\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7d4c\u9a13\u7684\u771f\u7406\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u6bd4\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8abf\u67fb\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u4f4e\u3044\u3068\u8a55\u4fa1\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4fe1\u6191\u6027\u306e\u4f4e\u3055\u3084\u66ab\u5b9a\u6027\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”questionable”\u3001”provisional”\u3001”speculative”\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002”reliable” \u3084 “authoritative” \u306f\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “While theoretical models of dark matter explain the rotational velocities of distant galaxies, the complete absence of direct particle detection suggests that our current understanding of gravitational physics is at best [ ].”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“at best”\uff08\u305b\u3044\u305c\u3044\u301c\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7559\u4fdd\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3065\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u76f4\u63a5\u306e\u7c92\u5b50\u691c\u51fa\u304c\u7686\u7121\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304b\u3089\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u91cd\u529b\u7406\u8ad6\u306f\u5b8c\u6210\u5f62\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a55\u4fa1\u304c\u4e0b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u3001\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u306a\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”incomplete” \u3084 “fragmentary”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308a\u3001”at best” \u306e\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u8abf\u548c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u9069\u5207\u306a\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3092\u6301\u3064\u8a9e\u53e5\u306e\u9078\u5b9a\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff12. \u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8a00\u660e\uff08Normative\uff09\u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u7684\u8a00\u660e\uff08Descriptive\uff09\u306e\u5206\u96e2<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6df7\u540c\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u4e8c\u5927\u8a00\u660e\u4f53\u7cfb\u304c\u3001\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304c\u3069\u3046\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u300d\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\u7684\u8a00\u660e\uff08Descriptive Statement\uff09\u3068\u3001\u300c\u4e8b\u614b\u306f\u3069\u3046\u3042\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u300d\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u308b\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8a00\u660e\uff08Normative Statement\uff09\u306e\u533a\u5225\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8a18\u8ff0\u7684\u6587\u8108\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u89b3\u6e2c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u50be\u5411\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u304c\u4fa1\u5024\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u6587\u8108\u3067\u306f\u3001\u502b\u7406\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\uff08ought to, should, must, imperative\uff09\u3001\u6b63\u7fa9\u306e\u8981\u8acb\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u63d0\u8a00\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u4fa1\u5024\u5224\u65ad\u304c\u524d\u9762\u306b\u62bc\u3057\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u653f\u7b56\u63d0\u8a00\u3084\u502b\u7406\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u4fc3\u3059\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u30fb\u7fa9\u52d9\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u5099\u3048\u305f\u8a9e\u53e5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u304c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u5206\u6790\u300d\u304b\u3089\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u300c\u7fa9\u52d9\u306e\u8981\u8acb\u300d\u3078\u3068\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u3059\u308b\u8ee2\u63db\u70b9\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u6b21\u5143\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u3073\u53d6\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a18\u8ff0\u3068\u898f\u7bc4\u306e\u5206\u96e2\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6bb5\u843d\u304c\u300c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u73fe\u72b6\u306e\u5206\u6790\u300d\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u300c\u5c06\u6765\u3078\u306e\u63d0\u8a00\u30fb\u502b\u7406\u7684\u8981\u8acb\u300d\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8a00\u660e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u30fb\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\uff08imperative, duty, obligation, ethically required\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3092\u8868\u3059\u8a18\u8ff0\u8a9e\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u4fa1\u5024\u5224\u65ad\u3084\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u611f\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8a9e\u5f59\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8a00\u660e\u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u7684\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u5206\u96e2\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “Having demonstrated that unchecked algorithmic decision-making systematically discriminates against marginalized minority populations, the legal scholar argued that the establishment of transparent regulatory oversight is an absolute moral [ ].”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u524d\u534a\u306e\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5dee\u5225\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u5206\u6790\uff08\u8a18\u8ff0\u7684\u8a00\u660e\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u4e3b\u7bc0 “the legal scholar argued that the establishment of transparent regulatory oversight is an absolute moral [ ]” \u306f\u3001\u900f\u660e\u306a\u898f\u5236\u306e\u78ba\u7acb\u3092\u8a34\u3048\u308b\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u502b\u7406\u7684\u63d0\u8a00\uff08\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8a00\u660e\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u301c\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u502b\u7406\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u30fb\u81f3\u4e0a\u547d\u984c\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”imperative” \u3084 “necessity”\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”possibility” \u3084 “option” \u3067\u306f\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8981\u8acb\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u304c\u5931\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: “The environmental report documents the rapid collapse of pollinator insect populations worldwide. To avert catastrophic declines in global agricultural yields, international governments can no longer treat ecological preservation as a secondary luxury, but must instead recognize it as a vital biological [ ].”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u524d\u534a\u306f\u6606\u866b\u500b\u4f53\u6570\u306e\u6fc0\u6e1b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u5831\u544a\uff08\u8a18\u8ff0\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306f\u300c\u3082\u306f\u3084\u4e8c\u6b21\u7684\u306a\u8d05\u6ca2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6271\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u305a\u3001\u301c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u306e\u8868\u660e\uff08\u898f\u7bc4\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u8981\u4ef6\u3001\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\uff08”necessity” \u3084 “prerequisite”\uff09\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001”must recognize” \u306e\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8981\u8acb\u3068\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u8abf\u548c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: “While sociologists can objectively measure the statistical correlation between educational expenditure and intergenerational income mobility, the question of how wealth ought to be redistributed across society is fundamentally an [ ] dilemma rather than an empirical problem.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76f8\u95a2\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u6e2c\u5b9a\u306f\u300c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u7d4c\u9a13\u7684\u6e2c\u5b9a\uff08\u8a18\u8ff0\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5bcc\u306e\u518d\u5206\u914d\u306e\u554f\u3044\u306f “how wealth ought to be redistributed”\uff08\u3069\u3046\u518d\u5206\u914d\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fa1\u5024\u5224\u65ad\u306e\u9818\u57df\uff08\u898f\u7bc4\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u502b\u7406\u7684\u306a\u3001\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u306a\u3001\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u306a\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”ethical”\u3001”normative”\u3001”moral”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u308a\u3001”empirical problem” \u3068\u306e\u9bae\u3084\u304b\u306a\u5bfe\u7acb\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: “The bioethicist emphasized that merely demonstrating the technical feasibility of human germline genome modification does not imply that society [ ] to proceed with its clinical application without global democratic consensus.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6280\u8853\u7684\u5b9f\u73fe\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306e\u8a3c\u660e\uff08\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\uff09\u304b\u3089\u3001\u81e8\u5e8a\u5fdc\u7528\u3092\u9032\u3081\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u5426\u304b\uff08\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u5224\u65ad\uff09\u3078\u306e\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u98db\u8e8d\u3092\u6212\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u301c\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001”ought”\uff08ought to proceed\uff09\u3084 “is justified” \u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3001\u9032\u3081\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6709\u540d\u306a\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u5f53\u70ba\u306e\u5206\u96e2\uff08is-ought problem\uff09\u300d\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8a18\u8ff0\u7684\u8a00\u660e\u3068\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u5cfb\u5225\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7a7a\u6240\u5145\u8db3\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16. \u9577\u6587\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u591a\u91cd\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u691c\u8a3c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u6587\u8aad\u89e3\u554f\u984c\u306e\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u53d7\u9a13\u8005\u306f\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u304c\u304b\u308a\u3067\u89e3\u6c7a\u3067\u304d\u308b\u5e73\u6613\u306a\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u906d\u9047\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306b\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5236\u7d04\uff08\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u3001\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u8ad6\u7684\u7d20\u6027\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u9593\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u3001\u8907\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30fb\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3001\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\uff09\u304c\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066\u540c\u6642\u306b\u53ce\u675f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u6b21\u5143\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6e1b\u70b9\u306e\u306a\u3044\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u9069\u5408\u6027\uff08zero-penalty compliance\uff09\u3092\u793a\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u9577\u6587\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306e\u6700\u7d42\u89e3\u7b54\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8907\u6570\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u306b\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3057\u3001\u7d1b\u3089\u308f\u3057\u3044\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u591a\u89d2\u7684\u306a\u8996\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8ad6\u7834\u30fb\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u7dcf\u5408\u904b\u7528\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u51fa\u984c\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u7121\u529b\u5316\u3059\u308b\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u89e3\u7b54\u529b\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff11. \u591a\u89d2\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u76e3\u67fb\uff08Multi-Constraint Audit\uff09\u306e\u5b9f\u884c\u624b\u9806<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u9ad8\u96e3\u5ea6\u306e\u9577\u6587\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u76f4\u9762\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u8ff7\u3044\u3092\u751f\u3058\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u306e\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u6b66\u5668\u306f\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u300c\u76e3\u67fb\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u300d\u306e\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u5b9f\u884c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u76f4\u611f\u7684\u306a\u5370\u8c61\u306b\u983c\u308b\u53d7\u9a13\u8005\u306f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304c\u6301\u3064\u6587\u8108\u7684\u306a\u97ff\u304d\u306e\u826f\u3055\u306b\u9b45\u4e86\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304c\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3068\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u306b\u53cd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3084\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3059\u3002\u591a\u89d2\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u76e3\u67fb\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5019\u88dc\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5404\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u7b87\u6761\u66f8\u304d\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u691c\u8a3c\u8ef8\uff08\u7d71\u8a9e\u30fb\u610f\u5473\u30fb\u8ac7\u8a71\u30fb\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\uff09\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u4e00\u3064\u3067\u3082\u9055\u53cd\u304c\u691c\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u305d\u306e\u5834\u3067\u5bb9\u8d66\u306a\u304f\u6d88\u53bb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u76e3\u67fb\u9805\u76ee\u3092\u7121\u50b7\u3067\u901a\u904e\u3057\u305f\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u307f\u304c\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u89e3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u76e3\u67fb\u624b\u9806\u3092\u5185\u9762\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u7f60\u306b\u60d1\u308f\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u30bc\u30ed\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u591a\u89d2\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u76e3\u67fb\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u5b9f\u884c\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u56db\u6bb5\u968e\u304b\u3089\u6210\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u304b\u3089\u3010\u7d71\u8a9e\u5236\u7d04\u3011\uff08\u54c1\u8a5e\u3001\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u547c\u5fdc\uff09\u3001\u3010\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u5236\u7d04\u3011\uff08\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\uff09\u3001\u3010\u8ac7\u8a71\u8ad6\u7406\u5236\u7d04\u3011\uff08\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u65b9\u5411\uff09\u3001\u3010\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\u5236\u7d04\u3011\uff08\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u3001\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\uff09\u306e\u56db\u3064\u306e\u76e3\u67fb\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3057\u3066\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5404\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u7b2c\u4e00\u57fa\u6e96\uff08\u7d71\u8a9e\uff09\u304b\u3089\u9806\u6b21\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3092\u884c\u3044\u3001\u9055\u53cd\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u9664\u5916\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u6b8b\u5b58\u3057\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u7b2c\u4e8c\u30fb\u7b2c\u4e09\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u7684\u6975\u6027\u3084\u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u8ad6\u7834\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u306b\u3001\u6700\u7d42\u57fa\u6e96\uff08\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\u30fb\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\uff09\u3068\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u6700\u3082\u7cbe\u7dfb\u306b\u8abf\u548c\u3059\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u7d20\u6750\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3001\u591a\u89d2\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u76e3\u67fb\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5\u624b\u9806\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: “Throughout the nineteenth century, prevailing colonial ideologies justified imperial expansion by portraying indigenous populations as culturally stagnant. Anthropologists routinely argued that traditional societies lacked the institutional capacity for self-governance. However, rigorous archival research into pre-colonial African kingdoms has thoroughly [ ] these paternalistic assumptions, demonstrating that complex bureaucratic state structures operated effectively long before European colonization.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76e3\u67fb\u57fa\u6e96\u306e\u8a2d\u5b9a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. \u7d71\u8a9e\u5236\u7d04\uff1a\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u5206\u8a5e\uff08has thoroughly [ ] these paternalistic assumptions\uff09\u3002\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306f\u300c\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7236\u6a29\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4eee\u5b9a\u30fb\u601d\u3044\u8fbc\u307f\u300d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. \u610f\u5473\u5236\u7d04\uff1a\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u300c\u4eee\u5b9a\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u601d\u3044\u8fbc\u307f\uff08assumptions\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u6279\u5224\u30fb\u8986\u3059\u884c\u70ba\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. \u8ac7\u8a71\u5236\u7d04\uff1a\u6587\u982d\u306e “However” \u304a\u3088\u3073\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e “demonstrating that complex bureaucratic state structures operated effectively…” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u53cd\u8a3c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u690d\u6c11\u5730\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u901a\u8aac\u3092\u300c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8ad6\u7834\u3057\u305f\u3001\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u3044\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u8ee2\u8986\u306e\u6975\u6027\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. \u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\u5236\u7d04\uff1a\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u73fe\u4ee3\u306e\u6587\u66f8\u9928\u8abf\u67fb\uff08rigorous archival research\uff09\u3092\u80af\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u7236\u6a29\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4eee\u5b9a\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u76e3\u67fb\uff1a\u9078\u629e\u80a2 A: “substantiated”\uff08\u5b9f\u8a3c\u3057\u305f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u8ac7\u8a71\u5236\u7d04\u9055\u53cd\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u53cd\u8a3c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u9006\u8ee2\u3059\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2 B: “dismissed”\uff08\u9000\u3051\u305f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u610f\u5473\u7684\u306b\u8fd1\u3044\u304c\u3001\u5358\u306b\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u9000\u3051\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u5b9f\u8a3c\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u300c\u865a\u507d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2 C: “dismantled”\uff08\u89e3\u4f53\u3057\u305f\u3001\u8ad6\u7834\u3057\u305f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u7d71\u8a9e\u3001\u610f\u5473\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u3001\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306b\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2 D: “abandoned”\uff08\u653e\u68c4\u3057\u305f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u300c\u7814\u7a76\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u4eee\u5b9a\u3092\u81ea\u3089\u653e\u68c4\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u306b\u306a\u308a\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u306f “dismantled” \u306b\u4e00\u610f\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b2: “The initial economic theory posited that financial markets are inherently self-correcting. According to this model, asset bubbles cannot form because rational investors will immediately capitalize on price anomalies, thereby restoring equilibrium. The devastating crash of 2008, however, served as an undeniable empirical [ ] of this efficient-market dogma, triggering a fundamental reevaluation of systemic market failures.”\u76e3\u67fb\u57fa\u6e96\uff1a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. \u7d71\u8a9e\uff1a\u540d\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\uff08served as an undeniable empirical [ ] of this efficient-market dogma\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. \u610f\u5473\uff1a\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “of” \u3092\u4f34\u3044\u3001\u300c\u30c9\u30b0\u30de\u306e\u301c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7. \u8ac7\u8a71\uff1a\u58ca\u6ec5\u7684\u30af\u30e9\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u304c\u3001\u5e02\u5834\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u5fa9\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30c9\u30b0\u30de\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u6253\u6483\u3002\u30c9\u30b0\u30de\u3092\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u8ad6\u7834\u30fb\u53cd\u99c1\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u300d\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  8. \u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\uff1a”dogma”\uff08\u6559\u6761\u7684\u30c9\u30b0\u30de\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a9e\u5f59\u9078\u629e\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u305d\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6975\u3081\u3066\u6279\u5224\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u76e3\u67fb\uff1a\u9078\u629e\u80a2 A: “validation”\uff08\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u306e\u78ba\u8a8d\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u8ac7\u8a71\u5236\u7d04\u9055\u53cd\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2 B: “refutation”\uff08\u8ad6\u99c1\u3001\u53cd\u8a3c\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u3002\u30af\u30e9\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u304c\u30c9\u30b0\u30de\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u53cd\u8a3c\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2 C: “illustration”\uff08\u5b9f\u4f8b\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u30af\u30e9\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u306f\u30c9\u30b0\u30de\u306e\u5b9f\u4f8b\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u306e\u5b9f\u4f8b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u4e0d\u9069\u683c\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2 D: “consequence”\uff08\u7d50\u679c\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u30af\u30e9\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u306f\u30c9\u30b0\u30de\u304b\u3089\u751f\u3058\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u308a\u306f\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u53cd\u8a3c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\uff08served as an empirical [ ]\uff09\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6b63\u89e3\u306f “refutation” \u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b3: “While technological optimists celebrate the democratizing potential of social media platforms, sociological field studies indicate that online networks frequently [ ] political polarization. By confining users within algorithmically curated echo chambers, these digital spaces systematically reinforce preexisting biases and amplify partisan hostility.”\u76e3\u67fb\u57fa\u6e96\uff1a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  9. \u7d71\u8a9e\uff1a\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u73fe\u5728\u5f62\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08networks frequently [ ] political polarization\uff09\u3002\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306f\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5206\u6975\u5316\u300d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  10. \u610f\u5473\uff1a\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5206\u6975\u5316\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u597d\u307e\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3044\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u3069\u3046\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  11. \u8ac7\u8a71\uff1a”While…” \u306b\u3088\u308b\u8b72\u6b69\uff08\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u79f0\u8cdb\u3059\u308b\u304c\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306f\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u5bb3\u60aa\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u300c\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u504f\u898b\u3092\u5f37\u5316\u3057\u3001\u6575\u610f\u3092\u5897\u5e45\u3059\u308b\u300d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5206\u6975\u5316\u3092\u300c\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3001\u4fc3\u9032\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u76e3\u67fb\uff1a\u9078\u629e\u80a2 A: “alleviate”\uff08\u7de9\u548c\u3059\u308b\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u9006\u6975\u6027\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2 B: “exacerbate”\uff08\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2 C: “generate”\uff08\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3059\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u65e2\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5206\u6975\u5316\u3092\u3055\u3089\u306b\u300c\u60aa\u5316\u30fb\u6fc0\u5316\u300d\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6587\u8108\uff08reinforce, amplify\uff09\u306b\u7167\u3089\u3057\u3066 “exacerbate” \u306e\u65b9\u304c\u5727\u5012\u7684\u306b\u7cbe\u7dfb\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2 D: “mitigate”\uff08\u8efd\u6e1b\u3059\u308b\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u9006\u6975\u6027\u3002\u6b63\u89e3\u306f “exacerbate” \u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b4: “Rather than treating the indigenous ecological management strategies as quaint historical relics, contemporary conservation biologists have increasingly recognized their profound practical [ ]. Decades of fieldwork demonstrate that these traditional practices maintain biodiversity and prevent catastrophic wildfires far more effectively than modern centralized forestry regimes.”