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\u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u4fee\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u82f1\u6587\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u611f\u899a\u7684\u306a\u6587\u8108\u63a8\u6e2c\u304b\u3089\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8131\u5374\u3057\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u6839\u62e0\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u305f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u304b\u3064\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u8ffd\u8de1\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(it, they, this, that, such\u7b49)\u306e\u6307\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u95a2\u4fc2\u304a\u3088\u3073\u683c\u30fb\u6570\u30fb\u6027\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001and\u3084than\u306a\u3069\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u30fb\u6bd4\u8f03\u8a18\u53f7\u306e\u524d\u5f8c\u3067\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u4e0a\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u305f\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20(\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5)\u3092\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306b\u56f3\u5f0f\u5316\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u304c\u8eab\u306b\u3064\u304f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u79c1\u7acb\u5927\u306e\u8131\u6587\u633f\u5165\u3084\u6bb5\u843d\u6574\u5e8f\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u8a08\u7b97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u56fd\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u306e\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8\u548c\u8a33\u3084\u5185\u5bb9\u8aac\u660e\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6307\u793a\u5185\u5bb9\u306e\u5883\u754c\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u753b\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6e80\u70b9\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u6cd5\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8996\u5ea7:\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3068\u7167\u5fdc\u6307\u793a\u30fb\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u306e\u78ba\u7acb<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u6587\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u304c\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u610f\u5473\u5185\u5bb9\u304c\u6df7\u8ff7\u3059\u308b\u539f\u56e0\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306f\u3001\u6587\u3068\u6587\u3092\u7e4b\u3050\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027(local cohesion)\u306e\u8996\u8aad\u4e0d\u5168\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u591a\u304f\u306e\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u73fe\u308c\u305f\u969b\u306b\u300c\u76f4\u8fd1\u306b\u3042\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u300d\u3092\u7121\u6279\u5224\u306b\u5f53\u3066\u306f\u3081\u308b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7701\u7565\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3057\u305f\u969b\u306b\u6587\u8108\u3067\u9069\u5f53\u306b\u88dc\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3001\u611f\u899a\u7684\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u51e6\u7406\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u5230\u9054\u76ee\u6a19\u306f\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u7167\u5fdc\u8868\u73fe(anaphora)\u3068\u4e26\u5217\u30fb\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6307\u6a19\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u8b58\u5225\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u63a5\u7d9a\u3092\u8a8d\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u524d\u63d0\u80fd\u529b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u57fa\u790e\u4f53\u7cfb\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u9650\u5b9a\u69cb\u9020\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5404\u7a2e\u7bc0\u306e\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307f\u5224\u5b9a(\u57fa\u790e M16, \u57fa\u790e M01)\u306e\u7fd2\u5f97\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u6271\u3046\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u683c\u30fb\u6027\u30fb\u6570\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9069\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u3001\u6307\u793a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u526f\u8a5e\u306e\u6307\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2\u306e\u9650\u5b9a\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u306e\u9805\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8996\u5ea7\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6b21\u5c64\u4ee5\u964d\u3067\u6271\u308f\u308c\u308b\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u89e3\u660e\u3084\u3001\u8a66\u9a13\u6642\u9593\u5727\u4e0b\u3067\u306e\u9ad8\u901f\u30fb\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u8ffd\u8de1\u306e\u57fa\u76e4\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(it, they, this, that\u7b49)\u304c\u524d\u51fa\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3059\u969b\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u610f\u5473\u7684\u985e\u4f3c\u6027\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u683c\u30fb\u6570\u30fb\u6027\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5883\u754c(\u7bc0\u30fb\u6587\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2)\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M16-\u610f\u5473]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3068\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u6027<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e(and, but, or)\u306f\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u5bfe\u7b49\u306a\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc(\u8a9e\u3001\u53e5\u3001\u7bc0)\u3092\u9023\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u3002\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u304b\u3089\u3001\u524d\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5171\u901a\u306e\u8d77\u70b9\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M01-\u7d71\u8a9e]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u500b\u5225 M01-\u8996\u5ea7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2514 \u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a\u304c\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6307\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u500b\u5225 M02-\u8996\u5ea7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2514 \u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u5bfe\u6bd4\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a\u304c\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u6975\u6027\u7279\u5b9a\u3092\u88dc\u540c\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11. \u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u8b58\u5225<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u4f5c\u696d\u306f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u306e\u63a8\u6e2c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u5236\u7d04\u6761\u4ef6\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u9069\u5408\u691c\u8a3c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u4e2d\u306b\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u73fe\u308c\u305f\u969b\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306f\u307e\u305a\u305d\u306e\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u6301\u3064\u300c\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027(\u6570\u30fb\u6027\u30fb\u683c)\u300d\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u5185\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u305d\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3051\u3092\u5019\u88dc\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b8b\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff11. \u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u683c\u30fb\u6570\u30fb\u6027\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5019\u88dc\u306e\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u307f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(it, they, he, she\u7b49)\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u691c\u7d22\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5358\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\u3060\u3051\u3067\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8aa4\u8aad\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u5178\u578b\u7684\u306a\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306f\u305d\u306e\u8a9e\u5f62\u81ea\u4f53\u306b\u300c\u5358\u6570\/\u8907\u6570\u300d\u300c\u7537\u6027\/\u5973\u6027\/\u4e2d\u6027\u300d\u300c\u4e3b\u683c\/\u6240\u6709\u683c\/\u76ee\u7684\u683c\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u51e6\u7406\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6301\u3064\u6587\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\u3068\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u4e00\u81f4\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u3001\u9069\u5408\u3057\u306a\u3044\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u6587\u8108\u306e\u610f\u5473\u7684\u6574\u5408\u6027\u306e\u307f\u3067\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u5165\u308a\u7d44\u3093\u3060\u5b66\u8853\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3068\u306f\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u5371\u967a\u6027\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(\u4f8b: they)\u304c\u9078\u629e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u969b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027(\u8907\u6570\u30fb\u901a\u6027\u30fb\u4e3b\u683c\/\u76ee\u7684\u683c)\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u660e\u8996\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u304a\u3088\u3073\u540c\u4e00\u6587\u5185\u306e\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027(\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5)\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u307f\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3068\u304d\u3001\u5358\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b97\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u53e5\u306f\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u9664\u5916\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5019\u88dc\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u9805\u69cb\u9020(SVO\u7b49\u306e\u6587\u578b)\u3068\u3057\u3066\u610f\u5473\u7684\u306b\u77db\u76fe\u306a\u304f\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e3\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u8e0f\u3080\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u611f\u6027\u306b\u983c\u3089\u306a\u3044\u78ba\u5b9f\u306a\u7167\u5fdc\u89e3\u6790\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The scholars examined the ancient manuscripts, but they were too fragile to be handled without extreme care. \u2192 \u300cthey\u300d\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u306f\u8907\u6570\u3002\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u306e\u5019\u88dc\u306f\u300cThe scholars\u300d\u3068\u300cthe ancient manuscripts\u300d\u3002\u610f\u5473\u691c\u8a3c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6271\u3044\u3092\u614e\u91cd\u306b\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u300c\u3042\u307e\u308a\u306b\u8106\u3044\u300d\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f manuscripts \u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u300c\u53e4\u4ee3\u306e\u53e4\u6587\u66f8\u7fa4\u300d\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Although the committee presented its new policy to the board members, they remained skeptical about its long-term feasibility. \u2192 \u300cthey\u300d\u306f\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u306e\u300cthe committee\u300d\u300cits new policy\u300d\u306f\u5358\u6570(its)\u6271\u3044\u3002\u300cboard members\u300d\u304c\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u300c\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u306e\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u305f\u3061\u300d\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The research lab published several papers on quantum computing, and the media covered them extensively because of its groundbreaking nature. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cthem\u300d\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u306f\u8907\u6570\u3002\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u300cquantum computing\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3057\u3084\u3059\u3044\u304c\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5358\u6570\u3002\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306f\u300cseveral papers\u300d\u3002\u306a\u304a\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u300cits\u300d\u306f\u5358\u6570\u306e\u300cThe research lab\u300d\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300cquantum computing\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u300c\u305d\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u7fa4\u300d\u304c\u6b63\u7b54\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: When biological species interact within a fragile ecosystem, their survival depends on the balance between resources. \u2192 \u300ctheir\u300d\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u306f\u8907\u6570\u6240\u6709\u683c\u3002\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306f\u300cbiological species\u300d(\u7a2e\u306f\u5358\u8907\u540c\u5f62\u3001\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u8907\u6570\u6271\u3044)\u3002\u300c\u751f\u7269\u7a2e\u305f\u3061\u306e\u751f\u5b58\u300d\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306a\u5019\u88dc\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u307f\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8907\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u78ba\u5b9f\u306a\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff12. \u7d71\u8a9e\u7684c-\u30b3\u30de\u30f3\u30c9\u5236\u7d04\u3068\u675f\u7e1b\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u9069\u7528<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u306e\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3060\u3051\u3067\u6c7a\u307e\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6587\u306e\u6728\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u652f\u914d\u95a2\u4fc2(c-\u30b3\u30de\u30f3\u30c9\u5236\u7d04)\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d71\u8a9e\u8ad6\u7684\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u53b3\u683c\u306b\u5236\u5fa1\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3068\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u304c\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8907\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u306f\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7279\u306b\u3001\u518d\u5e30\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(himself,\u81ea\u8eab)\u3068\u666e\u901a\u306e\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(him,\u5f7c)\u306e\u4f7f\u3044\u5206\u3051\u306f\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u30c9\u30e1\u30a4\u30f3(\u7bc0)\u5185\u306b\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u304b\u5426\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u675f\u7e1b\u7406\u8ad6(Binding Theory)\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306e\u3067\u304d\u308b\u7bc4\u56f2\u306b\u306f\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u306a\u9650\u754c\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3001\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u6307\u3057\u793a\u305b\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u6307\u3057\u793a\u305b\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u8aa4\u308a\u3092\u72af\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u675f\u7e1b\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u753b\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u7bc0\u306e\u5883\u754c(S+V\u306e\u5358\u4f4d)\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7bc0\u306e\u6700\u5c0f\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30c9\u30e1\u30a4\u30f3\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u666e\u901a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(him\u7b49)\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u30c9\u30e1\u30a4\u30f3\u5185\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u306e\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u5225\u500b\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b(\u540c\u4e00\u30c9\u30e1\u30a4\u30f3\u5185\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u6307\u3059\u5834\u5408\u306f\u81ea\u5df1\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e himself \u304c\u5fc5\u9808\u3068\u306a\u308b\u305f\u3081)\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u304c\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3088\u308a\u524d\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3059\u300c\u524d\u65b9\u7167\u5fdc(cataphora)\u300d\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: John introduced him to the professor during the conference. \u2192 \u666e\u901a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u300chim\u300d\u306f\u540c\u4e00\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cJohn\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044(\u6307\u3059\u306a\u3089 himself)\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u300chim\u300d\u306f John \u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u300c\u5225\u306e\u7537\u6027\u300d\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Before he submitted the final manuscript, the professor double-checked all the statistical data. \u2192 \u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0\u304c\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3002\u300che\u300d\u306f\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cthe professor\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3059\u524d\u65b9\u7167\u5fdc\u3002\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u300c\u305d\u306e\u6559\u6388\u300d\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: Because the lead researcher was dissatisfied with him, the assistant decided to leave the project. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u300chim\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cthe lead researcher\u300d\u81ea\u8eab\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cthe assistant\u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u300c\u305d\u306e\u52a9\u624b\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: The novelist wrote a biography of the historical figure that brought him widespread acclaim. \u2192 \u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u300chim\u300d\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe novelist\u300d\u3092\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9069\u5207\u306b\u88dc\u5b8c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8907\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u5185\u306e\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7167\u5fdc\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3068\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u904b\u7528\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12. \u6307\u793a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u526f\u8a5e\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u7bc4\u56f2\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6307\u793a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e(such, this, that + \u540d\u8a5e)\u3084\u6307\u793a\u526f\u8a5e(thus, there, so)\u3082\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u6307\u6a19\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u524d\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u307e\u3068\u307e\u308a(\u547d\u984c\u30fb\u4e8b\u8c61)\u300d\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3059\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff11. \u300csuch + \u540d\u8a5e\u300d\u306b\u3088\u308b\u524d\u51fa\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u518d\u63b2\u306e\u8b58\u5225<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u6587\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300csuch + \u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u906d\u9047\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5358\u306b\u300c\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u301c\u300d\u3068\u8a33\u3057\u53bb\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u300csuch + \u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u3067\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u53d9\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8907\u6570\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u3084\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306a\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u540d\u8a5e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u518d\u63b2(\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316)\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u7d50\u675f\u30c7\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u306e\u3069\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u304c\u300csuch + \u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u300d\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u51dd\u7e2e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3057\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3092\u55aa\u5931\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u300csuch\u300d\u304c\u5c0e\u304f\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306f\u3001\u5fc5\u305a\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\u3068\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u306a\u7b49\u4fa1\u95a2\u4fc2(\u540c\u683c\u30fb\u5305\u542b\u95a2\u4fc2)\u3092\u7d50\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u7684\u7167\u5fdc\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300csuch + \u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e(\u4f8b: such resistance)\u300d\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6bb5\u843d\u306b\u9061\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u610f\u5473\u7684\u306b\u5305\u542b\u3057\u5f97\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u300c\u884c\u70ba\u30fb\u72b6\u614b\u30fb\u4e8b\u5b9f\u300d\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u300cX\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3001\u300cX = \u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7b49\u5f0f\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6982\u5ff5\u300cX\u300d\u3092\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u547d\u984c\u306e\u610f\u5473\u7684\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Heavy rain, gale-force winds, and freezing temperatures battered the coastal region for three days. Such severe weather caused extensive damage to the infrastructure. \u2192 \u300cSuch severe weather\u300d\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u5217\u6319\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u5927\u96e8\u3001\u5f37\u98a8\u3001\u6c37\u70b9\u4e0b\u306e\u6c17\u6e29\u300d\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u8981\u7d04\u3057\u305f\u6982\u5ff5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Many consumers refused to buy products from companies that utilized child labor. Such ethical consumerism has forced corporations to reform their supply chains. \u2192 \u300cSuch ethical consumerism\u300d\u306e\u6307\u3059\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u300c\u5150\u7ae5\u52b4\u50cd\u3092\u884c\u3046\u4f01\u696d\u304b\u3089\u306e\u4e0d\u8cb7\u904b\u52d5\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u884c\u52d5\u5168\u4f53\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The government increased tariffs on foreign steel, restricted immigration, and subsidized domestic agriculture. Such protectionist policies, however, drew fierce criticism from trading partners. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cSuch protectionist policies\u300d\u3092\u5358\u306b\u300c\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u3068\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306b\u6d41\u3059\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f\u95a2\u7a0e\u5f15\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u30fb\u79fb\u6c11\u5236\u9650\u30fb\u8fb2\u696d\u88dc\u52a9\u91d1\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c3\u3064\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u65bd\u7b56\u300d\u306e\u7dcf\u4f53\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6307\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u753b\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Patients often stopped taking their medication as soon as their symptoms improved. Such non-compliance poses a major challenge to effective medical treatment. \u2192 \u300cSuch non-compliance(\u670d\u85ac\u4e0d\u9075\u5b88)\u300d\u306f\u3001\u75c7\u72b6\u6539\u5584\u6642\u306e\u300c\u670d\u85ac\u4e2d\u65ad\u884c\u70ba\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6307\u793a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u304c\u6301\u3064\u6982\u5ff5\u8981\u7d04\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u89e3\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u7fd2\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff12. \u6307\u793a\u526f\u8a5e(thus, so, there)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u547d\u984c\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u7279\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u793a\u526f\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b thus, so, there \u7b49\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u6587\u982d\u306e\u98fe\u308a\u3084\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u4ee3\u7528\u54c1\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u300c\u547d\u984c(S+V)\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u300d\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300c\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u30fb\u72b6\u6cc1\u7684\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u300d\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u7167\u5fdc\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7279\u306b thus \u306f\u300c\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066(in this way)\u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c\u305d\u308c\u3086\u3048\u306b(therefore)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u901a\u308a\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3001\u524d\u8005\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306f\u300c\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u6587\u7ae0\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f\u65b9\u6cd5\u30fb\u624b\u6bb5\u300d\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u3092\u66d6\u6627\u306b\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u9806\u9006\u3084\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u624b\u6bb5\u3068\u76ee\u7684\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u63a5\u7d9a\u304c\u53cd\u8ee2\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u7834\u7dbb\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u793a\u526f\u8a5e\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001thus \u3084 so \u304c\u6307\u793a\u3059\u308b\u5bfe\u8c61\u304c\u300c\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u300d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300c\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u547d\u984c(\u4e8b\u8c61\u30fb\u624b\u6bb5)\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001thus \u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u524d\u6587\u306e\u624b\u6bb5(A) \u2192 thus \u2192 \u7d50\u679c(B)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u56e0\u679c\u30fb\u624b\u6bb5\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6307\u793a\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5fa9\u5143\u3057\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3068\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The researchers isolated the specific gene and suppressed its expression in the control group; thus, they were able to demonstrate its exact function in cellular metabolism. \u2192 \u300cthus\u300d\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u300c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u907a\u4f1d\u5b50\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u767a\u73fe\u3092\u6291\u5236\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068(\u524d\u6587\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u5168\u4f53)\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The company reduced redundant administrative costs and automated its manufacturing process. By doing so, it restored profitability within two years. \u2192 \u300cBy doing so\u300d\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u300c\u904e\u5270\u306a\u7ba1\u7406\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u524a\u6e1b\u3068\u88fd\u9020\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306e\u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u4f01\u696d\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The committee failed to reach a consensus on the budget proposal, and so the project was put on hold indefinitely. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cso\u300d\u306f\u5358\u306a\u308b\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300c\u4e88\u7b97\u6848\u5408\u610f\u306e\u5931\u6557\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u300c\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u5c0e\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: The virus mutates rapidly when exposed to sub-lethal doses of antiviral drugs; thus, combination therapy is strictly required to prevent drug resistance. \u2192 \u300cthus\u300d\u306f\u300c\u4f4e\u7528\u91cf\u6295\u4e0e\u4e0b\u3067\u306e\u30a6\u30a4\u30eb\u30b9\u306e\u6025\u901f\u306a\u5909\u7570\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u73fe\u8c61\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6307\u793a\u526f\u8a5e\u304c\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d6\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u8a00\u8a9e\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5b9f\u8df5\u7684\u306a\u7279\u5b9a\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13. \u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u306e\u8b58\u5225<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e(and, but, or)\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u5358\u8a9e\u3068\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u7e4b\u3050\u8a18\u53f7\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u524d\u5f8c\u3067\u300c\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u7b49\u4fa1\u306a\u69cb\u9020(\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9)\u300d\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u306e\u539f\u7406\u3092\u89e3\u304d\u660e\u304b\u3059\u9375\u306f\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u5171\u901a\u306e\u5206\u5c90\u70b9(\u8d77\u70b9)\u3092\u9006\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff11. \u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e(and, but, or)\u306e\u5f8c\u65b9\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u9006\u7b97<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u306b\u9069\u5f53\u306b\u76ee\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3001\u8fd1\u304f\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u3068\u9069\u5f53\u306b\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u898f\u5247\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300cand\/but\/or \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20(X)\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u5bfe\u7b49\u306a\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20(Y)\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7b49\u3057\u3044\u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc(\u52d5\u8a5e\u539f\u5f62\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001that\u7bc0\u7b49)\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u8981\u7d20(X)\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u304b\u3089\u6587\u982d\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u9061\u3063\u3066X\u3068\u540c\u7a2e\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u5f62\u614b\u3092\u6301\u3064\u8981\u7d20(Y)\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3059\u308b\u300c\u9006\u7b97\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u300d\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u306a\u3044\u9650\u308a\u3001\u9577\u3044\u4e26\u5217\u69cb\u9020\u3084\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u9006\u7b97\u6cd5\u3092\u5b9f\u8df5\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001and, but, or \u3092\u767a\u898b\u3057\u305f\u3089\u76f4\u3061\u306b\u305d\u306e\u300c\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20(X)\u300d\u306e\u5f62\u614b(\u4f8b: -ing\u5f62\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u5206\u8a5e\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e+\u540d\u8a5e\u7b49)\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304b\u3089\u6587\u982d\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066\u8996\u7dda\u3092\u9006\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u79fb\u52d5\u3055\u305b\u3001X\u3068\u5168\u304f\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u3092\u6301\u3064\u6700\u3082\u8fd1\u3044\u8981\u7d20(Y)\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001Y\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5171\u901a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3084\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e(\u8d77\u70b9)\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u300c\u8d77\u70b9 + Y\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c\u8d77\u70b9 + X\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u56f3\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u3066\u8a33\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The management decided to streamline the production process and introduce advanced automation technology in all domestic factories. \u2192 and\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20(X)\u306f\u52d5\u8a5e\u539f\u5f62\u300cintroduce\u300d\u3002\u9061\u308b\u3068\u540c\u7a2e\u306e\u8981\u7d20(Y)\u306f\u300cstreamline\u300d\u3002\u5171\u901a\u306e\u8d77\u70b9\u300cdecided to\u300d\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308b\u4e26\u5217\u69cb\u9020(decided to [streamline…] and [introduce…])\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The novel is famous not for its complex plot structure but for its profound psychological insights into human nature. \u2192 but\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c(X)\u306f\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u300cfor its profound…\u300d\u3002\u9061\u308b\u3068(Y)\u306f\u300cfor its complex…\u300d\u3002not Y but X (Y\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304fX)\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u4e26\u5217\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The study indicates that early childhood intervention improves cognitive development and that its benefits persist into adulthood. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002and\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c(X)\u306fthat\u7bc0\u300cthat its benefits…\u300d\u3002\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u300ccognitive development(\u540d\u8a5e)\u300d\u3068\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u308b\u306e\u306f\u8aa4\u308a\u3002\u9061\u308b\u3068(Y)\u306f\u300cthat early childhood…\u300d\u3002\u52d5\u8a5e indicates \u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u7bc0\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: She felt exhausted after walking all day in the heat and decided to rest under the shade of a large oak tree. \u2192 and\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c(X)\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\u300cdecided\u300d\u3002\u9061\u308b\u3068(Y)\u306f\u300cfelt\u300d(walking\u306f-ing\u5f62\u306e\u305f\u3081\u975e\u7b49\u4fa1)\u3002\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cShe\u300d\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u5f8c\u65b9\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u9006\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u9577\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u4e26\u5217\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u4e00\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff12. \u5171\u901a\u69cb\u6587\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u3068\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7701\u7565\u306e\u5fa9\u5143<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u6587\u3084\u7bc0\u304c\u4e26\u5217\u3055\u308c\u308b\u969b\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u5197\u9577\u6027\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u76ee\u306e\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u524d\u7bc0\u3068\u91cd\u8907\u3059\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20(\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3001\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001be\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u5171\u901a\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u7b49)\u304c\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u306b\u300c\u7701\u7565(ellipsis)\u300d\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7701\u7565\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u300c\u5f8c\u308d\u306e\u7bc0\u3067\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20(\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u52d5\u8a5e\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e)\u304c\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u524d\u7bc0\u306e\u540c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u8981\u7d20\u3068\u5168\u304f\u540c\u3058\u3082\u306e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u770b\u505a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7701\u7565\u306e\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3001\u5f8c\u308d\u306e\u7bc0\u3092\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8aa4\u8aad\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u526f\u8a5e\u3084\u88dc\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5171\u901a\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306e\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u672c\u6765\u3042\u308b\u3079\u304d\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3084\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u300c\u6b20\u843d(\u7a7a\u6027)\u300d\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u7bc0\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6b20\u843d\u90e8\u5206\u306b\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u4ee3\u5165(\u5fa9\u5143)\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5fa9\u5143\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u7bc0\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u3057\u3066\u610f\u5473\u3092\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3001\u524d\u7bc0\u3068\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Some participants preferred online lectures, others in-person workshops. \u2192 \u3042\u3068\u306e\u7bc0\u300cothers…\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u6b20\u843d\u3002\u524d\u7bc0\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u300cpreferred\u300d\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5fa9\u5143(others [preferred] in-person workshops)\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The first experiment was conducted in Tokyo, and the second in Osaka. \u2192 \u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300cwas conducted\u300d\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b(the second [was conducted] in Osaka)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The chairman represented the financial interests of the investors, and the legal counsel those of the corporation. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u300cthose\u300d\u306f\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u53cd\u5fa9\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(the interests)\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u300crepresented\u300d\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b(the legal counsel [represented] those of…).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Direct sunlight promotes the growth of sun-tolerant species, while deep shade that of shade-tolerant plants. \u2192 while\u7bc0\u5185\u3067\u52d5\u8a5e\u300cpromotes\u300d\u3068\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u982d\u300cthe growth\u300d\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u300cthat (=the growth)\u300d\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u63db\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5171\u901a\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u7701\u7565\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304d\u3001\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u6587\u304b\u3089\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u51e6\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14. \u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8981\u7d20\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u3068\u7701\u7565\u306e\u540c\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868\u73fe(as…as, than)\u306f\u3001\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u3084\u547d\u984c\u3092\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30fb\u8a08\u91cf\u3059\u308b\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u6301\u3063\u305f\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6bd4\u8f03\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61(A\u3068B)\u306f\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5bfe\u7b49\u304b\u3064\u5e73\u884c(parallel)\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u7b49\u4fa1\u6027\u5236\u7d04\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff11. \u300cA as\/than B\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u306e\u8b58\u5225<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6700\u3082\u983b\u767a\u3059\u308b\u8aa4\u8aad\u306f\u3001\u4f55\u3068\u4f55\u304c\u6bd4\u8f03\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b(A\u3068B\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2)\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u898f\u7bc4\u6587\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u8a18\u53f7(than \u307e\u305f\u306f 2\u3064\u76ee\u306e as)\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u5bfe\u8c61(B)\u306f\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u8d77\u70b9\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5bfe\u8c61(A)\u3068\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u4e0a(\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306a\u3089\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u306a\u3089\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u6240\u6709\u683c\u306a\u3089\u6240\u6709\u683c)\u3067\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u300c\u6771\u4eac\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u300d\u3068\u300c\u6c96\u7e04\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7570\u306a\u308b\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u6bd4\u8f03\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u305a\u3001\u300c\u6771\u4eac\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u300d\u3068\u300c\u6c96\u7e04\u306e\u6c17\u5019(that of Okinawa)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e73\u884c\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u306e\u539f\u7406\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u3001than \u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u898b\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u3069\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u5bfe\u6bd4\u5bfe\u8c61(A)\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001than \u3084 2\u3064\u76ee\u306e as \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8981\u7d20(B)\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u5f62\u614b(\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u6240\u6709\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0\u7b49)\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089B\u3068\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u540c\u7a2e\u30fb\u540c\u683c\u306e\u8981\u7d20(A)\u3092\u63a2\u7d22\u3057\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30da\u30a2(A vs B)\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u6bd4\u8f03\u8ef8(\u91cf\u3001\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u6027\u8cea)\u3067\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The climate of Tokyo is much milder than that of London in winter. \u2192 than\u306e\u5f8c\u308d(B)\u306f\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u300cthat (=the climate) of London\u300d\u3002\u524d\u6587\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61(A)\u306f\u300cThe climate of Tokyo\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u540c\u58eb\u306e\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u304c\u4fdd\u305f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The salary of a software engineer in Silicon Valley is higher than a university professor. \u2192 \u898f\u7bc4\u6587\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u3092\u542b\u3080\u89e3\u8aad\u691c\u8a3c\u3002than\u306e\u5f8c\u308d(B)\u304c\u4eba\u300ca university professor\u300d\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f\u300cthat of a university professor\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u300c\u7d66\u4e0e(salary)\u300d\u540c\u58eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u88dc\u6b63\u3057\u3066\u8aad\u307f\u89e3\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The research team spent more time analyzing the experimental data than collecting the original samples. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002than\u306e\u5f8c\u308d(B)\u306f\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u300ccollecting…\u300d\u3002\u524d\u6587\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u5bfe\u8c61(A)\u306f\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u300canalyzing…\u300d\u3002\u300c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u5206\u6790\u306b\u8cbb\u3084\u3057\u305f\u6642\u9593\u300d\u3068\u300c\u30b5\u30f3\u30d7\u30eb\u53ce\u96c6\u306b\u8cbb\u3084\u3057\u305f\u6642\u9593\u300d\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Children adapt to new cultural environments much more quickly than adults do. \u2192 than\u306e\u5f8c\u308d(B)\u306f\u300cadults do (=adapt)\u300d\u3002\u524d\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e+\u52d5\u8a5e\u300cChildren adapt\u300d\u3068\u306e\u5e73\u884c\u69cb\u9020\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u8a18\u53f7\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff12. \u6bd4\u8f03\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u4ee3\u7528(do\/does\/did)\u3068\u69cb\u9020\u7701\u7565\u306e\u5fa9\u5143<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u5f8c\u534a(than\/as\u7bc0)\u3067\u306f\u3001\u91cd\u8907\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u4ee3\u52d5\u8a5e(do\/does\/did\/be\u52d5\u8a5e\/\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e)\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u63db\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u8ff0\u8a9e\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4ee3\u52d5\u8a5e do\/did \u304c\u73fe\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3067\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u5168\u4f53(V + O + C\u7b49)\u3092\u305d\u3063\u304f\u308a\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u5f15\u304d\u7d99\u3044\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u4ee3\u7528\u306e\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3068\u7701\u7565\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u89e3\u8aad\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u7bc0\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u3084\u80af\u5b9a\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u53cd\u8ee2\u3057\u305f\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6bd4\u8f03\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u4ee3\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u7701\u7565\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001than\/as\u306e\u5f8c\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u7d9a\u304f do\/does\/did\/be\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u7a2e\u985e(\u4e00\u822c\u52d5\u8a5e\u304bbe\u52d5\u8a5e\u304b)\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u4ee3\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u3069\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u4ee3\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4ee3\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u7bc0\u5185\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u7bc0\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Younger generations consume news through social media more frequently than older generations do. \u2192 \u300cdo\u300d\u306f\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e00\u822c\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u300cconsume news through social media\u300d\u306e\u4ee3\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The economic recovery proceeded much faster in manufacturing than it did in the service sector. \u2192 \u300cit did\u300d\u306e it \u306f\u300cThe economic recovery\u300d\u3001did \u306f\u300cproceeded\u300d\u306e\u4ee3\u7528(did [proceed] in the service sector)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The new algorithm processes complex biological data more efficiently than any existing software can. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300ccan\u300d\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u306f\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u300cprocess complex biological data (efficiently)\u300d\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300c\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u304c\u51e6\u7406\u3067\u304d\u308b[\u52b9\u7387]\u3088\u308a\u3082\u300d\u3068\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Higher education is more widely accessible in urban areas than in remote rural regions. \u2192 than \u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u3067\u300cit is accessible\u300d\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u300cin remote rural regions\u300d\u306e\u307f\u304c\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u4ee3\u7528\u3068\u69cb\u9020\u7701\u7565\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3057\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15. \u540d\u8a5e\u518d\u63b2\u30fb\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7d50\u675f\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u691c\u51fa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u3067\u4f55\u5ea6\u3082\u5f62\u3092\u5909\u3048\u3066\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u300c\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027(lexical cohesion)\u300d\u306e\u628a\u63e1\u306f\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u4e3b\u984c\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u9023\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6975\u5ea6\u306b\u5acc\u3046\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u985e\u7fa9\u8a9e\u3001\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8a9e\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u300c\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048(paraphrase)\u300d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff11. \u985e\u7fa9\u8a9e\u30fb\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8a9e\u30fb\u4e0b\u4f4d\u8a9e\u306e\u9023\u9396\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u8ffd\u8de1<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u3042\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b(\u4e0b\u4f4d\u8a9e)\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u6587\u3067\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5305\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u4e00\u822c\u6982\u5ff5(\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8a9e)\u306b\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u305d\u306e\u9006\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u305f\u3069\u308b\u73fe\u8c61\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u983b\u7e41\u306b\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306b apple, banana, orange \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u4e26\u3093\u3060\u5f8c\u3001\u6b21\u6587\u3067 these commodities \u3084 such produce \u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u304c\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u9023\u7d50\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6587\u8108\u4e2d\u3067\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u5177\u4f53\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u985e\u7fa9\u8a9e\u30fb\u4e0a\u4e0b\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3(\u9396)\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7e4b\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3059\u308b\u539f\u7406\u304c\u3001\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6982\u5ff5\u9023\u9396\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e2d\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u305f\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u3084\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e(\u4f8b: these anomalies)\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u73fe\u8c61\u3084\u8a18\u8ff0(\u4f8b: \u89b3\u6e2c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u4e0d\u898f\u5247\u306a\u5909\u52d5)\u3092\u63a2\u3057\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u304c\u300c\u5177\u4f53(\u4e0b\u4f4d) ↔ \u62bd\u8c61(\u4e0a\u4f4d)\u300d\u306e\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u7fa4\u3092\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3057\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u305d\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5c55\u958b\u30fb\u8a55\u4fa1\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The museum acquired several masterpieces by Renaissance painters. These invaluable treasures will be put on public display next month. \u2192 \u300cmasterpieces by Renaissance painters(\u4e0b\u4f4d)\u300d\u304c\u300cThese invaluable treasures(\u4e0a\u4f4d)\u300d\u3078\u3068\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus continue to threaten public health in tropical regions. Experts warn that climate change could expand the geographic range of such vector-borne diseases. \u2192 \u300cMalaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u75c5\u540d\u304c\u3001\u300csuch vector-borne diseases(\u5a92\u4ecb\u52d5\u7269\u7531\u6765\u306e\u75be\u60a3)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8a9e\u3078\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The government implemented strict regulations on carbon emissions. Critics argue that such interventionist measures will hamper economic growth. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300csuch interventionist measures(\u4ecb\u5165\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u65bd\u7b56)\u300d\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u300c\u70ad\u7d20\u6392\u51fa\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u898f\u5236\u300d\u3092\u7b46\u8005\u3084\u6279\u5224\u8005\u304c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u306b\u8a55\u4fa1\u30fb\u518d\u63b2\u3057\u305f\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: The company developed an innovative algorithm for image recognition. This technological breakthrough brought a massive competitive advantage. \u2192 \u300can innovative algorithm…\u300d\u304c\u300cThis technological breakthrough\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u985e\u7fa9\u8a9e\u3084\u4e0a\u4e0b\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308b\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u9023\u9396\u3092\u610f\u8b58\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u4e2d\u3067\u5f62\u3092\u5909\u3048\u3066\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u540c\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u9014\u5207\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u8ffd\u8de1\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff12. \u300c\u540d\u8a5e A + is \/ means + \u540d\u8a5e B\u300d\u7b49\u306e\u540c\u683c\u30fb\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u89e3\u8aad<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e\u3084\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u3067\u300cA is B\u300d\u300cA, or B\u300d\u300cA, which means B\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306a\u540c\u683c\u30fb\u5b9a\u7fa9\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u7b49\u4fa1\u6027\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u3002\u540c\u683c\u306e\u30ab\u30f3\u30de(,)\u3084 Dash(\u2014)\u3001\u3064\u307e\u308a (that is \/ in other words) \u306a\u3069\u306e\u8a00\u660e\u8a18\u53f7\u306f\u3001\u5de6\u53f3\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u4e00\u5bfe\u4e00\u306e\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u95a2\u4fc2(A = B)\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3059\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u30b5\u30a4\u30f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u540c\u683c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u62bd\u8c61\u8a9e(A)\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u3001\u5e73\u6613\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5074(B)\u304b\u3089\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u540c\u683c\u30fb\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001A, B (\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5)\u3084 A \u2014 B \u2014\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f A, or B \u3068\u3044\u3046\u914d\u7f6e\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u4e26\u5217(and\u306e\u610f\u5473)\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u540c\u683c(that is\u306e\u610f\u5473)\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b(or \u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u51a0\u8a5e\u4ed8\u304d\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306a\u3069\u306f\u540c\u683c\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u3044)\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300cA = B\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5224\u5b9a\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u3001A\u3068\u3044\u3046\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092B\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8aac\u660e\u304b\u3089\u5fa9\u5143\u3057\u3066\u6587\u8108\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u9032\u3081\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, severely impacts the mobility of the elderly. \u2192 \u540c\u683c\u306e\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3002\u300cSarcopenia\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306f\u3001\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u300c\u52a0\u9f62\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u9aa8\u683c\u7b4b\u91cf\u3068\u7b4b\u529b\u306e\u4f4e\u4e0b\u300d\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b(A = B)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The patient suffered from anosmia, or the total loss of the sense of smell. \u2192 \u300cor\u300d\u306f\u540c\u683c\u306e\u300c\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u300d\u3002\u300canosmia(\u55c5\u899a\u8131\u5931)\u300d=\u300cthe total loss of the sense of smell(\u55c5\u899a\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u55aa\u5931)\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: Epigenetics \u2014 the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence \u2014 has revolutionized our understanding of genetics. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5(\u2014)\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u5de8\u5927\u306a\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306f\u300cEpigenetics\u300d\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3002\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8aad\u307f\u98db\u3070\u3059\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u30a8\u30d4\u30b8\u30a7\u30cd\u30c6\u30a3\u30af\u30b9 = DNA\u914d\u5217\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3092\u4f34\u308f\u306a\u3044\u907a\u4f1d\u5b50\u767a\u73fe\u306e\u53ef\u7d99\u627f\u7684\u5909\u5316\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u300d\u3068\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u540c\u683c\u88dc\u5b8c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: The concept of bioethics, namely the philosophical study of ethical controversies brought about by advances in biology and medicine, is increasingly crucial today. \u2192 \u300cnamely(\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061)\u300d\u306b\u3088\u308b\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u540c\u683c\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u540c\u683c\u8a18\u53f7\u3084\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u9003\u3055\u305a\u306b\u88dc\u5b8c\u3057\u3001\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u5c02\u9580\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u5e73\u6613\u306a\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u8868\u73fe\u3078\u3068\u5f15\u304d\u623b\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u6280\u6cd5\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16. \u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u30fb\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u8b58\u5225<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u982d\u3084\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5(in this respect, on the other hand, in contrast\u7b49)\u3084\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u4fee\u98fe\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u3084\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u3068\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u7d50\u675f\u30c7\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff11. \u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5(in this respect, despite this)\u306e\u6587\u8108\u6307\u793a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

in this respect(\u3053\u306e\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066)\u3001despite this(\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a)\u3001as a result of this(\u3053\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066)\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u300c\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e + \u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(this\/that)\u300d\u3067\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u53e5\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3084\u5074\u9762\u3092\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u7db2\u306e\u76ee\u306b\u5f15\u3063\u639b\u3051\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u3078\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u30d7\u53f0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u906d\u9047\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u300cthis\u300d\u304c\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3059\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u305b\u305a\u306b\u8aad\u307f\u9032\u3081\u308b\u3068\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u4f55\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b21\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4e0d\u900f\u660e\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u5185\u306e this \/ that \u304c\u300c\u524d\u6587\u306e\u3069\u306e\u547d\u984c(S+V)\u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c\u3069\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u8a18\u8ff0\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u5f79\u5272(respect=\u70b9\u3001despite=\u8b72\u6b69\u3001as a result=\u539f\u56e0)\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u5f53\u3066\u306f\u3081\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u305d\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2(\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u56e0\u679c\u30fb\u89b3\u70b9)\u3067\u7d50\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The new policy led to a temporary decline in quarterly revenue. Despite this, the board decided to maintain the long-term investment strategy. \u2192 \u300cDespite this\u300d\u306e this \u306f\u300c\u65b0\u653f\u7b56\u304c\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306a\u56db\u534a\u671f\u53ce\u76ca\u306e\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068(\u524d\u6587\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f)\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u300c\u305d\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8b72\u6b69\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The species has developed specialized physiological mechanisms to conserve water in extreme heat. In this respect, it is uniquely adapted to desert environments. \u2192 \u300cIn this respect\u300d\u306e this \u306f\u300c\u6975\u5ea6\u306e\u9177\u6691\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6c34\u3092\u7bc0\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u5c02\u9580\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u751f\u7406\u7684\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u767a\u9054\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u300c\u3053\u306e\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u89b3\u70b9\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The manufacturing plant automated its assembly line and reduced human error to zero; as a consequence of this, productivity doubled within a single year. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cthis\u300d\u306f\u300c\u7d44\u307f\u7acb\u3066\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u306e\u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u3068\u4eba\u7684\u30df\u30b9\u306e\u30bc\u30ed\u5316\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u6587\u8108\u4e8b\u5b9f\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: The company failed to comply with environmental regulations. On account of this, it was fined heavily by the regulatory agency. \u2192 \u300cOn account of this\u300d\u306e this \u306f\u300c\u74b0\u5883\u898f\u5236\u306e\u4e0d\u9075\u5b88\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u524d\u6587\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u7bc4\u56f2\u3068\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u3078\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u63a5\u7d9a\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u898b\u629c\u304f\u8aad\u89e3\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff12. \u89b3\u70b9\u30fb\u6587\u8108\u3092\u9650\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u6587\u9593\u67b6\u3051\u6a4b\u6a5f\u80fd<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

in contrast(\u5bfe\u7167\u7684\u306b)\u3001on the contrary(\u305d\u308c\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b)\u3001by the same token(\u540c\u69d8\u306b)\u3001conversely(\u9006\u306b)\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6587\u8108\u3084\u89b3\u70b9(Context A)\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u6b62\u3081\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30fb\u6975\u6027\u53cd\u8ee2\u30fb\u5e73\u884c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308b\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u89b3\u70b9(Context B)\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u67b6\u3051\u6a4b(Bridge)\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7279\u306b on the contrary \u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u547d\u984c(A\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044)\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u300c\u305d\u308c\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b(B\u3067\u3042\u308b)\u300d\u3068\u5f37\u3044\u80af\u5b9a\u30fb\u5f37\u8abf\u3092\u884c\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3092\u793a\u3059 in contrast \u3068\u306f\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u6301\u3064\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u6587\u9593\u67b6\u3051\u6a4b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u89b3\u70b9\u9650\u5b9a\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u89e3\u6790\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5(\u4f8b: in contrast)\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb(\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3001\u5f37\u8abf\u3001\u540c\u683c\u3001\u9006\u8ee2)\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c(A)\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u30fb\u6975\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u631f\u3093\u3060\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587(B)\u304c\u3001\u524d\u6587(A)\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5f37\u8abf\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The northern region experienced severe drought throughout the summer. In contrast, the southern provinces were hit by unprecedented rainfall and flooding. \u2192 \u300cIn contrast\u300d\u306f\u5357\u5317\u306e\u5730\u57df\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u6761\u4ef6(\u5e72\u3070\u3064 vs \u8c6a\u96e8)\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u300c\u5bfe\u6bd4\u300d\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\u67b6\u3051\u6a4b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The new legislation does not restrict freedom of speech; on the contrary, it provides stronger legal protections for independent journalists. \u2192 \u300con the contrary\u300d\u306f\u524d\u6587\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u300c\u8a00\u8ad6\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u3092\u5236\u9650\u3057\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3001\u300c\u305d\u308c\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b\u3001\u3088\u308a\u5f37\u3044\u6cd5\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u300d\u3068\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306b\u88dc\u5f37\u30fb\u5f37\u3081\u308b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The traditional model assumed that consumers make purely rational choices. Conversely, behavioral economics demonstrates that human decisions are systematically biased. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cConversely(\u9006\u306b)\u300d\u306f\u3001\u300c\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u524d\u63d0(\u5408\u7406\u7684\u9078\u629e)\u300d\u3068\u300c\u884c\u52d5\u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u306e\u5b9f\u8a3c(\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u30d0\u30a4\u30a2\u30b9)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u8aac\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u3092\u5c0e\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Large corporations have the capital to invest in risky research and development. By the same token, small startups possess the flexibility to pivot quickly in response to market changes. \u2192 \u300cBy the same token(\u540c\u69d8\u306b\/\u540c\u3058\u7406\u7531\u3067)\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5927\u4f01\u696d\u3068\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u30c8\u30a2\u30c3\u30d7\u306e\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u5f37\u307f\u3092\u5e73\u884c\u306b\u4e26\u3079\u308b\u67b6\u3051\u6a4b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304b\u3089\u3001\u89b3\u70b9\u30fb\u6587\u8108\u3092\u9650\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u67b6\u6a4b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u7279\u5b9a\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17. \u8907\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u7701\u7565\u306e\u5fa9\u5143<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8907\u6587(\u4e3b\u7bc0 + \u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0)\u3084\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u8868\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u305a\u306b\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u308b\u73fe\u8c61\u304c\u591a\u767a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u898f\u5247\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u5f71\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u300d\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u7279\u5b9a\u30fb\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u4f5c\u696d\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u3092\u62c5\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17.\uff11. \u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u30fb\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u3068\u4e00\u81f4\u691c\u8a3c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587(V-ing…, S + V…)\u3084\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3092\u6b8b\u3057\u305f\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587(When V-ing…, S + V…)\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u660e\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u300c\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e(S)\u300d\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u304c\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u898f\u5247(\u4e3b\u8a9e\u4e00\u81f4\u306e\u539f\u5247)\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3082\u3057\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u61f8\u5782\u5206\u8a5e(dangling participle)\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u975e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u76f4\u9762\u3057\u305f\u8aad\u8005\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u5206\u8a5e\u306e\u524d\u306b\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u9023\u308c\u3066\u304d\u3066\u3001\u300c\u4e3b\u7bc0\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u305d\u306e\u5206\u8a5e\u52d5\u4f5c\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b(\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80fd\u52d5\u30fb\u53d7\u52d5\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u76f4\u3061\u306b\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u30fb\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e V-ing… \u307e\u305f\u306f V-ed… (\u5206\u8a5e\u53e5)\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u53e5\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u300c\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e(S)\u300d\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u4e3b\u8a9e(S)\u3092\u5206\u8a5e\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u3001\u300cS\u304cV\u3059\u308b(\u80fd\u52d5:V-ing)\u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300cS\u304cV\u3055\u308c\u308b(\u53d7\u52d5:V-ed)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u8ff0\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Having completed the extensive literature review, the doctoral student began writing the first chapter of his dissertation. \u2192 \u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u300cHaving completed…\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cthe doctoral student\u300d\u3002\u5f7c\u304c\u6587\u732e\u30ec\u30d3\u30e5\u30fc\u3092\u5b8c\u4e86\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80fd\u52d5\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Built on a steep cliff overlooking the ocean, the medieval castle was virtually impregnable to enemy attacks. \u2192 \u904e\u53bb\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u300cBuilt…\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cthe medieval castle\u300d\u3002\u57ce\u304c\u6025\u5d16\u306e\u4e0a\u306b\u5efa\u3066\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53d7\u52d5\u95a2\u4fc2(It was built…)\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: Walking through the dense forest at night, the sound of howling wolves filled the young traveler with dread. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b(\u61f8\u5782\u5206\u8a5e\u306e\u691c\u8a3c)\u3002\u6587\u982d\u306e\u300cWalking…\u300d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cthe sound(\u97f3)\u300d\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u300c\u97f3\u304c\u591c\u306e\u68ee\u3092\u6b69\u304f\u300d\u3068\u306a\u308a\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u3002\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u3001\u5f8c\u534a\u306b\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u300cthe young traveler(\u82e5\u3044\u65c5\u4eba)\u300d\u304c\u6b69\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u672c\u6765\u306e\u4e3b\u8ff0\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u4fee\u6b63\u30fb\u88dc\u5b8c\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: While investigating the unusual metabolic pathway, the biochemist unexpectedly discovered a new class of enzymes. \u2192 \u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u4ed8\u304d\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3002\u300cinvestigating\u300d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cthe biochemist\u300d\u3002\u5f7c\u304c\u4ee3\u8b1d\u7d4c\u8def\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8907\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u5185\u306e\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7167\u5fdc\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u5fa9\u5143\u3068\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3068\u306e\u4e3b\u8ff0\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u691c\u8a3c\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17.\uff12. \u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u30fb\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u7701\u7565\u3068\u4e3b\u7bc0\u8981\u7d20\u3078\u306e\u7167\u5fdc<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u3068\u308b\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e(to V)\u3084\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e(V-ing)\u306e\u5f62\u3067\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e(O)\u304c\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001This book is easy to read. \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001read \u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3079\u304d\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e(book)\u306f\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e(This book)\u3068\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u4e8c\u91cd\u8868\u8a18\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3066\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u300c\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u6b20\u843d(gapping)\u300d\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7b87\u6240\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3084\u524d\u51fa\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304b\u3089\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u88dc\u5b8c\u3057\u3066\u300cV + O\u300d\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u30fb\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u7701\u7565\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u53e5\u3084\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u3001\u672c\u6765\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e(\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5)\u304c\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u305d\u306e\u88dc\u8a9e\u30fb\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u305f\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u5f53\u3066\u306f\u307e\u308b\u9069\u5408\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e + \u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u8133\u5185\u3067\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3001\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u76ee\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u610f\u5473\u3092\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The complex mathematical proof was surprisingly difficult for the undergraduate students to comprehend. \u2192 \u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u300ccomprehend\u300d\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u6b20\u843d\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe complex mathematical proof\u300d\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4ee3\u5165(to comprehend [the proof])\u3057\u3001\u300c\u305d\u306e\u8a3c\u660e\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76ee\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: These rare tropical orchids require specialized environmental conditions to grow successfully. \u2192 \u81ea\u52d5\u8a5e\/\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u3002grow \u304c\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u300c\u301c\u3092\u683d\u57f9\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThese rare tropical orchids\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u300c\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30e9\u30f3\u3092\u80b2\u3066\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The water from the mountain spring is perfectly safe to drink without filtering. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cdrink\u300d\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe water…\u300d\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u88dc\u5b8c(to drink [the water])\u3057\u3001\u300c\u305d\u306e\u6c34\u3092\u98f2\u3080\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76ee\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: The chemical compound proved far too volatile for the technicians to handle safely in an open laboratory. \u2192 \u300chandle\u300d\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe chemical compound\u300d\u3092\u5fa9\u5143(to handle [the compound] safely)\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u6e96\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u5185\u3067\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u6b6a\u307f\u3092\u89e3\u6d88\u3057\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u610f\u5473\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18. \u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u6587\u9593\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u628a\u63e1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6d41\u308c\u3092\u5236\u5fa1\u3059\u308b\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58(Discourse Markers)\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u611f\u60c5\u3084\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u524d\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6587\u8108(\u524d\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c\u7fa4)\u3092\u307e\u308b\u3054\u3068\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2(\u88dc\u8db3\u3001\u8981\u7d04\u3001\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3001\u4f8b\u793a)\u3092\u6253\u3061\u7acb\u3066\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18.\uff11. \u63db\u8a00\u30fb\u8981\u7d04\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58(in other words, to put it simply)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u524d\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6307\u793a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

in other words(\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u308c\u3070)\u3001that is to say(\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061)\u3001to put it simply(\u7c21\u6f54\u306b\u8a00\u3048\u3070)\u3001in short(\u8981\u3059\u308b\u306b)\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f\u9577\u5927\u3067\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u3084\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306a\u8aac\u660e\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u300c\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5f15\u304d\u53d7\u3051\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u3088\u308a\u5e73\u6613\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u3088\u308a\u51dd\u7e2e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a00\u8449\u3067\u518d\u5b9a\u7fa9\u30fb\u8981\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u30b5\u30a4\u30f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u6587\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3068\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u300c\u7b49\u4fa1\u95a2\u4fc2(A = B)\u300d\u3092\u306a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u304c\u66d6\u6627\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u63db\u8a00\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306e\u6587(B)\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u9006\u7b97\u3057\u3066\u524d\u6587(A)\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u63db\u8a00\u30fb\u8981\u7d04\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u305f\u7167\u5fdc\u89e3\u8aad\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001in other words \u3084 in short \u306a\u3069\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53(A)\u3092\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u5927\u304d\u306a\u610f\u5473\u306e\u56fa\u307e\u308a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u56f2\u3044\u8fbc\u3080\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u6587(B)\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u89e3\u6790\u3057\u3001B\u304cA\u306e\u3069\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u30fb\u7c21\u7565\u5316\u3057\u3066\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7a81\u304d\u5408\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300cA\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8aac\u660e = B\u306e\u5358\u7d14\u306a\u4e00\u6587\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7b49\u4fa1\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u8981\u65e8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a18\u61b6\u306b\u4fdd\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The cellular mechanism exhibits high genetic redundancy, allowing alternative pathways to compensate for damaged components. In other words, the system is remarkably resilient to internal failures. \u2192 \u300cIn other words\u300d\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306e\u300c\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u5185\u90e8\u969c\u5bb3\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8457\u3057\u304f\u5f37\u976d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7c21\u6f54\u306a\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c\u907a\u4f1d\u7684\u5197\u9577\u6027\u3068\u4ee3\u66ff\u7d4c\u8def\u306e\u88dc\u511f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u5e73\u6613\u306b\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The central bank lowered interest rates, purchased government bonds, and expanded credit facilities for commercial banks. In short, it adopted an extraordinarily expansionary monetary policy. \u2192 \u300cIn short\u300d\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u5217\u6319\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u91d1\u5229\u5f15\u304d\u4e0b\u3052\u30fb\u56fd\u50b5\u8cb7\u3044\u5165\u308c\u30fb\u4fe1\u7528\u67a0\u62e1\u5927\u300d\u3068\u3044\u30463\u3064\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u65bd\u7b56\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u300c\u7570\u4f8b\u306e\u91d1\u878d\u7de9\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e00\u8a00\u306b\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The survey revealed that consumers prefer sustainable products but are unwilling to pay higher prices for them. That is to say, environmental awareness does not automatically translate into purchasing behavior. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cThat is to say\u300d\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u88fd\u54c1\u3092\u597d\u3080\u304c\u7d0d\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u4fa1\u683c\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u8cb7\u308f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30a2\u30f3\u30d0\u30b5\u30c0\u30fc\u306a\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u5fc3\u7406\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u7d50\u679c\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u3001\u300c\u610f\u8b58\u304c\u8cfc\u8cb7\u884c\u52d5\u306b\u76f4\u7d50\u3057\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u547d\u984c\u3078\u3068\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u306b\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: The organism cannot synthesize essential amino acids internally and must obtain them through its diet. To put it simply, its survival depends entirely on external nutrition. \u2192 \u300cTo put it simply\u300d\u304c\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u751f\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u4ee3\u8b1d\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u300c\u751f\u5b58\u304c\u5916\u90e8\u304b\u3089\u306e\u6804\u990a\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u63db\u8a00\u30fb\u8981\u7d04\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u524d\u6587\u306e\u3069\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3066\u6307\u793a\u30fb\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u8ad6\u65e8\u3092\u8ff7\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u4e00\u63b4\u307f\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18.\uff12. \u4f8b\u793a\u30fb\u88dc\u8db3\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58(for instance, moreover)\u304c\u7d50\u3076\u4e3b\u65e8\u3068\u5177\u4f53\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