\u76e3\u67fb\u57fa\u6e96\uff1a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  12. \u7d71\u8a9e\uff1a\u540d\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\uff08their profound practical [ ]\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  13. \u610f\u5473\u30fb\u8ac7\u8a71\uff1a”Rather than treating… as quaint historical relics”\uff08\u53e4\u98a8\u306a\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u907a\u7269\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6271\u3046\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u7f6e\u304d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u3044\u4fa1\u5024\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u6587\u8108\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306f\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u5b9f\u8df5\u304c\u751f\u7269\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u5c71\u706b\u4e8b\u3092\u9632\u3050\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5727\u5012\u7684\u306a\u6709\u52b9\u6027\u3092\u5831\u544a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u76e3\u67fb\uff1a\u9078\u629e\u80a2 A: “inutility”\uff08\u7121\u7528\u6027\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u9006\u6975\u6027\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2 B: “efficacy”\uff08\u6709\u52b9\u6027\u3001\u5b9f\u52b9\u6027\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2 C: “simplicity”\uff08\u5358\u7d14\u3055\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u5b9f\u8df5\u306f\u6d17\u7df4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\uff08sophisticated\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63cf\u304b\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2 D: “obscurity”\uff08\u66d6\u6627\u3055\u3001\u7121\u540d\u6027\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u6587\u8108\u306e\u79f0\u8cdb\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6b63\u89e3\u306f “efficacy” \u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u591a\u89d2\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u76e3\u67fb\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9577\u6587\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u89e3\u6c7a\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    \u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [\u57fa\u790e M19]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2514 \u9577\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u69cb\u9020\uff08\u4e3b\u984c\u6587\u3001\u652f\u6301\u6587\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\uff09\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u3079\u304d\u5305\u6442\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u3068\u4e0b\u4f4d\u4f8b\u793a\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u5cfb\u5225\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [\u57fa\u790e M20]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2514 \u8907\u6570\u6bb5\u843d\u306b\u307e\u305f\u304c\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\uff08\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u3001\u63db\u8a00\uff09\u306e\u985e\u578b\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3057\u3001\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30ae\u30e3\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u76e4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6d3b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [\u500b\u5225 M06]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2514 \u672c\u5c64\u3067\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u9593\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8ac7\u8a71\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u8996\u5ea7\u3092\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u6574\u5e8f\u30fb\u8131\u6587\u633f\u5165\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3078\u3068\u76f4\u63a5\u62e1\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u7cbe\u9ac4\uff1a\u521d\u898b\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u98db\u8e8d\u306e\u770b\u7834\u3068\u5373\u6642\u78ba\u5b9a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    \u5165\u8a66\u306e\u672c\u756a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u4e00\u5ea6\u3082\u76ee\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306e\u306a\u3044\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u5c02\u9580\u8a9e\u5f59\u304c\u6563\u308a\u3070\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u62bd\u8c61\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6975\u9650\u306e\u6642\u9593\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3068\u3044\u3046\u91cd\u5727\u4e0b\u3067\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u5cd9\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6975\u9650\u72b6\u6cc1\u4e0b\u3067\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u6642\u9593\u3092\u304b\u3051\u3066\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u306a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u4e00\u3064\u3072\u3068\u3064\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u4f5c\u696d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304c\u767a\u4fe1\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u3092\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u6349\u3048\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u98db\u8e8d\u3092\u770b\u7834\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u300c\u5b9f\u6226\u7684\u904b\u7528\u80fd\u529b\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u672c\u5c64\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u3084\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u4fee\u98fe\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u7d61\u307f\u5408\u3046\u521d\u898b\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u96fb\u5149\u77f3\u706b\u3067\u89e3\u4f53\u3057\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u304c\u4ed5\u639b\u3051\u305f\u7cbe\u5de7\u306a\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\uff08\u90e8\u5206\u4e00\u81f4\u3001\u6975\u6027\u9006\u8ee2\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\uff09\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u898b\u7834\u308a\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u6b63\u7b54\u3092\u5c04\u629c\u304f\u5373\u5fdc\u529b\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u8003\u7a76\u5c64\u3067\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u8ac7\u8a71\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u591a\u5c64\u5206\u6790\u529b\u304a\u3088\u3073\u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u529b\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u900f\u8996\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u7f60\u306e\u985e\u578b\u5225\u770b\u7834\u3001\u6642\u9593\u5236\u7d04\u4e0b\u3067\u306e\u9ad8\u901f\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u81ea\u529b\u751f\u6210\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u4fee\u5f97\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u96e3\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3082\u5931\u70b9\u3092\u8a31\u3055\u306a\u3044\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5165\u8a66\u7a81\u7834\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306a\u5b9f\u6226\u529b\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u521d\u898b\u306e\u96e3\u554f\u3092\u524d\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3068\u304d\u3001\u5408\u5426\u3092\u5206\u3051\u308b\u306e\u306f\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u91cf\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u63fa\u308b\u304e\u306a\u3044\u4fe1\u983c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u82f1\u6587\u304c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3042\u308b\u307b\u3069\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u898f\u5247\u306b\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u305b\u3056\u308b\u3092\u5f97\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u306e\u898f\u5247\u6027\u3092\u9006\u624b\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306b\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u3092\u6975\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306f\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9f\u306a\u63a8\u6e2c\u306e\u5834\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3059\u308b\u78ba\u5b9f\u306a\u5f97\u70b9\u6e90\u3078\u3068\u5909\u8c8c\u3092\u9042\u3052\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u3010\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u8aad\u89e3\u3068\u8ad6\u8a3c\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u89e3\u8aad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u62bd\u8c61\u5ea6\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\uff08\u547d\u984c\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3001\u53cd\u8a3c\u3078\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u5c0e\u51fa\uff09\u3092\u7684\u78ba\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u3092\u6271\u3063\u305f\u521d\u898b\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u8fc5\u901f\u306b\u898b\u3064\u3051\u51fa\u3059\u57fa\u76e4\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M21]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u63a8\u8ad6\u3068\u542b\u610f\u306e\u8aad\u307f\u53d6\u308a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u660e\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3001\u8a00\u5916\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3001\u6bd4\u55a9\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u771f\u610f\u3092\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u63a8\u8ad6\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u610f\u5473\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u81ea\u529b\u3067\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3057\u3001\u9069\u5207\u306a\u82f1\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u790e\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M23]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \uff11. \u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u30fb\u96e3\u89e3\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u4ecb\u5728\u3059\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u5373\u6642\u89e3\u4f53<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5165\u8a66\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306f\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306e\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u52d5\u63fa\u3092\u8a98\u3046\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u6975\u3081\u3066\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u5b66\u8853\u8a9e\u5f59\u3084\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u30fb\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u304c\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u7d61\u307f\u5408\u3063\u305f\u96e3\u89e3\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u591a\u304f\u306e\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u3001\u898b\u6163\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u304c\u5206\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306b\u7126\u71e5\u3057\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3063\u3066\u5f53\u3066\u63a8\u91cf\u306b\u3088\u308b\u89e3\u7b54\u3078\u3068\u9003\u907f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u304c\u3069\u308c\u307b\u3069\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3082\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u898f\u5247\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u306e\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u4e0d\u5909\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u69cb\u6587\u89e3\u6790\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u4f4d\u76f8\uff08\u54c1\u8a5e\u3001\u6975\u6027\u3001\u610f\u5473\u9818\u57df\uff09\u3092\u9006\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u3084\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u4fee\u98fe\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u542b\u3080\u9577\u5927\u306a\u6587\u3092\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u69cb\u6587\u5206\u89e3\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u771f\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u30fb\u610f\u5473\u7684\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u767d\u65e5\u306e\u4e0b\u306b\u6652\u3059\u5373\u6642\u89e3\u4f53\u6280\u8853\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6050\u6016\u5fc3\u3092\u6255\u62ed\u3057\u3001\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u306e\u307f\u3092\u983c\u308a\u306b\u6b63\u7b54\u3092\u5272\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u6280\u8853\u3092\u78e8\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \uff11.\uff11. \u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u8108\u7684\u4ee3\u6570\u5316\u3068\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u9aa8\u683c\u306e\u62bd\u51fa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    \u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u51fa\u73fe\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u300c\u89e3\u8aad\u4e0d\u80fd\u306a\u969c\u5bb3\u7269\u300d\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3059\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u5909\u6570 $X$\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51b7\u9759\u306b\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u8a8d\u77e5\u59ff\u52e2\uff08\u4ee3\u6570\u5316\uff09\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u6709\u52b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001”The pathogen was completely [ ] by the host’s specialized antibodies.” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3082\u3057 “pathogen” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u77e5\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001”was [ ] by the host’s specialized antibodies”\uff08\u5bbf\u4e3b\u306e\u7279\u6b8a\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6297\u4f53\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u301c\u3055\u308c\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f\u300c\u6297\u4f53\u306e\u653b\u6483\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u308b\u6709\u5bb3\u306a\u751f\u4f53\u7570\u7269\uff08\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f\u300c\u7121\u529b\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3001\u7834\u58ca\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u3092\u54c1\u8a5e\u3068\u5927\u307e\u304b\u306a\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\uff08[+\u6709\u5bb3\u7269]\u3001[+\u884c\u70ba] \u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u5099\u3048\u305f\u5909\u6570\u3068\u3057\u3066\u62ec\u5f27\u3067\u62ec\u308a\u3001\u65e2\u77e5\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u304b\u3089\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u5305\u56f2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3053\u305d\u304c\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u8aad\u89e3\u306e\u771f\u9ac4\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u3092\u4ee3\u6570\u5316\u3057\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u63a5\u5c3e\u8f9e\u3084\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u304b\u3089\u54c1\u8a5e\uff08\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u5909\u6570\u8a18\u53f7\uff08$N_x$, $V_x$, $Adj_x$\uff09\u3092\u4ed8\u4e0e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u52d5\u8a5e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u4e3b\u5e79\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u304c\u4fee\u98fe\u8981\u7d20\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306f\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u6368\u8c61\u3057\u3066\u6587\u306e\u30b3\u30a2\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u7d14\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u65e2\u77e5\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u3084\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5909\u6570\u3068\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u9593\u3067\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u3079\u304d\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u304d\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u306e\u4ee3\u6570\u5316\u3068\u69cb\u6587\u9aa8\u683c\u62bd\u51fa\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b1: “The sudden proliferation of subterranean nematodes severely compromised the soil’s agricultural fertility, thereby rendering the land completely [ ] for grain cultivation.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    “subterranean nematodes”\uff08\u7dda\u866b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001”proliferation”\uff08\u6025\u5897\uff09\u3068 “severely compromised soil’s fertility”\uff08\u571f\u58cc\u306e\u80a5\u6c83\u5ea6\u3092\u6df1\u523b\u306b\u640d\u306a\u3063\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u65e2\u77e5\u306e\u4e3b\u5e79\u304b\u3089\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u306f\u300c\u571f\u58cc\u74b0\u5883\u306e\u7834\u58ca\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7d9a\u304f “thereby rendering the land completely [ ] for grain cultivation”\uff08\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u571f\u5730\u3092\u7a40\u7269\u683d\u57f9\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u301c\u306b\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u679c\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u300c\u4e0d\u9069\u306a\u3001\u4e0d\u6bdb\u306a\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08”unsuitable” \u3084 “barren”\uff09\u304c\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u751f\u7269\u540d\u306b\u60d1\u308f\u3055\u308c\u305a\u3001\u571f\u58cc\u7834\u58ca\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u571f\u5730\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u4ee3\u6570\u7684\u306b\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u6b63\u89e3\u306b\u5230\u9054\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b2: “To counteract the insidious hegemony of the aristocratic oligarchy, the revolutionary assembly sought to [ ] legislative authority among regional representatives.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    “insidious hegemony”\uff08\u9670\u967a\u306a\u8987\u6a29\uff09\u3084 “aristocratic oligarchy”\uff08\u8cb4\u65cf\u30aa\u30ea\u30ac\u30eb\u30d2\uff09\u304c\u96e3\u89e3\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001”counteract”\uff08\u5bfe\u6297\u3059\u308b\u3001\u963b\u6b62\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u304c\u300c\u6253\u7834\u3059\u3079\u304d\u6a29\u529b\u306e\u96c6\u4e2d\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u660e\u78ba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6a29\u529b\u306e\u96c6\u4e2d\u306b\u5bfe\u6297\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8b70\u4f1a\u304c\u5730\u65b9\u4ee3\u8868\u306e\u9593\u3067\u7acb\u6cd5\u6a29\u3092\u3069\u3046\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u6a29\u529b\u3092\u300c\u5206\u6563\u3059\u308b\u3001\u5206\u914d\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”disperse”\u3001”distribute”\u3001”decentralize”\uff09\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b3: “Although the archival manuscript suffered from severe palimpsestic degradation, the philologist utilized multispectral imaging to successfully [ ] the obscured ancient Greek philosophical treatise.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    “palimpsestic degradation”\uff08\u91cd\u5c64\u8a18\u9332\u306b\u3088\u308b\u52a3\u5316\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u96e3\u8a9e\u3092\u5909\u6570\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002”suffered from severe… degradation”\uff08\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u52a3\u5316\u306b\u82e6\u3057\u3093\u3060\u304c\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8b72\u6b69\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306f\u591a\u6ce2\u9577\u30a4\u30e1\u30fc\u30b8\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u300c\u4e0d\u9bae\u660e\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u53e4\u4ee3\u30ae\u30ea\u30b7\u30e3\u306e\u54f2\u5b66\u66f8\u3092\u9996\u5c3e\u3088\u304f\u301c\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u6210\u679c\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u52a3\u5316\u3057\u305f\u5199\u672c\u3092\u7279\u6b8a\u6280\u8853\u3067\u51e6\u7406\u3057\u3066\u54f2\u5b66\u66f8\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u884c\u3063\u305f\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u300c\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3001\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f “decipher”\u3001”reconstruct”\u3001”reveal” \u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b4: “The primeval forests of the Pacific Northwest harbor diverse epiphytic lichens that perform critical ecological functions, [ ] atmospheric nitrogen and stabilizing the forest canopy’s microclimate.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    “epiphytic lichens”\uff08\u7740\u751f\u5730\u8863\u985e\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u690d\u7269\u540d\u3092\u5909\u6570\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u304c “perform critical ecological functions”\uff08\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u751f\u614b\u5b66\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e00\u822c\u547d\u984c\u3092\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e26\u5217\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u3046\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u306f “stabilizing the microclimate”\uff08\u5fae\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u5b89\u5b9a\u5316\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a92\u7d20\uff08nitrogen\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u5730\u8863\u985e\u304c\u679c\u305f\u3059\u751f\u614b\u5b66\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u7a92\u7d20\u3092\u300c\u56fa\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3001\u6355\u6349\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u73fe\u5728\u5206\u8a5e\uff08”fixing” \u3084 “capturing”\uff09\u304c\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u3092\u4ee3\u6570\u5316\u3057\u3066\u69cb\u6587\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u5373\u6642\u78ba\u5b9a\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \uff11.\uff12. \u633f\u5165\u53e5\u30fb\u8907\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5727\u7e2e\u3068\u4e3b\u5e79\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7167\u5408<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    \u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u9577\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u9593\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u9593\u306b\u3001\u4e8c\u91cd\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u3084\u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u3067\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u9577\u5927\u306a\u633f\u5165\u53e5\uff08\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0\uff09\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3002\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306e\u72d9\u3044\u306f\u3001\u6587\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u9593\u306e\u8ddd\u96e2\uff08\u4f9d\u5b58\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u8ddd\u96e2\uff09\u3092\u6975\u9650\u307e\u3067\u5f15\u304d\u5ef6\u3070\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30ef\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u3092\u5727\u8feb\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u4fc2\u308a\u53d7\u3051\u5148\u3092\u898b\u5931\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6587\u306b\u5bfe\u5cd9\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u6587\u982d\u304b\u3089\u9806\u306b\u5e73\u9762\u7684\u306b\u8a33\u3057\u4e0b\u3052\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u306a\u62ec\u5f27\u3067\u62ec\u308a\u3001\u8996\u899a\u7684\u30fb\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u306b\u300c\u5727\u7e2e\u30fb\u6d88\u53bb\u300d\u3057\u3066\u4e3b\u5e79\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u3092\u76f4\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u5727\u7e2e\uff08syntactic compression\uff09\u3092\u65bd\u3057\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u3001\u9577\u5927\u3067\u96e3\u89e3\u306b\u898b\u3048\u305f\u6587\u306f\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u7b2c3\u6587\u578b\u3084\u7b2c2\u6587\u578b\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3078\u3068\u9084\u5143\u3055\u308c\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8a9e\u53e5\u304c\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u6d6e\u304b\u3073\u4e0a\u304c\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u633f\u5165\u53e5\u3092\u5727\u7e2e\u3057\u4e3b\u5e79\u3092\u76f4\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u3001\u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u3001\u62ec\u5f27\u3092\u30b9\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u305f\u308b\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u304b\u3089\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3001\u540c\u683c\u8868\u73fe\u3001\u88dc\u8db3\u8aac\u660e\u53e5\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u62ec\u5f27 $[ \\dots ]$ \u3067\u9694\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\uff08Head Noun\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u633f\u5165\u90e8\u3092\u98db\u3073\u8d8a\u3048\u3066\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u52d5\u8a5e\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u7167\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u7d14\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u57fa\u672c\u9aa8\u683c\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u518d\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u5e79\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u304a\u3088\u3073\u610f\u5473\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u3089\u5019\u88dc\u8a9e\u3092\u4e00\u610f\u306b\u9078\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u306e\u5727\u7e2e\u3068\u4e3b\u5e79\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7167\u5408\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b1: “The fundamental conviction [that human rights are universally inalienable], which emerged from Enlightenment political philosophy and subsequently inspired modern constitutional democracies across the globe, [ ] deeply embedded in the foundational charter of the United Nations.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f “The fundamental conviction”\uff08\u6839\u672c\u7684\u78ba\u4fe1\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u540c\u683c\u306e “that” \u7bc0\u304a\u3088\u3073\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e “which” \u304b\u3089 “across the globe” \u307e\u3067\u306e\u9577\u5927\u306a\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u3059\u3079\u3066\u62ec\u5f27\u3067\u62ec\u3063\u3066\u6368\u8c61\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u9aa8\u683c\u306f “The fundamental conviction [ ] deeply embedded in the foundational charter…” \u306b\u7d14\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u304b\u3064\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08\u904e\u53bb\u5206\u8a5e\uff09”embedded” \u3068\u7d50\u5408\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u307e\u305f\u306f\u9023\u7d50\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u5358\u6570\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”is” \u3084 “remains”\uff09\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u5224\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b2: “Archaeological excavations at the ancient settlement\u2014despite being severely impeded by seasonal monsoons, political instability in the border territory, and an acute shortage of excavation funding\u2014[ ] incontrovertible empirical evidence of an advanced metallurgical culture.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f “despite being severely impeded by…” \u306e\u9577\u5927\u306a\u8b72\u6b69\u53e5\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6d88\u53bb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6587\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u306f “Archaeological excavations [ ] incontrovertible empirical evidence…”\uff08\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u767a\u6398\u304c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u7d4c\u9a13\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0\u3092\u301c\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30b7\u30f3\u30d7\u30eb\u306a\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u7d14\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u4e3b\u8a9e “excavations”\uff08\u8907\u6570\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3057\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e “evidence” \u3092\u3068\u308b\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”uncovered”\u3001”yielded”\u3001”provided”\uff09\u304c\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b3: “The pharmaceutical corporation’s controversial decision to triple the retail price of the life-saving insulin medication, a life-saving therapy [developed decades earlier through publicly funded university research], provoked widespread public outrage and [ ] intense regulatory scrutiny from federal antitrust authorities.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f “The pharmaceutical corporation’s controversial decision…” \u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u540c\u683c\u306e\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8ff0\u8a9e\u90e8\u5206\u306f\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e “and” \u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7d50\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002”provoked widespread public outrage”\uff08\u5e83\u7bc4\u306a\u516c\u8846\u306e\u6012\u308a\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\uff09\u3068\u4e26\u5217\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001”and [ ] intense regulatory scrutiny”\uff08\u305d\u3057\u3066\u9023\u90a6\u53cd\u30c8\u30e9\u30b9\u30c8\u5f53\u5c40\u304b\u3089\u306e\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u898f\u5236\u76e3\u67fb\u3092\u301c\u3057\u305f\uff09\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u3001”provoked” \u3068\u7b49\u4fa1\u306a\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08”attracted”\u3001”triggered”\u3001”invited”\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b4: “Scholars of classical literature, recognizing that ancient texts were repeatedly modified by medieval scribes [who frequently inserted their own glosses and corrected perceived grammatical anomalies], must exercise extreme [ ] when attributing specific philosophical formulations directly to the original author.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4e3b\u8a9e “Scholars of classical literature” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u9577\u5927\u306a\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587 “recognizing that ancient texts were repeatedly modified…” \u3092\u62ec\u5f27\u3067\u62ec\u3063\u3066\u6368\u8c61\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u5e79\u306f “Scholars… must exercise extreme [ ] when attributing…”\uff08\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u301c\u3092\u539f\u8457\u8005\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u5e30\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u6975\u5ea6\u306e\u301c\u3092\u884c\u4f7f\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u53e4\u5199\u672c\u304c\u5f8c\u4e16\u306e\u66f8\u8a18\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6539\u5909\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8457\u8005\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u884c\u4f7f\u3059\u3079\u304d\u614b\u5ea6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f “caution” \u3084 “circumspection”\uff08\u614e\u91cd\u3055\uff09\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u306e\u5727\u7e2e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e3b\u5e79\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u9732\u308f\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u5373\u6642\u78ba\u5b9a\u304c\u9054\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \uff12. \u9078\u629e\u80a2\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\uff08\u90e8\u5206\u4e00\u81f4\u30fb\u6975\u6027\u9006\u8ee2\u30fb\u8ad6\u7406\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\uff09\u306e\u770b\u7834<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u4f5c\u554f\u8005\u306f\u3001\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u304c\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u300c\u4f55\u3068\u306a\u304f\u8aad\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u8a70\u3081\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u300d\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u898b\u900f\u304b\u3057\u3001\u6975\u3081\u3066\u5de7\u5999\u306a\u8aa4\u7b54\u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff08\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\uff09\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8aa4\u7b54\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u3001\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u3067\u76ee\u7acb\u3064\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u542b\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f\u308a\uff08\u90e8\u5206\u4e00\u81f4\u306e\u7f60\uff09\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u308f\u305a\u304b\u306b\u53cd\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u305f\u308a\uff08\u6975\u6027\u9006\u8ee2\u306e\u7f60\uff09\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3066\u3044\u305f\u308a\uff08\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\uff09\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u9023\u60f3\u3084\u611f\u899a\u7684\u306a\u89aa\u8fd1\u611f\u3067\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u3076\u53d7\u9a13\u8005\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u306b\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u6355\u6349\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u3067\u983b\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u8aa4\u7b54\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u985e\u578b\u5316\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u5224\u5b9a\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u898b\u7834\u308a\u3001\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306e\u4f5c\u554f\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u306b\u898b\u629c\u304d\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u5c04\u629c\u304f\u773c\u529b\u3092\u990a\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \uff12.\uff11. \u8aa4\u7b54\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u5178\u578b\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u6392\u9664\u57fa\u6e96<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    \u51fa\u984c\u8005\u304c\u4ed5\u639b\u3051\u308b\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u306f\u3001\u7121\u4f5c\u70ba\u306b\u4f5c\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8a8d\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u932f\u899a\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u305f\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u578b\uff08\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\uff09\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u578b\u306f\u3010\u90e8\u5206\u4e00\u81f4\uff08Partial Match\uff09\u3011\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u672c\u6587\u3067\u5f37\u304f\u5370\u8c61\u306b\u6b8b\u308b\u30ad\u30fc\u30ef\u30fc\u30c9\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u6563\u308a\u3070\u3081\u308b\u304c\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u672c\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3068\u5168\u304f\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u69cb\u9020\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u578b\u306f\u3010\u6975\u6027\u9006\u8ee2\uff08Polarity Inversion\uff09\u3011\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u3084\u9006\u63a5\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u3068\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u7b26\u53f7\u3092\u9006\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u305f\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u578b\u306f\u3010\u904e\u5ea6\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u5316\uff08Overgeneralization\uff09\u3011\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u672c\u6587\u304c “often” \u3084 “tend to” \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u8c61\u3092 “always”\u3001”inevitably”\u3001”exclusively” \u3068\u65ad\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u306e\u578b\u306f\u3010\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\uff08Causal\/Directional Reversal\uff09\u3011\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u9006\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u305f\u308a\u3001A\u304cB\u306b\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u305f\u5f71\u97ff\u3092B\u304cA\u306b\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u305f\u5f71\u97ff\u3078\u3068\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u578b\u3092\u4e8b\u524d\u306b\u719f\u77e5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u4e00\u77a5\u3057\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u300c\u4f5c\u554f\u8005\u304c\u3069\u306e\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u4ed5\u639b\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u300d\u304c\u624b\u306b\u3068\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5224\u660e\u3057\u3001\u8aa4\u7b54\u3092\u77ac\u6bba\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u770b\u7834\u3057\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u672c\u6587\u3068\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\uff08\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u8a9e\uff09\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8b66\u6212\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u672c\u6587\u3068\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u5185\u306e\u6975\u6027\uff08\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\u30fb\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\uff09\u3092\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u6975\u6027\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u7d76\u5bfe\u5316\u8868\u73fe\uff08all, only, completely, never\uff09\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u672c\u6587\u306e\u7559\u4fdd\u7684\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\u3068\u4e56\u96e2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u6d88\u53bb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u306b\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3084\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u304c\u672c\u6587\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u3068\u9006\u8ee2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u306e\u770b\u7834\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b1: “The sociological study revealed that access to digital communication tools in impoverished communities does not automatically bridge the socioeconomic divide; rather, it often accentuates educational disparities because affluent households possess the cultural capital to leverage these technologies far more productively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Question: According to the passage, the introduction of digital tools in disadvantaged areas [ ].”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2 A: “bridges the socioeconomic divide by democratizing information access”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    $\\rightarrow$ \u3010\u90e8\u5206\u4e00\u81f4\u30fb\u4e8b\u5b9f\u77db\u76fe\u3011\u3002\u672c\u6587\u306e “bridge the socioeconomic divide” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a9e\u53e5\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u542b\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u672c\u6587\u306f “does not automatically bridge” \u3068\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2 B: “eliminates educational disparities through technological democratization”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    $\\rightarrow$ \u3010\u6975\u6027\u9006\u8ee2\u3011\u3002\u672c\u6587\u306f\u683c\u5dee\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u30fb\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\uff08accentuates disparities\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\uff08eliminates\uff09\u306f\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2 C: “fails to eradicate inequality and may widen existing educational gaps”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    $\\rightarrow$ \u3010\u6b63\u89e3\u3011\u3002\u672c\u6587\u306e “does not automatically bridge” \u304a\u3088\u3073 “accentuates disparities” \u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u30d1\u30e9\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2 D: “guarantees that all households will utilize technology with equal productivity”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    $\\rightarrow$ \u3010\u904e\u5ea6\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u5316\u30fb\u4e8b\u5b9f\u77db\u76fe\u3011\u3002”guarantees” \u3084 “all households” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6975\u7aef\u306a\u65ad\u5b9a\u3092\u542b\u307f\u3001\u88d5\u798f\u306a\u5bb6\u5ead\u306e\u65b9\u304c\u751f\u7523\u7684\u306b\u6d3b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u672c\u6587\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b2: “While historical revisionists contend that the collapse of the Roman Empire was caused primarily by external barbarian invasions, contemporary historians emphasize that internal fiscal decay and systemic political corruption had already [ ] the empire’s administrative capacity centuries before the frontier collapsed.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u6587\u8108\u306e\u8981\u8acb\uff1a\u5916\u6575\u306e\u4fb5\u5165\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u3001\u5185\u90e8\u306e\u8ca1\u653f\u7684\u8870\u9000\u3068\u6c5a\u8077\u304c\u5e1d\u56fd\u306e\u7d71\u6cbb\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u300c\u5f31\u4f53\u5316\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3001\u8755\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2 A: “reinforced”\uff08\u5f37\u5316\u3057\u305f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u3010\u6975\u6027\u9006\u8ee2\u3011\u3002\u8870\u9000\u3068\u6c5a\u8077\u304c\u7d71\u6cbb\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u5f37\u5316\u3059\u308b\u306f\u305a\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2 B: “originated”\uff08\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3057\u305f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u3010\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3011\u3002\u5185\u90e8\u5d29\u58ca\u304c\u7d71\u6cbb\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2 C: “undermined”\uff08\u5f31\u4f53\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3001\u8755\u3093\u3060\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u3010\u6b63\u89e3\u3011\u3002\u610f\u5473\u30fb\u7d71\u8a9e\u30fb\u6587\u8108\u306e\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2 D: “externalized”\uff08\u5916\u90e8\u5316\u3057\u305f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u3010\u90e8\u5206\u4e00\u81f4\u306e\u7f60\u3011\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e “external barbarian invasions” \u306e “external” \u306b\u5f15\u304d\u305a\u3089\u308c\u305f\u7121\u610f\u5473\u306a\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b3: “The neurobiologist concluded that sleep deprivation does not merely induce subjective feelings of fatigue; more crucially, it [ ] impairs the brain’s ability to clear toxic metabolic waste products through the glymphatic system.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u6587\u8108\uff1a\u7761\u7720\u4e0d\u8db3\u306f\u5358\u306a\u308b\u75b2\u52b4\u611f\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8133\u304c\u8001\u5ec3\u7269\u3092\u9664\u53bb\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u300c\u8457\u3057\u304f\u640d\u306a\u3046\u3001\u963b\u5bb3\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2 A: “beneficially”\uff08\u6709\u76ca\u306b\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u3010\u6975\u6027\u9006\u8ee2\u3011\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2 B: “substantially”\uff08\u8457\u3057\u304f\u3001\u5927\u5e45\u306b\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u3010\u6b63\u89e3\u3011\u3002\u52d5\u8a5e impairs\uff08\u640d\u306a\u3046\uff09\u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3057\u3001\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u963b\u5bb3\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2 C: “superficially”\uff08\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u3060\u3051\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u3010\u8ad6\u7406\u77db\u76fe\u3011\u3002”more crucially”\uff08\u3088\u308a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u8abf\u6a19\u8b58\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2 D: “exclusively”\uff08\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u306b\u306e\u307f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u3010\u904e\u5ea6\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u5316\u3011\u3002”does not merely… more crucially” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d2f\u52a0\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b4: “Rather than validating the hypothesis that human emotional expressions are culturally universal, the cross-cultural psychological experiment revealed [ ] divergence in how different societies interpret facial configurations of distress.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u6587\u8108\uff1a”Rather than validating… universal”\uff08\u666e\u904d\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eee\u8aac\u3092\u5b9f\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u7f6e\u304d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7570\u306a\u308b\u6587\u5316\u9593\u3067\u306f\u8868\u60c5\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u300c\u9855\u8457\u306a\u3001\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u76f8\u9055\u30fb\u4e56\u96e2\u300d\u304c\u898b\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6587\u8108\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2 A: “negligible”\uff08\u7121\u8996\u3067\u304d\u308b\u307b\u3069\u306e\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u3010\u6975\u6027\u9006\u8ee2\u3011\u3002\u666e\u904d\u6027\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2 B: “profound”\uff08\u6df1\u9060\u306a\u3001\u91cd\u5927\u306a\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u3010\u6b63\u89e3\u3011\u3002\u666e\u904d\u6027\u306b\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u300c\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u4e56\u96e2\u300d\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2 C: “universal”\uff08\u666e\u904d\u7684\u306a\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u3010\u90e8\u5206\u4e00\u81f4\u306e\u7f60\u3011\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e universal \u3092\u62fe\u3063\u305f\u3060\u3051\u306e\u8aa4\u7b54\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2 D: “hypothetical”\uff08\u4eee\u8aac\u4e0a\u306e\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u3010\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3011\u3002\u5b9f\u9a13\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u305f\u306e\u306f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u4e56\u96e2\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4eee\u8aac\u4e0a\u306e\u4e56\u96e2\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u306e\u985e\u578b\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u6392\u9664\u304c\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \uff12.\uff12. \u9078\u629e\u80a2\u9593\u306e\u8a9e\u7fa9\u7684\u5fae\u5dee\u3068\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u7167\u5408<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    \u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u3068\u308a\u308f\u3051\u65e9\u6176\u3084\u65e7\u5e1d\u5927\uff09\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u5f0f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7c97\u3044\u6d88\u53bb\u6cd5\u3067\u306f\u7d5e\u308a\u304d\u308c\u306a\u3044\u300c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u8a9e\u7fa9\u306e\u8fd1\u3044\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\u7fa4\u300d\u304c\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e26\u3076\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u300c\u6e1b\u3089\u3059\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b diminish, curtail, alleviate, mitigate \u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u6587\u8108\u306b\u6700\u3082\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u4e00\u8a9e\u3092\u9078\u3070\u305b\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8a2d\u554f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u5c40\u9762\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u611f\u7684\u306a\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8a33\uff08\u3069\u308c\u3082\u300c\u6e1b\u3089\u3059\u300d\uff09\u306b\u983c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7121\u529b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5404\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3001\u5185\u5305\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u7684\u7279\u5fb4\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff08\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\uff09\u3092\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306b\u7167\u5408\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002”curtail” \u306f\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306a\u6a29\u5229\u3084\u4e88\u7b97\u306e\u300c\u524a\u6e1b\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001”alleviate” \u306f\u82e6\u75db\u3084\u8ca7\u56f0\u306a\u3069\u306e\u4e0d\u5feb\u306a\u72b6\u614b\u306e\u300c\u8efd\u6e1b\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001”mitigate” \u306f\u707d\u5bb3\u3084\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u306a\u3069\u306e\u60aa\u5f71\u97ff\u306e\u300c\u7de9\u548c\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3068\u5404\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u7a81\u304d\u5408\u308f\u305b\u308b\u6280\u8853\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u5cfb\u5225\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u4fc2\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5bfe\u8c61\uff08\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3001\u88ab\u4fee\u98fe\u8a9e\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u304c\u6301\u3064\u6027\u8cea\uff08\u7269\u7406\u7684\u5b9f\u4f53\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6a29\u5229\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u82e6\u75db\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u5404\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u8a9e\u304c\u6301\u3064\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u610f\u5473\u9818\u57df\uff08\u30b3\u30a2\u30fb\u30df\u30fc\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\uff09\u3068\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u901a\u5e38\u5171\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u5178\u578b\u7684\u306a\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u30af\u30e9\u30b9\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u6587\u8108\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\uff08\u4eba\u70ba\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u304b\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u63a8\u79fb\u304b\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u5fc3\u60c5\u7684\u914d\u616e\u304b\uff09\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8abf\u548c\u3059\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u7167\u5408\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b1: “The newly enacted environmental statute seeks to [ ] the catastrophic risks of industrial chemical spills by mandating double-hulled storage tanks.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306f “the catastrophic risks of industrial chemical spills”\uff08\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8cea\u6d41\u51fa\u306e\u58ca\u6ec5\u7684\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff1a[ abate, curtail, mitigate, soothe ]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u7167\u5408\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • “soothe” \u306f\u75db\u307f\u3084\u611f\u60c5\u3092\u93ae\u3081\u308b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u306b\u306f\u5171\u8d77\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • “curtail” \u306f\u652f\u51fa\u30fb\u6d3b\u52d5\u30fb\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u5207\u308a\u8a70\u3081\u308b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • “abate” \u306f\u9a12\u97f3\u3084\u5d50\u3001\u516c\u5bb3\u306e\u52e2\u3044\u304c\u5f31\u307e\u308b\uff08\u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e\uff09\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5f31\u3081\u308b\uff08\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u306e\u4e88\u9632\u7684\u7de9\u548c\u306b\u306f “mitigate” \u304c\u5727\u5012\u7684\u306a\u5b66\u8853\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • “mitigate” \u306f\u5bb3\u60aa\u30fb\u640d\u5bb3\u30fb\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\uff08harms, damages, risks\uff09\u3092\u4f4e\u6e1b\u30fb\u7de9\u548c\u3059\u308b\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u306f “mitigate” \u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b2: “The corporate restructuring plan was deliberately crafted to [ ] the legitimate anxieties of institutional shareholders regarding the imminent executive transition.”\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306f “the legitimate anxieties of institutional shareholders”\uff08\u682a\u4e3b\u306e\u6b63\u5f53\u306a\u4e0d\u5b89\u30fb\u61f8\u5ff5\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff1a[ alleviate, truncate, abbreviate, condense ]\u7167\u5408\uff1a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • “truncate” \u3084 “abbreviate”\u3001”condense” \u306f\u9577\u3055\u30fb\u6587\u7ae0\u30fb\u671f\u9593\u3092\u7269\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306b\u77ed\u7e2e\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u3067\u3042\u308b “anxieties” \u3092\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306b\u3068\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • “alleviate” \u306f\u82e6\u75db\u3001\u82e6\u96e3\u3001\u4e0d\u5b89\u3001\u61f8\u5ff5\uff08pain, suffering, anxiety, concern\uff09\u3092\u548c\u3089\u3052\u3001\u8ca0\u62c5\u3092\u8efd\u6e1b\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6b63\u89e3\u306f “alleviate” \u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b3: “In response to the unprecedented fiscal deficit, the prime minister announced emergency measures to [ ] public spending on non-essential infrastructure projects.”\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306f “public spending”\uff08\u516c\u7684\u652f\u51fa\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff1a[ diminish, curtail, weaken, dilute ]\u7167\u5408\uff1a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • “dilute” \u306f\u6db2\u4f53\u3092\u8584\u3081\u308b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4fa1\u5024\u3092\u5e0c\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • “weaken” \u306f\u529b\u3084\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u3092\u5f31\u3081\u308b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u652f\u51fa\u3068\u3044\u3046\u91d1\u92ad\u7684\u6570\u5024\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • “diminish” \u306f\u91cf\u3084\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u304c\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u6e1b\u5c11\u3059\u308b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u6e1b\u5c11\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u304c\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u30fb\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u306b\u652f\u51fa\u3092\u5207\u308a\u8a70\u3081\u308b\u6587\u8108\u3067\u306f “curtail”\uff08curtail spending \/ expenditure\uff09\u304c\u6700\u3082\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u653f\u7b56\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6b63\u89e3\u306f “curtail” \u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b4: “The international diplomatic summit succeeded in negotiating a temporary [ ] of military hostilities, allowing humanitarian convoys to enter the besieged city.”