for example \/ for instance(\u4f8b\u3048\u3070)\u3001moreover \/ furthermore(\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e0a)\u3001in addition(\u52a0\u3048\u3066)\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306a\u300c\u4e3b\u65e8(\u4e3b\u5f35)\u300d\u3068\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300c\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u30fb\u8ffd\u52a0\u6839\u62e0\u300d\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u3001\u4e0a\u4f4d\u30fb\u4e0b\u4f4d\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002for instance \u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u306f\u524d\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u7acb\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u300c\u4e00\u4e8b\u4f8b(\u4e0b\u4f4d\u6982\u5ff5)\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4e3b\u65e8\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u307e\u305f moreover \u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u306f\u524d\u6587\u3068\u540c\u7b49\u306e\u91cd\u307f\u3092\u6301\u3064\u300c\u5225\u306e\u89d2\u5ea6\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8ffd\u52a0\u306e\u6839\u62e0(\u4e26\u5217\u95a2\u4fc2)\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u6027\u683c\u3092\u533a\u5225\u3057\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u3069\u306e\u547d\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u4f8b\u793a\u3084\u88dc\u8db3\u3092\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\u793a\u30fb\u88dc\u8db3\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001for instance \u3084 moreover \u306a\u3069\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c\u4e3b\u5f35\u30fb\u4e3b\u65e8(A)\u300d\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306e\u6587(B)\u304c\u3001A\u3092\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u4f8b(for instance)\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082A\u3092\u88dc\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u6839\u62e0(moreover)\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001A(\u62bd\u8c61\u30fb\u4e3b\u65e8)\u3068B(\u5177\u4f53\u30fb\u88dc\u8db3)\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u56f3\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u9aa8\u683c(A)\u3068\u8089\u4ed8\u3051(B)\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Cognitive biases significantly distort human decision-making processes. For instance, individuals routinely overestimate the probability of memorable or dramatic events. \u2192 \u300cFor instance\u300d\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306e\u300c\u8a18\u61b6\u306b\u6b8b\u308a\u3084\u3059\u3044\u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\u306e\u78ba\u7387\u3092\u904e\u5927\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u73fe\u8c61\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c\u8a8d\u77e5\u30d0\u30a4\u30b7\u30b9\u304c\u610f\u5fd7\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3092\u6b6a\u3081\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u4e00\u4f8b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The new software interface is exceptionally intuitive, reducing training time for new employees. Moreover, it integrates seamlessly with existing enterprise databases. \u2192 \u300cMoreover\u300d\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c\u76f4\u611f\u7684\u306a\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027(\u5229\u70b91)\u300d\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3001\u300c\u65e2\u5b58\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u3068\u306e\u5186\u6ed1\u306a\u7d71\u5408(\u5229\u70b92)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u7b49\u306a\u8ffd\u52a0\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u524d\u6587\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u306b\u4e26\u5217\u88dc\u8db3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: Urbanization leads to severe habitat fragmentation for native wildlife. Furthermore, urban heat islands alter local microclimates, pushing sensitive species to the brink of extinction. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cFurthermore\u300d\u306f\u3001\u90fd\u5e02\u5316\u304c\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u751f\u7269\u3078\u306e\u60aa\u5f71\u97ff\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c\u751f\u606f\u5730\u306e\u5206\u65ad(\u8981\u56e01)\u300d\u306b\u300c\u30d2\u30fc\u30c8\u30a2\u30a4\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5c40\u6240\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u5909\u52d5(\u8981\u56e02)\u300d\u3092\u8ffd\u52a0\u30fb\u88dc\u8db3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Regular physical exercise improves cardiovascular health; in addition, it enhances cognitive function by stimulating neurogenesis. \u2192 \u300cin addition\u300d\u304c\u3001\u904b\u52d5\u306e\u52b9\u80fd\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300c\u5faa\u74b0\u5668\u306e\u5065\u5eb7\u300d\u306b\u300c\u795e\u7d4c\u767a\u751f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a8d\u77e5\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u5411\u4e0a\u300d\u3092\u4e26\u5217\u8ffd\u52a0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u4f8b\u793a\u30fb\u88dc\u8db3\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u5c0e\u304f\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3084\u8ffd\u52a0\u6839\u62e0\u304c\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u3069\u306e\u4e3b\u65e8\u306b\u7d10\u4ed8\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u8aad\u6280\u6cd5\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19. \u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u963b\u5bb3\u8981\u56e0\u306e\u691c\u77e5\u3068\u8aa4\u89e3\u306e\u4fee\u6b63<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u898b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u3068\u7e4b\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u8868\u73fe\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u304c\u53cd\u8ee2\u30fb\u906e\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u963b\u5bb3\u8981\u56e0\u300d\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u963b\u5bb3\u8981\u56e0\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u8aa4\u89e3\u3092\u4fee\u6b63\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u6587\u8108\u3092\u3064\u306a\u304e\u76f4\u3059\u80fd\u529b\u306f\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5165\u8a66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u306e\u8aad\u89e3\u529b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19.\uff11. \u633f\u5165\u53e5\u30fb\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8996\u899a\u7684\u65ad\u7d76\u306e\u514b\u670d\u3068\u4e3b\u6587\u7d50\u675f\u306e\u5fa9\u5143<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u9593\u306b\u9577\u5927\u306a\u633f\u5165\u53e5(\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u540c\u683c\u53e5\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u306b\u56f2\u307e\u308c\u305f\u633f\u5165\u6587)\u3084\u591a\u91cd\u306b\u7bc0\u304c\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u304c\u631f\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u6587\u306e\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306a\u9023\u306a\u308a\u304c\u65ad\u7d76\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u7d50\u5408\u3001\u306a\u3089\u3073\u306b\u524d\u6587\u304b\u3089\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u898b\u5931\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4fee\u98fe\u8a9e\u53e5\u306e\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u306b\u5230\u9054\u3057\u305f\u9803\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u4f55\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u524d\u6587\u304b\u3089\u3069\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u5f15\u304d\u7d99\u304c\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5fd8\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u3001\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u5185\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u8aad\u89e3\u3092\u7834\u7dbb\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u3092\u62ec\u5f27( )\u3067\u62ec\u3063\u3066\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u906e\u65ad(\u30de\u30b9\u30af)\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u524d\u6587\u3068\u306e\u672c\u6765\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8996\u899a\u7684\u65ad\u7d76\u3092\u514b\u670d\u3057\u3066\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001S\u3068V\u306e\u9593\u306b\u5272\u308a\u8fbc\u3093\u3060\u633f\u5165\u8a18\u53f7(\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u5bfe\u3001\u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u5bfe\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7b49)\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u958b\u59cb\u70b9\u3068\u7d42\u4e86\u70b9\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u753b\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u753b\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u982d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u304d(\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u51e6\u7406)\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e(S)\u3068\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e(V)\u3092\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u9023\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5fa9\u5143\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300cS + V\u300d\u306e\u4e3b\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u95a2\u4fc2(\u7167\u5fdc\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4)\u3092\u518d\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The initial hypothesis, despite receiving widespread support from early commentators and media outlets, was completely disproved by subsequent rigorous laboratory experiments. \u2192 \u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u300cdespite receiving…\u300d\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6587\u982d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe initial hypothesis\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u300cwas completely disproved\u300d\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u9023\u7d50\u3057\u3001\u300c\u521d\u671f\u306e\u4eee\u8aac\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5bfe\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u6838\u3068\u306a\u308b\u9aa8\u683c\u3068\u524d\u6587\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u63a5\u7d9a\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The ancient trade routes \u2014 which traversed treacherous mountain ranges and unforgiving deserts for thousands of miles \u2014 facilitated not only the exchange of commercial goods but also the diffusion of cultural and religious ideas. \u2192 \u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5(\u2014)\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe ancient trade routes\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u300cfacilitated…\u300d\u3092\u76f4\u7d50\u3057\u3001\u300c\u53e4\u4ee3\u306e\u8cbf\u6613\u8def\u304c\u8ca1\u306e\u4ea4\u63db\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u6587\u5316\u30fb\u5b97\u6559\u306e\u4f1d\u64ad\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u6587\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The primary objective of the new regulatory framework, which many industry leaders initially feared would stifle technological innovation, is actually to establish fair competition in the digital market. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u300cstifle technological innovation(\u6280\u8853\u9769\u65b0\u3092\u963b\u5bb3\u3059\u308b)\u300d\u306b\u5f15\u3063\u5f35\u3089\u308c\u305a\u3001\u633f\u5165\u7bc0\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u3057\u3066\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe primary objective…\u300d\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u300cis actually to establish…\u300d\u3092\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u3001\u300c\u65b0\u898f\u5236\u306e\u4e3b\u305f\u308b\u76ee\u7684\u306f\u516c\u6b63\u306a\u7af6\u4e89\u306e\u78ba\u7acb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u771f\u306e\u80af\u5b9a\u547d\u984c\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Dr. Arisawa, who devoted her entire career to studying rare neurological disorders, received the prestigious international award for her groundbreaking research. \u2192 \u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u3057\u3001\u300cDr. Arisawa received the prestigious international award…\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u9577\u5927\u306a\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u306b\u3088\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u30fb\u8996\u899a\u7684\u65ad\u7d76\u3092\u514b\u670d\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3068\u524d\u6587\u304b\u3089\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u518d\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u7fd2\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19.\uff12. \u9006\u8aac\u30fb\u8b72\u6b69\u69cb\u6587(it is true… but, granted)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u306e\u691c\u77e5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

it is true that A, but B (\u306a\u308b\u307b\u3069A\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001B\u3060)\u3084\u3001granted \/ admittedly(\u78ba\u304b\u306b\u301c\u3060\u304c)\u3001indeed… but(\u78ba\u304b\u306b\u301c\u3060\u304c\u3057\u304b\u3057)\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u4f53\u7cfb\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u5ea6\u3042\u3048\u3066\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3084\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f(A)\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u308b\u632f\u308a\u3092\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304d\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001but \u4ee5\u964d\u3067\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35(B)\u3092\u5f37\u529b\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u300cU\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3(\u8ee2\u63db)\u300d\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0(A)\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3060\u3068\u52d8\u9055\u3044\u3057\u3066\u98db\u3073\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3068\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u610f(B)\u3068\u306f\u771f\u9006\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u3092\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u5931\u70b9\u306b\u7e4b\u304c\u308b\u3002\u8b72\u6b69\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306f\u300c\u3053\u3053(A)\u306f\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e but \u4ee5\u964d(B)\u3067\u3072\u3063\u304f\u308a\u8fd4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u524d\u632f\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u5bdf\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u306e\u30b5\u30a4\u30f3\u306b\u8eab\u69cb\u3048\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u306e\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u691c\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e Granted, Admittedly, It is true that, Indeed \u306a\u3069\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0(A)\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u300c\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u4e86\u89e3\u30fb\u524d\u632f\u308a\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u533a\u5206\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u4fdd\u7559\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u308b but, however, nonetheless \u306a\u3069\u306e\u9006\u8aac\u8a18\u53f7\u3092\u5883\u76ee\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u304c\u53cd\u8ee2\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001B\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8aac\u3053\u305d\u304c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35(\u4e3b\u65e8)\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: It is true that renewable energy technologies have become significantly more cost-effective in recent years; however, their intermittent nature remains a fundamental obstacle to replacing fossil fuels entirely. \u2192 \u300cIt is true that…\u300d\u306e\u5185\u5bb9(\u518d\u751f\u53ef\u80fd\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u306e\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u6539\u5584)\u306f\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u524d\u632f\u308a\u3002\u9006\u8aac\u300chowever\u300d\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u300c\u9593\u6b20\u6027\u304c\u5316\u77f3\u71c3\u6599\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u4ee3\u66ff\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6839\u672c\u7684\u969c\u5bb3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35(B)\u3053\u305d\u304c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u8ad6\u65e8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Admittedly, the sample size of the preliminary study was relatively small; nonetheless, the statistical significance of the results cannot be easily dismissed. \u2192 \u300cAdmittedly(\u78ba\u304b\u306b)\u300d\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8b72\u6b69(\u30b5\u30f3\u30d7\u30eb\u6570\u306e\u5c0f\u3055\u3055)\u304b\u3089\u3001\u300cnonetheless(\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a)\u300d\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u300c\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u5bb9\u6613\u306b\u68c4\u5374\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3078\u3068\u7740\u5730\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: Granted that the company’s short-term profits dropped sharply during the restructuring process, its long-term market valuation has experienced unprecedented growth. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cGranted that…\u300d\u5185\u306e\u300c\u77ed\u671f\u5229\u76ca\u306e\u6025\u6e1b\u300d\u3092\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u305b\u305a\u3001\u300cits long-term market valuation…(\u9577\u671f\u7684\u306a\u5e02\u5834\u8a55\u4fa1\u306e\u6210\u9577)\u300d\u304c\u771f\u306e\u7740\u5730\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Indeed, early trials yielded mixed results; but subsequent refinements to the experimental protocol produced remarkably consistent outcomes. \u2192 \u300cIndeed… but\u300d\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3002\u521d\u671f\u6cbb\u9a13\u306e\u6df7\u8ff7(\u8b72\u6b69)\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30d7\u30ed\u30c8\u30b3\u30eb\u6539\u5584\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6574\u5408\u7684\u7d50\u679c(\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u610f)\u3078\u306e\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u306eU\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u524d\u632f\u308a\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3068\u3092\u9bae\u3084\u304b\u306b\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u306e\u8aad\u89e3\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u7406:\u7d50\u675f\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3068\u7167\u5fdc\u89e3\u6790\u624b\u9806\u306e\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8996\u5ea7\u5c64\u3067\u8b58\u5225\u3057\u305f\u7d50\u675f\u7684\u6307\u6a19\uff08\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u6307\u793a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868\u73fe\u3001\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u9023\u9396\uff09\u3092\u8db3\u304c\u304b\u308a\u3068\u3057\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8907\u6587\u3084\u9577\u5927\u6bb5\u843d\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7d50\u675f\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u306b\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u5224\u65ad\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5358\u306a\u308b\u76f4\u611f\u7684\u306a\u6587\u8108\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u6392\u3057\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3001c-\u30b3\u30de\u30f3\u30c9\u5236\u7d04\u3001\u5f8c\u65b9\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u9006\u7b97\u6cd5\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7701\u7565\u306e\u5fa9\u5143\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u601d\u8003\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002\u524d\u63d0\u80fd\u529b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u57fa\u790e\u4f53\u7cfb\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u8a9e\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\uff08\u57fa\u790e M16\uff09\u3001\u7701\u7565\u30fb\u5012\u7f6e\u30fb\u5f37\u8abf\uff08\u57fa\u790e M17\uff09\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6587\u9593\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\uff08\u57fa\u790e M18\uff09\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u6271\u3046\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u3001\u8907\u6587\u30fb\u9577\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7167\u5fdc\u7bc4\u56f2\u306e\u753b\u5b9a\u3001\u524d\u6587\u547d\u984c\u306e\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u30fb\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u9805\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u633f\u5165\u30fb\u8b72\u6b69\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8996\u899a\u7684\u65ad\u7d76\u306e\u514b\u670d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u5c64\u3092\u7db2\u7f85\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u521d\u898b\u306e\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u4e00\u5207\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u98db\u8e8d\u306a\u3057\u306b\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u547d\u984c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u4e00\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u306a\u89e3\u6790\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u675f\u7e1b\u30c9\u30e1\u30a4\u30f3\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u7bc0\u5185\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u306e\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u6392\u9664\uff08\u675f\u7e1b\u7406\u8ad6\uff09\u3084\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u30fb\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u968e\u5c64\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u5019\u88dc\u304c\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M16-\u610f\u5473]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b49\u4f4d\u30fb\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u6027<\/p>\n\n\n\n

and, but, than, as \u306a\u3069\u306e\u8a18\u53f7\u306f\u3001\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u4e00\u81f4\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u65b9\u8981\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u8d77\u70b9\u3092\u9006\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5171\u901a\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M17-\u7d71\u8a9e]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u9593\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3068\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3084\u63db\u8a00\u30fb\u4f8b\u793a\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\uff08\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3001\u7b49\u4fa1\u3001\u88dc\u8db3\uff09\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M18-\u8ac7\u8a71]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u500b\u5225 M01-\u539f\u7406]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2514 \u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u89e3\u4f53\u304c\u3001\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u305f\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3084\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u88dc\u5b8c\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u500b\u5225 M02-\u539f\u7406]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2514 \u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u6975\u6027\u7279\u5b9a\u304c\u3001\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u8981\u7d04\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3059\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u691c\u8a3c\u3068\u9023\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11. \u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u6307\u793a\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u89e3\u6790\u624b\u9806<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8907\u6587\u3084\u8907\u6570\u6587\u306b\u307e\u305f\u304c\u308b\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u7279\u5b9a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u611f\u899a\u7684\u306a\u6587\u8108\u9069\u53f7\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8aa4\u8aad\u306e\u6700\u5927\u306e\u8981\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u4fdd\u6301\u3059\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027(\u6570\u30fb\u6027\u30fb\u683c)\u3068\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5883\u754c\u306b\u3088\u308b\u675f\u7e1b\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u6b63\u5f53\u306a\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u89e3\u6790\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7167\u5fdc\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u3084\u7bc0\u306e\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3057\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u3068\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u307f\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u4ee3\u5165\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u672c\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3068\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u304c\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u675f\u7e1b\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304fc-\u30b3\u30de\u30f3\u30c9\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u30c9\u30e1\u30a4\u30f3\u5185\u3067\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u306e\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u6392\u9664\u3084\u524d\u65b9\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u6210\u7acb\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u5224\u5b9a\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff11. \u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u30fb\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u5883\u754c\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7167\u5fdc\u7bc4\u56f2\u306e\u753b\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(it, they, this, that\u7b49)\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u306b\u3042\u308b\u6700\u3082\u8fd1\u3044\u540d\u8a5e\u300d\u3092\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u5f53\u3066\u306f\u3081\u308b\u89e3\u91c8\u304c\u6563\u898b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u7167\u5fdc\u539f\u7406\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306f\u305d\u306e\u8a9e\u5f62\u81ea\u4f53\u306b\u300c\u6570(\u5358\u6570\/\u8907\u6570)\u300d\u300c\u6027(\u7537\u6027\/\u5973\u6027\/\u4e2d\u6027)\u300d\u300c\u683c(\u4e3b\u683c\/\u6240\u6709\u683c\/\u76ee\u7684\u683c)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u6587\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u306b\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306f\u3053\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u9069\u5408\u691c\u8a3c\u3092\u6020\u308a\u3001\u5358\u306b\u610f\u5473\u304c\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u305d\u3046\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\u3067\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3068\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u5b66\u8853\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u9006\u8ee2\u3057\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\u3092\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u4e8b\u614b\u306b\u9665\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u6b20\u3044\u305f\u8aad\u89e3\u304c\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u4e88\u6e2c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6b6a\u66f2\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u5371\u967a\u6027\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4eee\u306b\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u9069\u5408\u6027\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u305b\u305a\u306b\u8aad\u89e3\u3092\u9032\u3081\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u5358\u6570\u30fb\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3069\u306e\u4e3b\u4f53\u304c\u3069\u306e\u4f5c\u7528\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u4e00\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u305f\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u300c\u683c\u30fb\u6570\u30fb\u6027\u300d\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u691c\u7d22\u3059\u3079\u304d\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b1\u301c2\u6587\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u3092\u6587\u982d\u304b\u3089\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u6587\u6cd5\u6761\u4ef6\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u307f\u3092\u5019\u88dc\u3068\u3057\u3066\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b(\u6761\u4ef6\u306b\u5408\u308f\u306a\u3044\u5358\u6570\/\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u306f\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b)\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5404\u5019\u88dc\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u9805\u69cb\u9020(SVO\u7b49\u306e\u6587\u578b)\u304a\u3088\u3073\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u7167\u3089\u3057\u3066\u3001\u547d\u984c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3092\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The clinical trial evaluated two distinct pharmacological compounds, but they proved entirely ineffective when administered in low doses. \u2192 \u300cthey\u300d\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u306f\u8907\u6570\u30fb\u4e3b\u683c\u3002\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u306e\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306f\u300ctwo distinct pharmacological compounds\u300d\u3002\u4ee3\u5165\u691c\u8a3c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6295\u4e0e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u7121\u52b9\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u300c\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u85ac\u7269\u5316\u5408\u7269\u300d\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Although the regulatory agency reviewed the pharmaceutical company’s safety report, it requested additional data regarding potential long-term side effects. \u2192 \u300cit\u300d\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u306f\u5358\u6570\u30fb\u4e3b\u683c\u3002\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u306e\u5358\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306f\u300cthe regulatory agency\u300d\u3068\u300cthe pharmaceutical company’s safety report\u300d\u3002\u8ffd\u52a0\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u4f53\u306f\u300c\u898f\u5236\u5f53\u5c40\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f the regulatory agency \u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The research group published its findings on genetic mutations in prominent journals, and the medical community received them with great enthusiasm due to its revolutionary implications. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cthem\u300d\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u306f\u8907\u6570\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3002\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u300cprominent journals(\u8907\u6570)\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3057\u3084\u3059\u3044\u304c\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u300c\u5927\u3044\u306a\u308b\u71b1\u610f\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3089\u308c\u305f\u300d\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u300cfindings(\u767a\u898b\u4e8b\u9805\u30fb\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5)\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u300cits\u300d\u306f\u5358\u6570\u306e\u300cThe research group\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u300c\u7814\u7a76\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u306e\u767a\u898b\u4e8b\u9805\u300d\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: When invasive plant species spread rapidly throughout a native forest, their aggressive growth suppresses the development of local flora. \u2192 \u300ctheir\u300d\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u306f\u8907\u6570\u6240\u6709\u683c\u3002\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306f\u300cinvasive plant species\u300d(species\u306f\u8907\u6570\u6271\u3044)\u3002\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u300c\u5916\u6765\u690d\u7269\u7a2e\u305f\u3061\u306e\u300d\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u305f\u5019\u88dc\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u3068\u4ee3\u5165\u691c\u8a3c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u9577\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7167\u5fdc\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u904b\u7528\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff12. \u675f\u7e1b\u7406\u8ad6\u3068c-\u30b3\u30de\u30f3\u30c9\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8907\u6587\u5185\u306e\u975e\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u691c\u8a3c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u9818\u57df\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u306e\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u8ddd\u96e2\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u898f\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6587\u306e\u6728\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u652f\u914d\u95a2\u4fc2(c-\u30b3\u30de\u30f3\u30c9)\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u675f\u7e1b\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u5236\u5fa1\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u7bc0(\u6700\u5c0f\u306eS+V\u306e\u30c9\u30e1\u30a4\u30f3)\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u666e\u901a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(him, her, them\u7b49)\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u6307\u3059\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5fc5\u305a\u518d\u5e30\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(himself, herself,\u5224\u81ea\u8eab\u7b49)\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u306a\u6587\u6cd5\u898f\u5247\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u3084\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3092\u8de8\u3050\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u611f\u899a\u3067\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u8ab0\u304c\u8ab0\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u57fa\u672c\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u8aa4\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u304c\u6301\u3064\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u968e\u5c64\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3057\u5f97\u308b\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8907\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u53ef\u80fd\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u6700\u5c0f\u306e\u7bc0(S+V)\u306e\u5883\u754c\u3092\u753b\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e(S)\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u666e\u901a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6700\u5c0f\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u306e\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b(\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u6307\u3059\u306a\u3089\u518d\u5e30\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306b\u306a\u308b\u305f\u3081)\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3068\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3057\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u304c\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3059\u300c\u524d\u65b9\u7167\u5fdc(cataphora)\u300d\u306e\u6210\u7acb\u53ef\u5426\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The lead investigator introduced him to the visiting delegation at the symposium. \u2192 \u666e\u901a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u300chim\u300d\u306f\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe lead investigator\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u300chim\u300d\u306f\u300c\u8abf\u67fb\u8cac\u4efb\u8005\u3068\u306f\u5225\u306e\u7537\u6027\u300d\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Before she delivered the keynote address, the climate scientist revised her presentation slides based on the latest data. \u2192 \u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0\u304c\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3002\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u300cshe\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cthe climate scientist\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3059\u524d\u65b9\u7167\u5fdc\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u300c\u305d\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u5b66\u8005\u300d\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: Because the senior editor was highly critical of him, the young journalist decided to rewrite the entire article. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u300chim\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cthe senior editor\u300d\u81ea\u8eab\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cthe young journalist\u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u300c\u305d\u306e\u82e5\u3044\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30ca\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u300d\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: The historian analyzed the personal letters of the diplomat that had granted him unique insights into the peace negotiations. \u2192 \u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u300chim\u300d\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe historian\u300d\u3092\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u88dc\u5b8c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u675f\u7e1b\u7406\u8ad6\u3068c-\u30b3\u30de\u30f3\u30c9\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3066\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u6392\u9664\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8907\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u4eba\u7269\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12. \u524d\u6587\u547d\u984c\u306e\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u3068\u300csuch \/ this + \u540d\u8a5e\u300d\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u8ffd\u8de1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u6307\u793a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e(such + \u540d\u8a5e\u3001this + \u540d\u8a5e)\u3084\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e this\/that \u304c\u679c\u305f\u3059\u300c\u524d\u6587\u547d\u984c\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u6a5f\u80fd\u300d\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3084\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u4e8b\u8c61\u3092\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3072\u3068\u307e\u3068\u3081\u306b\u518d\u63b2\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3057\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5185\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3092\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u6301\u3064\u6982\u5ff5\u8981\u7d04\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u5074\u9762\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300csuch + \u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u300d\u304c\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u53d9\u8ff0\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u518d\u63b2(\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316)\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\u306e\u7b49\u4fa1\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e this \u3084\u6307\u793a\u526f\u8a5e thus \u304c\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u547d\u984c(S+V)\u3084\u56e0\u679c\u30fb\u624b\u6bb5\u306e\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u5f15\u304d\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u6587\u9593\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff11. \u300csuch + \u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u300d\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\u306e\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u89e3\u8aad<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u3067\u300csuch + \u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5(\u4f8b: such economic volatility)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u906d\u9047\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5358\u306b\u300c\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u5909\u52d5\u300d\u3068\u76f4\u8a33\u3057\u3066\u6d41\u3059\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u300csuch + \u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3067\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f\u8907\u6570\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3001\u73fe\u8c61\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u6587\u8108\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u3001\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306a\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u51dd\u7e2e\u3057\u3066\u518d\u63b2\u3059\u308b\u300c\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316(encapsulation)\u300d\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u306e\u3069\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u304c\u305d\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u53d7\u5bb9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3044\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u4f8b\u793a\u304b\u3089\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u5c0e\u304d\u51fa\u305d\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u98db\u8e8d\u3092\u57cb\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3002such \u304c\u5c0e\u304f\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306f\u3001\u5fc5\u305a\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u300cX\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u300cX = \u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7b49\u4fa1\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7d50\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u304b\u3089\u62bd\u8c61\u3078\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u7684\u518d\u63b2\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u3057\u306b\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u8ad6\u65e8\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u539f\u7406\u7684\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70b9\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u7684\u7167\u5fdc\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300csuch + \u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u300d\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e1\u301c2\u6587\u306b\u9061\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u306b\u5305\u542b\u3057\u5f97\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u300c\u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\u30fb\u72b6\u6cc1\u30fb\u884c\u70ba\u300d\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u300cX\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3001\u300cX = \u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u540c\u683c\u30fb\u8981\u7d04\u306e\u7b49\u5f0f\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8981\u7d04\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6982\u5ff5\u300cX\u300d\u3092\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3084\u547d\u984c\u306e\u610f\u5473\u7684\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Prolonged droughts, soil erosion, and the depletion of groundwater reserves severely impaired agricultural productivity in the region. Such environmental degradation forced thousands of farmers to migrate to urban centers. \u2192 \u300cSuch environmental degradation(\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u74b0\u5883\u7834\u58ca)\u300d\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u3067\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u5217\u6319\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u9577\u5f15\u304f\u5e72\u3070\u3064\u3001\u571f\u58cc\u6d78\u98df\u3001\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u67af\u6e07\u300d\u3068\u3044\u30463\u3064\u306e\u73fe\u8c61\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Major retail corporations systematically collected customer browsing histories, purchasing patterns, and location data without explicit consent. Such invasive data collection prompted lawmakers to introduce stricter privacy legislation. \u2192 \u300cSuch invasive data collection(\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u306a\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u53ce\u96c6)\u300d\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u3001\u300c\u660e\u793a\u7684\u540c\u610f\u306a\u3057\u306b\u95b2\u89a7\u5c65\u6b74\u30fb\u8cfc\u8cb7\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u306b\u53ce\u96c6\u3057\u305f\u884c\u70ba\u300d\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The pharmaceutical firm artificially inflated drug prices, suppressed unfavorable clinical trial results, and bribed medical practitioners. Such unethical corporate behavior, however, triggered a massive federal investigation. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cSuch unethical corporate behavior\u300d\u3092\u300c\u4e0d\u502b\u7406\u306a\u4f01\u696d\u884c\u52d5\u300d\u3068\u6f20\u7136\u3068\u8a33\u3059\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u4fa1\u683c\u540a\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u30fb\u81e8\u5e8a\u8a66\u9a13\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u96a0\u853d\u30fb\u533b\u5e2b\u3078\u306e\u8cc4\u8cc2\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c3\u3064\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u975e\u502b\u7406\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300d\u306e\u7dcf\u4f53\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6307\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Many high-tech startups failed to generate positive cash flow and relied entirely on venture capital funding. Such financial instability rendered them extremely vulnerable to interest rate hikes. \u2192 \u300cSuch financial instability(\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8ca1\u52d9\u7684\u4e0d\u5b89\u5b9a\u3055)\u300d\u306f\u3001\u30ad\u30e3\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3068\u30d9\u30f3\u30c1\u30e3\u30fc\u30ad\u30e3\u30d4\u30bf\u30eb\u3078\u306e\u904e\u5ea6\u306a\u4f9d\u5b58\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u300csuch + \u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u300d\u304c\u5c0e\u304f\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8981\u7d04\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u7fd2\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff12. \u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(this\/that)\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6307\u793a\u526f\u8a5e(thus)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u547d\u984c\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u7279\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u982d\u3084\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u5358\u72ec\u3067\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e this\/that \u3084\u3001\u6307\u793a\u526f\u8a5e thus\/so \u306f\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u524d\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u547d\u984c(S+V)\u300d\u3084\u300c\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u300d\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u7d50\u675f\u8a18\u53f7\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7279\u306b\u3053\u3046\u3057\u3066\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b this \u3092\u300c\u547d\u984c\u7167\u5fdc\u306e this\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001thus \u306f\u300c\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066(\u624b\u6bb5\u30fb\u65b9\u6cd5)\u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c\u305d\u308c\u3086\u3048\u306b(\u7d50\u679c\u30fb\u5e30\u7d50)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3001\u3044\u305a\u308c\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3082\u524d\u6587\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f\u4e8b\u8c61\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d6\u308a\u8fbc\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u3092\u5358\u306a\u308b\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u66d6\u6627\u306b\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u3069\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304c\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u3084\u624b\u6bb5\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u53cd\u8ee2\u30fb\u906e\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u547d\u984c\u7167\u5fdc\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001this \u307e\u305f\u306f\u3053\u3046\u3057\u3066\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f thus \u304c\u6307\u793a\u3059\u308b\u5bfe\u8c61\u304c\u300c\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u300d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300c\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c(S+V)\u5168\u4f53\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u300c[\u4e8b\u8c61A]\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u3001\u300c[\u4e8b\u8c61A] + this \/ thus + [\u4e8b\u8c61B]\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u9593\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027(\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u624b\u6bb5\u3001\u7406\u7531)\u3092\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001[\u4e8b\u8c61A]\u3092\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u66f8\u304d\u623b\u3057\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3078\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u63a5\u7d9a\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The manufacturing plant fully automated its quality control processes using artificial intelligence; thus, the defective rate dropped to less than 0.1 percent. \u2192 \u300cthus\u300d\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u300c\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u54c1\u8cea\u7ba1\u7406\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068(\u524d\u6587\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u7684\u30fb\u6280\u8853\u7684\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u5168\u4f53)\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Central banks raised benchmark interest rates rapidly to curb surging inflation. By doing this, they intentionally slowed down economic growth to stabilize consumer prices. \u2192 \u300cBy doing this\u300d\u306e this \u306e\u6307\u3059\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u300c\u6025\u6fc0\u306a\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30ec\u3092\u6291\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6307\u6a19\u91d1\u5229\u3092\u6025\u901f\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u305f\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u6587\u306e\u653f\u7b56\u884c\u52d5\u5168\u4f53\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The research team failed to control the ambient temperature during the chemical synthesis, and this compromised the reproducibility of the experimental results. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cthis\u300d\u306f\u5358\u306a\u308b\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u7269\u8cea\u3084\u9053\u5177\u3092\u6307\u3059\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u5316\u5b66\u5408\u6210\u4e2d\u306b\u5468\u56f2\u6e29\u5ea6\u306e\u5236\u5fa1\u306b\u5931\u6557\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u6587\u306e\u904e\u5931\u4e8b\u8c61\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Pathogens continually alter their surface proteins to evade the host’s immune response; thus, developing a universal vaccine requires targeting highly conserved molecular structures. \u2192 \u300cthus\u300d\u306f\u300c\u75c5\u539f\u4f53\u304c\u5bbf\u4e3b\u306e\u514d\u75ab\u5fdc\u7b54\u3092\u514d\u308c\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u8868\u9762\u30bf\u30f3\u30d1\u30af\u8cea\u3092\u7d76\u3048\u305a\u5909\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u6307\u793a\u526f\u8a5e\u304c\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d6\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u8a00\u8a9e\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3068\u305d\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13. \u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u6b20\u843d\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5fa9\u5143<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e(and, but, or)\u3092\u542b\u3080\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u8aad\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u4e26\u5217\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u8aa4\u8a8d\u306f\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u69cb\u6587\u8aa4\u8aad\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u5f8c\u65b9\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u9061\u3063\u3066\u5171\u901a\u306e\u8d77\u70b9(\u5206\u5c90\u70b9)\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u300c\u9006\u7b97\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u300d\u3068\u3001\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u30fb\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u89e3\u4f53\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u6280\u8853\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20(X)\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3057\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u304b\u3089\u540c\u7a2e\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc(Y)\u3092\u9006\u7b97\u3057\u3066\u300c\u8d77\u70b9 + Y and X\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e26\u5217\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5272\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u6280\u8853\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u5f8c\u7d9a\u7bc0\u3067\u751f\u3058\u308b\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u52d5\u8a5e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u300c\u7701\u7565(ellipsis)\u300d\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u524d\u7bc0\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u7bc0\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff11. \u5f8c\u65b9\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u9006\u7b97\u3068\u4e26\u5217\u5206\u5c90\u70b9\u306e\u7279\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e(and, but, or)\u306f\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5bfe\u7b49\u306a\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc(\u8a9e\u3001\u53e5\u3001\u7bc0)\u540c\u58eb\u3057\u304b\u7d50\u5408\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u8aad\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3092\u898b\u304b\u3051\u308b\u3068\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u306b\u9069\u5f53\u306b\u8996\u7dda\u3092\u9001\u308a\u3001\u8fd1\u304f\u306b\u3042\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u6f2b\u7136\u3068\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u898f\u5247\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20(X)\u306e\u5f62\u614b(\u4f8b: -ing\u5f62\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u5206\u8a5e\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001that\u7bc0\u7b49)\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u3067\u4e26\u5217\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8981\u7d20(Y)\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6cd5\u5247\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u3092\u653b\u7565\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c(X)\u3092\u307e\u305a\u56fa\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u304b\u3089\u6587\u982d\u65b9\u5411\u3078\u9061\u3063\u3066X\u3068\u540c\u7a2e\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc(Y)\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5171\u901a\u306e\u8d77\u70b9(\u5206\u5c90\u70b9)\u3092\u9006\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u9577\u5927\u306a\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u3084\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u7bc0\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u898b\u8aa4\u308a\u3001\u6587\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u304c\u5d29\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u9006\u7b97\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001and, but, or \u3092\u767a\u898b\u3057\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20(X)\u306e\u54c1\u8a5e\u30fb\u5f62\u614b(\u52d5\u8a5e\u539f\u5f62\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u7b49)\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304b\u3089\u6587\u982d\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066\u8996\u7dda\u3092\u9006\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u79fb\u52d5\u3055\u305b\u3001X\u3068\u5168\u304f\u540c\u3058\u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u3092\u6301\u3064\u6700\u3082\u8fd1\u3044\u8981\u7d20(Y)\u3092\u63a2\u7d22\u30fb\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001Y\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5171\u901a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3084\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e(\u8d77\u70b9)\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u300c[\u8d77\u70b9] + [Y]\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c[\u8d77\u70b9] + [X]\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u3055\u308c\u305f\u69cb\u6587\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u56f3\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a33\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The university board decided to restructure the undergraduate curriculum and establish a new interdisciplinary research center for artificial intelligence. \u2192 and\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u8981\u7d20(X)\u306f\u52d5\u8a5e\u539f\u5f62\u300cestablish\u300d\u3002\u6587\u982d\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u9061\u308b\u3068\u540c\u7a2e\u306e\u8981\u7d20(Y)\u306f\u300crestructure\u300d\u3002\u5171\u901a\u306e\u8d77\u70b9\u300cdecided to\u300d\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308b\u69cb\u9020(decided to [restructure…] and [establish…])\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The sociological study is significant not because of its novel methodology but because of its comprehensive empirical data collected over a decade. \u2192 but\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u8981\u7d20(X)\u306f\u7406\u7531\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u53e5\u300cbecause of its…\u300d\u3002\u9061\u308b\u3068\u540c\u7a2e\u306e\u8981\u7d20(Y)\u306f\u300cbecause of its…\u300d\u3002not Y but X (Y\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304fX)\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u4e26\u5217\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: Historical evidence indicates that global trade networks expanded during the sixteenth century and that regional economies became increasingly interdependent. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002and\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u8981\u7d20(X)\u306fthat\u7bc0\u300cthat regional economies…\u300d\u3002\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u300csixteenth century\u300d\u3068\u4e26\u5217\u3055\u305b\u308b\u306e\u306f\u8aa4\u308a\u3002\u9061\u308b\u3068(Y)\u306f\u300cthat global trade…\u300d\u3002\u52d5\u8a5e indicates \u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u7bc0\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: The lead engineer carefully inspected the damaged turbine after the power outage and reported his technical findings directly to the safety committee. \u2192 and\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u8981\u7d20(X)\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\u300creported\u300d\u3002\u9061\u308b\u3068(Y)\u306f\u300cinspected\u300d(inspected… and reported…)\u3002\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe lead engineer\u300d\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u304b\u3089\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u9006\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u9577\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u4e26\u5217\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u4e00\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff12. \u5171\u901a\u69cb\u6587\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u3068\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7701\u7565\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5fa9\u5143<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u7bc0\u8108\u304c\u9023\u7d50\u3055\u308c\u308b\u969b\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u6027\u539f\u7406(\u5197\u9577\u6027\u306e\u6392\u9664)\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u7bc0\u3067\u306f\u524d\u534a\u306e\u7bc0\u3068\u91cd\u8907\u3059\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20(\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3001\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001be\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u5171\u901a\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u7b49)\u304c\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u306b\u300c\u7701\u7565(ellipsis)\u300d\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7701\u7565\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u300c\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u672c\u6765\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20(\u52d5\u8a5e\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306a\u3069)\u304c\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u3066\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u5f62\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u524d\u534a\u306e\u7bc0\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20\u3068\u5168\u304f\u540c\u3058\u3082\u306e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u770b\u505a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7701\u7565\u306e\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3001\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u7bc0\u3092\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u88dc\u8a9e\u3084\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u3060\u3051\u3067\u5b64\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u3066\u8aa4\u8aad\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u7834\u7dbb\u3057\u305f\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51e6\u7406\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5171\u901a\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306e\u7bc0\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u672c\u6765\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u3079\u304d\u52d5\u8a5e\u3084\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u300c\u6b20\u843d(\u7a7a\u6027)\u300d\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u534a\u306e\u7bc0\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20(\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e+\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u7b49)\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6b20\u843d\u90e8\u5206\u306b\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u4ee3\u5165\u30fb\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5fa9\u5143\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u7bc0\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u3057\u3066\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u3084\u4e26\u5217\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u8aad\u307f\u89e3\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Some economics analysts predicted a severe recession, others a modest slowdown in market growth. \u2192 \u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u7bc0\u300cothers…\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u6b20\u843d\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u7bc0\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u300cpredicted\u300d\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5fa9\u5143(others [predicted] a modest…)\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The primary phase of the clinical trial was conducted in Europe, and the secondary phase in North America. \u2192 \u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300cwas conducted\u300d\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b(the secondary phase [was conducted] in…).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The senior executive handled the international corporate negotiations, and the chief legal officer those concerning domestic regulatory compliance. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u300cthose\u300d\u306f\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u53cd\u5fa9\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(the negotiations)\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u300chandled\u300d\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b(the chief legal officer [handled] those…).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Abundant rainfall stimulates the growth of tropical rainforests, while extreme aridity that of desert vegetation. \u2192 while\u7bc0\u5185\u3067\u52d5\u8a5e\u300cstimulates\u300d\u3068\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u982d\u300cthe growth\u300d\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u300cthat (=the growth)\u300d\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u63db\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5171\u901a\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u7701\u7565\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304d\u3001\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u7bc0\u304b\u3089\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u51e6\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14. \u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u9805\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u3068\u4ee3\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u89e3\u8aad<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868\u73fe(as…as, than)\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u3084\u547d\u984c\u3092\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30fb\u8a08\u91cf\u3059\u308b\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u69cb\u6587\u4f53\u7cfb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61(A\u3068B)\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u6027(parallelism)\u300d\u306e\u8b58\u5225\u3068\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u7bc0\u5185\u3067\u91cd\u8907\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b\u4ee3\u52d5\u8a5e(do\/does\/did)\u3084\u69cb\u9020\u7701\u7565\u306e\u5fa9\u5143\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u89e3\u8aad\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u8996\u70b9\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001than \u3084 2\u3064\u76ee\u306e as \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61(B)\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e2d\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61(A)\u3068\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u7684\u4e00\u81f4(\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5 vs \u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u6240\u6709\u683c vs \u6240\u6709\u683c\u7b49)\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u7bc0\u5185\u3067\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u7d99\u3050\u4ee3\u52d5\u8a5e do\/did \u3084\u3001\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u3067\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u7701\u7565\u306e\u5fa9\u5143\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff11. \u300cA as\/than B\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u306e\u8b58\u5225<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587(A is more… than B \/ A is as… as B)\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6700\u3082\u9ad8\u983b\u5ea6\u3067\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u8aa4\u8aad\u306f\u3001\u300c\u4f55\u3068\u4f55\u304c\u6bd4\u8f03\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b(A\u3068B\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30da\u30a2)\u300d\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u898f\u7bc4\u6587\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u8a18\u53f7(than \u307e\u305f\u306f 2\u3064\u76ee\u306e as)\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61(B)\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u8d77\u70b9\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5bfe\u8c61(A)\u3068\u6587\u6cd5\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u4e0a(\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306a\u3089\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u306a\u3089\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u6240\u6709\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306a\u3089\u6240\u6709\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e)\u3067\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5e73\u884c(parallel)\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u5236\u7d04\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u300c\u6771\u4eac\u306e\u4eba\u53e3\u300d\u3068\u300c\u30ed\u30f3\u30c9\u30f3\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7570\u306a\u308b\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u6bd4\u8f03\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u975e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u300c\u6771\u4eac\u306e\u4eba\u53e3\u300d\u3068\u300c\u30ed\u30f3\u30c9\u30f3\u306e\u4eba\u53e3(that of London)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e73\u884c\u306a\u4e8c\u9805\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u306e\u539f\u7406\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u3001than \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3059\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u3069\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u5bfe\u6bd4\u5bfe\u8c61(A)\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u8ef8\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u306a\u3057\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u8a08\u91cf\u3084\u6027\u8cea\u6bd4\u8f03\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u305f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70b9\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30da\u30a2\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001than \u3084 2\u3064\u76ee\u306e as \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8981\u7d20(B)\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u5f62\u614b(\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e+\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u6240\u6709\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0\u7b49)\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089B\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u540c\u7a2e\u30fb\u540c\u683c\u306e\u8981\u7d20(A)\u3092\u691c\u7d22\u3057\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30da\u30a2\u300cA vs B\u300d\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u6bd4\u8f03\u8ef8(\u91cf\u3001\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u6027\u8cea\u3001\u7bc4\u56f2)\u3067\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The energy consumption of industrial sectors in developed nations is significantly higher than that of developing economies. \u2192 than\u306e\u5f8c\u308d(B)\u306f\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u300cthat (=the energy consumption) of developing economies\u300d\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u5bfe\u8c61(A)\u306f\u300cThe energy consumption of industrial sectors\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u6d88\u8cbb\u91cf\u540c\u58eb\u306e\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u304c\u78ba\u4fdd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The profit margin of specialized tech firms is much greater than a traditional retail business. \u2192 \u898f\u7bc4\u6587\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u3092\u542b\u3080\u89e3\u8aad\u691c\u8a3c\u3002than\u306e\u5f8c\u308d(B)\u304c\u4f01\u696d\u300ca traditional retail business\u300d\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f\u300cthat of a traditional retail business\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u300c\u5229\u76ca\u7387(profit margin)\u300d\u540c\u58eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u88dc\u6b63\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The research institution allocated more financial resources to developing renewable energy technologies than to maintaining fossil fuel infrastructure. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002than\u306e\u5f8c\u308d(B)\u306f\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u300cto maintaining…\u300d\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u5bfe\u8c61(A)\u306f\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u300cto developing…\u300d\u3002\u300c\u518d\u30a8\u30cd\u6280\u8853\u958b\u767a\u3078\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u305f\u8cc7\u6e90\u300d\u3068\u300c\u5316\u77f3\u71c3\u6599\u7dad\u6301\u3078\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u305f\u8cc7\u6e90\u300d\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Advanced artificial intelligence models process unstructured textual data much more accurately than human analysts do. \u2192 than\u306e\u5f8c\u308d(B)\u306f\u300chuman analysts do (=process…)\u300d\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u300cAdvanced AI models process\u300d\u3068\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u69cb\u9020\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u8a18\u53f7\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff12. \u6bd4\u8f03\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u4ee3\u7528(do\/does\/did)\u3068\u69cb\u9020\u7701\u7565\u306e\u5fa9\u5143<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u5f8c\u534a(than\/as\u7bc0)\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u306e\u91cd\u8907\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u4ee3\u52d5\u8a5e(do\/does\/did\/be\u52d5\u8a5e)\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u63db\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u8ff0\u8a9e\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4ee3\u52d5\u8a5e do\/did \u304c\u6bd4\u8f03\u7bc0\u5185\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5358\u306b\u300c\u884c\u3046\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3067\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u5168\u4f53(V + O + C\u7b49)\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u4e38\u3054\u3068\u5f15\u304d\u7d99\u3044\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u4ee3\u7528\u306e\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3068\u7701\u7565\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u89e3\u8aad\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u7bc0\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u53cd\u8ee2\u3057\u305f\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6bd4\u8f03\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u4ee3\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u7701\u7565\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001than\/as \u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u7d9a\u304f do\/does\/did\/be\u52d5\u8a5e\/\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u7a2e\u985e(\u4e00\u822c\u52d5\u8a5e\u304bbe\u52d5\u8a5e\u304b)\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u4ee3\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u3069\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u4ee3\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4ee3\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u7bc0\u5185\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u7bc0\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Multinational corporations adapt to changing market conditions far more rapidly than state-owned enterprises do. \u2192 \u300cdo\u300d\u306f\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e00\u822c\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u300cadapt to changing market conditions\u300d\u306e\u4ee3\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The semiconductor shortage affected the automotive industry much more severely than it did the consumer electronics sector. \u2192 \u300cit did\u300d\u306e it \u306f\u300cThe semiconductor shortage\u300d\u3001did \u306f\u300caffected\u300d\u306e\u4ee3\u7528(did [affect] the consumer electronics sector)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The new quantum computer solves complex encryption algorithms much faster than any supercomputer currently operational can. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300ccan\u300d\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u306f\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u300csolve complex encryption algorithms (fast)\u300d\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300c\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u30b9\u30d1\u30b3\u30f3\u304c\u89e3\u6c7a\u3067\u304d\u308b[\u901f\u5ea6]\u3088\u308a\u3082\u300d\u3068\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: High-yield agricultural techniques are more widely adopted in commercial farming than in subsistence agriculture. \u2192 than \u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u3067\u300cthey are adopted\u300d\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u300cin subsistence agriculture\u300d\u306e\u307f\u304c\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u4ee3\u7528\u3068\u69cb\u9020\u7701\u7565\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3057\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15. \u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8a9e\u30fb\u985e\u7fa9\u8a9e\u30fb\u540c\u683c\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u540c\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u5f62\u3092\u5909\u3048\u3066\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u300c\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027(lexical cohesion)\u300d\u306e\u628a\u63e1\u306f\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u4e3b\u984c\u3092\u5931\u308f\u305a\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u985e\u7fa9\u8a9e\u3001\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8a9e\u30fb\u4e0b\u4f4d\u8a9e\u306e\u9023\u9396(\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3001\u300cA is B\u300d\u300cA, or B\u300d\u306a\u3069\u306e\u540c\u683c\u30fb\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u6280\u6cd5\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b(\u4e0b\u4f4d\u8a9e)\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u822c\u6982\u5ff5(\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8a9e)\u3078\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u305d\u306e\u9006\u3078\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b\u300c\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u9023\u9396(\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3)\u300d\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3057\u3001\u5f62\u3092\u5909\u3048\u305f\u540c\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u3084\u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u3001\u3064\u307e\u308a(that is)\u306a\u3069\u306e\u8a00\u660e\u8a18\u53f7\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u540c\u683c\u30fb\u5b9a\u7fa9\u69cb\u9020\u300cA = B\u300d\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u5e73\u6613\u306a\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u8868\u73fe\u304b\u3089\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff11. \u985e\u7fa9\u8a9e\u30fb\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8a9e\u30fb\u4e0b\u4f4d\u8a9e\u306e\u9023\u9396\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u8ffd\u8de1\u624b\u9806<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u9023\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u30b9\u30bf\u30a4\u30eb\u4e0a\u6975\u3081\u3066\u5f37\u304f\u56de\u907f\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u5bfe\u8c61(\u4e0b\u4f4d\u8a9e)\u3092\u6319\u3052\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u6b21\u6587\u4ee5\u964d\u3067\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5305\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u4e00\u822c\u6982\u5ff5(\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8a9e)\u3084\u985e\u7fa9\u8a9e\u3078\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u79fb\u884c\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306b clinical trials, laboratory experiments, observational studies \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5177\u4f53\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u4e26\u3093\u3060\u5f8c\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u3067 these empirical methodologies \u3084 such scientific investigations \u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306f\u3053\u308c\u3089\u304c\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u610f\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3001\u6587\u3054\u3068\u306b\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u767b\u5834\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u52d8\u9055\u3044\u3057\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u304c\u5206\u88c2\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u5177\u4f53(\u4e0b\u4f4d)\u3068\u62bd\u8c61(\u4e0a\u4f4d)\u304c\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u306e\u9396\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7e4b\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3059\u308b\u539f\u7406\u304c\u3001\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u9023\u9396\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e2d\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u305f\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3084\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u4ed8\u304d\u540d\u8a5e(\u4f8b: these discrepancies)\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0(\u4f8b: \u6e2c\u5b9a\u5024\u3068\u7406\u8ad6\u5024\u306e\u6570\u5024\u306e\u30ba\u30ec)\u3092\u63a2\u3057\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u304c\u300c\u5177\u4f53(\u4e0b\u4f4d) ↔ \u62bd\u8c61(\u4e0a\u4f4d)\u300d\u306e\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u7fa4\u3092\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u5316\u3057\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u305d\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a55\u4fa1\u30fb\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The research facility purchased advanced electron microscopes, mass spectrometers, and DNA sequencers. These sophisticated instruments will enhance the analytical capabilities of the department. \u2192 \u300celectron microscopes, mass spectrometers, and DNA sequencers(\u4e0b\u4f4d)\u300d\u304c\u300cThese sophisticated instruments(\u4e0a\u4f4d)\u300d\u3078\u3068\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Inflation, unemployment, and supply chain disruptions continue to destabilize the national economy. Policymakers are struggling to address such macroeconomic challenges. \u2192 \u300cInflation, unemployment, and supply chain disruptions\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u7d4c\u6e08\u554f\u984c\u304c\u3001\u300csuch macroeconomic challenges(\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u8ab2\u984c)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8a9e\u3078\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The government imposed strict carbon taxes on heavy industries. Industry representatives argued that such fiscal penalties would hurt international competitiveness. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300csuch fiscal penalties(\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8ca1\u653f\u7684\u30da\u30ca\u30eb\u30c6\u30a3)\u300d\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u300c\u70ad\u7d20\u7a0e\u306e\u8ab2\u7a0e\u300d\u3092\u7523\u696d\u754c\u5074\u304c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u306b\u8a55\u4fa1\u30fb\u518d\u63b2\u3057\u305f\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: The software company patented a novel encryption protocol for cloud storage. This technological innovation secured a dominant market position. \u2192 \u300ca novel encryption protocol…\u300d\u304c\u300cThis technological innovation\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u985e\u7fa9\u8a9e\u3084\u4e0a\u4e0b\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308b\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u9023\u9396\u3092\u610f\u8b58\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u4e2d\u3067\u5f62\u3092\u5909\u3048\u3066\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u540c\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u9014\u5207\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u8ffd\u8de1\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff12. \u300cA, B (\u540c\u683c)\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8a18\u53f7\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u7b49\u4fa1\u89e3\u8aad<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e\u3084\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u6982\u5ff5(A)\u3092\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u88dc\u3046\u305f\u3081\u306b\u300cA, B (\u540c\u683c\u306e\u30ab\u30f3\u30de)\u300d\u300cA \u2014 B \u2014 (\u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u633f\u5165)\u300d\u300cA, or B (\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061)\u300d\u300cA, that is to say, B\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306a\u540c\u683c\u30fb\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8a18\u53f7\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u7b49\u4fa1\u6027(A = B)\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u3002\u540c\u683c\u306e\u30b5\u30a4\u30f3\u306f\u3001\u5de6\u53f3\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u4e00\u5bfe\u4e00\u306e\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3059\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u540c\u683c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u8a9e(A)\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u3001\u5e73\u6613\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5074(B)\u304b\u3089\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u540c\u683c\u30fb\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001A, B (\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5)\u3084 A \u2014 B \u2014\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f A, or B \u3068\u3044\u3046\u914d\u7f6e\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u4e26\u5217(and\u306e\u610f\u5473)\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u540c\u683c(that is\u306e\u610f\u5473)\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b(or \u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u51a0\u8a5e\u4ed8\u304d\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306a\u3069\u306f\u540c\u683c\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u3044)\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300cA = B\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5224\u5b9a\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u3001A\u3068\u3044\u3046\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092B\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8aac\u660e\u304b\u3089\u5fa9\u5143\u3057\u3066\u6587\u8108\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u9032\u3081\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Atherosclerosis, the progressive buildup of fatty plaques inside the arterial walls, significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. \u2192 \u540c\u683c\u306e\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3002\u300cAtherosclerosis(\u52d5\u8108\u786c\u5316)\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306f\u3001\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u300c\u52d5\u8108\u58c1\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8102\u80aa\u6027\u6591\u584a\u306e\u9032\u884c\u6027\u306e\u84c4\u7a4d\u300d\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b(A = B)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The patient displayed symptoms of agnosia, or the inability to recognize familiar objects and faces despite intact sensation. \u2192 \u300cor\u300d\u306f\u540c\u683c\u306e\u300c\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u300d\u3002\u300cagnosia(\u5931\u8a8d)\u300d=\u300c\u611f\u899a\u304c\u6b63\u5e38\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u99b4\u67d3\u307f\u306e\u3042\u308b\u7269\u4f53\u3084\u9854\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: CRISPR-Cas9 \u2014 a revolutionary gene-editing technology that allows precise modifications to DNA sequences \u2014 has transformed biomedical research. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5(\u2014)\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u5de8\u5927\u306a\u4fee\u98fe\u7bc0\u306f\u300cCRISPR-Cas9\u300d\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3002\u300cCRISPR-Cas9 = DNA\u914d\u5217\u3078\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u6539\u5909\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3059\u308b\u9769\u65b0\u7684\u306a\u907a\u4f1d\u5b50\u7de8\u96c6\u6280\u8853\u300d\u3068\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u540c\u683c\u88dc\u5b8c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: The economic model incorporates the concept of hysteresis, namely the permanent effect of a temporary shock on a system. \u2192 \u300cnamely(\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061)\u300d\u306b\u3088\u308b\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u540c\u683c\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u540c\u683c\u8a18\u53f7\u3084\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u9003\u3055\u305a\u306b\u88dc\u5b8c\u3057\u3001\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u5c02\u9580\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u5e73\u6613\u306a\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u8868\u73fe\u3078\u3068\u5f15\u304d\u623b\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u6280\u6cd5\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16. \u6587\u9593\u67b6\u3051\u6a4b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3068\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u982d\u3084\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5(in this respect, despite this)\u3084\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5(in contrast, on the contrary)\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u3084\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb(\u8b72\u6b69\u3001\u89b3\u70b9\u3001\u9006\u8ee2\u3001\u88dc\u8db3)\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u7bc4\u56f2\u306e\u753b\u5b9a\u3068\u3001\u89b3\u70b9\u9650\u5b9a\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u5c0e\u304f\u6587\u8108\u67b6\u3051\u6a4b\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u3068\u6587\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u7e4b\u3050\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u67b6\u3051\u6a4b\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300c\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e + \u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(this\/that)\u300d\u3067\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u3069\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3084\u547d\u984c\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u3078\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u30d7\u53f0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001in contrast \u3084 on the contrary \u306a\u3069\u306e\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u6301\u3064\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd(\u5358\u306a\u308b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u304b\u3001\u5f37\u3044\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u5f37\u8abf\u304b)\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff11. \u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5(in this respect, despite this)\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u7279\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