\u4fee\u98fe\u53e5 “of military hostilities”\uff08\u8ecd\u4e8b\u6575\u5bfe\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u301c\uff09\u3092\u4f34\u3044\u3001\u4eba\u9053\u652f\u63f4\u90e8\u968a\u306e\u9032\u5165\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3059\u308b\u300c\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306a\u505c\u6b62\u30fb\u4f11\u6b62\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff1a[ extinction, cessation, abolition, termination ]\u7167\u5408\uff1a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • “extinction” \u306f\u751f\u7269\u306e\u7d76\u6ec5\u3084\u5149\u306e\u6d88\u6ec5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • “abolition” \u306f\u5974\u96b7\u5236\u3084\u6b7b\u5211\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306a\u3069\u306e\u5236\u5ea6\u3092\u6b63\u5f0f\u306b\u5ec3\u6b62\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • “termination” \u306f\u5951\u7d04\u3084\u96c7\u7528\u306e\u7d42\u4e86\u306b\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b\u5f62\u5f0f\u3070\u3063\u305f\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • “cessation” \u306f\u6226\u95d8\u3084\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u300c\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6052\u4e45\u7684\u306a\u505c\u6b62\u300d\u3092\u8868\u3059\u8ecd\u4e8b\u30fb\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0a\u306e\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u8853\u8a9e\uff08cessation of hostilities\uff1a\u6575\u5bfe\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u505c\u6b62\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6b63\u89e3\u306f “cessation” \u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\u9593\u306e\u5fae\u7d30\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u306e\u7167\u5408\u306b\u3088\u308b\u89e3\u7b54\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      \uff13. \u6642\u9593\u5236\u7d04\u4e0b\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u306e\u9ad8\u901f\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      \u96e3\u95a2\u79c1\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u5f0f\u8a66\u9a13\u3084\u56fd\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u9577\u6587\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u3092\u6700\u3082\u82e6\u3057\u3081\u308b\u306e\u306f\u300c1\u554f\u3042\u305f\u308a\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3089\u308c\u308b\u6642\u9593\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u77ed\u3055\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9577\u5927\u306a\u9577\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u306b7\u301c10\u500b\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u8a66\u9a13\u6642\u9593\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u672c\u6587\u3092\u6700\u521d\u304b\u3089\u6700\u5f8c\u307e\u3067\u7cbe\u8aad\u3057\u76f4\u3059\u89e3\u6cd5\u306f\u6642\u9593\u5207\u308c\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3002\u9ad8\u3044\u6b63\u7b54\u7387\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u51e6\u7406\u901f\u5ea6\u3092\u6975\u9650\u307e\u3067\u5f15\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u8a8d\u77e5\u8cc7\u6e90\u3092\u6700\u9069\u306b\u914d\u5206\u3059\u308b\u300c\u9ad8\u901f\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u30fb\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u300d\u306e\u904b\u7528\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u5224\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u6587\u8108\u306e\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u8d70\u67fb\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u7167\u5408\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u51e6\u7406\u624b\u9806\u3092\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u30a2\u30bf\u30c3\u30af\u5f62\u5f0f\u3067\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u3001\u6700\u5c0f\u306e\u6ce8\u8996\u6642\u9593\u3067\u6700\u5927\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3092\u53e9\u304d\u51fa\u3059\u9ad8\u901f\u89e3\u7b54\u6cd5\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6642\u9593\u5727\u4e0b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u6c7a\u3057\u3066\u5d29\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3001\u5f37\u976d\u306a\u51e6\u7406\u901f\u5ea6\u3068\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \uff13.\uff11. 30\u79d2\u5224\u5b9a\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\uff08\u5c40\u6240\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u3089\u5927\u5c40\u5236\u7d04\u3078\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u8d70\u67fb\uff09<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      \u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u5cd9\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u6700\u3082\u975e\u52b9\u7387\u306a\u884c\u52d5\u306f\u300c\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u4e00\u3064\u305a\u3064\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5f53\u3066\u306f\u3081\u3066\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u982d\u304b\u3089\u548c\u8a33\u3057\u3066\u307f\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a66\u884c\u932f\u8aa4\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9ad8\u901f\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u8996\u7dda\u306e\u52d5\u304d\u3068\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\uff08\u30d1\u30a4\u30d7\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u5316\uff09\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3057\u305f\u6700\u521d\u306e5\u79d2\u3067\u3010\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u3011\u3092\u30b9\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u3057\u3001\u54c1\u8a5e\u30fb\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u30fb\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u547c\u5fdc\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6b21\u306e10\u79d2\u3067\u3010\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u3011\uff08\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3001\u6307\u793a\u8a9e\u3001\u6975\u6027\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\uff09\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u610f\u5473\u306e\u6b63\u8ca0\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7d9a\u304f10\u79d2\u3067\u3010\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u3075\u308b\u3044\u5206\u3051\u3011\u3092\u884c\u3044\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u30fb\u6975\u6027\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b3\u3064\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\u306e5\u79d2\u3067\u6b8b\u3063\u305f1\u3064\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u6587\u8108\u306b\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3082\u3057\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3060\u3051\u30672\u629e\u306b\u6b8b\u3063\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306e\u307f\u3001\u8996\u7dda\u3092\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u3078\u3068\u5e83\u3052\u3066\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u7167\u5408\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u8d70\u67fb\u306b\u3088\u308a\u30018\u5272\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306f30\u79d2\u4ee5\u5185\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u78ba\u4fe1\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u89e3\u6c7a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u9ad8\u901f\u5224\u5b9a\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. \u7b2c0\u301c5\u79d2\uff3b\u7d71\u8a9e\u30b9\u30ad\u30e3\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\uff3d\uff1a\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u4e00\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u52d5\u8a5e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u30fb\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u54c1\u8a5e\u3068\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\uff08\u81ea\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u6587\u578b\uff09\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. \u7b2c5\u301c15\u79d2\uff3b\u8ad6\u7406\u6975\u6027\u30b9\u30ad\u30e3\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\uff3d\uff1a\u6587\u982d\u30fb\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\uff08but, although, therefore \u7b49\uff09\u3084\u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u3079\u304d\u610f\u5473\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\uff08\uff0b\u304b\u30fc\u304b\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u304b\u7d50\u679c\u304b\uff09\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      3. \u7b2c15\u301c25\u79d2\uff3b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u30b9\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\uff3d\uff1a\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u7fa4\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u54c1\u8a5e\u30fb\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u30fb\u6975\u6027\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3092\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u8996\u899a\u304b\u3089\u9664\u5916\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      4. \u7b2c25\u301c30\u79d2\uff3b\u78ba\u5b9a\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5927\u5c40\u30a8\u30b9\u30ab\u30ec\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\uff3d\uff1a\u5019\u88dc\u304c1\u3064\u306b\u7d5e\u3089\u308c\u308c\u3070\u5373\u6642\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3059\u308b\u30022\u3064\u6b8b\u3063\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306e\u307f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u6587\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u4e3b\u984c\u6587\u306b\u8996\u7dda\u3092\u8d70\u3089\u305b\u3001\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u6574\u5408\u6027\u304b\u3089\u6700\u7d42\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        \u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u300130\u79d2\u5224\u5b9a\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u4f8b1: “The unprecedented legal framework proved remarkably [ ] in preventing fraudulent corporate acquisitions, as several loopholes were immediately exploited by predatory investment firms.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \uff3b\u7b2c0\u301c5\u79d2\uff3d”proved remarkably [ ] in preventing…”\u3002proved \u306f\u7b2c2\u6587\u578b\u3092\u3068\u308b\u9023\u7d50\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u88dc\u8a9e\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3002\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b “in preventing…”\uff08\u9632\u3050\u3053\u3068\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \uff3b\u7b2c5\u301c15\u79d2\uff3d\u7406\u7531\u7bc0 “as several loopholes were immediately exploited…”\uff08\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u629c\u3051\u7a74\u304c\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u60aa\u7528\u3055\u308c\u305f\u305f\u3081\uff09\u3002\u629c\u3051\u7a74\u304c\u60aa\u7528\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306f\u8cb7\u53ce\u3092\u9632\u3050\u4e0a\u3067\u300c\u5f79\u306b\u7acb\u305f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3001\u52b9\u679c\u304c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u306e\u6975\u6027\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \uff3b\u7b2c15\u301c25\u79d2\uff3d\u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff1a[ effective, rigorous, deficient, formidable ]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • effective\uff08\u52b9\u679c\u7684\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u6975\u6027\u9006\u8ee2\u306b\u3088\u308a\u9664\u5916\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • rigorous\uff08\u53b3\u683c\u306a\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u629c\u3051\u7a74\u304c\u60aa\u7528\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3057\u9664\u5916\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • formidable\uff08\u624b\u5f37\u3044\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u610f\u5473\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • deficient\uff08\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u306a\u3001\u6b20\u9665\u306e\u3042\u308b\uff09\u307e\u305f\u306f ineffective \u304c\u9069\u5408\u3002\uff3b\u7b2c25\u301c30\u79d2\uff3d”deficient in preventing…” \u307e\u305f\u306f “ineffective in preventing…” \u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u5373\u6642\u78ba\u5b9a\u3002\u6240\u8981\u6642\u959320\u79d2\u3002\u4f8b2: “Rather than fostering bilateral cooperation, the aggressive trade sanctions inadvertently [ ] diplomatic tensions between the neighboring sovereign states.”\uff3b\u7b2c0\u301c5\u79d2\uff3d\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f “the aggressive trade sanctions”\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306f “diplomatic tensions”\uff08\u5916\u4ea4\u7684\u7dca\u5f35\uff09\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u3002\uff3b\u7b2c5\u301c15\u79d2\uff3d\u69cb\u6587 “Rather than fostering cooperation”\uff08\u5354\u8abf\u3092\u80b2\u3080\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b\uff09\uff0b\u526f\u8a5e “inadvertently”\uff08\u4e0d\u6ce8\u610f\u306b\u3082\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u306b\u53cd\u3057\u3066\uff09\u3002\u5354\u8abf\u306e\u9006\u3001\u304b\u3064\u7dca\u5f35\u3068\u3044\u3046\u597d\u307e\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3044\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u50cd\u304f\u52d5\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7dca\u5f35\u3092\u300c\u9ad8\u3081\u305f\u3001\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3002\uff3b\u7b2c15\u301c25\u79d2\uff3d\u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff1a[ diffused, escalated, alleviated, overlooked ]<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • diffused\uff08\u62e1\u6563\u30fb\u7de9\u548c\u3055\u305b\u305f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u9006\u6975\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • alleviated\uff08\u8efd\u6e1b\u3057\u305f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u9006\u6975\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • overlooked\uff08\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3057\u305f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u5236\u88c1\u304c\u7dca\u5f35\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3059\u306e\u306f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u9055\u53cd\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • escalated\uff08\u9ad8\u3081\u305f\u3001\u6fc0\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3002\uff3b\u7b2c25\u301c30\u79d2\uff3d”escalated diplomatic tensions” \u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3002\u6240\u8981\u6642\u959318\u79d2\u3002\u4f8b3: “Despite the extensive circumstantial evidence presented by the prosecution, the defense attorney argued that there was [ ] forensic proof directly linking the suspect to the crime scene.”\uff3b\u7b2c0\u301c5\u79d2\uff3d”there was [ ] forensic proof directly linking…”\u3002proof \u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u306f proof \u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3002\uff3b\u7b2c5\u301c15\u79d2\uff3d\u6587\u982d\u306e\u8b72\u6b69 “Despite the extensive circumstantial evidence…”\uff08\u5e83\u7bc4\u306a\u72b6\u6cc1\u8a3c\u62e0\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\uff09\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3002\u5f01\u8b77\u5074\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u300c\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0\u306f\u301c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u3002\u72b6\u6cc1\u8a3c\u62e0\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300c\u76f4\u63a5\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u6b20\u5982\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3001\u6975\u3081\u3066\u4e4f\u3057\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u6975\u6027\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3002\uff3b\u7b2c15\u301c25\u79d2\uff3d\u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff1a[ overwhelming, insufficient, conclusive, substantial ]<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • overwhelming, conclusive, substantial \u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u300c\u5341\u5206\u306b\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80af\u5b9a\u65b9\u5411\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5f01\u8b77\u5074\u306e\u53cd\u8ad6\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3057\u3066\u4e00\u62ec\u6392\u9664\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • insufficient\uff08\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u306a\u3001\u4e4f\u3057\u3044\uff09\u304c\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u65b9\u5411\u3002\uff3b\u7b2c25\u301c30\u79d2\uff3d\u5373\u6642\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3002\u6240\u8981\u6642\u959315\u79d2\u3002\u4f8b4: “The archaeological team’s hypothesis that the ancient settlement was abandoned due to sudden climate change remains highly [ ], given that contemporaneous written records indicate uninterrupted agricultural prosperity.”\uff3b\u7b2c0\u301c5\u79d2\uff3d”remains highly [ ]”\u3002remains \u306f\u7b2c2\u6587\u578b\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u88dc\u8a9e\u306e\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3002\uff3b\u7b2c5\u301c15\u79d2\uff3d\u7406\u7531\u7bc0 “given that contemporaneous written records indicate uninterrupted agricultural prosperity”\uff08\u540c\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u8a18\u9332\u304c\u3001\u9014\u5207\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u306a\u3044\u8fb2\u696d\u7684\u7e41\u6804\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3059\u308b\u3068\uff09\u3002\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u52d5\u306b\u3088\u308b\u653e\u68c4\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eee\u8aac\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u8a18\u9332\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u771f\u3063\u5411\u304b\u3089\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u4eee\u8aac\u306f\u300c\u7591\u308f\u3057\u3044\u3001\u4fe1\u6191\u6027\u304c\u4f4e\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a55\u4fa1\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\uff3b\u7b2c15\u301c25\u79d2\uff3d\u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff1a[ plausible, questionable, verified, uncontroversial ]<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • plausible, verified, uncontroversial \u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u4eee\u8aac\u3092\u80af\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u6392\u9664\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • questionable\uff08\u7591\u308f\u3057\u3044\uff09\u304c\u6587\u8108\u7684\u6975\u6027\u306b\u552f\u4e00\u5408\u81f4\u3002\uff3b\u7b2c25\u301c30\u79d2\uff3d\u5373\u6642\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3002\u6240\u8981\u6642\u959317\u79d2\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u300130\u79d2\u5224\u5b9a\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u904b\u7528\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6975\u5c0f\u306e\u6642\u9593\u3067\u6700\u5927\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7cbe\u5ea6\u304c\u9054\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          \uff13.\uff12. \u96e3\u554f\u306e\u30c8\u30ea\u30a2\u30fc\u30b8\u57fa\u6e96\uff08\u5373\u7b54\u30fb\u4fdd\u7559\u30fb\u5f8c\u56de\u3057\u306e\u6226\u7565\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff09<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

          \u8a66\u9a13\u5168\u4f53\u3067\u306e\u5f97\u70b9\u3092\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5747\u7b49\u306b\u6642\u9593\u3092\u8cbb\u3084\u3059\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u554f\u984c\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u3092\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u8a55\u4fa1\u3057\u3001\u89e3\u304f\u3079\u304d\u9806\u756a\u3092\u30b3\u30f3\u30c8\u30ed\u30fc\u30eb\u3059\u308b\u300c\u30c8\u30ea\u30a2\u30fc\u30b8\uff08\u512a\u5148\u5ea6\u5224\u5b9a\uff09\u300d\u306e\u904b\u7528\u539f\u7406\u304c\u5fc5\u9808\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u69cb\u6587\u304b\u308915\u79d2\u3067\u5373\u7b54\u3067\u304d\u308b\u300c\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb1\u554f\u984c\u300d\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u30921\u5206\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7167\u5408\u3059\u308c\u3070\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u89e3\u3051\u308b\u300c\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb2\u554f\u984c\u300d\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6df1\u3044\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3084\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3001\u6642\u9593\u3092\u6d6a\u8cbb\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb3\u554f\u984c\uff08\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u554f\u984c\uff09\u300d\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb3\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306b\u56fa\u57f7\u3057\u30661\u554f\u306b4\u301c5\u5206\u3092\u6d6a\u8cbb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u9577\u6587\u8aad\u89e3\u3084\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306e\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593\u3092\u596a\u3044\u3001\u8a66\u9a13\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u5d29\u58ca\u3092\u62db\u304f\u6700\u5927\u306e\u8981\u56e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u89e3\u3051\u308b\u554f\u984c\u3092\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u4ed5\u7559\u3081\u3001\u9ad8\u8ca0\u8377\u306a\u554f\u984c\u3092\u6226\u7565\u7684\u306b\u5f8c\u56de\u3057\u306b\u3059\u308b\u51b7\u5fb9\u306a\u5224\u65ad\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u30c8\u30ea\u30a2\u30fc\u30b8\u3092\u904b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u5224\u5b9a\u57fa\u6e96\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u305f\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u3059\u3079\u3066\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u7bc0\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u4e8c\u91cd\u306e\u5012\u7f6e\u3084\u6975\u5ea6\u306e\u7701\u7565\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u76f4\u3061\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3092\u300c\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb3\uff08\u4fdd\u7559\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3057\u3001\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u30b9\u30ad\u30c3\u30d7\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u30672\u629e\u306b\u7d5e\u3089\u308c\u305f\u304c\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u5dee\u304c\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u306a\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u4eee\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u65bd\u3057\u3066\u300c\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb2\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3001\u9577\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u7d42\u3048\u305f\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u898b\u76f4\u3057\u6642\u9593\u3067\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3084\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\uff08however, therefore \u7b49\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u304c\u4e00\u610f\u306b\u5b9a\u307e\u308b\u300c\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb1\u300d\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3092\u6700\u512a\u5148\u3067\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3057\u3001\u6301\u3061\u6642\u9593\u3092\u7740\u5b9f\u306b\u84c4\u7a4d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u30c8\u30ea\u30a2\u30fc\u30b8\u5224\u65ad\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u4f8b1: “The treaty was intended to foster economic [ ], yet tariff disputes persisted.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u7d71\u8a9e\uff1afoster \u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3002\u8ad6\u7406\uff1ayet \u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u7d1b\u4e89\uff08disputes\uff09\u3068\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u305f\u3081\u300c\u5354\u529b\u30fb\u7d71\u5408\u300d\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b cooperation \u3084 integration \u304c\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u300c\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb1\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u300110\u79d2\u3067\u5373\u7b54\u3057\u3066\u6b21\u306e\u6587\u3078\u9032\u3080\u3079\u304d\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u4f8b2: “The novel’s protagonist experiences a profound sense of alienation, which the author attributes to the [ ] of traditional community structures under industrialization.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u7d71\u8a9e\uff1aattributes A to the [ ] of…\u3002\u5de5\u696d\u5316\u306e\u4e0b\u3067\u306e\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u306e\u300c\u5d29\u58ca\u3001\u89e3\u4f53\u300d\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b dissolution \u3084 disintegration\u3001erosion \u304c\u4e26\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u306e\u5f31\u4f53\u5316\u306f\u660e\u767d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u300130\u79d2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3067\u300c\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb1\u301c2\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u4f8b3: “The philosopher\u2019s epistemological framework hinges upon the radical distinction between the ontic reality of physical entities and the [ ] dimension of subjective human experience, a distinction that earlier phenomenologists had persistently conflated.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u6587\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u5c02\u9580\u6982\u5ff5\uff08ontic reality \u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u4ecb\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b [ noetic, hermeneutic, ontological, discursive ] \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u54f2\u5b66\u8853\u8a9e\u304c\u4e26\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3053\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306f\u300c\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb3\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u3092\u7cbe\u8aad\u3057\u3066\u3082\u54f2\u5b66\u306e\u4e88\u5099\u77e5\u8b58\u304c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u77ac\u6642\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a\u306f\u56f0\u96e3\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3053\u3053\u306b3\u5206\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8cbb\u3084\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306f\u6226\u7565\u7684\u6557\u5317\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u3002\u76f4\u3061\u306b\u6700\u3082\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u4eee\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3057\u3001\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u6b21\u306e\u8a2d\u554f\u3078\u79fb\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u904b\u7528\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u4f8b4: “Rather than being a purely deterministic mechanism, biological evolution exhibits a high degree of historical [ ], meaning that if the tape of life were rewound and replayed, the resulting flora and fauna would be entirely unrecognizable.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          “if the tape of life were rewound…”\uff08\u751f\u547d\u306e\u30c6\u30fc\u30d7\u3092\u5dfb\u304d\u623b\u3057\u3066\u518d\u751f\u3057\u305f\u3089\u3001\u5168\u304f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u751f\u7269\u304c\u751f\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u306e\u6577\u884d\u304c\u660e\u78ba\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u7684\uff08deterministic\uff09\u300d\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u6982\u5ff5\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u5076\u7136\u6027\u30fb\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u306b40\u79d2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8981\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u610f\u5473\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u306f\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u884c\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u300c\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb2\u300d\u3068\u3057\u30661\u5206\u4ee5\u5185\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u78ba\u4fe1\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\uff08contingency\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u30c8\u30ea\u30a2\u30fc\u30b8\u57fa\u6e96\u306e\u51b7\u5fb9\u306a\u9069\u7528\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8a66\u9a13\u6642\u9593\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6700\u9069\u5316\u3068\u5f97\u70b9\u306e\u6700\u5927\u5316\u304c\u5b9f\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \uff14. \u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u81ea\u529b\u751f\u6210\u3068\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u9069\u5408\u5316<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          \u56fd\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u500b\u5225\u8a66\u9a13\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8ab2\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3067\u306f\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305a\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u9069\u5207\u306a\u82f1\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u300c\u81ea\u529b\u3067\u751f\u6210\u3057\u3066\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u300d\u5f62\u5f0f\u304c\u983b\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306f\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u5f0f\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6d88\u53bb\u6cd5\u304c\u4e00\u5207\u901a\u7528\u3057\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u3001\u8aad\u89e3\u529b\u3068\u82f1\u6587\u751f\u6210\u529b\u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u304c\u6975\u9650\u307e\u3067\u8a66\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u591a\u304f\u306e\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306b\u5408\u3044\u305d\u3046\u306a\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u982d\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u601d\u3044\u6d6e\u304b\u3079\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5b89\u6613\u306b\u76f4\u8a33\u3057\u305f\u82f1\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u66f8\u304d\u8fbc\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u6587\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\uff08\u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e\u30fb\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u5225\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3068\u306e\u547c\u5fdc\u3001\u5358\u8907\u306e\u6570\u3001\u54c1\u8a5e\u306e\u6d3b\u7528\u5f62\uff09\u3068\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u30011\u70b9\u3082\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u5dfb\u304f\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306b100%\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u9069\u5207\u306a\u82f1\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u81ea\u529b\u3067\u5272\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u30b9\u30da\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3068\u6d3b\u7528\u5f62\u3067\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u751f\u6210\u624b\u9806\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u7279\u6709\u306e\u6e1b\u70b9\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u3092\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u7cbe\u7dfb\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u529b\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \uff14.\uff11. \u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u306e\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u304b\u3089\u8a9e\u5f59\u5019\u88dc\u306e\u691c\u7d22\u3068\u5f62\u614b\u7d71\u8a9e\u9069\u5408\u5316<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

          \u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3092\u653b\u7565\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u300c\u610f\u5473\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u300d\u3068\u300c\u6587\u6cd5\u5f62\u614b\u306e\u9069\u5408\u5316\u300d\u3092\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u3066\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u6587\u8108\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8ac7\u8a71\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u7cbe\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u300c\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u306e\u675f\u300d\uff08\u4f8b: [+\u52d5\u8a5e], [+\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e], [+\u4ed6\u8005\u3092\u7d0d\u5f97\u3055\u305b\u308b], [+\u8a3c\u62e0\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f] \u306a\u3069\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306b\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u3067\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u30e1\u30f3\u30bf\u30eb\u30fb\u30ec\u30ad\u30b7\u30b3\u30f3\uff08\u8a9e\u5f59\u8a18\u61b6\uff09\u304b\u3089\u305d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u8a9e\u30fb\u5b66\u8853\u8a9e\u3092\u691c\u7d22\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u74b0\u5883\uff08\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u5358\u8907\u3001\u6642\u5236\u3001\u80fd\u52d5\u614b\u304b\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u304b\uff09\u3068\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3001\u8a9e\u5f62\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5909\u5f62\u3055\u305b\u308b\uff08\u8a9e\u5c3e\u306e -s, -ed, -ing\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3002\u3053\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u9069\u5408\u5316\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u7d4c\u306a\u3044\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u66f8\u304d\u8fbc\u307f\u306f\u3001\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u6587\u6cd5\u5931\u70b9\u306b\u76f4\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u751f\u6210\u30fb\u9069\u5408\u5316\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          1. \u7d71\u8a9e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u306e\u4ed5\u69d8\u78ba\u5b9a\uff1a\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u54c1\u8a5e\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u52d5\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u6d3b\u7528\u5f62\uff08\u539f\u5f62\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u5206\u8a5e\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u5206\u8a5e\u3001\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u5358\u6570\u73fe\u5728\u5f62\uff09\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u6570\uff08\u5358\u6570\u304b\u8907\u6570\u304b\u3001\u53ef\u7b97\u304b\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u304b\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          2. \u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3068\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a\uff1a\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\uff08to, with, of, for \u7b49\uff09\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u5171\u8d77\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u52d5\u8a5e\u30fb\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          3. \u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a9e\u306e\u691c\u7d22\uff1a\u6587\u8108\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u63db\u8a00\uff09\u304b\u3089\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4e2d\u6838\u7684\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u3001\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u82f1\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u5019\u88dc\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          4. \u5f62\u614b\u7684\u8abf\u6574\u3068\u30b9\u30da\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u691c\u8a3c\uff1a\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u306e\u4ed5\u69d8\u306b\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5909\u5f62\u3055\u305b\u3001\u30b9\u30da\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u304c\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3092\u6307\u5dee\u3057\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u7b54\u6848\u6b04\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

            \u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u81ea\u529b\u751f\u6210\u3068\u5f62\u614b\u7d71\u8a9e\u9069\u5408\u5316\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u4f8b1: “The extensive empirical study demonstrated that regular physical exercise significantly reduces the [ ] of cardiovascular disease among elderly populations.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            1. \u7d71\u8a9e\u4ed5\u69d8\uff1a\u5b9a\u51a0\u8a5e the \u3068\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e of \u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u540d\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3002\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b “of cardiovascular disease”\uff08\u5fc3\u8840\u7ba1\u75be\u60a3\u306e\u301c\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            2. \u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\uff1a”significantly reduces the [ ]”\uff08\u301c\u3092\u8457\u3057\u304f\u6e1b\u5c11\u3055\u305b\u308b\uff09\u3002\u75be\u60a3\u306e\u300c\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u3001\u767a\u751f\u7387\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u300d\u3092\u6e1b\u3089\u3059\u6587\u8108\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            3. \u8a9e\u306e\u691c\u7d22\uff1arisk, incidence, likelihood, probability\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            4. \u5f62\u614b\u9069\u5408\uff1a\u51a0\u8a5e “the” \u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066 “risk” \u307e\u305f\u306f “incidence” \u304c\u6700\u3082\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u3002”the risk of disease” \u307e\u305f\u306f “the incidence of disease”\uff08\u75be\u60a3\u306e\u767a\u751f\u7387\uff09\u3002\u30b9\u30da\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001”risk” \u307e\u305f\u306f “incidence” \u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b2: “Although the two sovereign states signed a non-aggression pact, mutual suspicion persistently prevented them from [ ] into a binding military alliance.”<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            5. \u7d71\u8a9e\u4ed5\u69d8\uff1a\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “from” \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\uff08-ing \u5f62\uff09\u304c\u5fc5\u9808\u3002\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “into” \u304c\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            6. \u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3068\u610f\u5473\uff1a”prevented them from [ ] into an alliance”\u3002\u540c\u76df\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u300c\u5165\u308b\u3001\u53c2\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u3001\u7d50\u3076\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1 [ V + into + alliance ] \u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            7. \u8a9e\u306e\u691c\u7d22\uff1aenter into an alliance\uff08\u540c\u76df\u3092\u7d50\u3076\u30fb\u7de0\u7d50\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u304c\u60f3\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002”enter” \u306f\u5834\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u6642\u306f\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08enter the room\uff09\u3060\u304c\u3001\u5951\u7d04\u30fb\u95a2\u4fc2\u30fb\u4ea4\u6e09\u306b\u5165\u308b\u6642\u306f\u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “into” \u3092\u3068\u308b\uff08enter into a contract \/ alliance\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            8. \u5f62\u614b\u9069\u5408\uff1a\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e from \u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e “entering” \u306b\u5909\u5f62\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b54\u6848\u306b “entering” \u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u539f\u5f62\u306e “enter” \u3092\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306f\u6587\u6cd5\u9055\u53cd\u30670\u70b9\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u4f8b3: “Because the archaeological artifacts were preserved in a completely dry, airtight underground chamber, their original wooden structures remained virtually [ ] after more than two thousand years.”<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            9. \u7d71\u8a9e\u4ed5\u69d8\uff1a”remained virtually [ ]”\u3002remained \u306f\u7b2c2\u6587\u578b\u9023\u7d50\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001virtually \u306f\u4fee\u98fe\u526f\u8a5e\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u306f\u88dc\u8a9e\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            10. \u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\uff1a\u4e7e\u71e5\u3057\u305f\u5bc6\u9589\u7a7a\u9593\u3067\u4fdd\u5b58\u3055\u308c\u305f\u305f\u3081\u30012000\u5e74\u5f8c\u3082\u6728\u9020\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u300c\u7121\u50b7\u306e\u307e\u307e\u3001\u640d\u306a\u308f\u308c\u305a\u306b\u3001\u52a3\u5316\u305b\u305a\u306b\u300d\u6b8b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            11. \u8a9e\u306e\u691c\u7d22\uff1aintact, undamaged, preserved, unchanged\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            12. \u5f62\u614b\u9069\u5408\uff1a”remained intact”\uff08\u7121\u50b7\u306e\u307e\u307e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\uff09\u306f\u6b74\u53f2\u30fb\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6700\u983b\u51fa\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e “intact” \u3092\u9078\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b4: “The scientific committee reached a consensus that human industrial activities have [ ] contributed to the accelerated pace of global climatic change.”<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            13. \u7d71\u8a9e\u4ed5\u69d8\uff1a”have [ ] contributed to…”\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u5b8c\u4e86\u5f62 have + p.p. \u306e\u9593\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u526f\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3002\u52d5\u8a5e contributed \u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            14. \u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\uff1a\u4eba\u9593\u6d3b\u52d5\u304c\u5730\u7403\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u306e\u52a0\u901f\u306b\u300c\u5927\u304d\u304f\u3001\u8457\u3057\u304f\u3001\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u3001\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306b\u300d\u5bc4\u4e0e\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u5f37\u8abf\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            15. \u8a9e\u306e\u691c\u7d22\uff1asignificantly, substantially, greatly, largely, undeniably\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            16. \u5f62\u614b\u9069\u5408\uff1a\u526f\u8a5e\u5f62\uff08-ly\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u7d76\u5bfe\u6761\u4ef6\u3002”significant”\uff08\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff09\u3092\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5b66\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6700\u3082\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u304b\u3064\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u8a87\u308b “substantially” \u307e\u305f\u306f “significantly” \u3092\u9078\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u81ea\u529b\u751f\u6210\u3068\u7d71\u8a9e\u9069\u5408\u5316\u306e\u6280\u8853\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

              \uff14.\uff12. \u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u540c\u7fa9\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u751f\u6210<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

              \u56fd\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3079\u304d\u8a9e\u304c\u300c\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u5225\u306e\u5834\u6240\u3067\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u591a\u3044\u3002\u672c\u6587\u306e\u3042\u308b\u6bb5\u843d\u3067\u306f\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5 “rely heavily on external assistance”\uff08\u5916\u90e8\u306e\u63f4\u52a9\u306b\u904e\u5ea6\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u5185\u5bb9\u304c\u3001\u8981\u7d04\u6587\u3084\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u3067\u306f\u540d\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587 “reduce their [ ] on foreign aid” \u3068\u5909\u5f62\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u52d5\u8a5e “rely” \u3092\u540d\u8a5e “reliance” \u307e\u305f\u306f “dependence” \u3078\u3068\u54c1\u8a5e\u5909\u63db\u3057\u3066\u81ea\u529b\u751f\u6210\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u8981\u6c42\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u8a9e\u5f59\u3092\u67d4\u8edf\u306b\u5909\u5f62\u3067\u304d\u308b\u300c\u8a9e\u5f59\u904b\u7528\u529b\uff08lexical agility\uff09\u300d\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3066\u54c1\u8a5e\u5909\u63db\u30fb\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\u7f6e\u63db\u3059\u308b\u51e6\u7406\u624b\u9806\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3001\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u3067\u6e80\u70b9\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6253\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u540c\u7fa9\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u751f\u6210\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u8981\u7d04\u3057\u3001\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u3067\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u539f\u8868\u73fe\uff08Source Expression\uff09\u300d\u3092\u63a2\u7d22\u30fb\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u540c\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u539f\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\uff08\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u7bc0\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3068\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\uff08\u540d\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u306a\u3069\uff09\u306e\u9593\u306e\u300c\u54c1\u8a5e\u306e\u30ae\u30e3\u30c3\u30d7\u300d\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u539f\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u4e2d\u6838\u3068\u306a\u308b\u8a9e\u306e\u6d3e\u751f\u8a9e\uff08derivational forms: e.g., rely $\\rightarrow$ reliance, sustain $\\rightarrow$ sustainability, fragile $\\rightarrow$ fragility\uff09\u3092\u982d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u751f\u6210\u3057\u3001\u30b9\u30da\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3055\u305b\u3066\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u30d1\u30e9\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u751f\u6210\u3068\u54c1\u8a5e\u5909\u63db\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u4f8b1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u672c\u6587\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0: “The ecosystem demonstrates an extraordinary capacity to recover quickly after destructive natural disturbances such as wildfires and hurricanes.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587: “The study highlights the remarkable ecological [ ] of the forest in the aftermath of severe environmental shocks.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              1. \u539f\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u306e “capacity to recover quickly after destructive natural disturbances”\uff08\u7834\u58ca\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u64b9\u4e71\u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u6025\u901f\u306b\u56de\u5fa9\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              2. \u54c1\u8a5e\u30ae\u30e3\u30c3\u30d7\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u306f\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5 “recover quickly”\uff08\u6025\u901f\u306b\u56de\u5fa9\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u306f “remarkable ecological [ ]” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u4fee\u98fe\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              3. \u6d3e\u751f\u30fb\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\u751f\u6210\uff1arecover \u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u5f62 recovery\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300c\u56de\u5fa9\u529b\u30fb\u5fa9\u5143\u529b\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u8853\u540d\u8a5e resilience\u3002\u672c\u6587\u306e “capacity to recover” \u3092\u4e00\u8a9e\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u3067\u5305\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u8853\u7528\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066 “resilience” \u304c\u6700\u3082\u9069\u683c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              4. \u8a18\u8ff0\uff1a”resilience” \u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b2:\u672c\u6587\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0: “The authoritarian government strictly controls and censors all independent media outlets to prevent public criticism.”\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587: “The regime imposes severe [ ] on independent journalists to suppress political dissent.”<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              5. \u539f\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u306e “strictly controls and censors all independent media outlets”\uff08\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u72ec\u7acb\u7cfb\u30e1\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u3092\u53b3\u683c\u306b\u7d71\u5236\u3057\u691c\u95b2\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              6. \u54c1\u8a5e\u30ae\u30e3\u30c3\u30d7\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u306f\u52d5\u8a5e controls and censors \u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306f “imposes severe [ ] on…”\uff08\u301c\u306b\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u301c\u3092\u8ab2\u3059\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e imposes \u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\uff08\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\uff09\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              7. \u6d3e\u751f\u30fb\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\u751f\u6210\uff1acontrol \u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u5f62 controls \/ restrictions\u3001censor \u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u5f62 censorship\u3002imposes severe [ ] on… \u3068\u3044\u3046\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u8907\u6570\u5f62 “restrictions” \u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e “censorship” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              8. \u8a18\u8ff0\uff1a”restrictions” \u307e\u305f\u306f “censorship” \u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b3:\u672c\u6587\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0: “The ancient philosopher firmly believed that human beings are naturally inclined to seek social cooperation.”\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587: “According to the treatise, humans have an [ ] propensity for cooperative social behavior.”<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              9. \u539f\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u306e “naturally inclined to seek…”\uff08\u751f\u6765\u301c\u3059\u308b\u50be\u5411\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              10. \u54c1\u8a5e\u30ae\u30e3\u30c3\u30d7\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u306f\u526f\u8a5e naturally \uff0b \u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e inclined \u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u4e0d\u5b9a\u51a0\u8a5e “an” \u3068\u540d\u8a5e “propensity”\uff08\u50be\u5411\uff09\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u3001\u6bcd\u97f3\u3067\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              11. \u6d3e\u751f\u30fb\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\u751f\u6210\uff1anaturally\uff08\u751f\u307e\u308c\u3064\u304d\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u306b\uff09\u3068\u540c\u7fa9\u3067\u3001\u6bcd\u97f3\u3067\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u306f “innate”\uff08\u751f\u5f97\u7684\u306a\uff09\u3084 “inherent”\uff08\u5185\u5728\u7684\u306a\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              12. \u8a18\u8ff0\uff1a”innate” \u307e\u305f\u306f “inherent” \u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b4:\u672c\u6587\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0: “The legal system failed completely to protect the civil liberties of ethnic minorities during the wartime emergency.”\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587: “The historical analysis documents the total [ ] of the judiciary to safeguard minority rights during the conflict.”