in this respect(\u3053\u306e\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066)\u3001despite this(\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a)\u3001as a result of this(\u3053\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066)\u3001in addition to this(\u3053\u308c\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066)\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u300c\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e + \u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(this\/that)\u300d\u3067\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u53e5\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3084\u547d\u984c\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u300cthis\u300d\u3067\u6349\u3048\u76f4\u3057\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u304c\u6301\u3064\u610f\u5473\u5f79\u5272(\u89b3\u70b9\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u8ffd\u52a0)\u3092\u88ab\u305b\u3066\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u3078\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u63a5\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u7d50\u675f\u30c7\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u906d\u9047\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u300cthis\u300d\u304c\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3059\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u305b\u305a\u306b\u8aad\u307f\u9032\u3081\u308b\u3068\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u4f55\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b21\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4e0d\u900f\u660e\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u5185\u306e this \/ that \u304c\u300c\u524d\u6587\u306e\u3069\u306e\u547d\u984c(S+V)\u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c\u3069\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u8a18\u8ff0\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u5f79\u5272(respect=\u70b9\u3001despite=\u8b72\u6b69\u3001as a result=\u539f\u56e0)\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u5f53\u3066\u306f\u3081\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u305d\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2(\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u56e0\u679c\u30fb\u89b3\u70b9)\u3067\u7d50\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The new drug demonstrated remarkable efficacy in reducing tumor size during pre-clinical trials. Despite this, regulatory authorities withheld approval due to unresolved toxicity concerns. \u2192 \u300cDespite this\u300d\u306e this \u306f\u300c\u524d\u81e8\u5e8a\u8a66\u9a13\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u65b0\u85ac\u304c\u816b\u760d\u30b5\u30a4\u30ba\u7e2e\u5c0f\u306b\u8457\u3057\u3044\u6709\u52b9\u6027\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068(\u524d\u6587\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f)\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u300c\u305d\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8b72\u6b69\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The species possesses specialized renal mechanisms that allow it to excrete highly concentrated urine. In this respect, it is exceptionally well adapted to arid desert environments. \u2192 \u300cIn this respect\u300d\u306e this \u306f\u300c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306b\u6fc3\u7e2e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5c3f\u3092\u6392\u6cc4\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3059\u308b\u5c02\u9580\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u814e\u81d3\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u300c\u3053\u306e\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u89b3\u70b9\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The semiconductor manufacturer modernized its production facilities and eliminated material waste; as a consequence of this, its operating margin improved by fifteen percent. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cthis\u300d\u306f\u300c\u751f\u7523\u8a2d\u5099\u306e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5316\u3068\u8cc7\u6750\u5ec3\u68c4\u306e\u30bc\u30ed\u5316\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u6587\u8108\u4e8b\u5b9f\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: The financial institution failed to maintain adequate capital reserves. On account of this, the central bank intervened to prevent systemic collapse. \u2192 \u300cOn account of this\u300d\u306e this \u306f\u300c\u5341\u5206\u306a\u81ea\u5df1\u8cc7\u672c\u6e96\u5099\u91d1\u306e\u7dad\u6301\u5931\u6557\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u524d\u6587\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u7bc4\u56f2\u3068\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u3078\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u63a5\u7d9a\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u898b\u629c\u304f\u8aad\u89e3\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff12. \u89b3\u70b9\u30fb\u6587\u8108\u3092\u9650\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u6587\u9593\u67b6\u3051\u6a4b\u6a5f\u80fd<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

in contrast(\u5bfe\u7167\u7684\u306b)\u3001on the contrary(\u305d\u308c\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b)\u3001by the same token(\u540c\u69d8\u306b)\u3001conversely(\u9006\u306b)\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6587\u8108\u3084\u89b3\u70b9(Context A)\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u6b62\u3081\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30fb\u6975\u6027\u53cd\u8ee2\u30fb\u5e73\u884c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308b\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u89b3\u70b9(Context B)\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u67b6\u3051\u6a4b(Bridge)\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7279\u306b on the contrary \u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u547d\u984c(A\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044)\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u300c\u305d\u308c\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b(B\u3067\u3042\u308b)\u300d\u3068\u5f37\u3044\u80af\u5b9a\u30fb\u5f37\u8abf\u3092\u884c\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3092\u793a\u3059 in contrast \u3068\u306f\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u6301\u3064\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u6587\u9593\u67b6\u3051\u6a4b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u89b3\u70b9\u9650\u5b9a\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u89e3\u6790\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5(\u4f8b: in contrast)\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb(\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3001\u5f37\u8abf\u3001\u540c\u683c\u3001\u9006\u8ee2)\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c(A)\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u30fb\u6975\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u631f\u3093\u3060\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587(B)\u304c\u3001\u524d\u6587(A)\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5f37\u8abf\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The eastern provinces experienced record-breaking snowfall throughout the winter. In contrast, the western coastal regions remained unusually warm and dry. \u2192 \u300cIn contrast\u300d\u306f\u6771\u897f\u306e\u5730\u57df\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u6761\u4ef6(\u8c6a\u96ea vs \u6e29\u6696\u4e7e\u71e5)\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u300c\u5bfe\u6bd4\u300d\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\u67b6\u3051\u6a4b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The proposed policy does not undermine market competition; on the contrary, it creates a more level playing field for emerging startups. \u2192 \u300con the contrary\u300d\u306f\u524d\u6587\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u300c\u5e02\u5834\u7af6\u4e89\u3092\u640d\u306a\u308f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3001\u300c\u305d\u308c\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b\u3001\u65b0\u8208\u4f01\u696d\u306b\u3088\u308a\u516c\u5e73\u306a\u7af6\u4e89\u74b0\u5883\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u300d\u3068\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306b\u88dc\u5f37\u30fb\u5f37\u3081\u308b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: Neo-classical economic theory assumed that market participants possess perfect information. Conversely, behavioral economics argues that cognitive limitations systematically distort decision-making. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cConversely(\u9006\u306b)\u300d\u306f\u3001\u300c\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u6d3e\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u524d\u63d0(\u5b8c\u5168\u60c5\u5831)\u300d\u3068\u300c\u884c\u52d5\u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35(\u8a8d\u77e5\u306e\u9650\u754c)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u7406\u8ad6\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u3092\u5c0e\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Established corporations possess the capital required for large-scale research. By the same token, agile startups hold the flexibility to innovate rapidly. \u2192 \u300cBy the same token(\u540c\u69d8\u306b\/\u540c\u3058\u7406\u7531\u3067)\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5927\u4f01\u696d\u3068\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u30c8\u30a2\u30c3\u30d7\u306e\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u5f37\u307f\u3092\u5e73\u884c\u306b\u4e26\u3079\u308b\u67b6\u3051\u6a4b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304b\u3089\u3001\u89b3\u70b9\u30fb\u6587\u8108\u3092\u9650\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u67b6\u6a4b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u7279\u5b9a\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17. \u8907\u6587\u30fb\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u30fb\u6e96\u52d5\u8a5e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5f71\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u5fa9\u5143<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8907\u6587(\u4e3b\u7bc0 + \u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0)\u3084\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u30fb\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u8868\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u305a\u306b\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u308b\u73fe\u8c61\u304c\u591a\u767a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u898f\u5247\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8868\u8a18\u304b\u3089\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u5f71\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u300d\u3092\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u30fb\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u91c8\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6e96\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u5fa9\u5143\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u898f\u5247\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587(V-ing \/ V-ed)\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u4e3b\u8a9e\u4e00\u81f4\u306e\u539f\u5247\u300d\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u5206\u8a5e\u306e\u524d\u306b\u9023\u308c\u3066\u304d\u3066\u80fd\u52d5\u30fb\u53d7\u52d5\u306e\u4e3b\u8ff0\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u3084\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408(gapping)\u306b\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3084\u524d\u51fa\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304b\u3089\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u88dc\u5b8c\u3057\u3066\u300c\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e + \u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u300d\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17.\uff11. \u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u30fb\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u3068\u4e00\u81f4\u691c\u8a3c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587(V-ing…, S + V…)\u3084\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3092\u6b8b\u3057\u305f\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587(When V-ing…, S + V…)\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u53e5\u5185\u306b\u660e\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u300c\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e(S)\u300d\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u304c\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u898f\u5247(\u4e3b\u8a9e\u4e00\u81f4\u306e\u539f\u5247)\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3082\u3057\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u61f8\u5782\u5206\u8a5e(dangling participle)\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u975e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u76f4\u9762\u3057\u305f\u8aad\u8005\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u5206\u8a5e\u306e\u524d\u306b\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u9023\u308c\u3066\u304d\u3066\u3001\u300c\u4e3b\u7bc0\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u305d\u306e\u5206\u8a5e\u52d5\u4f5c\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b(\u80fd\u52d5: V-ing)\u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b(\u53d7\u52d5: V-ed)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u8ff0\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u76f4\u3061\u306b\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u30fb\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e V-ing… \u307e\u305f\u306f V-ed… (\u5206\u8a5e\u53e5)\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u53e5\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u300c\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e(S)\u300d\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u4e3b\u8a9e(S)\u3092\u5206\u8a5e\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u3001\u300cS\u304cV\u3059\u308b(\u80fd\u52d5)\u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300cS\u304cV\u3055\u308c\u308b(\u53d7\u52d5)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u8ff0\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Having analyzed the statistical anomalies in the dataset, the lead statistician re-evaluated the validity of the primary hypothesis. \u2192 \u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u300cHaving analyzed…\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cthe lead statistician\u300d\u3002\u5f7c\u304c\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u7570\u5e38\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80fd\u52d5\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Situated on a strategically vital trade route, the ancient city-state prospered as a commercial hub for centuries. \u2192 \u904e\u53bb\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u300cSituated…\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cthe ancient city-state\u300d\u3002\u90fd\u5e02\u56fd\u5bb6\u304c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u305b\u3057\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53d7\u52d5\u95a2\u4fc2(It was situated…)\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: Examining the ancient manuscript under ultraviolet light, the faint signatures of the original scribes became visible to the researchers. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b(\u61f8\u5782\u5206\u8a5e\u306e\u691c\u8a3c)\u3002\u6587\u982d\u306e\u300cExamining…\u300d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cthe faint signatures(\u7f72\u540d)\u300d\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u300c\u7f72\u540d\u304c\u53e4\u6587\u66f8\u3092\u8abf\u67fb\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u306a\u308a\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u3002\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u3001\u5f8c\u534a\u306b\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u300cthe researchers(\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u305f\u3061)\u300d\u304c\u8abf\u67fb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u672c\u6765\u306e\u4e3b\u8ff0\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u4fee\u6b63\u30fb\u88dc\u5b8c\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: While conducting field research in the Amazon basin, the botanist identified several previously unclassified plant species. \u2192 \u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u4ed8\u304d\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3002\u300cconducting\u300d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cthe botanist\u300d\u3002\u5f7c\u304c\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30eb\u30c9\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8907\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u5185\u306e\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7167\u5fdc\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u610f\u5473\u4e0a\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u5fa9\u5143\u3068\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3068\u306e\u4e3b\u8ff0\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u691c\u8a3c\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17.\uff12. \u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u30fb\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u7701\u7565(gapping)\u3068\u4e3b\u7bc0\u8981\u7d20\u3078\u306e\u7167\u5fdc<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u3068\u308b\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e(to V)\u3084\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e(V-ing)\u306e\u5f62\u3067\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e(O)\u304c\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001This theorem is difficult to prove. \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001prove \u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3079\u304d\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e(theorem)\u306f\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e(This theorem)\u3068\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u4e8c\u91cd\u8868\u8a18\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3066\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u300c\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u6b20\u843d(gapping)\u300d\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7b87\u6240\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3084\u524d\u51fa\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304b\u3089\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u88dc\u5b8c\u3057\u3066\u300cV + O\u300d\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u30fb\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u7701\u7565\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u53e5\u3084\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u3001\u672c\u6765\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e(\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5)\u304c\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u305d\u306e\u88dc\u8a9e\u30fb\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u305f\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u5f53\u3066\u306f\u307e\u308b\u9069\u5408\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e + \u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u8133\u5185\u3067\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3001\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u76ee\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u610f\u5473\u3092\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The intricate diplomatic protocol was surprisingly complicated for the newly appointed ambassador to navigate. \u2192 \u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u300cnavigate\u300d\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u6b20\u843d\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe intricate diplomatic protocol\u300d\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4ee3\u5165(to navigate [the protocol])\u3057\u3001\u300c\u5916\u4ea4\u30d7\u30ed\u30c8\u30b3\u30eb\u3092\u3046\u307e\u304f\u5207\u308a\u629c\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76ee\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: These rare chemical isotopes require highly specialized centrifuges to isolate efficiently. \u2192 \u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u300cisolate\u300d\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u6b20\u843d\u3002\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThese rare chemical isotopes\u300d\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5fa9\u5143(to isolate [these isotopes])\u3057\u3001\u300c\u540c\u4f4d\u4f53\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The water from the contaminated well is completely unsafe for local residents to drink. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cdrink\u300d\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe water…\u300d\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u88dc\u5b8c(to drink [the water])\u3057\u3001\u300c\u305d\u306e\u6c34\u3092\u98f2\u3080\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76ee\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: The advanced encryption key proved far too complex for unauthorized users to crack without supercomputing power. \u2192 \u300ccrack\u300d\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe advanced encryption key\u300d\u3092\u5fa9\u5143(to crack [the key])\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u6e96\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u5185\u3067\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u6b6a\u307f\u3092\u89e3\u6d88\u3057\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u610f\u5473\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18. \u63db\u8a00\u30fb\u8981\u7d04\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u305f\u547d\u984c\u7b49\u4fa1\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u9006\u7b97\u89e3\u8aad<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58(Discourse Markers)\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f\u9577\u5927\u3067\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306a\u547d\u984c\u7fa4\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u6b62\u3081\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5e73\u6613\u304b\u3064\u51dd\u7e2e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f62\u3067\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u63db\u8a00\u30fb\u8981\u7d04\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58(in other words, to put it simply)\u304c\u7d50\u3076\u524d\u6587\u3068\u306e\u547d\u984c\u7b49\u4fa1\u95a2\u4fc2(A = B)\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3001\u4f8b\u793a\u30fb\u88dc\u8db3\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58(for instance, moreover)\u304c\u5c0e\u304f\u4e3b\u65e8\u3068\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u5bfe\u5fdc\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u305f\u6587\u7ae0\u89e3\u8aad\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u8996\u70b9\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001in other words \u3084 to put it simply \u306a\u3069\u306e\u63db\u8a00\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u7c21\u6f54\u306a\u6587(B)\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u6587\u7ae0(A)\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3092\u9006\u7b97\u30fb\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001for instance \u3084 moreover \u306a\u3069\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c\u4e3b\u65e8(\u62bd\u8c61)\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u300c\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b(\u4e0b\u4f4d)\u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c\u8ffd\u52a0\u306e\u6839\u62e0(\u4e26\u5217)\u300d\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u968e\u5c64\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18.\uff11. \u63db\u8a00\u30fb\u8981\u7d04\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58(in other words, in short)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u524d\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6307\u793a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

in other words(\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u308c\u3070)\u3001that is to say(\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061)\u3001to put it simply(\u7c21\u6f54\u306b\u8a00\u3048\u3070)\u3001in short(\u8981\u3059\u308b\u306b)\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f\u9577\u5927\u3067\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u3084\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306a\u8aac\u660e\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u300c\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5f15\u304d\u53d7\u3051\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u3088\u308a\u5e73\u6613\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u3088\u308a\u51dd\u7e2e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a00\u8449\u3067\u518d\u5b9a\u7fa9\u30fb\u8981\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u30b5\u30a4\u30f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u6587\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3068\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u300c\u7b49\u4fa1\u95a2\u4fc2(A = B)\u300d\u3092\u306a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u304c\u66d6\u6627\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u63db\u8a00\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306e\u6587(B)\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u9006\u7b97\u3057\u3066\u524d\u6587(A)\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u63db\u8a00\u30fb\u8981\u7d04\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u305f\u7167\u5fdc\u89e3\u8aad\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001in other words \u3084 in short \u306a\u3069\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53(A)\u3092\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u5927\u304d\u306a\u610f\u5473\u306e\u56fa\u307e\u308a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u56f2\u3044\u8fbc\u3080\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u6587(B)\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u89e3\u6790\u3057\u3001B\u304cA\u306e\u3069\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u30fb\u7c21\u7565\u5316\u3057\u3066\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7a81\u304d\u5408\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300cA\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8aac\u660e = B\u306e\u5358\u7d14\u306a\u4e00\u6587\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7b49\u4fa1\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u8981\u65e8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a18\u61b6\u306b\u4fdd\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The neural network model incorporates non-linear activation functions and distributed representation, allowing it to generalize across unobserved data patterns. In other words, the system possesses genuine predictive capabilities. \u2192 \u300cIn other words\u300d\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306e\u300c\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u672c\u7269\u306e\u4e88\u6e2c\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7c21\u6f54\u306a\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u6280\u8853\u7684\u306a\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30e9\u30eb\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u8aac\u660e\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u5e73\u6613\u306b\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The central bank lowered reserve requirements, purchased long-term government bonds, and provided liquidity directly to commercial lenders. In short, it implemented an extraordinarily aggressive monetary stimulus. \u2192 \u300cIn short\u300d\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u5217\u6319\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u6e96\u5099\u7387\u5f15\u304d\u4e0b\u3052\u30fb\u56fd\u50b5\u8cb7\u3044\u5165\u308c\u30fb\u8cc7\u91d1\u4f9b\u7d66\u300d\u3068\u3044\u30463\u3064\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u65bd\u7b56\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u300c\u30a2\u30b0\u30ec\u30c3\u30b7\u30d6\u306a\u91d1\u878d\u523a\u6fc0\u7b56\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e00\u8a00\u306b\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The consumer survey indicated that individuals express strong preferences for eco-friendly packaging but consistently choose cheaper non-recyclable alternatives at the point of sale. That is to say, environmental attitudes do not reliably predict purchasing decisions. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cThat is to say\u300d\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c\u74b0\u5883\u914d\u616e\u3092\u597d\u3080\u304c\u58f2\u308a\u5834\u3067\u306f\u5b89\u3044\u65b9\u3092\u9078\u3076\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76f8\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u5fc3\u7406\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u7d50\u679c\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u3001\u300c\u74b0\u5883\u3078\u306e\u59ff\u52e2\u306f\u8cfc\u8cb7\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3092\u4e88\u6e2c\u3057\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u547d\u984c\u3078\u3068\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u306b\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: The organism cannot synthesize essential amino acids via metabolic pathways and must acquire them through organic consumption. To put it simply, its survival is entirely dependent on dietary intake. \u2192 \u300cTo put it simply\u300d\u304c\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u751f\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u4ee3\u8b1d\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u300c\u751f\u5b58\u304c\u98df\u4e8b\u6442\u53d6\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u63db\u8a00\u30fb\u8981\u7d04\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u524d\u6587\u306e\u3069\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3066\u6307\u793a\u30fb\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u8ad6\u65e8\u3092\u8ff7\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u4e00\u63b4\u307f\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18.\uff12. \u4f8b\u793a\u30fb\u88dc\u8db3\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58(for instance, moreover)\u304c\u7d50\u3076\u4e3b\u65e8\u3068\u5177\u4f53\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

for example \/ for instance(\u4f8b\u3048\u3070)\u3001moreover \/ furthermore(\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e0a)\u3001in addition(\u52a0\u3048\u3066)\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306a\u300c\u4e3b\u65e8(\u4e3b\u5f35)\u300d\u3068\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300c\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u30fb\u8ffd\u52a0\u6839\u62e0\u300d\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u3001\u4e0a\u4f4d\u30fb\u4e0b\u4f4d\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002for instance \u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u306f\u524d\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u7acb\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u300c\u4e00\u4e8b\u4f8b(\u4e0b\u4f4d\u6982\u5ff5)\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4e3b\u65e8\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u307e\u305f moreover \u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u306f\u524d\u6587\u3068\u540c\u7b49\u306e\u91cd\u307f\u3092\u6301\u3064\u300c\u5225\u306e\u89d2\u5ea6\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8ffd\u52a0\u306e\u6839\u62e0(\u4e26\u5217\u95a2\u4fc2)\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u6027\u683c\u3092\u533a\u5225\u3057\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u3069\u306e\u547d\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u4f8b\u793a\u3084\u88dc\u8db3\u3092\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\u793a\u30fb\u88dc\u8db3\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001for instance \u3084 moreover \u306a\u3069\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c\u4e3b\u5f35\u30fb\u4e3b\u65e8(A)\u300d\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306e\u6587(B)\u304c\u3001A\u3092\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u4f8b(for instance)\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082A\u3092\u88dc\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u6839\u62e0(moreover)\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001A(\u62bd\u8c61\u30fb\u4e3b\u65e8)\u3068B(\u5177\u4f53\u30fb\u88dc\u8db3)\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u56f3\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u9aa8\u683c(A)\u3068\u8089\u4ed8\u3051(B)\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Systemic financial risks often emerge from seemingly isolated institutional failures. For instance, the insolvency of a single regional lender can trigger a liquidity crisis across the interbank market. \u2192 \u300cFor instance\u300d\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306e\u300c\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u5730\u65b9\u9280\u884c\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u304c\u6d41\u52d5\u6027\u5371\u6a5f\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u73fe\u8c61\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u4e0d\u771f\u9762\u76ee\u306a\u5358\u4e00\u969c\u5bb3\u304b\u3089\u751f\u3058\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u4e00\u4f8b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The novel software architecture reduces memory consumption by forty percent. Moreover, it seamlessly integrates with legacy database systems. \u2192 \u300cMoreover\u300d\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u6d88\u8cbb\u306e\u524a\u6e1b(\u5229\u70b91)\u300d\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3001\u300c\u65e2\u5b58\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u3068\u306e\u7d71\u5408(\u5229\u70b92)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u7b49\u306a\u8ffd\u52a0\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u524d\u6587\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u306b\u4e26\u5217\u88dc\u8db3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: Ocean acidification severely impairs the shell-building capacity of marine organisms. Furthermore, rising sea temperatures disrupt coral reef ecosystems, threatening coastal biodiversity. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cFurthermore\u300d\u306f\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u5909\u52d5\u304c\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u3078\u306e\u60aa\u5f71\u97ff\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c\u6d77\u6d0b\u9178\u6027\u5316(\u8981\u56e01)\u300d\u306b\u300c\u6d77\u6c34\u6e29\u4e0a\u6607(\u8981\u56e02)\u300d\u3092\u8ffd\u52a0\u30fb\u88dc\u8db3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Regular aerobic exercise enhances cardiovascular function; in addition, it promotes neurogenesis in the hippocampus, improving memory retention. \u2192 \u300cin addition\u300d\u304c\u3001\u904b\u52d5\u306e\u52b9\u80fd\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300c\u5faa\u74b0\u5668\u6a5f\u80fd\u300d\u306b\u300c\u795e\u7d4c\u767a\u751f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a18\u61b6\u5411\u4e0a\u300d\u3092\u4e26\u5217\u8ffd\u52a0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u4f8b\u793a\u30fb\u88dc\u8db3\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u5c0e\u304f\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3084\u8ffd\u52a0\u6839\u62e0\u304c\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u3069\u306e\u4e3b\u65e8\u306b\u7d10\u4ed8\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u8aad\u6280\u6cd5\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19. \u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u30fb\u9577\u5927\u4fee\u98fe\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8996\u899a\u7684\u65ad\u7d76\u306e\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u3068\u4e3b\u6587\u7d50\u675f\u306e\u518d\u7d50\u5408<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u9593\u306b\u9577\u5927\u306a\u633f\u5165\u53e5(\u540c\u683c\u53e5\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u306b\u56f2\u307e\u308c\u305f\u633f\u5165\u6587)\u3084\u591a\u91cd\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u304c\u631f\u307f\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3001\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306a\u9023\u306a\u308a\u304c\u906e\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u591a\u767a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8996\u899a\u7684\u65ad\u7d76\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u906e\u65ad(\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u51e6\u7406)\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u7d50\u5408\u304a\u3088\u3073\u524d\u6587\u304b\u3089\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u69cb\u6587(it is true… but)\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u8ee2\u63db\u306e\u691c\u77e5\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u963b\u5bb3\u3059\u308b\u8981\u56e0\u3092\u4e57\u308a\u8d8a\u3048\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u6280\u8853\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001S\u3068V\u306e\u9593\u306b\u5272\u308a\u8fbc\u3093\u3060\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u3084\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u3092\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306b\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u3057\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e(S)\u3068\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e(V)\u3092\u76f4\u7d50\u3057\u3066\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u6838\u3068\u306a\u308b\u547d\u984c\u3068\u524d\u6587\u304b\u3089\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001It is true that A, but B \u3084 Granted… nonetheless \u306a\u3069\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3042\u3048\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u305f\u524d\u632f\u308a\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u5185\u5bb9(A)\u3068\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35(B)\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u533a\u5225\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u306eU\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19.\uff11. \u633f\u5165\u53e5\u30fb\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8996\u899a\u7684\u65ad\u7d76\u306e\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u3068\u4e3b\u6587\u7d50\u675f\u306e\u5fa9\u5143\u624b\u9806<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u8a9e(S)\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e(V)\u306e\u9593\u306b\u9577\u5927\u306a\u633f\u5165\u53e5(\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u540c\u683c\u53e5\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u306b\u56f2\u307e\u308c\u305f\u633f\u5165\u6587)\u3084\u591a\u91cd\u306b\u7bc0\u304c\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u304c\u631f\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u6587\u306e\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306a\u9023\u306a\u308a\u304c\u65ad\u7d76\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u7d50\u5408\u3001\u306a\u3089\u3073\u306b\u524d\u6587\u304b\u3089\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u898b\u5931\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4fee\u98fe\u8a9e\u53e5\u306e\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u306b\u5230\u9054\u3057\u305f\u9803\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u4f55\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u524d\u6587\u304b\u3089\u3069\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u5f15\u304d\u7d99\u304c\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5fd8\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u3001\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u5185\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u8aad\u89e3\u3092\u7834\u7dbb\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u3092\u62ec\u5f27( )\u3067\u62ec\u3063\u3066\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u906e\u65ad(\u30de\u30b9\u30af)\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u524d\u6587\u3068\u306e\u672c\u6765\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8996\u899a\u7684\u65ad\u7d76\u3092\u514b\u670d\u3057\u3066\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001S\u3068V\u306e\u9593\u306b\u5272\u308a\u8fbc\u3093\u3060\u633f\u5165\u8a18\u53f7(\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u5bfe\u3001\u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u5bfe\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7b49)\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u958b\u59cb\u70b9\u3068\u7d42\u4e86\u70b9\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u753b\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u753b\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u982d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u304d(\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u51e6\u7406)\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e(S)\u3068\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e(V)\u3092\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u9023\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5fa9\u5143\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300cS + V\u300d\u306e\u4e3b\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u95a2\u4fc2(\u7167\u5fdc\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4)\u3092\u518d\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The initial macroeconomic forecast, despite receiving endorsement from prominent financial analysts and international agencies, was completely contradicted by subsequent quarterly employment statistics. \u2192 \u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u300cdespite receiving…\u300d\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6587\u982d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe initial macroeconomic forecast\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u300cwas completely contradicted\u300d\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u9023\u7d50\u3057\u3001\u300c\u521d\u671f\u306e\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d4c\u6e08\u4e88\u6e2c\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5bfe\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u6838\u3068\u306a\u308b\u9aa8\u683c\u3068\u524d\u6587\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u63a5\u7d9a\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The ancient maritime trade routes \u2014 which traversed unpredictable ocean currents and pirate-infested waters for thousands of nautical miles \u2014 facilitated not only the exchange of physical commodities but also the diffusion of philosophical and religious traditions. \u2192 \u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5(\u2014)\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe ancient maritime trade routes\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u300cfacilitated…\u300d\u3092\u76f4\u7d50\u3057\u3001\u300c\u53e4\u4ee3\u306e\u6d77\u4e0a\u8cbf\u6613\u8def\u304c\u8ca1\u306e\u4ea4\u63db\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u601d\u60f3\u306e\u4f1d\u64ad\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u6587\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The primary objective of the new regulatory framework, which industry lobbyists initially argued would severely stifle technological innovation, is actually to ensure fair competition in the digital market. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u300cstifle technological innovation(\u6280\u8853\u9769\u65b0\u3092\u963b\u5bb3\u3059\u308b)\u300d\u306b\u5f15\u3063\u5f35\u3089\u308c\u305a\u3001\u633f\u5165\u7bc0\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u3057\u3066\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe primary objective…\u300d\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u300cis actually to ensure…\u300d\u3092\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u3001\u300c\u65b0\u898f\u5236\u306e\u4e3b\u305f\u308b\u76ee\u7684\u306f\u516c\u6b63\u306a\u7af6\u4e89\u306e\u78ba\u4fdd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u771f\u306e\u80af\u5b9a\u547d\u984c\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Dr. Takahashi, who devoted decades of field research to documenting endangered languages, received an international award for her contributions to linguistics. \u2192 \u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u3057\u3001\u300cDr. Takahashi received an international award…\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u9577\u5927\u306a\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u306b\u3088\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u30fb\u8996\u899a\u7684\u65ad\u7d76\u3092\u514b\u670d\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3068\u524d\u6587\u304b\u3089\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u518d\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u7fd2\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19.\uff12. \u9006\u8aac\u30fb\u8b72\u6b69\u69cb\u6587(it is true… but, granted)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u306e\u691c\u77e5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