<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              13. \u539f\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u306e “failed completely to protect…”\uff08\u4fdd\u8b77\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5931\u6557\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              14. \u54c1\u8a5e\u30ae\u30e3\u30c3\u30d7\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u306f\u52d5\u8a5e failed \u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u306f “the total [ ] of the judiciary to…” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e total \u306b\u4fee\u98fe\u3055\u308c\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              15. \u6d3e\u751f\u30fb\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\u751f\u6210\uff1afail \u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u5f62\u306f “failure”\uff08\u5931\u6557\u3001\u4e0d\u5c65\u884c\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002”failure to safeguard” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u9069\u5408\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              16. \u8a18\u8ff0\uff1a”failure” \u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u672c\u6587\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u8a18\u8ff0\u304b\u3089\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u8981\u6c42\u306b\u5408\u308f\u305b\u305f\u30d1\u30e9\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u81ea\u529b\u751f\u6210\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                \u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                [\u57fa\u790e M21]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u2514 \u672a\u77e5\u306e\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u3092\u6271\u3063\u305f\u521d\u898b\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u7279\u6709\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u8fc5\u901f\u306b\u89e3\u4f53\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u4ee3\u6570\u5316\u3092\u652f\u3048\u308b\u57fa\u790e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6d3b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                [\u57fa\u790e M23]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u2514 \u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u5916\u306e\u542b\u610f\u3084\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u9069\u5207\u306a\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u540c\u7fa9\u8868\u73fe\u3078\u3068\u30d1\u30e9\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u81ea\u529b\u751f\u6210\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                [\u500b\u5225 M05]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u2514 \u672c\u5c64\u3067\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\uff08\u90e8\u5206\u4e00\u81f4\u3001\u6975\u6027\u9006\u8ee2\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\uff09\u306e\u770b\u7834\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u3001\u9078\u629e\u5f0f\u8a2d\u554f\u5168\u822c\u306e\u8aa4\u7b54\u6392\u9664\u4f53\u7cfb\u3078\u3068\u76f4\u63a5\u7d71\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u3053\u306e\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u307e\u3068\u3081<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                \u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u5165\u8a66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u9805\u76ee\u306e\u8a18\u61b6\u3084\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u518d\u8a8d\u3092\u554f\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u304c\u7e54\u308a\u306a\u3059\u7d71\u8a9e\u8ad6\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u3001\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u304c\u4ea4\u5dee\u3059\u308b\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u7d50\u7bc0\u70b9\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u7b97\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u7dcf\u5408\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u306f\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u3092\u611f\u899a\u7684\u306a\u5f53\u3066\u63a8\u91cf\u306e\u8ff7\u5bae\u304b\u3089\u89e3\u653e\u3057\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u306e\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3092\u89e3\u304f\u304c\u3054\u3068\u304d\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u3068\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u6b63\u7b54\u3092\u5c04\u629c\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306e\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u601d\u8003\u306e\u30ec\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u8996\u5ea7\u5c64<\/strong>\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3092\u300c\u610f\u5473\u306e\u8fbb\u8904\u5408\u308f\u305b\u300d\u3068\u6349\u3048\u308b\u7d20\u6734\u306a\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u6392\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u7bc0\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u3068\u9aa8\u683c\u78ba\u5b9a\u3092\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u5206\u6790\u8996\u5ea7\u3068\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u63a2\u7d22\u304b\u3089\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u4fee\u98fe\u74b0\u5883\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u5206\u96e2\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3068\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u547c\u5fdc\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u53ef\u7b97\u30fb\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u6027\u3068\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u4f53\u7cfb\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304c\u3064\u306a\u3050\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u7bc0\u9593\u306e\u547d\u984c\u53cd\u8ee2\u30fb\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e\u306e\u639b\u3051\u7b97\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6587\u8108\u7684\u6975\u6027\u306e\u9006\u7b97\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7167\u5fdc\u8a5e\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u7167\u5408\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u307e\u3067\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u6587\u8108\u304c\u767a\u4fe1\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u30fb\u610f\u5473\u7684\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u3092\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u76e4\u3092\u76e4\u77f3\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u3053\u306e\u8996\u5ea7\u306e\u4e0a\u306b\u69cb\u7bc9\u3055\u308c\u305f\u539f\u7406\u5c64<\/strong>\u3067\u306f\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u7fa4\u3092\u611f\u899a\u3067\u9078\u3076\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u9023\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30e1\u30fc\u30bf\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u591a\u6b21\u5143\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\uff08\u7d71\u8a9e\u30fb\u610f\u5473\u30fb\u8a9e\u7528\u30fb\u8a9e\u5f59\uff09\u306b\u901a\u3057\u3066\u975e\u9069\u5408\u306a\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u3075\u308b\u3044\u843d\u3068\u3059\u300c\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u300d\u3092\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u7d20\u5206\u89e3\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u6392\u9664\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u8ad6\u7684\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306e\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u7684\u9069\u5408\u6027\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u306f\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u5171\u8d77\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\uff09\u3068\u6bb5\u843d\u3092\u8cab\u304f\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u9023\u9396\uff08Lexical Chain\uff09\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u306a\u305c\u305d\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u601d\u8003\u539f\u7406\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u8003\u7a76\u5c64<\/strong>\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5206\u6790\u306e\u5c04\u7a0b\u3092\u4e00\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u304b\u3089\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u8cab\u304f\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u8ac7\u8a71\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u3068\u62e1\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6bb5\u843d\u5192\u982d\u6587\uff08Topic Sentence\uff09\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u5f8c\u7d9a\u652f\u6301\u6587\u3078\u306e\u4e3b\u984c\u898f\u5b9a\u529b\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u672b\u5c3e\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u53ce\u675f\u3068\u6b21\u6bb5\u843d\u3078\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30d6\u30ea\u30c3\u30b8\u3001\u8907\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30fb\u8b72\u6b69\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e3b\u5f35\u5c64\u3068\u8b72\u6b69\u5c64\u306e\u5883\u754c\u8a8d\u8b58\u3092\u6271\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u901a\u8aac\u5426\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u65b0\u4e8b\u5b9f\u63d0\u793a\u3078\u306e\u4e8c\u91cd\u69cb\u9020\u3001\u4e0a\u4f4d\u6982\u5ff5\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u306e\u5305\u62ec\u3068\u8981\u7d04\u3001\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\u306e\u30df\u30c3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0\u30fb\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\u7279\u5b9a\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u610f\u56f3\u305b\u306c\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u9023\u9396\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u307e\u3067\u3001\u9577\u6587\u7279\u6709\u306e\u30c0\u30a4\u30ca\u30df\u30c3\u30af\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u304b\u3089\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306b\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5305\u56f2\u3059\u308b\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u691c\u8a3c\u529b\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u305d\u3057\u3066\u6700\u7d42\u968e\u5c64\u3067\u3042\u308b\u7cbe\u9ac4\u5c64<\/strong>\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6975\u9650\u306e\u6642\u9593\u5236\u7d04\u3068\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u30fb\u96e3\u89e3\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u4ecb\u5728\u3059\u308b\u521d\u898b\u306e\u5b9f\u6226\u74b0\u5883\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u57f9\u308f\u308c\u305f\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3092\u96fb\u5149\u77f3\u706b\u3067\u767a\u52d5\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5373\u5fdc\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u7d50\u5b9f\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3002\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u3092\u5909\u6570\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u7684\u4ee3\u6570\u5316\u3001\u9577\u5927\u306a\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u306e\u5727\u7e2e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4e3b\u5e79\u306e\u76f4\u7d50\u7167\u5408\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u304c\u4ed5\u639b\u3051\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\uff08\u90e8\u5206\u4e00\u81f4\u3001\u6975\u6027\u9006\u8ee2\u3001\u904e\u5ea6\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u5316\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\uff09\u306e\u985e\u578b\u5225\u770b\u7834\u300130\u79d2\u5224\u5b9a\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u6226\u7565\u7684\u30c8\u30ea\u30a2\u30fc\u30b8\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6642\u9593\u914d\u5206\u306e\u6700\u9069\u5316\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u306f\u56fd\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u672c\u6587\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u304b\u3089\u9069\u5207\u306a\u82f1\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u54c1\u8a5e\u5909\u63db\u3057\u3066\u81ea\u529b\u751f\u6210\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u614b\u7d71\u8a9e\u9069\u5408\u5316\u306e\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306e\u6f14\u7fd2\u3092\u91cd\u306d\u308b\u969b\u3001\u5e38\u306b\u81ea\u3089\u306b\u554f\u3044\u76f4\u3059\u3079\u304d\u306f\u300c\u81ea\u5206\u306f\u4eca\u3001\u3069\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u6b21\u5143\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u305d\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u3093\u3060\u306e\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u306e\u6240\u5728\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7d71\u8a9e\u306e\u8981\u8acb\u304b\u3001\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u9078\u629e\u5236\u9650\u304b\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30b9\u304b\u3002\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u96e3\u554f\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u304c\u91cd\u306a\u308a\u5408\u3046\u4ea4\u70b9\u306b\u5fc5\u305a\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u89e3\u3092\u7528\u610f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u4f53\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u306e\u601d\u8003\u4f53\u7cfb\u3092\u6b66\u5668\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u521d\u898b\u306e\u9577\u6587\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u4f53\u3068\u3057\u3066\u900f\u8996\u3057\u3001\u78ba\u4fe1\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u5c04\u629c\u304f\u529b\u3092\u5165\u8a66\u672c\u756a\u3067\u907a\u61be\u306a\u304f\u767a\u63ee\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u5b9f\u8df5\u77e5\u306e\u691c\u8a3c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                \u51fa\u984c\u5206\u6790<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                \u51fa\u984c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3068\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                \u51fa\u984c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u56fd\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u8a18\u8ff0\u578b\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9577\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u8a9e\u53e5\u88dc\u5145\uff08\u6587\u8108\u9069\u5408\u8a9e\u306e\u81ea\u529b\u751f\u6210\u3001\u672c\u6587\u8a72\u5f53\u8a9e\u306e\u54c1\u8a5e\u5909\u63db\u88dc\u5b8c\uff09\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u96e3\u95a2\u79c1\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u5ba2\u89b3\u578b\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9577\u6587\u7dcf\u5408\u554f\u984c\u5185\u306e\u9078\u629e\u5f0f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\uff08\u5358\u8a9e\u30fb\u719f\u8a9e\u30fb\u7bc0\u30fb\u6587\u306e\u9078\u629e\u3001\u5168\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u4f7f\u7528\u578b\u88dc\u5145\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\uff1a\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2606\u2606\u6a19\u6e96 \u301c \u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u96e3\u95a2\u4e0a\u4f4d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u5206\u91cf\uff1a\u5927\u554f4\u554f\uff08\u9577\u6587\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u51454\u554f\u3001\u5404\u554f\u5c0f\u554f\u307e\u305f\u306f\u591a\u91cd\u7a7a\u6240\u9023\u52d5\u3092\u542b\u3080\u69cb\u6210\uff09\u3001\u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593\u8a0840\u5206<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u8a9e\u5f59\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff1a\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u30fb\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8ad6\u8aac\u3092\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3068\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\uff08CEFR B2\u301cC1\u6c34\u6e96\uff09\u3002\u591a\u7fa9\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u8108\u4f9d\u5b58\u7684\u8a9e\u7fa9\u3084\u62bd\u8c61\u5ea6\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u6982\u5ff5\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u69cb\u6587\u8907\u96d1\u5ea6\uff1a\u591a\u91cd\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u91cd\u5c64\u3001\u540c\u683c\u306ethat\u7bc0\u3001\u5012\u7f6e\u69cb\u6587\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u9577\u5927\u306a\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u3092\u542b\u307f\u3001\u4e3b\u8981\u7d20\u9593\u306e\u4fc2\u308a\u53d7\u3051\u8ddd\u96e2\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9577\u3044\u8907\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\uff1a\u901a\u8aac\u306e\u6279\u5224\u7684\u691c\u8a0e\u304b\u3089\u65b0\u77e5\u898b\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3001\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u305b\u306c\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u3068\u518d\u53cd\u99c1\u304c\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u8ad6\u8a3c\u69cb\u9020\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u983b\u51fa\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                \u6587\u8108\u7684\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u30fb\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u578b\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u5148\u884c\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u6bb5\u843d\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u5b9f\u9a13\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u73fe\u8c61\u3092\u3001\u4e00\u6bb5\u9ad8\u3044\u62bd\u8c61\u5ea6\u3067\u5305\u62ec\u30fb\u547d\u540d\u3059\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u307e\u305f\u306f\u81ea\u529b\u751f\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u65e9\u6176\u3084\u65e7\u5e1d\u5927\u3067\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u983b\u5ea6\u306b\u51fa\u73fe\u3057\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u8a9e\u53e5\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u305a\u3089\u308c\u305f\u90e8\u5206\u4e00\u81f4\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u304c\u5de7\u5999\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u56e0\u679c\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u9023\u9396\u306e\u7d50\u7bc0\u70b9\u88dc\u5145<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u653f\u7b56\u306e\u5c0e\u5165\u3084\u6280\u8853\u306e\u666e\u53ca\u304c\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u53cd\u4f5c\u7528\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f53\u521d\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3068\u306f\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u5c55\u958b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u30df\u30c3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0\u30fb\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\u3068\u306a\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u3084\u526f\u8a5e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u6587\u982d\u306e\u9006\u63a5\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u6a19\u8b58\uff08paradoxically, ironically \u7b49\uff09\u3068\u6587\u8108\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ca0\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6f14\u7b97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u304c\u8a66\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u8907\u5c64\u7684\u8b72\u6b69\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e3b\u5f35\u5c64\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u78ba\u5b9a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                “It is true that…” \u3084 “Admittedly” \u306a\u3069\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u6a19\u8b58\u306b\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u76f8\u624b\u9663\u55b6\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3068\u3001”However” \u3084 “Nonetheless” \u4ee5\u964d\u3067\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7b46\u8005\u9663\u55b6\u306e\u4e3b\u8ad6\u304c\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u4e3b\u8ad6\u5074\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u8ff0\u8a9e\u3092\u88dc\u5145\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u6975\u6027\u306b\u60d1\u308f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u9078\u3076\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u3092\u5cfb\u5225\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u5dee\u304c\u3064\u304f\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                \u5c40\u6240\u7684\u9023\u8a9e\u306e\u7f60\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u8ac7\u8a71\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u904b\u7528<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u307f\u3092\u898b\u3066\u3001\u8a18\u61b6\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5b9a\u578b\u719f\u8a9e\u3092\u53cd\u5c04\u7684\u306b\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3068\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306b\u306f\u9069\u5408\u3057\u3066\u3082\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u306b\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u304c\u6700\u5927\u306e\u5206\u6c34\u5dba\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u9577\u5927\u6587\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u4ee3\u6570\u5316\u3068\u9aa8\u683c\u900f\u8996<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e\u3084\u898b\u6163\u308c\u306a\u3044\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u4ecb\u5728\u3059\u308b\u74b0\u5883\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30d1\u30cb\u30c3\u30af\u306b\u9665\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u3092\u5909\u6570\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51e6\u7406\u3057\u3001\u4fee\u98fe\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u62ec\u5f27\u3067\u62ec\u3063\u3066\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u76f4\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u51e6\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u6709\u7121\u304c\u3001\u89e3\u7b54\u901f\u5ea6\u3068\u6b63\u7b54\u7387\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u5dee\u3092\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u5f62\u614b\u7d71\u8a9e\u9069\u5408\u5316\u306e\u5fb9\u5e95<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u56fd\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u601d\u3044\u3064\u304d\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3082\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u5f62\uff08-ing\uff09\u3078\u306e\u5909\u5f62\u3084\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u5358\u8907\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u6d3b\u7528\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u53ef\u7b97\u30fb\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u8a9e\u5c3e\uff08-s\uff09\u306e\u4ed8\u52a0\u3092\u6020\u3063\u3066\u5931\u70b9\u3059\u308b\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u304c\u591a\u3044\u4e2d\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u4ed5\u69d8\u306b100%\u9069\u5408\u3055\u305b\u308b\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u5f62\u5f0f\u76e3\u67fb\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u5408\u5426\u3092\u5206\u3051\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u6f14\u7fd2\u554f\u984c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                \u554f\u984c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                \u8a66\u9a13\u6642\u9593\uff1a40\u5206 \/ \u6e80\u70b9\uff1a100\u70b9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u7b2c\uff11\u554f\uff0825\u70b9\uff09<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                \u6b21\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\uff08 1 \uff09\u301c\uff08 3 \uff09\u306b\u5165\u308b\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u8a9e\u53e5\u3092\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u4e0b\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff08A\uff09\u301c\uff08D\uff09\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u3064\u305a\u3064\u9078\u3073\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Throughout the late nineteenth century, conventional economic doctrine posited that competitive markets inherently possess an automatic self-equilibrating mechanism. According to this classical view, any temporary disruption in supply or demand would be rapidly corrected by flexible price adjustments, ensuring that systemic unemployment remained an impossibility. The catastrophic economic collapse of the 1930s, however, served as a devastating empirical\uff08 1 \uff09of this self-correcting dogma. Confronted with prolonged mass joblessness and idle industrial capacity that defied classical equilibrium models, John Maynard Keynes proposed a radically divergent theoretical framework. He demonstrated that aggregate demand, rather than productive capacity, dictates the overall level of economic activity. In an unregulated market economy, Keynes argued, collective decisions to save rather than consume do not automatically channel funds into capital investment; instead, they can precipitate a chronic shortfall in total spending. Consequently, modern macroeconomic policy came to recognize that governmental fiscal intervention is an absolute\uff08 2 \uff09to stabilize volatile market cycles and prevent protracted depressions. Rather than trusting market forces to achieve full employment spontaneously, state authorities must actively stimulate demand through counter-cyclical public expenditure. Paradoxically, the historical attempt by conservative pre-Keynesian administrations to eliminate budget deficits during downturns by severely slashing public spending had only served to\uff08 3 \uff09the economic catastrophe, proving that austerity under conditions of macroeconomic collapse is profoundly self-defeating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \uff08 1 \uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (A) validation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (B) refutation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (C) manifestation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (D) continuation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \uff08 2 \uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (A) luxury<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (B) detriment<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (C) necessity<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (D) hindrance<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \uff08 3 \uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (A) alleviate<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (B) exacerbate<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (C) mitigate<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (D) eradicate<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u7b2c\uff12\u554f\uff0825\u70b9\uff09<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                \u6b21\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\uff08 1 \uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\uff08 2 \uff09\u306b\u5165\u308b\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u8a9e\u3092\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6587\u6cd5\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u81ea\u529b\u3067\u8003\u3048\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u6307\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6587\u5b57\u6570\uff08\u30cf\u30a4\u30d5\u30f3\u3092\u542b\u307e\u306a\u3044\u82f1\u5358\u8a9e1\u8a9e\uff09\u3067\u8a18\u8ff0\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                The popular cultural narrative surrounding environmental sustainability often focuses on individual moral responsibility, urging citizens to reduce household energy consumption, recycle consumer plastics, and purchase locally sourced organic food. While these personal actions are undeniably commendable, environmental sociologists argue that framing the ecological crisis exclusively in terms of private lifestyle choices obscures the underlying structural drivers of degradation. Specifically, global carbon emissions and resource depletion are predominantly propelled by capital-intensive industrial manufacturing, subsidized fossil fuel extraction, and institutional supply chains that operate largely outside consumer control. By delegating the monumental burden of climate mitigation to private citizens, governmental authorities and corporate conglomerates effectively avoid implementing the rigorous statutory restrictions that are indispensable to halting global warming. Therefore, sociologists emphasize that genuine ecological reform cannot be achieved through voluntary consumer restraint alone; rather, it fundamentally requires collective political action aimed at transforming the regulatory\uff08 1: 9\u6587\u5b57\u3067\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u82f1\u5358\u8a9e1\u8a9e \uff09that governs industrial production. Without legally binding mandates that penalize corporate polluters and mandate a rapid transition to renewable energy grids, localized conservation efforts will remain virtually\uff08 2: 11\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u82f1\u5358\u8a9e1\u8a9e \uff09in preventing catastrophic planetary heating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u7b2c\uff13\u554f\uff0825\u70b9\uff09<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                \u6b21\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\uff08 A \uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\uff08 B \uff09\u306b\u5165\u308b\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u8a9e\u306e\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3092\u3001\u4e0b\u306e\uff081\uff09\u301c\uff084\uff09\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u3064\u9078\u3073\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Cognitive psychologists have long investigated the phenomenon known as confirmation bias\u2014the pervasive human tendency to seek, interpret, and recall information in a manner that verifies preexisting convictions. In contemporary digital environments, this psychological predisposition is profoundly amplified by social media algorithms engineered to maximize user engagement. These automated systems curate personalized information feeds that relentlessly deliver content conforming to an individual’s ideological preferences while systematically filtering out challenging perspectives. Consequently, users are enclosed within intellectual echo chambers that reinforce dogmatic insularity. When confronted with irrefutable factual evidence that contradicts their entrenched worldview, individuals in these environments rarely revise their beliefs; instead, they often experience a cognitive backfire effect, becoming even more\uff08 A \uff09in their initial convictions. This algorithmic polarization presents a formidable challenge to democratic societies, as public discourse ceases to be a deliberative exchange of competing arguments and degenerates into hostile tribalism. Rather than fostering mutual understanding, the widespread proliferation of personalized information networks has inadvertently\uff08 B \uff09the socio-political fragmentation of the modern body politic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (1) A: flexible \/ B: bridged<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (2) A: entrenched \/ B: deepened<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (3) A: hesitant \/ B: reconciled<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (4) A: objective \/ B: dismantled<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u7b2c\uff14\u554f\uff0825\u70b9\uff09<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                \u6b21\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\uff3b X \uff3d\u306b\u5165\u308b\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u6587\u3092\u3001\u4e0b\u306e\uff08A\uff09\u301c\uff08D\uff09\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u3064\u9078\u3073\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                In the field of evolutionary linguistics, scholars historically debated whether the human capacity for complex symbolic language emerged through a sudden, singular genetic macromutation or via a slow, cumulative process of natural selection acting on ancestral communication systems. Proponents of the macromutation hypothesis contended that a single biological saltation abruptly rewired the hominid brain, spontaneously creating the computational architecture necessary for recursive grammar. In recent years, however, comparative primatology and neurogenetics have thoroughly undermined this catastrophic leap model. Detailed anatomical studies reveal that the vocal apparatus and neural networks governing speech perception evolved through gradual modifications spanning millions of years, with intermediate hominids possessing progressively sophisticated communicative repertoires.\uff3b X \uff3d. Language was not a miraculous biological endowment bestowed overnight, but rather a mosaic adaptation forged through the continuous interplay of genetic evolution and cultural transmission across countless generations of ancestral hominids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (A) This empirical evidence suggests that human language represents a radically unique cognitive capacity that shares absolutely no evolutionary continuity with animal communication systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (B) Consequently, contemporary researchers increasingly view language as an evolutionary mosaic resulting from incremental biological enhancements coupled with complex social learning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (C) In contrast, early structural linguists maintained that formal grammar operates entirely independent of the physical brain and cultural interaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                (D) Nevertheless, the sudden appearance of sophisticated cave art during the Upper Paleolithic proves that symbolic language must have originated abruptly without prior evolutionary precursors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                \u7b2c\uff11\u554f \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                \u3010\u6226\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u51fa\u984c\u610f\u56f3\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u901a\u8aac\u5426\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u65b0\u4e8b\u5b9f\u63d0\u793a\u3078\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\uff08\u7b2c1\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30b1\u30a4\u30f3\u30ba\u9769\u547d\u306e\u6587\u8108\uff09\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u305b\u306c\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u9078\u629e\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5224\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\uff1a\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2606\uff08\u767a\u5c55\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593\uff1a8\u5206\uff08\u5185\u8a33\uff1a\u6587\u8108\u69cb\u9020\u628a\u63e13\u5206\u3001\u7a7a\u62401\u301c3\u306e\u7167\u5408\u54041.5\u5206\u3001\u6700\u7d42\u78ba\u8a8d0.5\u5206\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u3010\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                1930\u5e74\u4ee3\u306e\u5927\u6050\u614c\u3092\u5951\u6a5f\u3068\u3059\u308b\u53e4\u5178\u6d3e\u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u306e\u30c9\u30b0\u30de\u5d29\u58ca\u3068\u30b1\u30a4\u30f3\u30ba\u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u306e\u767b\u5834\u3092\u6271\u3063\u305f\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff11\uff1a\u521d\u52d5\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u7a7a\u6240\uff081\uff09\u306f “served as a devastating empirical [ ] of this self-correcting dogma” \u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u524d\u6587\u304c\u53e4\u5178\u6d3e\u306e\u300c\u5e02\u5834\u306f\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u5fa9\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30c9\u30b0\u30de\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3001\u672c\u6587\u304c “however” \u3067\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u30011930\u5e74\u4ee3\u306e\u58ca\u6ec5\u7684\u5d29\u58ca\u304c\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5d29\u58ca\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304c\u30c9\u30b0\u30de\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u5f71\u97ff\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u300c\u53cd\u8a3c\u30fb\u8ad6\u99c1\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u7d20\u6027\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u7a7a\u6240\uff082\uff09\u306f “governmental fiscal intervention is an absolute [ ] to stabilize…” \u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30b1\u30a4\u30f3\u30ba\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u8ca1\u653f\u51fa\u52d5\u306f\u4e0d\u5b89\u5b9a\u306a\u5e02\u5834\u3092\u5b89\u5b9a\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u300c\u7d76\u5bfe\u306b\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u3082\u306e\u30fb\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306e\u8981\u4ef6\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8a00\u660e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u7a7a\u6240\uff083\uff09\u306f “Paradoxically, the historical attempt… had only served to [ ] the economic catastrophe” \u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u9006\u8aac\u6a19\u8b58 “Paradoxically”\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u652f\u51fa\u524a\u6e1b\u304c\u4e0d\u6cc1\u671f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u81ea\u6ec5\u7684\uff08self-defeating\uff09\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8ca1\u653f\u7dca\u7e2e\u304c\u30ab\u30bf\u30b9\u30c8\u30ed\u30d5\u3092\u300c\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff12\uff1a\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u5224\u65ad\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n
                • \u7a7a\u6240\uff081\uff09\uff1avalidation\uff08\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u78ba\u8a8d\uff09\u306f\u9006\u6975\u6027\u3001manifestation\uff08\u73fe\u308c\uff09\u306f\u30c9\u30b0\u30de\u306e\u73fe\u308c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u7834\u7dbb\u306e\u73fe\u308c\u3067\u3042\u308a\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u3002refutation\uff08\u53cd\u8a3c\u30fb\u8ad6\u99c1\uff09\u304c\u552f\u4e00\u5408\u81f4\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • \u7a7a\u6240\uff082\uff09\uff1aluxury\uff08\u8d05\u6ca2\uff09\u3084 hindrance\uff08\u969c\u5bb3\uff09\u3001detriment\uff08\u640d\u5bb3\uff09\u306f\u6587\u8108\u306e\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u30fb\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8981\u8acb\u3068\u885d\u7a81\u3059\u308b\u3002necessity\uff08\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u30fb\u5fc5\u8981\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u3082\u306e\uff09\u304c\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • \u7a7a\u6240\uff083\uff09\uff1aalleviate\uff08\u8efd\u6e1b\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3001mitigate\uff08\u7de9\u548c\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3001eradicate\uff08\u6839\u7d76\u3059\u308b\uff09\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u30ab\u30bf\u30b9\u30c8\u30ed\u30d5\u3092\u826f\u304f\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u5411\u306e\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001”Paradoxically” \u304a\u3088\u3073 “self-defeating” \u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002exacerbate\uff08\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\uff09\u306e\u307f\u304c\u9006\u8aac\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u3002\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff13\uff1a\u89e3\u7b54\u69cb\u7bc9\u5404\u7a7a\u6240\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3001\uff081\uff09B\u3001\uff082\uff09C\u3001\uff083\uff09B \u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \uff081\uff09B<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \uff082\uff09C<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \uff083\uff09B<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \uff081\uff09\u53e4\u5178\u6d3e\u306e\u5e02\u5834\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u5fa9\u30c9\u30b0\u30de\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u30011930\u5e74\u4ee3\u306e\u6050\u614c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304c\u53cd\u8a3c\uff08refutation\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u901a\u8aac\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \uff082\uff09\u5e02\u5834\u306e\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\u5b89\u5b9a\u5316\u304c\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4ecb\u5165\u304c\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u30fb\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306e\u8981\u4ef6\uff08absolute necessity\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u6587\u8108\u306b\u8abf\u548c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \uff083\uff09\u4e0d\u6cc1\u671f\u306b\u7dca\u7e2e\u8ca1\u653f\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u306b\uff08Paradoxically\uff09\u7834\u6ec5\u3092\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\uff08exacerbate\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u81ea\u6ec5\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \uff081\uff09validation \u306f\u300c\u691c\u8a3c\u30fb\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30c9\u30b0\u30de\u304c\u80af\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u9006\u63a5 “however” \u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002manifestation \u306f\u300c\u5146\u5019\u30fb\u5177\u73fe\u5316\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6050\u614c\u304c\u30c9\u30b0\u30de\u306e\u5177\u73fe\u5316\u3068\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \uff082\uff09luxury \u306f\u300c\u8d05\u6ca2\u54c1\u300d\u3001detriment \u306f\u300c\u640d\u5bb3\u30fb\u4e0d\u5229\u76ca\u300d\u3001hindrance \u306f\u300c\u969c\u5bb3\u7269\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3082\u653f\u5e9c\u4ecb\u5165\u306e\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u6027\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u30b1\u30a4\u30f3\u30ba\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3068\u771f\u3063\u5411\u304b\u3089\u885d\u7a81\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \uff083\uff09alleviate\uff08\u8efd\u6e1b\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3084 mitigate\uff08\u7de9\u548c\u3059\u308b\uff09\u306f\u707d\u96e3\u3092\u548c\u3089\u3052\u308b\u610f\u5473\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u9006\u8aac\u306e\u6a19\u8b58 “Paradoxically” \u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u305f\u8aa4\u7b54\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002eradicate\uff08\u6839\u7d76\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3067\u3042\u308a\u6587\u8108\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u539f\u7406\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u672c\u554f\u306e\u6839\u5e95\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u53cd\u8a3c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08falsificationism\uff09\u300d\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3068\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u610f\u56f3\u305b\u306c\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u9006\u8aac\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u53e4\u5178\u6d3e\u7406\u8ad6\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u304c\u3001\u5927\u6050\u614c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d4c\u9a13\u7684\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\uff08empirical anomaly\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u53cd\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u8003\u7a76\u5c64\u3067\u6271\u3063\u305f\u300c\u901a\u8aac\u3068\u65b0\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u4e8c\u91cd\u69cb\u9020\u300d\u306e\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u8ca1\u653f\u8d64\u5b57\u524a\u6e1b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u500b\u5225\u306b\u306f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u306a\u610f\u56f3\u304c\u3001\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d4c\u6e08\u306e\u5408\u6210\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u5d29\u58ca\u3092\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u306f\u3001\u5358\u8a9e\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30ec\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6f14\u7b97\u3067\u304d\u3066\u521d\u3081\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u304c\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u8a2d\u8a08\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u6709\u52b9\u306a\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u901a\u8aac\u306e\u8ee2\u63db\u3084\u7d4c\u6e08\u30fb\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u3092\u6271\u3046\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001”however” \u3084 “paradoxically” \u306a\u3069\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u4ecb\u5728\u3059\u308b\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u6c4e\u7528\u7684\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u985e\u984c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66 2018\u5e74\u5ea6 \u524d\u671f\u65e5\u7a0b \u7b2c1\u554f\uff08A\uff09\u6bb5\u843d\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3001\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66 \u653f\u6cbb\u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u90e8 2020\u5e74\u5ea6 \u9577\u6587\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u53c2\u7167\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  [\u500b\u5225 M02]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u2514 \u8003\u7a76\u5c64\u300c\u901a\u8aac\u3068\u65b0\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u4e8c\u91cd\u69cb\u9020\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c\u610f\u56f3\u305b\u306c\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u9023\u9396\u300d\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  [\u57fa\u790e M20]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u2514 \u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u5bfe\u6bd4\u304a\u3088\u3073\u9006\u8aac\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u4e88\u544a\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\u6975\u6027\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u7b2c\uff12\u554f \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u6226\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u51fa\u984c\u610f\u56f3\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u56fd\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u81ea\u529b\u3067\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3057\u3001\u304b\u3064\u6307\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a9e\u982d\u6587\u5b57\u30fb\u6587\u5b57\u6570\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u5f62\u614b\u7d71\u8a9e\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3055\u305b\u308b\u751f\u6210\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\uff1a\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\uff08\u96e3\u95a2\u4e0a\u4f4d\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593\uff1a10\u5206\uff08\u5185\u8a33\uff1a\u6587\u8108\u628a\u63e14\u5206\u3001\u7a7a\u62401\u306e\u751f\u6210\u30fb\u6587\u5b57\u6570\u9069\u54083\u5206\u3001\u7a7a\u62402\u306e\u751f\u6210\u30fb\u6587\u5b57\u6570\u9069\u54083\u5206\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u74b0\u5883\u554f\u984c\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u3092\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u6d88\u8cbb\u884c\u52d5\u306b\u5e30\u5c5e\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8a00\u8aac\u3092\u6279\u5224\u3057\u3001\u7523\u696d\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u6cd5\u898f\u5236\u306e\u6839\u672c\u7684\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u8a34\u3048\u308b\u74b0\u5883\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u306e\u8ad6\u8aac\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff11\uff1a\u521d\u52d5\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u7a7a\u6240\uff081\uff09\u306f “transforming the regulatory [ ] that governs industrial production” \u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6307\u5b9a\u306f\u300c9\u6587\u5b57\u3067\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u82f1\u5358\u8a9e1\u8a9e\uff08\u6587\u5b57\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8a9e\u982d\u6307\u5b9a\uff1a\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f “framework” \u304c\u60f3\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30029\u6587\u5b57\uff1af-r-a-m-e-w-o-r-k\uff09\u300d\u3002\u300c\u7523\u696d\u751f\u7523\u3092\u652f\u914d\u3059\u308b\u898f\u5236\u4e0a\u306e\u301c\u3092\u5909\u9769\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3059\u300d\u3002\u898f\u5236\u306e\u300c\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u7a7a\u6240\uff082\uff09\u306f “localized conservation efforts will remain virtually [ ] in preventing catastrophic planetary heating” \u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6307\u5b9a\u306f\u300c11\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u82f1\u5358\u8a9e1\u8a9e\u300d\u3002\u300c\u6cd5\u7684\u62d8\u675f\u529b\u306e\u3042\u308b\u898f\u5236\u304c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u4fdd\u5168\u52aa\u529b\u306f\u5730\u7403\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u3092\u9632\u3050\u4e0a\u3067\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u301c\u306a\u307e\u307e\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u300d\u3002remained \u306f\u9023\u7d50\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001virtually \u306f\u526f\u8a5e\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u306f\u88dc\u8a9e\u306e\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3002\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u3092\u9632\u3050\u4e0a\u3067\u300c\u52b9\u679c\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3001\u7121\u529b\u306a\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u306e\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff12\uff1a\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u7a7a\u6240\uff081\uff09\u306e\u691c\u7d22\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u300c\u898f\u5236\u4e0a\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u5b66\u8853\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\uff1aregulatory framework\u3002\u6587\u5b57\u6570\u3092\u6570\u3048\u308b\uff1af-r-a-m-e-w-o-r-k = 9\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u7a7a\u6240\uff082\uff09\u306e\u691c\u7d22\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u300c\u52b9\u679c\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3001\u7121\u529b\u306a\u300d\u3092\u8868\u3059\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff1auseless\uff087\u6587\u5b57\uff09\u3001ineffective\uff0811\u6587\u5b57\uff1ai-n-e-f-f-e-c-t-i-v-e\uff09\u3001inefficient\uff0811\u6587\u5b57\uff1a\u52b9\u7387\u304c\u60aa\u3044\u3001\u610f\u5473\u304c\u305a\u308c\u308b\uff09\u3001powerless\uff089\u6587\u5b57\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  “ineffective in preventing…” \u306e\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u9069\u5408\u6027\u3068\u6587\u5b57\u6570\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  i(1)-n(2)-e(3)-f(4)-f(5)-e(6)-c(7)-t(8)-i(9)-v(10)-e(11) = 11\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff13\uff1a\u89e3\u7b54\u69cb\u7bc9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u30b9\u30da\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u3001\uff081\uff09framework\u3001\uff082\uff09ineffective \u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \uff081\uff09framework<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \uff082\uff09ineffective<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \uff081\uff09\u672c\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u81ea\u767a\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u7523\u696d\u3092\u7d71\u5236\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001”regulatory framework”\uff08\u898f\u5236\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u30fb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7528\u8a9e\u304c\u6587\u8108\u304a\u3088\u30739\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u6307\u5b9a\u306b\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \uff082\uff09\u6587\u982d\u306e “Without legally binding mandates…”\uff08\u6cd5\u7684\u62d8\u675f\u529b\u306e\u3042\u308b\u547d\u4ee4\u304c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u306e\u6291\u6b62\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044\uff08ineffective\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u73fe\u5b9f\u614b\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u300111\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u6307\u5b9a\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \uff081\uff09system\uff086\u6587\u5b57\uff09\u3084 structure\uff089\u6587\u5b57\uff1as-t-r-u-c-t-u-r-e\uff09\u3082\u6587\u8108\u7684\u306b\u8fd1\u3044\u304c\u3001”regulatory” \u3068\u6700\u3082\u7dca\u5bc6\u306b\u5171\u8d77\u3057\u3066\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u306e\u7dcf\u4f53\u3092\u6307\u3059\u306e\u306f “framework” \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \uff082\uff09meaningless\uff0811\u6587\u5b57\uff1am-e-a-n-i-n-g-l-e-s-s\uff09\u306f\u300c\u7121\u610f\u5473\u306a\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u4fa1\u5024\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u542b\u307f\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u306a\u6709\u52b9\u6027\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u308b “ineffective” \u306b\u6bd4\u3079\u3066\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u304c\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002inefficient\uff0811\u6587\u5b57\uff09\u306f\u300c\u52b9\u7387\u304c\u60aa\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u300c\u9632\u3050\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6291\u6b62\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u6587\u8108\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u539f\u7406\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u672c\u554f\u306f\u3001\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u81ea\u529b\u751f\u6210\u3068\u5f62\u614b\u7d71\u8a9e\u9069\u5408\u5316\u300d\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u8a66\u9a13\u3067\u306f\u3001\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u5358\u306b\u629c\u304d\u51fa\u3059\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u6f14\u7e79\u3055\u308c\u308b\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u8a18\u61b6\uff08mental lexicon\uff09\u304b\u3089\u80fd\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u691c\u7d22\u3057\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u306e\u5b57\u6570\u5236\u9650\u3084\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3066\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6210\u5f62\u3057\u3066\u51fa\u529b\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u554f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7279\u306b “framework” \u3084 “ineffective” \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5b66\u8853\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u4e2d\u6838\u3092\u306a\u3059\u62bd\u8c61\u8a9e\u5f59\uff08Academic Word List\uff09\u306e\u81ea\u5728\u306a\u904b\u7528\u304c\u3001\u9ad8\u5f97\u70b9\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u8981\u4ef6\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u6709\u52b9\u306a\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u56fd\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u4eac\u90fd\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u4e00\u6a4b\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u6771\u4eac\u5916\u56fd\u8a9e\u5927\u5b66\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3067\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u30fb\u8a9e\u982d\u6307\u5b9a\u4ed8\u304d\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u8a9e\u53e5\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u9069\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u985e\u984c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u4eac\u90fd\u5927\u5b66 2019\u5e74\u5ea6 \u524d\u671f\u65e5\u7a0b \u7b2c1\u554f \u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3001\u4e00\u6a4b\u5927\u5b66 2021\u5e74\u5ea6 \u524d\u671f\u65e5\u7a0b \u7b2c1\u554f \u8a9e\u53e5\u8a18\u8ff0\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u53c2\u7167\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  [\u500b\u5225 M02]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u2514 \u7cbe\u9ac4\u5c64\u300c\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u81ea\u529b\u751f\u6210\u3068\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u9069\u5408\u5316\u300d\u306e\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  [\u57fa\u790e M21]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u2514 \u62bd\u8c61\u5ea6\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304b\u3089\u8ad6\u8ff0\u306e\u4e3b\u5e79\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u8a9e\u5f59\u3092\u691c\u7d22\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u76e4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u7b2c\uff13\u554f \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u6226\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u51fa\u984c\u610f\u56f3\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u591a\u91cd\u7a7a\u6240\u9023\u52d5\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u76f8\u4e92\u306b\u62d8\u675f\u3057\u5408\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u78ba\u8a3c\u30d0\u30a4\u30a2\u30b9\u306e\u5f37\u5316\u3068\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5206\u6975\u5316\u306e\u6df1\u5316\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u91cd\u306e\u60aa\u5316\u9023\u9396\uff09\u3092\u9023\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u304f\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\uff1a\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2606\uff08\u767a\u5c55\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593\uff1a8\u5206\uff08\u5185\u8a33\uff1a\u76f8\u95a2\u69cb\u9020\u628a\u63e13\u5206\u3001\u9023\u7acb\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u7167\u54084\u5206\u3001\u691c\u8a3c1\u5206\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  SNS \u306e\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u78ba\u8a3c\u30d0\u30a4\u30a2\u30b9\u3092\u5897\u5e45\u3055\u305b\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u5206\u6975\u5316\u3092\u6df1\u523b\u5316\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u73fe\u4ee3\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u30fb\u793e\u4f1a\u554f\u984c\u3092\u6271\u3063\u305f\u8ad6\u8aac\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff11\uff1a\u521d\u52d5\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u7a7a\u6240\uff08A\uff09\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\uff1a”When confronted with irrefutable factual evidence… they rarely revise their beliefs; instead, they often experience a cognitive backfire effect, becoming even more [ A ] in their initial convictions.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u53cd\u8a3c\u8a3c\u62e0\u306b\u76f4\u9762\u3057\u3066\u3082\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3092\u4fee\u6b63\u305b\u305a\u3001\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30a2\u52b9\u679c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6700\u521d\u306e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u3088\u308a\u301c\u306b\u306a\u308b\u300d\u3002\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e “in” \u3068\u5171\u8d77\u3057\u3001\u4fe1\u5ff5\u304c\u300c\u5f37\u56fa\u306b\u56fa\u5b9a\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3001\u9811\u306a\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u7a7a\u6240\uff08B\uff09\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\uff1a”Rather than fostering mutual understanding, the widespread proliferation of personalized information networks has inadvertently [ B ] the socio-political fragmentation of the modern body politic.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u69cb\u6587\u306f “Rather than fostering mutual understanding, … has inadvertently [ B ] the fragmentation”\uff08\u76f8\u4e92\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u80b2\u3080\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u306b\u53cd\u3057\u3066\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u3092\u301c\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3002\u5206\u88c2\u3092\u300c\u6df1\u3081\u305f\u3001\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u5206\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff12\uff1a\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u9023\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \n