it is true that A, but B (\u306a\u308b\u307b\u3069A\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001B\u3060)\u3084\u3001granted \/ admittedly(\u78ba\u304b\u306b\u301c\u3060\u304c)\u3001indeed… but(\u78ba\u304b\u306b\u301c\u3060\u304c\u3057\u304b\u3057)\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u4f53\u7cfb\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u5ea6\u3042\u3048\u3066\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3084\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f(A)\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u308b\u632f\u308a\u3092\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304d\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001but \u4ee5\u964d\u3067\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35(B)\u3092\u5f37\u529b\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u300cU\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3(\u8ee2\u63db)\u300d\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0(A)\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3060\u3068\u52d8\u9055\u3044\u3057\u3066\u98db\u3073\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3068\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u610f(B)\u3068\u306f\u771f\u9006\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u3092\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u5931\u70b9\u306b\u7e4b\u304c\u308b\u3002\u8b72\u6b69\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306f\u300c\u3053\u3053(A)\u306f\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e but \u4ee5\u964d(B)\u3067\u3072\u3063\u304f\u308a\u8fd4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u524d\u632f\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u5bdf\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u306e\u30b5\u30a4\u30f3\u306b\u8eab\u69cb\u3048\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u306e\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u691c\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e Granted, Admittedly, It is true that, Indeed \u306a\u3069\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0(A)\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u300c\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u4e86\u89e3\u30fb\u524d\u632f\u308a\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u533a\u5206\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u4fdd\u7559\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u308b but, however, nonetheless \u306a\u3069\u306e\u9006\u8aac\u8a18\u53f7\u3092\u5883\u76ee\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u304c\u53cd\u8ee2\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001B\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8aac\u3053\u305d\u304c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35(\u4e3b\u65e8)\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: It is true that automated manufacturing algorithms have significantly reduced production costs; however, their inability to adapt to custom design requests remains a major limitation. \u2192 \u300cIt is true that…\u300d\u306e\u5185\u5bb9(\u81ea\u52d5\u88fd\u9020\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u524a\u6e1b)\u306f\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u524d\u632f\u308a\u3002\u9006\u8aac\u300chowever\u300d\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u300c\u9069\u5fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u9650\u754c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35(B)\u3053\u305d\u304c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u8ad6\u65e8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Admittedly, the sample size of the pilot study was relatively small; nonetheless, the statistical significance of the observed correlation cannot be easily dismissed. \u2192 \u300cAdmittedly(\u78ba\u304b\u306b)\u300d\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8b72\u6b69(\u30b5\u30f3\u30d7\u30eb\u6570\u306e\u5c0f\u3055\u3055)\u304b\u3089\u3001\u300cnonetheless(\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a)\u300d\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u300c\u76f8\u95a2\u306e\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u5bb9\u6613\u306b\u68c4\u5374\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3078\u3068\u7740\u5730\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: Granted that the corporation’s short-term profits dropped sharply during the restructuring phase, its long-term market valuation has experienced steady growth. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cGranted that…\u300d\u5185\u306e\u300c\u77ed\u671f\u5229\u76ca\u306e\u6025\u6e1b\u300d\u3092\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u305b\u305a\u3001\u300cits long-term market valuation…(\u9577\u671f\u7684\u306a\u5e02\u5834\u8a55\u4fa1\u306e\u6210\u9577)\u300d\u304c\u771f\u306e\u7740\u5730\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Indeed, early clinical trials produced mixed outcomes; but subsequent refinements to the delivery mechanism yielded remarkably consistent therapeutic results. \u2192 \u300cIndeed… but\u300d\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3002\u521d\u671f\u6cbb\u9a13\u306e\u6df7\u8ff7(\u8b72\u6b69)\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30d7\u30ed\u30c8\u30b3\u30eb\u6539\u5584\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6574\u5408\u7684\u7d50\u679c(\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u610f)\u3078\u306e\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u306eU\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u524d\u632f\u308a\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3068\u3092\u9bae\u3084\u304b\u306b\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u306e\u8aad\u89e3\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff10. \u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u8ee2\u63db\uff08U\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\uff09\u306e\u691c\u77e5\u3068\u771f\u610f\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u5165\u8a66\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\uff08\u4e3b\u65e8\uff09\u3092\u906e\u853d\u3059\u308b\u6700\u3082\u5de7\u5999\u306a\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u306f\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u9006\u8aac\u8a18\u53f7\u3092\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u8ee2\u63db\uff08U\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\uff09\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001It is true that A, but B<\/code> \u3084 Admittedly A, nonetheless B<\/code> \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u69cb\u6587\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u611f\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\uff08A\uff09\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e00\u822c\u8ad6\u3084\u524d\u632f\u308a\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3001\u9006\u8aac\u8a18\u53f7\u4ee5\u964d\uff08B\uff09\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u5207\u308a\u5206\u3051\u308b\u89e3\u8aad\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u89e3\u304d\u660e\u304b\u3059\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u6587\u8108\u4e2d\u3067\u679c\u305f\u3059\u300c\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u53cd\u8ad6\u306e\u5148\u56de\u308a\u30fb\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u306e\u6f14\u51fa\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\uff08A\uff09\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u304b\u3089\u6392\u5916\u3057\u3066\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u4fdd\u7559\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u9006\u8aac\u8a18\u53f7\uff08but, however, nonetheless, on the other hand\uff09\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u547d\u984c\uff08B\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u524d\u6587\u3068\u306e\u6587\u8108\u7684\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3055\u305b\u306a\u304c\u3089\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u7740\u5730\u70b9\uff08\u7d50\u8ad6\uff09\u3092\u4e00\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff10.\uff11. \u8b72\u6b69\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\uff08Admittedly, Granted, It is true\uff09\u306e\u5148\u56de\u308a\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u540c\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u306b Admittedly<\/code> \u3084 It is true that<\/code> \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8b72\u6b69\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u304c\u73fe\u308c\u305f\u969b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u300c\u6700\u3082\u4f1d\u3048\u305f\u3044\u4e3b\u5f35\u300d\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3067\u6700\u3082\u5de7\u5999\u306b\u4f5c\u3089\u308c\u305f\u7f60\uff08\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\uff09\u306b\u98db\u3073\u3064\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u8ad6\u8aac\u306e\u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u60f3\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u53cd\u8ad6\u3084\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\uff08A\uff09\u3092\u3042\u3048\u3066\u5148\u56de\u308a\u3057\u3066\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u5bfe\u8a71\u7684\u6226\u7565\u3092\u3068\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\uff08A\uff09\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u3068\u3082\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u627f\u8afe\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3044\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\uff08B\uff09\u3068\u306f\u9006\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u5411\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u52d5\u4f5c\u306f\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u547d\u984c\u3092\u300c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u610f\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u7acb\u3066\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u524d\u63d0\uff08\u524d\u632f\u308a\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u5206\u985e\u3057\u3001\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u4fdd\u7559\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3068\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7740\u5730\u70b9\u304c\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306b\u53cd\u8ee2\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u69cb\u9020\u8aa4\u8aad\u3092\u9632\u3050\u70b9\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u5148\u56de\u308a\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e Admittedly<\/code>, Granted<\/code>, It is true that<\/code>, Indeed<\/code>, To be sure<\/code> \u306a\u3069\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\uff08A\uff09\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u56f2\u3044\u8fbc\u3080\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\uff08A\uff09\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u547d\u984c\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\uff08\u4e00\u822c\u8ad6\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3001\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u5229\u70b9\uff09\u3092\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u610f\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u982d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u30d5\u30e9\u30b0\u3092\u7acb\u3066\u3066\u4fdd\u7559\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u9006\u8aac\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\uff08but, however, nonetheless\uff09\u306e\u51fa\u73fe\u3092\u4e88\u6e2c\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304c\u8ee2\u63db\u3059\u308b\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u3092\u753b\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Admittedly, the newly developed AI algorithm requires substantial computational power to process complex image data; nonetheless, its diagnostic accuracy far surpasses that of human radiologists. \u2192 \u300cAdmittedly\u300d\u304c\u5c0e\u304f\u300cAI\u304c\u81a8\u5927\u306a\u8a08\u7b97\u529b\u3092\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306f\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u524d\u632f\u308a\u3002\u8aad\u8005\u306f\u3053\u308c\u3092\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3068\u305b\u305a\u3001\u300cnonetheless\u300d\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u300c\u8a3a\u65ad\u7cbe\u5ea6\u304c\u4eba\u9593\u3092\u9065\u304b\u306b\u51cc\u99d5\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\uff08B\uff09\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: It is true that early carbon-capture facilities required prohibitive capital investment; however, recent technological breakthroughs have reduced operational costs by more than forty percent. \u2192 \u300cIt is true that…\u300d\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u521d\u671f\u6295\u8cc7\u306e\u9ad8\u3055\uff09\u306f\u524d\u632f\u308a\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u306f\u300chowever\u300d\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u300c\u6280\u8853\u9769\u65b0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5927\u5e45\u306a\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u524a\u6e1b\u300d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: Granted that the initial market response to the electric vehicle model was relatively lukewarm, its long-term adoption rate has shown exponential growth across urban centers. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cGranted that…\u300d\u5185\u306e\u300c\u521d\u671f\u5e02\u5834\u306e\u53cd\u5fdc\u306e\u51b7\u3084\u3084\u304b\u3055\u300d\u3092\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u305b\u305a\u3001\u300cits long-term adoption rate…(\u9577\u671f\u7684\u306a\u63a1\u7528\u7387\u306e\u6025\u5897)\u300d\u304c\u771f\u306e\u7740\u5730\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Indeed, traditional classroom instruction fosters direct interpersonal interaction; but hybrid learning models offer unprecedented flexibility for working adult students. \u2192 \u300cIndeed… but\u300d\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3002\u5bfe\u9762\u6388\u696d\u306e\u5229\u70b9\uff08\u8b72\u6b69\uff09\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30cf\u30a4\u30d6\u30ea\u30c3\u30c9\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u67d4\u8edf\u6027\uff08\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u610f\uff09\u3078\u306e\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u547d\u984c\u3092\u300c\u524d\u632f\u308a\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u8b58\u5225\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u306b\u5099\u3048\u3066\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u4fdd\u7559\u3059\u308b\u8aad\u89e3\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff10.\uff12. \u9006\u8aac\u8a18\u53f7\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u547d\u984c\u62bd\u51fa\u3068\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u610f\uff08\u4e3b\u5f35\uff09\u306e\u7279\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\uff08A\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u524d\u632f\u308a\u304c\u5b8c\u4e86\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u9006\u8aac\u8a18\u53f7\uff08however<\/code>, nonetheless<\/code>, nevertheless<\/code>, yet<\/code>, but<\/code>\uff09\u3092\u5883\u76ee\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u306f180\u5ea6\u8ee2\u63db\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8ee2\u63db\u70b9\uff08U\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\uff09\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u547d\u984c\uff08B\uff09\u3053\u305d\u304c\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u65e7\u6765\u306e\u5e38\u8b58\u3084\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u4e86\u89e3\u3092\u6253\u3061\u7834\u3063\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3044\u300c\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\uff08\u4e3b\u65e8\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\u30fb\u5ba2\u89b3\u5f0f\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8981\u7d04\u3084\u5185\u5bb9\u771f\u507d\u306e\u6b63\u89e3\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u306e\u306f\u4f8b\u5916\u306a\u304f\u3053\u306e\uff08B\uff09\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9006\u8aac\u8a18\u53f7\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u7cbe\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u524d\u7bc0\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8b72\u6b69\u5185\u5bb9\uff08A\uff09\u3068\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u660e\u8996\u5316\u3057\u3001\u4f55\u304c\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u4f55\u304c\u65b0\u3057\u304f\u4e3b\u5f35\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9006\u8aac\u8a18\u53f7\u4ee5\u964d\u304b\u3089\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u610f\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\u306b\u7d9a\u304f however<\/code>, nonetheless<\/code>, but<\/code> \u306a\u3069\u306e\u9006\u8aac\u8a18\u53f7\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u9006\u8aac\u8a18\u53f7\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u304b\u3089\u6587\u672b\u307e\u3067\u306e\u547d\u984c\uff08B\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u5185\u5bb9\uff08A\uff09\u3068\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u8ef8\uff08\u4f8b: \u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u9ad8 vs \u7cbe\u5ea6\u5411\u4e0a\u3001\u77ed\u671f\u7684\u5931\u6557 vs \u9577\u671f\u7684\u6210\u529f\uff09\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u547d\u984c\uff08B\uff09\u304c\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff08\u7d50\u8ad6\uff09\u3068\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u3084\u89e3\u7b54\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: High-tier academic institutions have traditionally relied on standardized test scores for admissions decisions. However, a growing body of empirical research suggests that holistic evaluations provide a far more reliable predictor of long-term student success. \u2192 \u300cHowever\u300d\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u300c\u591a\u89d2\u7684\u306a\u8a55\u4fa1\uff08holistic evaluations\uff09\u306e\u65b9\u304c\u9577\u671f\u7684\u306a\u6210\u529f\u306e\u4fe1\u983c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u4e88\u6e2c\u6307\u6a19\u3068\u306a\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\uff08B\uff09\u304c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Economic austerity measures are frequently recommended by international financial organizations to control public debt. Nonetheless, implementing such policies during a severe recession invariably deepens economic contraction and worsens unemployment. \u2192 \u300cNonetheless\u300d\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u300c\u4e0d\u6cc1\u4e0b\u306e\u7dca\u7e2e\u8ca1\u653f\u306f\u7d4c\u6e08\u53ce\u7e2e\u3068\u5931\u696d\u3092\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53cd\u53cd\u8ad6\u306e\u547d\u984c\uff08B\uff09\u304c\u7d50\u8ad6\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: Advocates of free-market capitalism argue that deregulation automatically stimulates technological innovation and economic efficiency. Yet, unmonitored financial markets have historically demonstrated a persistent tendency toward catastrophic speculative bubbles. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cYet\u300d\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u300c\u76e3\u8996\u306e\u306a\u3044\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u5834\u306f\u58ca\u6ec5\u7684\u306a\u6295\u6a5f\u30d0\u30d6\u30eb\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u50be\u5411\u304c\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8b66\u544a\uff08B\uff09\u3053\u305d\u304c\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Conventional wisdom holds that individual conservation efforts are sufficient to mitigate climate change; but without structural policy reforms at the state level, global emissions cannot be meaningfully reduced. \u2192 \u300cbut\u300d\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u300c\u56fd\u5bb6\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u6539\u9769\u306a\u3057\u306b\u306f\u6392\u51fa\u91cf\u3092\u524a\u6e1b\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\uff08B\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u306eU\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u524d\u632f\u308a\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3068\u3092\u9bae\u3084\u304b\u306b\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u306e\u8aad\u89e3\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff11. \u6307\u793a\u526f\u8a5e\u30fb\u72b6\u6cc1\u7167\u5fdc\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6bb5\u843d\u9593\u5c55\u958b\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u8ffd\u8de1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u5185\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u306b\u307e\u305f\u304c\u308b\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u6307\u793a\u526f\u8a5e(thus, conversely, similarly)\u3084\u72b6\u6cc1\u7167\u5fdc\u8868\u73fe(under such circumstances, in light of these developments)\u306f\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u3068\u6bb5\u843d\u3092\u9023\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u300c\u5927\u578b\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u74b0\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5192\u982d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u72b6\u6cc1\u7167\u5fdc\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u3001\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u547d\u984c\u7fa4\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4e00\u62ec\u3057\u3066\u5f15\u304d\u53d7\u3051\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u3078\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u63a5\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u8ffd\u8de1\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u9593\u306e\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u8996\u70b9\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300cunder these conditions\u300d\u3084\u300cdue to this trend\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u72b6\u6cc1\u7167\u5fdc\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u3001\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u80cc\u666f\u3084\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u5bb9\u3057\u3001\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u56fa\u5b9a\u5316\u3059\u308b\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001 conversely \u3084 similarly \u306a\u3069\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u9593\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u3001\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35(Paragraph A)\u3068\u672c\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35(Paragraph B)\u306e\u9593\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb(\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3001\u5e73\u884c\u3001\u62e1\u5f35)\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff11.\uff11. \u72b6\u6cc1\u7167\u5fdc\u8868\u73fe(under such circumstances, in light of this)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u5185\u5bb9\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u56fa\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u5927\u306a\u5b66\u8853\u6587\u7ae0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u5192\u982d\u306b Under such circumstances<\/code> (\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u72b6\u6cc1\u4e0b\u3067)\u3084 In light of these developments<\/code> (\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u306b\u7167\u3089\u3057\u3066)\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u304c\u767b\u5834\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306f\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u3067\u53d9\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3084\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u3001\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u300c\u56fa\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8(\u72b6\u6cc1\u30fb\u524d\u63d0)\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u982d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u30d1\u30c3\u30b1\u30fc\u30b8\u5316\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u300c\u3060\u304b\u3089\u300d\u3068\u8a33\u3059\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u8907\u6570\u306e\u6587\u306b\u308f\u305f\u308b\u8ad6\u8ff0(S1 + S2 + S3…)\u3092\u307e\u308b\u3054\u3068\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u3057\u3001\u65b0\u6bb5\u843d\u3067\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u554f\u3044\u3084\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u300c\u8db3\u5834(\u524d\u63d0)\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u30c7\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u56fa\u5b9a\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u304c\u5909\u308f\u3063\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u306b\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u8a18\u61b6\u304c\u30ea\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u3070\u3089\u3070\u3089\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u7f85\u5217\u306b\u898b\u3048\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u72b6\u6cc1\u7167\u5fdc\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u6bb5\u843d\u9593\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u63a5\u7d9a\u3092\u56fa\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5192\u982d\u306e Under such circumstances<\/code>, In view of these facts<\/code>, As a result of this shift<\/code> \u306a\u3069\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u30921\u6587\u306b\u8981\u7d04\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u6307\u793a\u8a5e(such \/ these \/ this)\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u982d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u56fa\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8981\u7d04\u56fa\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3001\u65b0\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587(\u7b2c1\u301c2\u6587)\u304c\u7d50\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u56e0\u679c\u30fb\u6761\u4ef6\u30fb\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u753b\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u66f4\u65b0\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: [\u524d\u6bb5\u843d: \u4e2d\u592e\u9280\u884c\u306e\u6025\u901f\u306a\u91d1\u5229\u5f15\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u3001\u666f\u6c17\u6e1b\u901f\u3001\u5931\u696d\u7387\u306e\u4e0a\u6607\u306e\u53d9\u8ff0] \u2192 Under such precarious economic conditions, the government was forced to introduce targeted fiscal stimulus packages for low-income households. \u2192 \u300cUnder such precarious economic conditions\u300d\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f\u300c\u91d1\u5229\u5f15\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u30fb\u666f\u6c17\u6e1b\u901f\u30fb\u5931\u696d\u7387\u4e0a\u6607\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8907\u5408\u7684\u306a\u7d4c\u6e08\u7aae\u72b6\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u56fa\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u65b0\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u523a\u6fc0\u7b56\u5c0e\u5165\u306e\u7406\u7531\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63a5\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: [\u524d\u6bb5\u843d: \u907a\u4f1d\u5b50\u7d44\u307f\u63db\u3048\u4f5c\u7269\u306e\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u3078\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3001\u8010\u6027\u96d1\u8349\u306e\u51fa\u73fe\u3001\u751f\u7269\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u4f4e\u4e0b\u306e\u61f8\u5ff5\u306e\u53d9\u8ff0] \u2192 In light of these ecological risks, European regulatory agencies adopted a highly precautionary approach toward biotechnology approvals. \u2192 \u300cIn light of these ecological risks\u300d\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u300c\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u3078\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u30fb\u8010\u6027\u96d1\u8349\u30fb\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u4f4e\u4e0b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u30463\u3064\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3001\u65b0\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u614e\u91cd\u306a\u898f\u5236\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3092\u5c0e\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: [\u524d\u6bb5\u843d: \u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u88fd\u85ac\u4f01\u696d\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u958b\u767a\u52b9\u7387\u306e\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3068\u7279\u8a31\u5207\u308c\u306e\u5371\u6a5f\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u53d9\u8ff0] \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002To overcome this structural crisis, major pharmaceutical firms began aggressively acquiring innovative biotechnology startups. \u2192 \u300cthis structural crisis\u300d\u3092\u5358\u306b\u300c\u5371\u6a5f\u300d\u3068\u6d41\u3059\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u300cR&D\u52b9\u7387\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3068\u7279\u8a31\u5207\u308c\u306e\u91cd\u8907\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u5168\u4f53\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8981\u7d04\u56fa\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: [\u524d\u6bb5\u843d: \u6c17\u5019\u5909\u52d5\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5317\u6975\u6d77\u306e\u6c37\u5e8a\u6e1b\u5c11\u3068\u65b0\u822a\u8def\u958b\u901a\u306e\u53d9\u8ff0] \u2192 Driven by these geopolitical shifts, Arctic coastal nations initiated extensive naval modernization programs. \u2192 \u300cthese geopolitical shifts\u300d\u304c\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u5317\u6975\u6d77\u306e\u74b0\u5883\u5909\u5316\u3068\u305d\u308c\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u5730\u653f\u5b66\u7684\u5909\u5316\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u72b6\u6cc1\u7167\u5fdc\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u5a92\u4ecb\u3068\u3057\u3066\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8981\u7d04\u56fa\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u9593\u306e\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u9014\u5207\u308c\u306a\u304f\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u8aad\u6280\u6cd5\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff11.\uff12. \u6bb5\u843d\u9593\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58(conversely, similarly)\u304c\u63cf\u304f\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u5c55\u958b\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u6587\u982d\u306b\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u308b Conversely<\/code>, Similarly<\/code>, By contrast<\/code>, On a broader scale<\/code> \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u6bb5\u843d\u9593\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u524d\u6bb5\u843d(Paragraph A)\u3068\u672c\u6bb5\u843d(Paragraph B)\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u914d\u7f6e(\u5e73\u884c\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3001\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5909\u66f4\u3001\u6df1\u5316)\u306b\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6307\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u300c\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u6307\u793a\u6a19\u8b58\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070 Conversely<\/code> \u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u672c\u6bb5\u843d(B)\u306f\u524d\u6bb5\u843d(A)\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7406\u8ad6\u3084\u4e8b\u8c61\u3068\u306f\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3084\u53cd\u4f8b\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f Similarly<\/code> \u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u672c\u6bb5\u843d(B)\u306f\u524d\u6bb5\u843d(A)\u3068\u5168\u304f\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6301\u3064\u5225\u306e\u9818\u57df\u306e\u4e8b\u4f8b(\u30a2\u30ca\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc)\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u63cf\u304f\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u611f\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306f\u672c\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u7cbe\u5ea6\u9ad8\u304f\u4e88\u6e2c\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u30cf\u30a4\u30b9\u30d4\u30fc\u30c9\u3067\u7cbe\u8aad\u3092\u9032\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6bb5\u843d\u9593\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304b\u3089\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5192\u982d\u306e Conversely<\/code>, Similarly<\/code>, On the other hand<\/code>, In a related context<\/code> \u306a\u3069\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u4e3b\u65e8(A)\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u6975\u6027(\u80af\u5b9a\/\u5426\u5b9a\u3001\u6210\u529f\/\u5931\u6557\u3001\u30df\u30af\u30ed\/\u30de\u30af\u30ed)\u3092\u5fa9\u7fd2\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u672c\u6bb5\u843d(B)\u304c\u524d\u6bb5\u843d(A)\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u300c\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u6975\u6027(Conversely)\u300d\u300c\u5e73\u884c\u306a\u30a2\u30ca\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc(Similarly)\u300d\u300c\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u62e1\u5927(On a broader scale)\u300d\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3067\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u9593\u306e\u5de8\u8996\u7684\u5bfe\u6bd4\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: [\u524d\u6bb5\u843d: \u958b\u767a\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6025\u901f\u306a\u4eba\u53e3\u5897\u52a0\u3068\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e0d\u8db3\u306e\u53d9\u8ff0] \u2192 Conversely, many developed post-industrial nations face the unprecedented demographic challenge of a shrinking and aging population. \u2192 \u300cConversely(\u9006\u306b)\u300d\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u300c\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u306e\u4eba\u53e3\u7206\u767a\u300d\u3068\u672c\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u300c\u5148\u9032\u56fd\u306e\u4eba\u53e3\u6e1b\u5c11\u30fb\u9ad8\u9f62\u5316\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u76f8\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u53e3\u52d5\u614b\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u63cf\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: [\u524d\u6bb5\u843d: 19\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9244\u9053\u7db2\u306e\u767a\u9054\u304c\u56fd\u5185\u5e02\u5834\u306e\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3057\u305f\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306e\u53d9\u8ff0] \u2192 Similarly, the expansion of broadband internet infrastructure in the twenty-first century has unified global digital commerce. \u2192 \u300cSimilarly(\u540c\u69d8\u306b)\u300d\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u300c19\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u9244\u9053\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5e02\u5834\u7d71\u5408\u300d\u3068\u672c\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u300c21\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u5546\u696d\u7d71\u5408\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6642\u4ee3\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u305f\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u30a2\u30ca\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u3092\u5c0e\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: [\u524d\u6bb5\u843d: \u500b\u5225\u306e\u4f01\u696d\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30b5\u30a4\u30d0\u30fc\u30bb\u30ad\u30e5\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u5bfe\u7b56\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u306e\u53d9\u8ff0] \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002On a broader scale, national critical infrastructure requires coordinated defense mechanisms against state-sponsored cyber warfare. \u2192 \u300cOn a broader scale(\u3088\u308a\u5e83\u3044\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3067\u306f)\u300d\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u300c\u500b\u5225\u306e\u4f01\u696d\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb(\u30df\u30af\u30ed)\u300d\u304b\u3089\u300c\u56fd\u5bb6\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30e9\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb(\u30de\u30af\u30ed)\u300d\u3078\u306e\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u62e1\u5927\u30fb\u6df1\u5316\u3092\u6307\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: [\u524d\u6bb5\u843d: \u9678\u4e0a\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5916\u6765\u7a2e\u306e\u4fb5\u5165\u306b\u3088\u308b\u56fa\u6709\u7a2e\u306e\u7d76\u6ec5\u306e\u53d9\u8ff0] \u2192 In marine environments, a parallel pattern of ecological disruption is unfolding due to ballast water discharge from commercial shipping. \u2192 \u300ca parallel pattern(\u5e73\u884c\u306a\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3)\u300d\u304c\u3001\u9678\u4e0a\u304b\u3089\u6d77\u6d0b\u3078\u306e\u74b0\u5883\u7834\u58ca\u306e\u5e73\u884c\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u9593\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u6307\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u89e3\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u5927\u4f53\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u63fa\u308b\u304e\u306a\u304f\u638c\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u306e\u8aad\u89e3\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8003\u7a76:\u8907\u96d1\u69cb\u6587\u30fb\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7167\u5fdc\u30fb\u7701\u7565\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u691c\u8a3c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8996\u5ea7\u5c64\u30fb\u539f\u7406\u5c64\u3067\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u8ffd\u8de1\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u4fee\u98fe\u7bc0\u304c\u91cd\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u8907\u96d1\u69cb\u6587\u3084\u3001\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u304c\u6570\u6587\u524d\u306b\u53ca\u3076\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u3068\u7701\u7565\u304c\u591a\u91cd\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u5b66\u8853\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u3092\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306b\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u306e\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u3001\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u30fb\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u3068\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u304c\u8907\u5408\u3057\u305f\u6975\u9650\u306e\u554f\u984c\u5834\u9762\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e00\u5207\u306e\u611f\u899a\u7684\u63a8\u6e2c\u3092\u6392\u3057\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u6f14\u7b97\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u524d\u63d0\u80fd\u529b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u539f\u7406\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7167\u5fdc\u3001\u8981\u7d04\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u9006\u7b97\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u30fb\u4e3b\u8a9e\u7701\u7565\u5fa9\u5143\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u904b\u7528\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u6271\u3046\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307f\u7bc0\u3092\u8cab\u304f\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u89e3\u660e\u3001\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u3068\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u304c\u8907\u5408\u3059\u308b\u62bd\u8c61\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u7701\u7565\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u5fa9\u5143\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8457\u8005\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3068\u8981\u7d04\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u304c\u9023\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u3092\u7d4c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u9577\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u3092\u60d1\u308f\u3059\u5de7\u5999\u306a\u7f60\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u898b\u7834\u308a\u3001\u6e80\u70b9\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u64cd\u4f5c\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u3068\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5883\u754c\u306e\u89e3\u304d\u307b\u3050\u3057<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4fee\u98fe\u7bc0\u304c\u591a\u91cd\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u6587\u8108\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u306e\u9593\u306b\u8907\u6570\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u4ecb\u5165\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6587\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u3068\u7bc0\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u3066\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M16-\u610f\u5473]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u591a\u91cd\u7701\u7565\u3068\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u306e\u5fa9\u5143<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u3084\u6bd4\u8f03\u304c\u9023\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u96e3\u89e3\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u52d5\u8a5e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306b\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5f8c\u65b9\u8981\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u306e\u9006\u7b97\u6cd5\u3092\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3066\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u88dc\u5b8c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M17-\u7d71\u8a9e]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8457\u8005\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3068\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u6027<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u65e2\u6210\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u306b\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u540c\u683c\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5b9a\u7fa9\u306e\u7b49\u4fa1\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u4fdd\u6301\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M18-\u8ac7\u8a71]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u500b\u5225 M01-\u8003\u7a76]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2514 \u8907\u96d1\u306a\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307f\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u89e3\u4f53\u304c\u3001\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u5019\u88dc\u306e\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u3092\u62c5\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u500b\u5225 M02-\u8003\u7a76]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2514 \u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u4f4d\u76f8\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a\u304c\u3001\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u6b63\u3057\u3055\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u3068\u9023\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11. \u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307f\u7bc0\u30fb\u591a\u91cd\u4fee\u98fe\u304c\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u89e3\u660e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3068\u8907\u6570\u306e\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0(\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u3001\u540c\u683c\u7bc0\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0)\u304c\u91cd\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u6570\u591a\u304f\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u306a\u3044\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u4ecb\u5728\u3057\u3001\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306a\u8ddd\u96e2\u304c\u5927\u304d\u304f\u96e2\u308c\u308b\u300c\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u300d\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\u306e\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u4e00\u81f4\u3068\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u6587\u8108\u306e\u89e3\u304d\u307b\u3050\u3057\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3001\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u3092\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u691c\u8a3c\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u691c\u8a3c\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u306e\u9593\u306b\u8907\u6570\u306e\u4fee\u98fe\u7bc0\u304c\u631f\u307e\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027(\u6570\u30fb\u6027\u30fb\u683c)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306a\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u307f\u3068\u4e3b\u7bc0\u30fb\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u5206\u96e2\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u771f\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e this\/that \u3084 such + \u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u6570\u5206\u524d\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u3084\u524d\u3005\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u98db\u3073\u8d8a\u3048\u3066\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff11. \u4ecb\u5728\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\u6392\u9664\u3068\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u306e\u540c\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3084\u540c\u683c\u7bc0\u304c\u591a\u91cd\u306b\u9023\u7d50\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9577\u5927\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(they, it\u7b49)\u304c\u73fe\u308c\u305f\u969b\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u8996\u7dda\u306f\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u305a\u3089\u308c\u3084\u3059\u3044\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u76f4\u8fd1\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u5185\u90e8\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u3068\u770b\u505a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306f\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306a\u8aa4\u8aad\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\u3002\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u300c\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6301\u3064\u683c\u30fb\u6570\u30fb\u6027\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u306b\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u8ddd\u96e2\u306e\u8fd1\u9060\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3059\u3079\u3066\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u306a\u3059\u968e\u5c64\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u9069\u5408\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u307e\u3067\u9061\u3063\u3066\u4ee3\u5165\u691c\u8a3c\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u9593\u306b\u4f55\u884c\u3082\u306e\u4fee\u98fe\u8a9e\u53e5\u304c\u631f\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u6700\u521d\u304b\u3089\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u6b63\u5f53\u306a\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u3078\u3068\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5230\u9054\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u306f\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u968e\u5c64\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u76f4\u8fd1\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u308b\u6587\u8108\u89e3\u91c8\u304c\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u5d29\u58ca\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8a3c\u660e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u30fb\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027(\u4f8b: \u8907\u6570\u30fb\u4e3b\u683c)\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u6587\u304a\u3088\u3073\u524d\u6587\u306e\u5168\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3068\u4fee\u98fe\u7bc0\u306b\u5206\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u7fa4\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\u304c\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e(\u5358\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u7b49)\u3084\u3001\u4fee\u98fe\u7bc0\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u9589\u3058\u8fbc\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u3066\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u7167\u5fdc\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3092\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u9664\u5916\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5(\u6570\u5206\u524d\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u53ef)\u3092\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306e\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u3057\u3066\u610f\u5473\u7684\u6574\u5408\u6027\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The primary algorithms [that regulate automated stock trading platforms, (which were developed by quantitative analysts during the financial crisis)], processed millions of transactions per second, but they failed to account for sudden geopolitical shocks. \u2192 \u300cthey\u300d\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u306f\u300ccrisis\u300d\u300canalysts\u300d\u300cplatforms\u300d\u306a\u3069\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u300cthey\u300d\u306f\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u4e3b\u683c\u3002\u524d\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300cThe primary algorithms(\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u7fa4)\u300d\u304c\u6570\u884c\u96e2\u308c\u305f\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u540c\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The comprehensive report on global biodiversity loss [(which incorporated data from over fifty international environmental organizations)] contained alarming projections, yet it was largely ignored by industrial policymakers. \u2192 \u300cit\u300d\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u306f\u300corganizations\u300d\u300cprojections\u300d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300cprojections\u300d\u306f\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u306e\u305f\u3081\u5358\u6570\u306e\u300cit\u300d\u3068\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u3002\u5358\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u300cThe comprehensive report\u300d\u304c\u6b63\u5f53\u306a\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The research group evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of synthetic peptides [that inhibit viral replication in host cells], but they discovered that their metabolic stability was insufficient for clinical use. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u300cthey\u300d\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u300chost cells(\u8907\u6570)\u300d\u3084\u300csynthetic peptides(\u8907\u6570)\u300d\u306b\u60d1\u308f\u3055\u308c\u305d\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5f8c\u534a\u3067 Discover(\u767a\u898b\u3059\u308b)\u3068\u3044\u3046\u77e5\u7684\u306a\u4eba\u9593\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e3b\u4f53\u306f\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e\u300cThe research group(\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8907\u6570\u6271\u3044\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5f7c\u3089)\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u304c\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: The international treaty [that governs peaceful maritime exploration in polar regions, (despite facing severe criticism from nationalist politicians)], remains legally binding; thus, it continues to prevent military escalation in the Arctic. \u2192 \u300cit\u300d\u306f\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u3084\u4fee\u98fe\u7bc0\u3092\u98db\u3073\u8d8a\u3048\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe international treaty\u300d\u3092\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u88dc\u5b8c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\u306e\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u6392\u9664\u3068\u968e\u5c64\u5206\u96e2\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u4fee\u98fe\u306b\u906e\u3089\u308c\u305f\u9577\u5927\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u771f\u306e\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u3092\u4e00\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u7cbe\u5ea6\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff12. \u8907\u6570\u6587\u3092\u8de8\u3050\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(this\/such)\u306e\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u691c\u8a3c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e this \u3084 such + \u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u6587\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u30012\u301c3\u6587\u524d\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u3084\u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3066\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3059\u300c\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u300d\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8aad\u8005\u304c\u300cthis\u300d\u306e\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3059\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u76f4\u524d\u306e1\u6587\u306e\u307f\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3068\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u6570\u6587\u3092\u304b\u3051\u3066\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u305f\u80cc\u666f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u5168\u4f53\u3068\u3001\u65b0\u3057\u304f\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u5f35\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306e\u771f\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u300cthis \/ such + \u540d\u8a5e\u53e5 \u304c\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u304b\u3089\u8d77\u7b97\u3057\u3066\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306e\u307e\u3068\u307e\u308a(Paragraph Block)\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8907\u6570\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c\u7fa4\u5168\u4f53\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e this \u307e\u305f\u306f such + \u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u304b\u3089\u9061\u308a\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u5207\u308c\u76ee(\u8a71\u984c\u306e\u8ee2\u63db\u70b9)\u307e\u3067\u306e\u8907\u6570\u6587\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u547d\u984c\u30d6\u30ed\u30c3\u30af\u300c[S1 + S2 + S3]\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u56f2\u3044\u8fbc\u3080\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u547d\u984c\u30d6\u30ed\u30c3\u30af\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u304c\u3001\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e(\u4f8b: this technological transition)\u306b\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u5305\u542b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4ee3\u5165\u30fb\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: [\u65871: \u4f01\u696d\u306f\u65e7\u6765\u306e\u5316\u77f3\u71c3\u6599\u4f9d\u5b58\u306e\u8a2d\u5099\u3092\u5ec3\u68c4\u3057\u305f\u3002\u65872: \u5f93\u696d\u54e1\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u518d\u751f\u53ef\u80fd\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u6280\u8853\u306e\u518d\u6559\u80b2\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3092\u5b9f\u65bd\u3057\u305f\u3002\u65873: \u5de8\u984d\u306e\u8cc7\u672c\u3092\u98a8\u529b\u30fb\u592a\u967d\u5149\u767a\u96fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30e9\u306b\u6295\u3058\u305f\u3002] \u2192 Such a fundamental industrial transition required decades of strategic planning and governmental subsidies. \u2192 \u300cSuch a fundamental industrial transition(\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6839\u672c\u7684\u306a\u7523\u696d\u8ee2\u63db)\u300d\u306f\u3001\u65871\u301c\u65873\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f\u300c\u8a2d\u5099\u5ec3\u68c4\u30fb\u518d\u6559\u80b2\u30fb\u518d\u30a8\u30cd\u6295\u8cc7\u300d\u3068\u3044\u30463\u3064\u306e\u6587\u306b\u308f\u305f\u308b\u4f01\u696d\u884c\u52d5\u306e\u7dcf\u4f53\u3092\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: [\u65871: \u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306f\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u907a\u4f1d\u5b50\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u533f\u540d\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3002\u65872: \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u53b3\u91cd\u306b\u6697\u53f7\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30af\u30e9\u30a6\u30c9\u30b5\u30fc\u30d0\u30fc\u306b\u4fdd\u7ba1\u3057\u305f\u3002\u65873: \u30a2\u30af\u30bb\u30b9\u6a29\u9650\u3092\u627f\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306e\u307f\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3002] \u2192 By adhering to this protocol, the team protected patient privacy while facilitating data sharing. \u2192 \u300cthis protocol\u300d\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u3001\u65871\u301c\u65873\u3067\u8a73\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u533f\u540d\u5316\u30fb\u6697\u53f7\u5316\u30fb\u30a2\u30af\u30bb\u30b9\u5236\u9650\u300d\u3068\u3044\u30463\u6bb5\u968e\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u7ba1\u7406\u624b\u9806\u5168\u4f53\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: [\u65871: \u4e2d\u592e\u9280\u884c\u306f\u91d1\u5229\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u305f\u3002\u65872: \u5e02\u4e2d\u9280\u884c\u3078\u306e\u8cb8\u51fa\u67a0\u3092\u5236\u9650\u3057\u305f\u3002\u65873: \u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u696d\u652f\u51fa\u3092\u524a\u6e1b\u3057\u305f\u3002] \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002These austerity measures, however, triggered widespread public protests. \u2192 \u300cThese austerity measures(\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7dca\u7e2e\u7b56)\u300d\u3092\u5358\u306b\u300c\u63aa\u7f6e\u300d\u3068\u6d41\u3055\u305a\u3001\u65871\u301c\u65873\u306e\u91d1\u5229\u5f15\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u30fb\u8cb8\u51fa\u5236\u9650\u30fb\u652f\u51fa\u524a\u6e1b\u3068\u3044\u30463\u3064\u306e\u653f\u7b56\u306e\u7dcf\u4f53\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u6307\u793a\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u753b\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: [\u65871: \u8457\u8005\u306f\u53e4\u4ee3\u306e\u53e4\u6587\u66f8\u3092\u5224\u8aad\u3057\u305f\u3002\u65872: \u653e\u5c04\u6027\u70ad\u7d20\u5e74\u4ee3\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3067\u5e74\u4ee3\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u65873: \u540c\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u53f2\u6599\u3068\u7167\u5408\u3057\u305f\u3002] \u2192 Through this rigorous analytical methodology, the historian disproved the long-held myth. \u2192 \u300cthis rigorous analytical methodology\u300d\u304c\u65871\u301c\u65873\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8907\u6570\u6587\u306b\u307e\u305f\u304c\u308b\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u306e\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u6bb5\u843d\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6349\u3048\u308b\u89e3\u8aad\u529b\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12. \u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u3068\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u8907\u5408\u3059\u308b\u62bd\u8c61\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3084\u5b66\u8853\u6587\u7ae0\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u6982\u5ff5(\u4f8b: Traditionalism vs Modernism, Individualism vs Collectivism)\u304c\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u985e\u7fa9\u8a9e\u3084\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u306e\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3(\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u7fa4)\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u5bfe\u6bd4\u7684\u306b\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u8ef8\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3057\u3001\u53cc\u65b9\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u3066\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u691c\u8a3c\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u3068\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u304c\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u4e2d\u306b\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u8868\u73fe\u3084\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u3001\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u8ef8(Concept A vs Concept B)\u306e\u3069\u3061\u3089\u306e\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u306b\u5c5e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u6975\u6027\u3068\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u5206\u985e\u30fb\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u7247\u65b9\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u540c\u683c\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u4ed6\u65b9\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u5165\u308c\u66ff\u308f\u308b\u300c\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u6b62\u63da(Aufheben)\u3084\u7d71\u5408\u300d\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u898b\u629c\u304f\u89e3\u8aad\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff11. \u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u8ef8\u306e\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3068\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u7fa4\u306e\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u5206\u985e\u624b\u9806<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u62bd\u8c61\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u3092\u6700\u3082\u8ff7\u308f\u305b\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u6307\u3059\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u6587\u3054\u3068\u306b\u5909\u5316\u3057\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u305d\u308c\u3068\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u5225\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u5165\u308a\u4e71\u308c\u3066\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u5834\u9762\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u653b\u7565\u3059\u308b\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u521d\u982d\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u8ef8(A vs B)\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u3001\u4ee5\u964d\u306b\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u30fb\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u8868\u73fe\u3092 A \u306e\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7(Chain A)\u304b B \u306e\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7(Chain B)\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304b\u306b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u306b\u5206\u985e\u30fb\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001Rationalism<\/code> (A) \u3068 Empiricism<\/code> (B) \u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001deductive reasoning<\/code> \u3084 a priori knowledge<\/code> \u306f Chain A \u306b\u5c5e\u3057\u3001observational data<\/code> \u3084 sensory experience<\/code> \u306f Chain B \u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u7fa4\u306e\u5206\u985e\u3092\u6020\u308b\u3068\u3001A\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u3092B\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u3069\u3061\u3089\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3057\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u3092\u6279\u5224\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u898b\u8aa4\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u8ef8\u3068\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u7fa4\u3092\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u306b\u5206\u985e\u30fb\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u5e8f\u76e4\u3067\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u6982\u5ff5(A \u3068 B)\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u5bfe\u7acb\u8ef8\u300cA vs B\u300d\u3092\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u672c\u6587\u3092\u9032\u3081\u306a\u304c\u3089\u73fe\u308c\u308b\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u8868\u73fe\u3001\u6bd4\u55a9\u3001\u6307\u793a\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5(\u4f8b: former, latter, such approach, this paradigm)\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306e\u6975\u6027(\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\/\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9)\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001Chain A \u307e\u305f\u306f Chain B \u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304b\u306b\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e21\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u7fa4\u3092\u5bfe\u7167\u3055\u305b\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066 A \u3068 B \u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: [\u5bfe\u7acb\u8ef8: Centralized Planning (A) vs Market Autonomy (B)] \u2192 Proponents of top-down administrative control (Chain A) argue that resource allocation should be managed by state experts. Conversely, advocates of decentralized economic freedom (Chain B) maintain that price signals naturally optimize supply and demand. \u2192 \u524d\u534a\u306e\u300ctop-down administrative control\u300d\u306f Chain A (Centralized Planning) \u306e\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u300cdecentralized economic freedom\u300d\u306f Chain B (Market Autonomy) \u306e\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: [\u5bfe\u7acb\u8ef8: Qualitative Analysis (A) vs Quantitative Measurement (B)] \u2192 While the former methodology (A) focuses on subjective narrative interpretation and contextual depth, the latter approach (B) relies on statistical metrics, empirical data, and algorithmic computation. \u2192 \u300cthe former methodology\u300d\u306f A \u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3001\u300csubjective narrative interpretation\u300d\u3092\u5c5e\u6027\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6301\u3064\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u300cthe latter approach\u300d\u306f B \u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3001\u300cstatistical metrics, empirical data\u300d\u3092\u5c5e\u6027\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4fdd\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5206\u985e\u30fb\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: [\u5bfe\u7acb\u8ef8: Determinism (A) vs Free Will (B)] \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002Adherents of the mechanistic worldview (Chain A) assert that human actions are entirely dictated by antecedent neural causes. Critics of this fatalistic doctrine (Chain A), however, champion the internal capacity for autonomous choice (Chain B). \u2192 \u300cthis fatalistic doctrine(\u305d\u306e\u5bbf\u547d\u8ad6\u7684\u6559\u7fa9)\u300d\u306f Chain A (Determinism) \u3092\u6279\u5224\u7684\u8996\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u305f\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u6279\u5224\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u300cautonomous choice\u300d\u304c Chain B \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5206\u985e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: [\u5bfe\u7acb\u8ef8: Preservationism (A) vs Utilitarian Conservation (B)] \u2192 Advocates of pristine wilderness protection (Chain A) clash with champions of sustainable resource exploitation (Chain B) over land management policies. \u2192 \u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u8868\u73fe\u3092 Chain A \u3068 Chain B \u306b\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u8ef8\u306e\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3068\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u7fa4\u306e\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u5206\u985e\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u5ea6\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u5b66\u8853\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u3092\u8d77\u3053\u3055\u305a\u306b\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff12. \u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u6b62\u63da\u30fb\u7d71\u5408\u5c55\u958b\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3068\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb(A vs B)\u3092\u4e2d\u5fc3\u306b\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u7d42\u76e4\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 A \u3068 B \u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u3092\u5358\u306b\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u3092\u9ad8\u6b21\u306e\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3067\u7d71\u5408\u30fb\u6b62\u63da(Aufheben)\u3059\u308b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u6982\u5ff5(C)\u3078\u3068\u79fb\u884c\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5c55\u958b\u304c\u591a\u767a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e this synthesis<\/code>, such convergence<\/code>, these complementary frameworks<\/code>\u306a\u3069\u304c\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u307e\u3067\u5bfe\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f A \u3068 B \u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d6\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u300c\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u7167\u5fdc\u300d\u304c\u5b9f\u884c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u8aad\u8005\u304c A \u3068 B \u306f\u6c38\u9060\u306b\u5bfe\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3044\u8fbc\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3001\u3053\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6349\u3048\u640d\u306d\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u305f\u7d71\u5408\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb(C)\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u89e3\u91c8\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u7167\u5fdc\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u30fb\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5bfe\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f A \u3068 B \u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u304c1\u3064\u306e\u6587\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8fd1\u63a5\u3059\u308b\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u4e26\u5217\u30fb\u88dc\u5b8c\u7684\u306b\u53d9\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7b87\u6240\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u308b this integration<\/code>, such a hybrid model<\/code> \u306a\u3069\u306e\u6307\u793a\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u300cA + B\u300d\u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u3092\u5305\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u5408\u6982\u5ff5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7d71\u5408\u3055\u308c\u305f\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5(C)\u304c\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306a\u7d50\u8ad6(\u4e3b\u65e8)\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: [\u5bfe\u6bd4: Rationalist deduction (A) and Empirical observation (B)] \u2192 By combining rigorous logical deduction with systematic empirical observation, the modern scientific method created a new epistemological paradigm. This hybrid approach transcended the historical divide between the two philosophical camps. \u2192 \u300cThis hybrid approach(\u3053\u306e\u30cf\u30a4\u30d6\u30ea\u30c3\u30c9\u306a\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1)\u300d\u306f\u3001\u524d\u6587\u3067\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6(A) + \u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u89b3\u5bdf(B)\u300d\u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u3092\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: [\u5bfe\u6bd4: Economic growth (A) and Environmental sustainability (B)] \u2192 Integrating stringent carbon emission caps with market-based green subsidies allows nations to achieve sustainable development. Such policy convergence demonstrates that ecological protection and economic prosperity are not mutually exclusive. \u2192 \u300cSuch policy convergence(\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u653f\u7b56\u306e\u878d\u5408)\u300d\u306f\u3001\u7d4c\u6e08\u6210\u9577(A)\u3068\u74b0\u5883\u7dad\u6301(B)\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u305f\u653f\u7b56\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: [\u5bfe\u6bd4: Individual autonomy (A) and Community solidarity (B)] \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002A flourishing democratic society requires both the protection of personal liberties and the cultivation of civic duty. Balancing these seemingly conflicting imperatives, however, demands continuous institutional adaptation. \u2192 \u300cthese seemingly conflicting imperatives(\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6b63\u76f8\u53cd\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u8981\u8acb)\u300d\u306f\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u81ea\u7531(A)\u3068\u5e02\u6c11\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9(B)\u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u3092\u6307\u3059\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u7167\u5fdc\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: [\u5bfe\u6bd4: Theoretical physics (A) and Applied engineering (B)] \u2192 The interdisciplinary project bridged the gap between fundamental theoretical equations and practical industrial manufacturing. This synergy generated groundbreaking technological patents. \u2192 \u300cThis synergy\u300d\u304c\u7406\u8ad6(A)\u3068\u5fdc\u7528(B)\u306e\u878d\u5408\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u304c\u7d71\u5408\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5c40\u9762\u3067\u306e\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u306e\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u6349\u3048\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306a\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u4e00\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u638c\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u8aad\u6280\u6cd5\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13. \u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u3068\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u7701\u7565\u304c\u591a\u91cd\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u6bd4\u8f03\u30fb\u4e26\u5217\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u89e3\u4f53<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u5165\u8a66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u96e3\u554f\u306f\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a(and, but)\u3084\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868\u73fe(than, as)\u304c\u540c\u4e00\u6587\u5185\u3067\u591a\u91cd\u306b\u9023\u7d50\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u52d5\u8a5e\u30fb\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u4f55\u6bb5\u968e\u306b\u3082\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300c\u591a\u91cd\u7701\u7565\u69cb\u9020\u300d\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5f8c\u65b9\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u306e\u9006\u7b97\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u7d61\u307f\u5408\u3063\u305f\u4e26\u5217\u30fb\u5bfe\u6bd4\u69cb\u9020\u304b\u3089\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u305f\u5168\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u30fb\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u691c\u8a3c\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u7701\u7565\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u653b\u7565\u3059\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u8996\u70b9\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u306b multiple and<\/code> \u3084 than<\/code> \u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u8907\u6570\u7b87\u6240\u3067\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306b\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6587\u982d\u304b\u3089\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u6728\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3066\u5168\u6b20\u843d\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u76f8\u4e92\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u8907\u5408\u69cb\u6587(\u4f8b: A does X more than B does Y, and C does Z)\u3092\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u4f53\u3057\u3001\u610f\u5473\u306e\u4e0d\u900f\u660e\u3055\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u89e3\u6d88\u3059\u308b\u5fa9\u5143\u624b\u9806\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff11. \u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u9006\u7b97\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8907\u5408\u4e26\u5217\u6587\u306e\u5168\u6b20\u843d\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u5fa9\u5143<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u8907\u6570\u306e\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e(and, but, or)\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3001\u304b\u3064\u5404\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u91cd\u8907\u3059\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20(\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u5171\u901a\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e)\u304c\u7570\u306a\u3063\u305f\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3067\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6587\u982d\u304b\u3089\u9806\u756a\u306b\u8aad\u3080\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u591a\u91cd\u4e26\u5217\u6587\u3092\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6700\u3082\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c(Xn)\u304b\u3089\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u30c8\u3057\u3001\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u306b\u9061\u3063\u3066\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20(Yn)\u3068\u540c\u683c\u306e\u8d77\u70b9(\u5206\u5c90\u70b9)\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u9006\u7b97\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u6570\u3060\u3051\u5c64\u72b6(\u30ec\u30a4\u30e4\u30fc\u72b6)\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u7bc0\u3067\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u7bc0\u3067\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6975\u9650\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304c\u5f37\u5236\u3059\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u898f\u5247\u30921\u3064\u305a\u3064\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u300c\u5f71\u306e\u6b20\u843d\u8981\u7d20\u300d\u3092\u7b97\u8853\u7684\u306b\u6d17\u3044\u51fa\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u9006\u7b97\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6700\u3082\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304b\u3089\u9806\u756a\u306b\u51e6\u7406\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20(X)\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3057\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u304b\u3089\u540c\u7a2e\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20(Y)\u3092\u9061\u3063\u3066\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4e26\u5217\u306e\u6700\u5c0f\u30e6\u30cb\u30c3\u30c8\u300c[Y and X]\u300d\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6700\u5c0f\u30e6\u30cb\u30c3\u30c8\u306e\u524d\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u9006\u7b97\u3092\u884c\u3044\u3001\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u52d5\u8a5e\u30fb\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u524d\u534a\u306e\u7bc0\u304b\u3089\u88dc\u5b8c\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u69cb\u6587\u6728\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The primary research division analyzed the chemical composition of the new alloy, the secondary laboratory its physical durability, and the quality control team its long-term resistance to corrosion. \u2192 \u4e8c\u3064\u306e and \/ \u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u306b\u3088\u308b\u591a\u91cd\u7701\u7565\u69cb\u9020\u3002\u7b2c2\u7bc0\u300cthe secondary laboratory [analyzed] its physical durability\u300d\u3001\u7b2c3\u7bc0\u300cthe quality control team [analyzed] its long-term…\u300d\u3068\u3001\u5171\u901a\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u300canalyzed\u300d\u304c\u4e8c\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: The natural sciences seek to explain physical phenomena through quantitative measurement, the humanities to interpret human cultural experiences through qualitative analysis, and the social sciences to synthesize both approaches through empirical observation. \u2192 \u7b2c2\u7bc0\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7b2c3\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u300cseek\u300d\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3001\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u300cto interpret…\u300d\u300cto synthesize…\u300d\u306e\u307f\u304c\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u591a\u91cd\u4e26\u5217\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: The former policy rewarded short-term corporate profitability at the expense of environmental sustainability, the latter long-term ecological stability, and the proposed compromise both objectives simultaneously. \u2192 \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002\u7b2c2\u7bc0\u3067\u52d5\u8a5e\u300crewarded\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u304c\u7701\u7565(the latter [rewarded] long-term…)\u3055\u308c\u3001\u7b2c3\u7bc0\u3067\u3082\u52d5\u8a5e\u300c[rewards\/balances]\u300d\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u89e3\u4f53\u30fb\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Classical mechanics describes the movement of macroscopic objects at low speeds, quantum mechanics that of subatomic particles at high energies, and relativistic physics the behavior of spacetime under extreme gravitational fields. \u2192 \u7b2c2\u7bc0\u30fb\u7b2c3\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u52d5\u8a5e\u300cdescribes\u300d\u3068\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u982d\u300cthe movement\/behavior (that)\u300d\u304c\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u9006\u7b97\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u7701\u7565\u304c\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u6975\u9650\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u6587\u304b\u3089\u6b20\u843d\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u88dc\u5b8c\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u3086\u304c\u307f\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6392\u3057\u305f\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff12. \u6bd4\u8f03\u8a18\u53f7\u3068\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304c\u76f8\u4e92\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8907\u5408\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u89e3\u4f53<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868\u73fe(more... than<\/code>)\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e(and<\/code>, but<\/code>)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4e26\u5217\u7bc0\u304c\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u76f8\u4e92\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307f\u69cb\u9020\u300d\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001A investigates X more thoroughly than B does Y, but less systematically than C does Z.<\/code> \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\u8ef8(more \/ less)\u3068\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a(but)\u304c\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u4ea4\u5dee\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6587\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6bd4\u8f03\u8a18\u53f7\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30da\u30a2(A vs B, A vs C)\u3068\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304c\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u53e5\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u6bd4\u8f03\u6587\u3078\u5206\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8907\u5408\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5206\u89e3\u30fb\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u6bd4\u8f03\u8a18\u53f7(than\/as)\u3068\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e(and\/but)\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3092\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3057\u3001\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u9aa8\u683c(\u4e3b\u7bc0)\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304c\u7e4b\u3044\u3067\u3044\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u8ef8(\u4f8b: more thoroughly vs less systematically)\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u8a18\u53f7\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5bfe\u8c61(B \u304a\u3088\u3073 C)\u3068\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61(A)\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u6bd4\u8f03\u547d\u984c\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3057\u3001\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The new diagnostic software identifies early-stage malignant tumors more accurately than conventional imaging techniques do, but requires significantly less operational time from medical technicians than traditional laboratory tests require. \u2192 but\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u8ff0\u8a9e\u53e5\u304c\u4e26\u5217\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7b2c1\u8ef8: \u300c\u65b0\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u306f\u5f93\u6765\u6280\u8853\u3088\u308a\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u816b\u760d\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b(more accurately than…)\u300d\u3001\u7b2c2\u8ef8: \u300c\u65b0\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u306f\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u691c\u67fb\u3088\u308a\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u64cd\u4f5c\u6642\u9593\u3057\u304b\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u306a\u3044(less operational time… than…)\u300d\u3002\u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe new diagnostic software\u300d\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u547d\u984c\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u3068\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Centralized economic systems manage large-scale infrastructure projects more directly than market-oriented economies can, but adapt to unpredictable consumer demands far less efficiently than decentralized competitive markets do. \u2192 \u7b2c1\u6bd4\u8f03\u300c\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30e9\u4e8b\u696d\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7ba1\u7406(more directly than…)\u300d\u3068\u7b2c2\u6bd4\u8f03\u300c\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u9700\u8981\u3078\u306e\u9069\u5fdc\u52b9\u7387(less efficiently than…)\u300d\u304c but \u3067\u7d50\u3070\u308c\u305f\u8907\u5408\u5e73\u884c\u69cb\u9020\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002The bio-tech firm allocated more funding to genetic therapy research than its primary competitor did, but achieved fewer commercial patents from its investment than smaller agile startups managed to secure. \u2192 \u4e3b\u8a9e\u300cThe bio-tech firm\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7af6\u5408\u4ed6\u793e\u3068\u306e\u8cc7\u91d1\u6bd4\u8f03(\u7b2c1\u8ef8)\u3068\u3001\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u30c8\u30a2\u30c3\u30d7\u3068\u306e\u7279\u8a31\u7372\u5f97\u6570\u6bd4\u8f03(\u7b2c2\u8ef8)\u304c but \u3067\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u5206\u6790\u30fb\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Advanced turbines generate electricity more efficiently in high-wind coastal areas than older models do inland, and operate with substantially lower maintenance costs over their operational lifecycle. \u2192 \u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u542b\u3080\u7b2c1\u7bc0\u3068\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u53e5\u3092\u542b\u3080\u7b2c2\u7bc0\u304c and \u3067\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u308c\u305f\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304c\u76f8\u4e92\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u6975\u9650\u306e\u8907\u5408\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u9bae\u3084\u304b\u306b\u89e3\u4f53\u3057\u3001\u5404\u547d\u984c\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u89e3\u6790\u6280\u6cd5\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14. \u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u53cd\u8a9e\u304c\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8ad6\u7406\u6f14\u7b97<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58(Discourse Markers)\u306e\u5468\u8fba\u306b\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e(not, never, hardly)\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u8868\u73fe(granted, although)\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u3084\u53cd\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u96c6\u4e2d\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u8133\u5185\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u6b63\u8ca0(\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\/\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9)\u306e\u7b26\u53f7\u8a08\u7b97\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u8907\u96d1\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u53cd\u8a9e\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u6f14\u7b97(Boolean Logic)\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5b9f\u884c\u3057\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u80af\u5b9a\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u4e00\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u691c\u8a3c\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u6f14\u7b97\u3092\u8981\u3059\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u5c40\u9762\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a(not un- \/ never fails to)\u3084\u90e8\u5206\u5426\u5b9a(not always \/ not completely)\u304c\u8b72\u6b69\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u3055\u3063\u305f\u8907\u96d1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u547d\u984c\u306e\u771f\u306e\u6975\u6027(\u771f\u507d\u5024)\u3092\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\u30fb\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u306e\u7b26\u53f7\u8a08\u7b97\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e00\u5b9a\u306b\u4fdd\u3064\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u53cd\u8a9e\u7684\u7591\u554f\u6587(Far from being X, isn’t it rather Y?)