                  • \u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff081\uff09\uff1aA: flexible\uff08\u67d4\u8edf\u306a\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30a2\u52b9\u679c\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u77db\u76fe\u3002B: bridged\uff08\u6a4b\u6e21\u3057\u3057\u305f\u3001\u89e3\u6d88\u3057\u305f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u5206\u88c2\u3092\u89e3\u6d88\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u9006\u6975\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • \u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff082\uff09\uff1aA: entrenched\uff08\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u3001\u5b9a\u7740\u3057\u305f\u3001\u9811\u56fa\u306a\uff09$\\rightarrow$ “become entrenched in one’s convictions”\uff08\u4fe1\u5ff5\u306b\u51dd\u308a\u56fa\u307e\u308b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b8c\u74a7\u306a\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u3068\u610f\u5473\u3002B: deepened\uff08\u6df1\u3081\u305f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u5206\u88c2\u3092\u300c\u6df1\u3081\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u306b\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • \u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff083\uff09\uff1aA: hesitant\uff08\u8e8a\u8e87\u3057\u305f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u4fe1\u5ff5\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8e8a\u8e87\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u9811\u8ff7\u306b\u306a\u308b\u6587\u8108\u3002B: reconciled\uff08\u8abf\u548c\u3055\u305b\u305f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u9006\u6975\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • \u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff084\uff09\uff1aA: objective\uff08\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u30d0\u30a4\u30a2\u30b9\u306e\u5897\u5e45\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3002B: dismantled\uff08\u89e3\u4f53\u3057\u305f\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u5206\u88c2\u3092\u89e3\u4f53\u3057\u305f\u306a\u3089\u3070\u76f8\u4e92\u7406\u89e3\u304c\u9032\u3093\u3060\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001”Rather than…” \u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff13\uff1a\u89e3\u7b54\u69cb\u7bc9\u4e21\u7a7a\u6240\u3068\u3082\u306b\u5b8c\u74a7\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u793a\u3059\uff082\uff09\u3092\u4e00\u610f\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                    \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    (2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \uff08A\uff09\u53cd\u8a3c\u306b\u76f4\u9762\u3057\u3066\u304b\u3048\u3063\u3066\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u306b\u9811\u306a\u306b\u56fa\u57f7\u3059\u308b\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30a2\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u3001”become even more entrenched in their initial convictions”\uff08\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u6700\u521d\u306e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u306b\u4e00\u5c64\u51dd\u308a\u56fa\u307e\u308b\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \uff08B\uff09\u76f8\u4e92\u7406\u89e3\u306e\u4fc3\u9032\u3068\u306f\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306b\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u3092\u6df1\u523b\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u56f3\u305b\u306c\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3092\u3001”deepened the socio-political fragmentation”\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u3092\u6df1\u3081\u305f\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    (1) flexible \u306f\u4fe1\u5ff5\u304c\u67d4\u8edf\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001bridged \u306f\u5206\u88c2\u3092\u514b\u670d\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u672c\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8b66\u9418\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u9006\u8ee2\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    (3) hesitant \u306f\u78ba\u4fe1\u304c\u63fa\u3089\u3044\u3067\u3044\u308b\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3092\u5f37\u5316\u3059\u308b\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30a2\u52b9\u679c\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002reconciled \u306f\u5bfe\u7acb\u3092\u548c\u89e3\u3055\u305b\u305f\u610f\u5473\u306b\u306a\u308a\u4e0d\u9069\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    (4) objective \u306f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u3001\u72ec\u5584\u7684\u5b64\u7acb\uff08dogmatic insularity\uff09\u3068\u885d\u7a81\u3059\u308b\u3002dismantled \u306f\u5206\u88c2\u3092\u89e3\u4f53\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u8ca0\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u3010\u539f\u7406\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u672c\u554f\u306f\u3001\u8996\u5ea7\u5c64\u3067\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u305f\u300c\u591a\u91cd\u7a7a\u6240\u9023\u52d5\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u9023\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u300d\u306e\u5b9f\u6226\u9069\u7528\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u500b\u5225\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u5358\u72ec\u3067\u773a\u3081\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u8cab\u304f\u300c\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u78ba\u8a3c\u30d0\u30a4\u30a2\u30b9\u306e\u5897\u5e45 $\\rightarrow$ \u8a8d\u77e5\u7684\u9811\u8ff7\u5316\uff08entrenched\uff09 $\\rightarrow$ \u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u306e\u6df1\u5316\uff08deepened\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u4e00\u62ec\u3057\u3066\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3001\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u8aa4\u7b54\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u9375\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u3010\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u6709\u52b9\u306a\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u6176\u61c9\u7fa9\u587e\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u306a\u3069\u306e\u96e3\u95a2\u79c1\u5927\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u6587\u307e\u305f\u306f\u96a3\u63a5\u6587\u306b\u8907\u6570\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304c\u30da\u30a2\u5f62\u5f0f\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5927\u554f\u306b\u6975\u3081\u3066\u6709\u52b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u985e\u984c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66 \u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u90e8 2021\u5e74\u5ea6 \u5927\u554f3 \u591a\u91cd\u7a7a\u6240\u9023\u52d5\u9078\u629e\u554f\u984c\u3001\u6176\u61c9\u7fa9\u587e\u5927\u5b66 \u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8 2020\u5e74\u5ea6 \u8a9e\u53e5\u6574\u5e8f\u30fb\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u3010\u53c2\u7167\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    [\u500b\u5225 M02]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u2514 \u8996\u5ea7\u5c64\u300c\u591a\u91cd\u7a7a\u6240\u9023\u52d5\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u9023\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u300d\u306e\u89e3\u6cd5\u539f\u7406\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    [\u57fa\u790e M18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u2514 \u6587\u9593\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u9023\u9396\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u76e4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u7b2c\uff14\u554f \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                    \u3010\u6226\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u51fa\u984c\u610f\u56f3\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u7740\u5730\u70b9\uff08\u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\u3078\u306e\u53ce\u675f\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u4eee\u8aac\uff08\u5358\u4e00\u7a81\u7136\u5909\u7570\u8aac vs \u6f38\u9032\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u9078\u629e\u8aac\uff09\u306e\u6c7a\u7740\u3092\u8981\u7d04\u3057\u3001\u6b21\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3078\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u6a4b\u6e21\u3057\u3059\u308b\u6587\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\uff1a\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2606\uff08\u767a\u5c55\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593\uff1a10\u5206\uff08\u5185\u8a33\uff1a\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u69cb\u9020\u89e3\u8aad4\u5206\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u7167\u54085\u5206\u3001\u691c\u8a3c1\u5206\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u3010\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u8d77\u6e90\u3092\u3081\u3050\u308a\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u8df3\u8e8d\u7684\u7a81\u7136\u5909\u7570\u8aac\uff08\u30c1\u30e7\u30e0\u30b9\u30ad\u30fc\u7684\u306a\u8df3\u8e8d\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\uff09\u304c\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6f38\u9032\u7684\u306a\u30e2\u30b6\u30a4\u30af\u7684\u9069\u5fdc\u8aac\u304c\u652f\u6301\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6700\u65b0\u306e\u9032\u5316\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u306e\u52d5\u5411\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u305f\u6587\u7ae0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff11\uff1a\u521d\u52d5\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3059\u308b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \n
                    1. \u4e3b\u984c\u63d0\u8d77\uff1a\u8a00\u8a9e\u80fd\u529b\u306f\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u7a81\u7136\u5909\u7570\u304b\u3001\u6f38\u9032\u7684\u306a\u81ea\u7136\u9078\u629e\u304b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    2. \u5bfe\u7acb\u8aac\u306e\u63d0\u793a\uff1a\u5358\u4e00\u7a81\u7136\u5909\u7570\u8aac\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\uff08\u5287\u7684\u306a\u8df3\u8e8d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e00\u6669\u3067\u8133\u304c\u518d\u914d\u7dda\u3055\u308c\u305f\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    3. \u53cd\u8a3c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u63d0\u793a\uff1a”In recent years, however, comparative primatology and neurogenetics have thoroughly undermined this catastrophic leap model.”\uff08\u3057\u304b\u3057\u8fd1\u5e74\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u970a\u9577\u985e\u5b66\u3068\u795e\u7d4c\u907a\u4f1d\u5b66\u306f\u3053\u306e\u8df3\u8e8d\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u306b\u8986\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    4. \u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0\uff1a\u767a\u58f0\u5668\u5b98\u3084\u795e\u7d4c\u56de\u8def\u304c\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u5e74\u304b\u3051\u3066\u6f38\u9032\u7684\u306b\u9032\u5316\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u8a3c\u62e0\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    5. \u7a7a\u6240\uff3b X \uff3d\uff1a\u8a3c\u62e0\u3092\u8e0f\u307e\u3048\u305f\u4e2d\u6838\u547d\u984c\u306e\u53ce\u675f\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    6. \u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\uff1a”Language was not a miraculous biological endowment bestowed overnight, but rather a mosaic adaptation…”\uff08\u8a00\u8a9e\u306f\u4e00\u591c\u306b\u3057\u3066\u6388\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5947\u8de1\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30e2\u30b6\u30a4\u30af\u7684\u306a\u9069\u5fdc\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\uff09\u3002\u7a7a\u6240\uff3b X \uff3d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6f38\u9032\u7684\u306a\u9032\u5316\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u52dd\u5229\u3092\u8981\u7d04\u3057\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u300c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u76e4\u306e\u6f38\u9032\u7684\u5411\u4e0a\u3068\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5b66\u7fd2\u306e\u8907\u5408\u4f53\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3065\u3051\u308b\u6587\u304c\u5165\u308b\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff12\uff1a\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u7167\u5408\uff1a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                        \n
                      • \u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff08A\uff09\uff1a”shares absolutely no evolutionary continuity with animal communication systems”\uff08\u52d5\u7269\u306e\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3068\u5168\u304f\u9023\u7d9a\u6027\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044\uff09$\\rightarrow$ \u672c\u6587\u306e\u300c\u4e2d\u9593\u7684\u306a\u30d2\u30c8\u79d1\u751f\u7269\u304c\u5f90\u3005\u306b\u6d17\u7df4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30ec\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30ea\u30fc\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9023\u7d9a\u7684\u9032\u5316\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u3068\u771f\u3063\u5411\u304b\u3089\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • \u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff08B\uff09\uff1a”Consequently, contemporary researchers increasingly view language as an evolutionary mosaic resulting from incremental biological enhancements coupled with complex social learning.” $\\rightarrow$ \u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e “Consequently”\uff08\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\uff09\u304c\u53cd\u8a3c\u8a3c\u62e0\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u5c0e\u304d\u3001”incremental biological enhancements”\uff08\u6f38\u9032\u7684\u306a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u5f37\u5316\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073 “evolutionary mosaic” \u304c\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\u3068\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u5171\u9cf4\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • \u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff08C\uff09\uff1a”In contrast, early structural linguists maintained that…” $\\rightarrow$ \u7a81\u7136\u3001\u521d\u671f\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u8005\u306e\u901a\u8aac\u3092\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6301\u3061\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u53ce\u675f\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • \u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff08D\uff09\uff1a”Nevertheless, the sudden appearance of sophisticated cave art… proves that symbolic language must have originated abruptly…” $\\rightarrow$ \u518d\u3073\u7a81\u7136\u5909\u7570\u8aac\uff08abruptly\uff09\u3078\u3068\u9006\u623b\u308a\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u5b9f\u8a3c\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0\u3092\u5168\u9762\u7684\u306b\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff13\uff1a\u89e3\u7b54\u69cb\u7bc9\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6bb5\u843d\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u3001\u6b21\u6587\u3078\u3068\u7121\u77db\u76fe\u3067\u63a5\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\uff08B\uff09\u3092\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                        \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (B)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \uff08B\uff09\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u5e74\u306b\u308f\u305f\u308b\u767a\u58f0\u5668\u5b98\u3068\u795e\u7d4c\u56de\u8def\u306e\u6f38\u9032\u7684\u9032\u5316\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b9f\u8a3c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092 “Consequently” \u3067\u53d7\u3051\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u6f38\u9032\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u9032\u5316\u3068\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b66\u7fd2\u306e\u8907\u5408\u4f53\uff08evolutionary mosaic\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\uff08”Language was not a miraculous biological endowment bestowed overnight, but rather a mosaic adaptation…”\uff09\u306e\u5c0e\u5165\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7121\u77db\u76fe\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \uff08A\uff09\u52d5\u7269\u3068\u306e\u9032\u5316\u7684\u9023\u7d9a\u6027\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5426\u5b9a\uff08absolutely no evolutionary continuity\uff09\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u672c\u6587\u3067\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8df3\u8e8d\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6700\u65b0\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u970a\u9577\u985e\u5b66\u306e\u77e5\u898b\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \uff08C\uff09\u6bb5\u843d\u304c\u9032\u5316\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u6c7a\u7740\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6700\u7d42\u5c40\u9762\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8133\u3084\u6587\u5316\u304b\u3089\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u6587\u6cd5\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u3092\u5510\u7a81\u306b\u633f\u5165\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u53ce\u675f\u3092\u963b\u5bb3\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \uff08D\uff09\u6d1e\u7a9f\u58c1\u753b\u306e\u51fa\u73fe\u3092\u6839\u62e0\u306b\u8a00\u8a9e\u304c\u7a81\u7136\u751f\u3058\u305f\uff08originated abruptly\uff09\u3068\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u7b2c3\u6587\u4ee5\u964d\u3067\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u306b\u53cd\u99c1\u3055\u308c\u305f\u53e4\u3044\u8df3\u8e8d\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3078\u306e\u56de\u5e30\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7834\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u3010\u539f\u7406\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u672c\u554f\u306f\u3001\u8003\u7a76\u5c64\u3067\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u300c\u6bb5\u843d\u672b\u5c3e\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u53ce\u675f\u300d\u306e\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9577\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u6587\u633f\u5165\u578b\u300d\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3067\u306f\u3001\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u3068\u306e\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u63a5\u7d9a\u306e\u307f\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u4eee\u8aac $\\rightarrow$ \u53cd\u8a3c $\\rightarrow$ \u5e30\u7d50\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e09\u6bb5\u8ad6\u6cd5\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u7279\u306b\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\uff08”Language was not a miraculous biological endowment bestowed overnight…”\uff09\u304c\u7a7a\u6240\uff3b X \uff3d\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u60c5\u5831\u968e\u5c64\u5316\u306e\u8996\u5ea7\u304c\u3001\u8aa4\u7b54\u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff08A, C, D\uff09\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u898b\u7834\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6253\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u3010\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u6709\u52b9\u306a\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u56fd\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7b2c1\u554fA\u3001\u4e00\u6a4b\u5927\u5b66\u7b2c2\u554f\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3084\u96e3\u95a2\u79c1\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u6176\u61c9\u7fa9\u587e\u5927\u5b66\u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u90e8\u3001\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u306a\u3069\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u6587\u5358\u4f4d\u3067\u7a7a\u6240\u304c\u8a2d\u3051\u3089\u308c\u308b\u6700\u9ad8\u96e3\u5ea6\u306e\u8a2d\u554f\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u9069\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u985e\u984c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66 2020\u5e74\u5ea6 \u524d\u671f\u65e5\u7a0b \u7b2c1\u554f\uff08A\uff09\u8981\u65e8\u9023\u52d5\u578b\u6587\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u3001\u6176\u61c9\u7fa9\u587e\u5927\u5b66 \u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u90e8 2019\u5e74\u5ea6 \u5927\u554f3 \u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u5b8c\u6210\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u3010\u53c2\u7167\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        [\u500b\u5225 M02]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u2514 \u8003\u7a76\u5c64\u300c\u6bb5\u843d\u672b\u5c3e\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u53ce\u675f\u3068\u6b21\u6bb5\u843d\u3078\u306e\u8ee2\u63db\u300d\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u539f\u7406\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        [\u57fa\u790e M19]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u2514 \u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u4e3b\u984c\u6587\u30fb\u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u5305\u6442\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u76e4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u5b66\u7fd2\u8a55\u4fa1<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
                        \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u69cb\u6210<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
                        \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6<\/strong><\/td>\u914d\u70b9<\/strong><\/td>\u5927\u554f<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
                        \u2605\u2605\u2605\u2606\u2606 \u6a19\u6e96<\/td>0\u70b9<\/td>\u2014<\/td><\/tr>
                        \u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2606 \u767a\u5c55<\/td>75\u70b9<\/td>\u7b2c\uff11\u554f\u3001\u7b2c\uff13\u554f\u3001\u7b2c\uff14\u554f<\/td><\/tr>
                        \u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605 \u96e3\u95a2<\/td>25\u70b9<\/td>\u7b2c\uff12\u554f<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
                        \u7d50\u679c\u306e\u6d3b\u7528<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
                        \u5f97\u70b9<\/strong><\/td>\u5224\u5b9a<\/strong><\/td>\u63a8\u5968\u30a2\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
                        85\u70b9\u4ee5\u4e0a<\/td>A<\/td>\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u591a\u91cd\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5185\u9762\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u904e\u53bb\u554f\u6f14\u7fd2\u3078\u79fb\u884c\u3057\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306a\u308b\u89e3\u7b54\u901f\u5ea6\u306e\u6975\u9650\u5316\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3059\u3002<\/td><\/tr>
                        70\u301c84\u70b9<\/td>B<\/td>\u69cb\u9020\u89e3\u6790\u306f\u6982\u306d\u826f\u597d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5f62\u614b\u9069\u5408\u5316\u3084\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u7167\u5408\u3067\u5fae\u7d30\u306a\u5931\u70b9\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7cbe\u9ac4\u5c64\u306e\u300c\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u770b\u7834\u300d\u3092\u5fa9\u7fd2\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/td><\/tr>
                        55\u301c69\u70b9<\/td>C<\/td>\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u306e\u8fbb\u8904\u5408\u308f\u305b\u306b\u610f\u8b58\u304c\u596a\u308f\u308c\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u9593\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u3084\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u4e3b\u984c\u306e\u63a8\u79fb\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u8003\u7a76\u5c64\u306e\u300c\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\u300d\u3092\u518d\u8aad\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/td><\/tr>
                        55\u70b9\u672a\u6e80<\/td>D<\/td>\u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u78ba\u5b9a\u304a\u3088\u3073\u54c1\u8a5e\u30fb\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u304c\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8996\u5ea7\u5c64\u304a\u3088\u3073\u539f\u7406\u5c64\u306b\u623b\u308a\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u306e\u7d14\u5316\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6839\u672c\u304b\u3089\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                        \u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        [\u500b\u5225 M01]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u2514 \u6587\u6cd5\u30fb\u8a9e\u6cd5\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u9055\u53cd\u306e\u691c\u51fa\u539f\u7406\u3092\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306e\u7b2c0\u301c5\u79d2\u3067\u884c\u3046\u7d71\u8a9e\u30b9\u30ad\u30e3\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3092\u6975\u9650\u307e\u3067\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        [\u500b\u5225 M05]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u2514 \u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u5224\u5b9a\u3068\u8aa4\u7b54\u6392\u9664\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u4f53\u7cfb\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3001\u9577\u6587\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u90e8\u5206\u4e00\u81f4\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6975\u6027\u9006\u8ee2\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u306e\u770b\u7834\u529b\u3092\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        [\u500b\u5225 M06]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u2514 \u6574\u5e8f\u30fb\u8131\u6587\u633f\u5165\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u5224\u5b9a\u306e\u8996\u5ea7\u3092\u6d3b\u7528\u3057\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5192\u982d\u6587\u30fb\u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6587\u8108\u7684\u30d6\u30ea\u30c3\u30b8\u306e\u691c\u51fa\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3092\u5f37\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                        \u7a7a\u6240\u3092\u542b\u3080\u7bc0\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u3068\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u4ea4\u5dee\u3055\u305b\u3001\u5236\u7d04\u5145\u8db3\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u5019\u88dc\u8a9e\u3092\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u9577\u6587\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u69cb\u9020\u3084\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u63a8\u79fb\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306e\u5de7\u5999\u306a\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u770b\u7834\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u30fb\u5ba2\u89b3\u5f0f\u306e\u5168\u5f62\u5f0f\u3067\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u5c04\u629c\u304f\u5b9f\u6226\u529b\u3092\u935b\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"swell_btn_cv_data":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,11,12],"tags":[633,621],"class_list":["post-26468","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-strategy","category-waseda","category-keio","tag-high-tier","tag-optimized"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t