\u3084\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u554f\u3044\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u969b\u3001\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u7591\u554f\u306e\u5f62\u304b\u3089\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u80af\u5b9a\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u8aad\u624b\u9806\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff11. \u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u90e8\u5206\u5426\u5b9a\u3068\u8b72\u6b69\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\u306e\u7b26\u53f7\u6f14\u7b97\u624b\u9806<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u306b It is not uncommon for X to fail to do Y<\/code> \u3084 Although A is not entirely incorrect, B is far from being C<\/code> \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u73fe\u308c\u305f\u969b\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u3068\u8b72\u6b69\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u4e92\u3044\u306b\u6253\u3061\u6d88\u3057\u5408\u3044\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3057\u5408\u3046\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u771f\u306e\u6975\u6027(X\u306fY\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3057\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b)\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3046\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u304c\u5f8c\u3092\u7d76\u305f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u547d\u984c\u3092\u89e3\u304d\u660e\u304b\u3059\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u8981\u7d20(not, fail, doubt, far from)\u3092\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u7b26\u53f7(-1)\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7b97\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u3092\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9(+1)\u3078\u3068\u5909\u63db\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u8868\u73fe(Although, Granted)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u524d\u632f\u308a\u306e\u4fdd\u7559\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u547d\u984c\u306e\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306a\u7b26\u53f7(\u6b63\u304b\u8ca0\u304b)\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u611f\u6027\u306b\u983c\u3063\u305f\u300c\u4f55\u3068\u306a\u304f\u5426\u5b9a\u3063\u307d\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u66d6\u6627\u306a\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u8a18\u53f7\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u7b26\u53f7\u8a08\u7b97\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u306a\u3044\u9650\u308a\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u5de7\u5999\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3092\u898b\u7834\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u547d\u984c\u306e\u7b26\u53f7\u6f14\u7b97\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u8868\u73fe(not, no, never, fail, deny, doubt, far from, hardly)\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u7bc4\u56f2(\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7)\u3092\u753b\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a(not impossible \u2192 possible \/ never fails to \u2192 always)\u306e\u6253\u3061\u6d88\u3057\u8a08\u7b97\u3092\u884c\u3044\u3001\u547d\u984c\u3092\u80af\u5b9a\u5f62\u307e\u305f\u306f\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u5426\u5b9a\u5f62\u3078\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0(Although…)\u306e\u4fdd\u7559\u51e6\u7406\u3092\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306a\u80af\u5b9a\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb(\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3044\u771f\u507d\u5024)\u3092\u7b97\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Although the newly introduced safety regulations are not without flaws, the administration never fails to enforce them when severe violations occur. \u2192 \u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u300cnot without flaws(- \u00d7 – = +) \u2192 \u6b20\u9665\u304c\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3092\u524d\u632f\u308a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4fdd\u7559\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u300cnever fails to enforce(- \u00d7 – = +) \u2192 \u5fc5\u305a\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u300d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306a\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u6975\u6027\u306f\u300c\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u9055\u53cd\u6642\u306b\u306f\u884c\u653f\u306f\u5fc5\u305a\u898f\u5236\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b(\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u80af\u5b9a)\u300d\u3068\u7b97\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: It is not entirely impossible that the experimental treatment might produce adverse side effects, but one cannot deny its remarkable therapeutic potential. \u2192 \u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u300cnot entirely impossible(- \u00d7 – = +) \u2192 \u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306f\u30bc\u30ed\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3092\u4fdd\u7559\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u300ccannot deny(- \u00d7 – = +) \u2192 \u80af\u5b9a\u305b\u3056\u308b\u3092\u5f97\u306a\u3044\u300d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u306f\u300c\u8457\u3057\u3044\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u30dd\u30c6\u30f3\u30b7\u30e3\u30eb\u3092\u5f37\u304f\u8a8d\u3081\u308b(\u80af\u5b9a)\u300d\u3068\u7b97\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002Far from being completely useless, the preliminary data hardly proves that the primary hypothesis is incorrect. \u2192 \u300cFar from being useless(- \u00d7 – = +) \u2192 \u5f79\u306b\u7acb\u3064\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300chardly proves… incorrect(- \u00d7 – = +) \u2192 \u4eee\u8aac\u304c\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u306f\u8a00\u3048\u306a\u3044(\u4eee\u8aac\u306f\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b)\u300d\u3002\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u9023\u9396\u3092\u89e3\u4f53\u3057\u3001\u300c\u4e88\u5099\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306f\u6709\u7528\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4e3b\u4eee\u8aac\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u771f\u306e\u6b63\u306e\u6975\u6027\u3092\u5c0e\u304d\u51fa\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: No one can doubt that the reform was not unhelpful to the local economy. \u2192 \u300cNo one doubt(- \u00d7 – = +)\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300cnot unhelpful(- \u00d7 – = +)\u300d\u3002\u4e09\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u89e3\u4f53\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u6539\u9769\u304c\u5730\u57df\u7d4c\u6e08\u306b\u5f79\u7acb\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8ab0\u3082\u7591\u554f\u306e\u4f59\u5730\u304c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u3044\u80af\u5b9a\u3092\u7b97\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u90e8\u5206\u5426\u5b9a\u3068\u8b72\u6b69\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8a18\u53f7\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u7b26\u53f7\u6f14\u7b97\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306b\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u304c\u4e71\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u96e3\u89e3\u6587\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u610f\u306e\u6b63\u8ca0\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u7b97\u8853\u7684\u306b\u5272\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u7cbe\u5ea6\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff12. \u53cd\u8a9e\u7684\u7591\u554f\u6587\u30fb\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u554f\u3044(Rhetorical Questions)\u304b\u3089\u306e\u771f\u610f\u62bd\u51fa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3084\u8ad6\u8aac\u6587\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u90e8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u7a81\u5982\u3068\u3057\u3066 Is it not reasonable to assume that X?<\/code> \u3084 Far from achieving Y, have we not merely created Z?<\/code> \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u7591\u554f\u6587(Rhetorical Question)\u3092\u633f\u5165\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u771f\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u7591\u554f\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u501f\u308a\u3066\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u6700\u3082\u5f37\u304f\u80af\u5b9a(\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5426\u5b9a)\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684(\u53cd\u8a9e\u7684)\u6280\u8853\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5426\u5b9a\u7591\u554f\u6587(Isn't it...?<\/code>)\u306f\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u80af\u5b9a(It definitely is.<\/code>)\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u306e\u7591\u554f\u6587(Can anyone believe...?<\/code>)\u306f\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u5426\u5b9a(No one can believe.<\/code>)\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53cd\u8a9e\u306e\u9006\u8ee2\u6cd5\u5247\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u53cd\u8a9e\u7684\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u898b\u629c\u3051\u305a\u306b\u3001\u7591\u554f\u6587\u3092\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u554f\u984c\u63d0\u8d77\u300d\u3084\u300c\u672a\u89e3\u6c7a\u306e\u554f\u3044\u300d\u3068\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3068\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53cd\u8a9e\u7684\u7591\u554f\u6587\u304b\u3089\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u610f\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7591\u554f\u6587(\u7279\u306b\u5426\u5b9a\u7591\u554f\u6587\u3084 Far from \u3092\u4f34\u3046\u7591\u554f\u6587)\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7591\u554f\u6587\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f(\u80af\u5b9a\u304b\u5426\u5b9a\u304b)\u3092\u53cd\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u7591\u554f\u6587\u306a\u3089\u3070\u300c\u5f37\u3044\u80af\u5b9a\u6587\u300d\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u7591\u554f\u6587\u306a\u3089\u3070\u300c\u5f37\u3044\u5426\u5b9a\u6587\u300d\u3078\u3068\u8133\u5185\u3067\u66f8\u304d\u63db\u3048\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u66f8\u304d\u63db\u3048\u305f\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u6587\u3092\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u8ad6\u65e8\u3068\u7167\u3089\u3057\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u5bb9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Given the overwhelming empirical evidence supporting global warming, is it not outright irresponsible for governments to delay environmental legislation? \u2192 \u5426\u5b9a\u7591\u554f\u6587\u300cis it not… irresponsible?\u300d\u3002\u53cd\u8a9e\u306e\u6cd5\u5247\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u300c\u653f\u5e9c\u304c\u74b0\u5883\u7acb\u6cd5\u3092\u9045\u3089\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7121\u8cac\u4efb\u3067\u3042\u308b(\u5f37\u3044\u80af\u5b9a\u5ba3\u8a00)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Can any serious economist truly argue that unmonitored financial speculation creates long-term social stability? \u2192 \u80af\u5b9a\u7591\u554f\u6587\u300cCan any economist truly argue…?\u300d\u3002\u53cd\u8a9e\u306e\u6cd5\u5247\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u300c\u771f\u9762\u76ee\u306a\u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u8005\u3067\u91ce\u653e\u3057\u306e\u91d1\u878d\u6295\u6a5f\u304c\u5b89\u5b9a\u3092\u751f\u3080\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3067\u304d\u308b\u8005\u306f\u8ab0\u3082\u3044\u306a\u3044(\u5168\u79f0\u5426\u5b9a)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u5f37\u3044\u5426\u5b9a\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002Far from reducing administrative overhead, has the new digital software not merely shifted the labor burden onto individual employees? \u2192 \u8907\u5408\u53cd\u8a9e\u3002\u300cFar from reducing…(-)\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5426\u5b9a\u7591\u554f\u300chas it not merely shifted…?\u300d\u3002\u89e3\u8aad: \u300c\u65b0\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u306f\u7ba1\u7406\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u524a\u6e1b\u3059\u308b\u3069\u3053\u308d\u304b\u3001\u5358\u306b\u52b4\u50cd\u8ca0\u62c5\u3092\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u5f93\u696d\u54e1\u306b\u62bc\u3057\u4ed8\u3051\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3042\u308b(\u5f37\u3044\u6279\u5224\u7684\u80af\u5b9a)\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Who among us would deny that technological progress brings both immense opportunities and unprecedented risks? \u2192 \u300cWho would deny…? (\u8ab0\u304c\u5426\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u3088\u3046\u304b)\u300d\u2192 \u300c\u8ab0\u3082\u5426\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044(= \u5168\u54e1\u304c\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u3044\u80af\u5b9a\u547d\u984c\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u53cd\u8a9e\u7684\u7591\u554f\u6587\u3084\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u554f\u3044\u304c\u6301\u3064\u53cd\u8ee2\u306e\u30ed\u30b8\u30c3\u30af\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u7591\u554f\u306e\u76ae\u3092\u304b\u3076\u3063\u305f\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u4e00\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u8aad\u6280\u6cd5\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15. \u8996\u899a\u7684\u65ad\u7d76\u3068\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u30fb\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u304c\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u3055\u3063\u305f\u4e3b\u6587\u7d50\u675f\u306e\u5fa9\u5143<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u9593\u306b\u9577\u5927\u306a\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u304c\u631f\u307e\u308b\u8996\u899a\u7684\u65ad\u7d76\u3068\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u67b6\u7a7a\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u3092\u60f3\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u30fb\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0(if, Had S V)\u304c\u540c\u4e00\u6587\u5185\u3067\u91cd\u7573\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u6587\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u771f\u507d\u5024\u306e\u4e21\u65b9\u304c\u6975\u5ea6\u306b\u4e0d\u900f\u660e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u51e6\u7406\u3068\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u7bc0(\u4e3b\u7bc0)\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u5b9f\u884c\u3057\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f(Fact)\u3068\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f(Counterfactual)\u306e\u5883\u754c\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u533a\u5225\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u691c\u8a3c\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u65ad\u7d76\u3068\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u60f3\u5b9a\u304c\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u96e3\u89e3\u6587\u306e\u653b\u7565\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86\u3084\u5012\u7f6e\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0(Had S V…)\u304c\u9577\u5927\u306a\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u4f34\u3063\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u969b\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u904e\u53bb\u5f62(would have p.p.)\u3068\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u304d\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u518d\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u304c\u793a\u3059\u300c\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u60f3\u5b9a(\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u301c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f)\u300d\u3068\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u3067\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300c\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u5e30\u7d50(\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u301c\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f)\u300d\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5883\u754c\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5207\u308a\u5206\u3051\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff11. \u5012\u7f6e\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0(Had S V)\u3068\u9577\u5927\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u304c\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u518d\u7d50\u5408\u624b\u9806<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 if<\/code> \u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\/be\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u5012\u7f6e\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3057\u3001Had S V-ed...<\/code> (\u3082\u3057\u301c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306a\u3089\u3070) \u3084 Were S to V...<\/code> (\u4eee\u306b\u301c\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3089) \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5012\u7f6e\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5012\u7f6e\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u3084\u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u3067\u56f2\u307e\u308c\u305f\u9577\u5927\u306a\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u304c\u5272\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u3068\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306f\u6587\u982d\u306e Had<\/code> \u3092\u7591\u554f\u6587\u3084\u666e\u901a\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u51fa\u73fe\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3063\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8ff7\u5b50\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u5012\u7f6e\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u3092\u542b\u3080\u96e3\u89e3\u6587\u3092\u653b\u7565\u3059\u308b\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6587\u982d\u306e Had \/ Were \/ Should \u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u306b\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u306e\u958b\u59cb\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u62ec\u5f27\u3067\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u306e\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u3068\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u904e\u53bb\u5f62(would, could, might)\u306e\u51fa\u73fe\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u76f4\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5012\u7f6e\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u3068\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u304c\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u6587\u3092\u89e3\u4f53\u30fb\u518d\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e Had + S + V-ed<\/code> \u307e\u305f\u306f Were + S<\/code> \u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001if \u7701\u7565\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u5272\u308a\u8fbc\u3093\u3060\u633f\u5165\u53e5(despite… \u3084 which… \u306a\u3069)\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u982d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u51e6\u7406(\u4e00\u6642\u906e\u65ad)\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u306e\u7d42\u4e86\u3092\u793a\u3059\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u3092\u63a2\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u308b\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e(S’)\u3068\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u904e\u53bb\u5f62(would \/ could \/ might + have p.p.<\/code>)\u3092\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306b\u6355\u6349\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5e30\u7d50\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u518d\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Had the central bank [(despite fierce opposition from prevailing political factions)] raised interest rates three quarters earlier, the national economy would have avoided the catastrophic inflationary spiral. \u2192 \u6587\u982d\u306e\u300cHad the central bank…\u300d\u306f if \u7701\u7565\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86\u3002\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u300c(despite fierce opposition…)\u300d\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u300cthe national economy would have avoided…\u300d\u3068\u76f4\u7d50\u3057\u3001\u300c\u3082\u3057\u4e2d\u592e\u9280\u884c\u304c\u91d1\u5229\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u7d4c\u6e08\u306f\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30ec\u306e\u87ba\u65cb\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3067\u304d\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u306b(\u5b9f\u969b\u306f\u5f15\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u305a\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30ec\u304c\u8d77\u304d\u305f)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u771f\u610f\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Were the international community [(which remains deeply divided on environmental regulations)] to enforce binding carbon tariffs, global industrial emissions would decrease significantly within a decade. \u2192 \u6587\u982d\u306e\u300cWere the international community… to V\u300d\u306f if \u7701\u7565\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5(\u672a\u6765\u306e\u4e07\u4e00\u306e\u60f3\u5b9a)\u3002\u633f\u5165\u7bc0\u300c(which remains deeply divided…)\u300d\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u300cglobal industrial emissions would decrease…\u300d\u3068\u76f4\u7d50\u3057\u3001\u300c\u4eee\u306b\u56fd\u969b\u793e\u4f1a\u304c\u62d8\u675f\u529b\u306e\u3042\u308b\u70ad\u7d20\u95a2\u7a0e\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3089\u3001\u6392\u51fa\u91cf\u306f\u6fc0\u6e1b\u3059\u308b\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u306b\u300d\u3068\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002Should the primary pipeline [(that supplies natural gas to the northern industrial zone)] suffer a structural failure, manufacturing output across three states would come to a complete standstill. \u2192 \u6587\u982d\u306e\u300cShould + S + V\u300d\u306f\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5(\u4e07\u4e00\u301c\u306a\u3089\u3070)\u3002\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u300cmanufacturing output… would come…\u300d\u3068\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u30fb\u5e30\u7d50\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u518d\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: Had the clinical trial researchers [(after noticing early toxicological anomalies)] suspended the administration of the experimental drug immediately, several severe adverse reactions could have been prevented. \u2192 \u633f\u5165\u53e5\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u3057\u3001\u300cHad the researchers suspended… several adverse reactions could have been prevented(\u3082\u3057\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u304c\u76f4\u3061\u306b\u6295\u4e0e\u3092\u505c\u6b62\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u306f\u9632\u3052\u305f\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u306b)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u89e3\u4f53\u30fb\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5012\u7f6e\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u3001\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u306e\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u51e6\u7406\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4e3b\u7bc0\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u306e\u518d\u7d50\u5408\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5e30\u7d50\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u9bae\u3084\u304b\u306b\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff12. \u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u60f3\u5b9a(Counterfactual)\u3068\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u5e30\u7d50(Fact)\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5883\u754c\u753b\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u69cb\u6587(if S had p.p., S would have p.p.)\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u305f\u969b\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u304c\u6700\u3082\u72af\u3057\u3084\u3059\u3044\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u904e\u3061\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6587\u9762\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5185\u5bb9\u300d\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u300c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u8d77\u304d\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u300d\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86\u306f\u3001\u300c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u8d77\u5bb9\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u300d\u3092\u4eee\u306b\u60f3\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001If X had happened, Y would have occurred<\/code>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u306e\u8868\u3059\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8(\u4e8b\u5b9f)\u306f\u3001\u300c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f X \u306f\u8d77\u304d\u305a\u3001\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066 Y \u3082\u8d77\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f(Not X, therefore Not Y)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9006\u306e\u771f\u507d\u5024\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6587(\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f)\u3068\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u76f4\u8aac\u6cd5\u306e\u6587(\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f)\u304c\u4ea4\u4e92\u306b\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u5834\u9762\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u753b\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3001\u4f55\u304c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u3001\u4f55\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u53cd\u8ee2\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u5883\u754c\u3092\u5207\u308a\u5206\u3051\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u8868\u73fe(had p.p. \/ would have p.p. \/ without X \/ but for X)\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u8108\u304c\u300c\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u60f3\u5b9a(Counterfactual World)\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6587\u9762\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u53cd\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u3001\u300c\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f(Real World Fact)\u300d(\u4f8b: If we had known X \u2192 \u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f We did not know X)\u3092\u8133\u5185\u3067\u30e1\u30e2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u76f4\u8aac\u6cd5\u306e\u6587\u7ae0(In reality, Actually, As it was)\u3068\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u57fa\u304f\u5c55\u958b\u3068\u67b6\u7a7a\u306e\u60f3\u5b9a\u3068\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u533a\u5225\u3057\u3066\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Without the timely intervention of the International Monetary Fund, the sovereign debt crisis would have triggered a total collapse of the regional banking system. In reality, coordinated credit facilities stabilized the market. \u2192 \u7b2c1\u6587\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u300cWithout X, Y would have triggered…\u300d\u306e\u88cf\u306b\u3042\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306f\u300cIMF\u306e\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u30ea\u30fc\u306a\u4ecb\u5165\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3086\u3048\u306b\u9280\u884c\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u5d29\u58ca\u306f\u56de\u907f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c2\u6587\u306e\u300cIn reality…\u300d\u304c\u305d\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u88cf\u4ed8\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Had the lead engineer not double-checked the structural stress calculations, the bridge might have collapsed under heavy traffic loads. \u2192 \u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u60f3\u5b9a\u300cHad the engineer not double-checked… might have collapsed\u300d\u306e\u8868\u3059\u73fe\u5b9f\u306f\u3001\u300c\u30a8\u30f3\u30b8\u30cb\u30a2\u304c\u8a08\u7b97\u3092\u4e8c\u91cd\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3057\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6a4b\u306f\u5d29\u58ca\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002If the pharmaceutical firm had disclosed the negative trial results earlier, regulatory fines would have been substantially lower. However, the executive board chose to withhold the data. \u2192 \u7b2c1\u6587\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u5185\u5bb9(\u65e9\u304f\u958b\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u7f70\u91d1\u306f\u4f4e\u304b\u3063\u305f)\u304b\u3089\u3001\u300c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u65e9\u304f\u958b\u793a\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u7b2c2\u6587\u306e\u300c\u53d6\u7de0\u5f79\u4f1a\u306f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u96a0\u853d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u9078\u3093\u3060\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u3068\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: But for the invention of refrigeration technology, the global trade in perishable foodstuffs could never have developed to its present scale. \u2192 \u300cBut for X (=Without X)\u300d\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3002\u300c\u51b7\u8535\u6280\u8853\u306e\u767a\u660e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3053\u305d\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u306a\u98df\u6599\u54c1\u8cbf\u6613\u304c\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u898f\u6a21\u306b\u767a\u5c55\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u300c\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u60f3\u5b9a\u300d\u304b\u3089\u300c\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u300d\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u53cd\u8ee2\u30fb\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u691c\u8a3c\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16. \u8457\u8005\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3068\u8981\u7d04\u7684\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u9023\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u89e3\u8aad<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u65e2\u6210\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u300c\u8457\u8005\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u5b9a\u7fa9(Author’s Definition)\u300d\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u305f\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5\u3092 this mechanism<\/code>, such an orientation<\/code>, this structural imperative<\/code> \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8981\u7d04\u7684\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u5192\u982d\u3067\u5ba3\u8a00\u3055\u308c\u305f\u72ec\u81ea\u5b9a\u7fa9(A = B)\u3092\u6349\u3048\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u62bd\u8c61\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3078\u3068\u7d50\u5408\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u300d\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u89e3\u304d\u660e\u304b\u3059\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u89e3\u8aad\u6280\u6cd5\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u300cBy X, I mean Y\u300d(X\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u79c1\u306fY\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b)\u3084\u300cX may be defined as Y\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u660e\u793a\u7684\u5ba3\u8a00\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u305f\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9(A = B)\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u306a\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u5473\u306b\u4e0a\u66f8\u304d\u3057\u3066\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u3067\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u3066\u4fdd\u6301\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u72ec\u81ea\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u8907\u6570\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u8981\u7d04\u7684\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3084\u985e\u7fa9\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u3078\u3068\u5f62\u3092\u5909\u3048\u3066\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\u300c\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u300d\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff11. \u300cBy X, I mean Y\u300d\u7b49\u306e\u8457\u8005\u56fa\u6709\u5b9a\u7fa9\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u3068\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306e\u4e0a\u66f8\u304d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6700\u3082\u8aad\u8005\u3092\u9665\u308c\u3084\u3059\u3044\u7f60\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u5e38\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u5358\u8a9e(\u4f8b: culture<\/code>, capital<\/code>, alienation<\/code>, technology<\/code>)\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30fb\u6279\u5224\u7684\u306a\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u300c\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u5b9a\u7fa9(Y)\u300d\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u306a\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u5473\u300d\u3067\u305d\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u5e8f\u76e4\u3067 By \"culture\", I do not mean artistic products, but rather the unconscious implicit rules that govern daily interactions<\/code> \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u5f62\u3067\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u3068\u72ec\u81ea\u5b9a\u7fa9(Y)\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3092\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306b\u884c\u3046\u3002\u72ec\u81ea\u5b9a\u7fa9\u304c\u5ba3\u8a00\u3055\u308c\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306f\u982d\u306e\u4e2d\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u63db\u3048\u3001\u300c\u3053\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u306f\u3001X \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5358\u8a9e\u306f\u5e38\u306b Y \u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u307f\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u7b49\u5f0f(X = Y)\u3092\u6210\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e0a\u66f8\u304d\u3092\u6020\u308b\u3068\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u4e2d\u76e4\u4ee5\u964d\u3067\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u308b\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u652f\u96e2\u6ec5\u88c2\u306b\u898b\u3048\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8457\u8005\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3092\u4e0a\u66f8\u304d\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001By X, I mean Y<\/code>, X is here defined as Y<\/code>, What I term X refers to Y<\/code> \u306a\u3069\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u5ba3\u8a00\u8a18\u53f7\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u610f\u5473(Not A)\u3068\u3001\u65b0\u305f\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u72ec\u81ea\u5b9a\u7fa9(Y)\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u3001\u300cX = Y\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4ee3\u5165\u7b49\u5f0f\u3092\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3067 X \u307e\u305f\u306f\u305d\u306e\u6307\u793a\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3073\u306b\u3001\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300cY\u300d\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u8aad\u3092\u9032\u3081\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: By “social capital,” I do not refer to financial assets or real estate, but specifically to the networks of mutual trust and civic norms that facilitate collective action within a community. \u2192 \u7b46\u8005\u306e\u72ec\u81ea\u5b9a\u7fa9\u300csocial capital = \u76f8\u4e92\u4fe1\u983c\u306e\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3068\u5e02\u6c11\u7684\u898f\u7bc4(Y)\u300d\u3002\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u306a\u300c\u91d1\u92ad\u7684\u8cc7\u7523\u300d\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u3067 Y \u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: In this essay, “alienation” may be defined as the psychological state in which workers are severed from the creative control over the products of their labor. \u2192 \u7b46\u8005\u306e\u56fa\u6709\u5b9a\u7fa9\u300calienation(\u758e\u5916) = \u52b4\u50cd\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u52b4\u50cd\u751f\u7523\u7269\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5275\u9020\u7684\u7d71\u5236\u304b\u3089\u5207\u308a\u96e2\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u614b(Y)\u300d\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u300c\u758e\u9060\u3055\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u66d6\u6627\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3092\u4e0a\u66f8\u304d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002What the author terms “technological determinism” refers not to the mere widespread use of machines, but to the implicit belief that technological advancement autonomously dictates the trajectory of human social evolution. \u2192 \u300ctechnological determinism(\u6280\u8853\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6)\u300d\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u300c\u6280\u8853\u7684\u9032\u6b69\u304c\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u9032\u5316\u306e\u8ecc\u9053\u3092\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u306b\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u4fe1\u4ef0(Y)\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u6a5f\u68b0\u306e\u666e\u53ca\u300d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u53b3\u683c\u306b\u56fa\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: For the purposes of this analysis, “rationality” denotes the internal logical consistency of an agent’s choices, regardless of whether the goals themselves are morally justifiable. \u2192 \u300crationality(\u5408\u7406\u6027) = \u9078\u629e\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u8cab\u6027(Y)\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3092\u56fa\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8457\u8005\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u5ba3\u8a00\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3092\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u7279\u6b8a\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3078\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u4e0a\u66f8\u304d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7b46\u8005\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u4e00\u5207\u306e\u8aa4\u89e3\u306a\u304f\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u790e\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff12. \u72ec\u81ea\u5b9a\u7fa9\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u5e8f\u76e4\u3067\u300c\u8457\u8005\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9(X = Y)\u300d\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u305d\u306e\u6982\u5ff5(X)\u3092\u5358\u306b\u540c\u3058\u5358\u8a9e\u3067\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3059\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001this conceptual framework<\/code>, such an analytical lens<\/code>, this structural condition<\/code> \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u6307\u793a\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u3092\u8de8\u3044\u3067\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u306b\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u304c\u300c\u72ec\u81ea\u5b9a\u7fa9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8aad\u8005\u306f\u3001\u6bb5\u843d A \u3067\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u305f X \u304c\u3001\u6bb5\u843d B \u306e this framework<\/code> \u3092\u7d4c\u3066\u3001\u6bb5\u843d C \u306e such a condition<\/code> \u3078\u3068\u7e4b\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u4e00\u672c\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u9396\u300d\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8907\u6570\u6bb5\u843d\u306b\u307e\u305f\u304c\u308b\u5de8\u5927\u306a\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306b\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u56fa\u6709\u5b9a\u7fa9(X = Y)\u304b\u3089\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u304d\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u898b\u4e8b\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020(\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u69cb\u9020)\u3092\u9bae\u3084\u304b\u306b\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u72ec\u81ea\u5b9a\u7fa9\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5e8f\u76e4\u3067\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u8457\u8005\u56fa\u6709\u5b9a\u7fa9\u300cX = Y\u300d\u3092\u60f3\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5404\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u6587\u982d\u3084\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u308b\u6307\u793a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u53e5(\u4f8b: this phenomenon<\/code>, such a paradigm<\/code>)\u3092\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u304c\u3059\u3079\u3066\u6700\u521d\u306e\u300cY\u300d\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u3054\u3068\u306b\u305d\u306e\u72ec\u81ea\u6982\u5ff5(Y)\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u6587\u8108(\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7d4c\u6e08\u3001\u502b\u7406\u306a\u3069)\u306b\u9069\u7528\u30fb\u767a\u5c55\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u9032\u5316\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u56f3\u5f0f\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: [\u6bb5\u843d1: “cultural hegemony” \u3092\u300c\u652f\u914d\u968e\u7d1a\u304c\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4fa1\u5024\u89b3\u3092\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u5e38\u8b58\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5185\u9762\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u904e\u7a0b(Y)\u300d\u3068\u5b9a\u7fa9] \u2192 [\u6bb5\u843d2: Through this subtle mechanism of ideological consent, explicit coercion becomes unnecessary. …] \u2192 [\u6bb5\u843d3: Such pervasive cultural dominance ensures that subaltern groups accept their subordinate status without overt resistance. …] \u2192 \u6bb5\u843d2\u306e\u300cthis subtle mechanism\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6bb5\u843d3\u306e\u300cSuch pervasive cultural dominance\u300d\u306f\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u6bb5\u843d1\u3067\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u652f\u914d\u968e\u7d1a\u306e\u4fa1\u5024\u89b3\u306e\u5185\u9762\u5316(Y)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u56fa\u6709\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3092\u8108\u3005\u3068\u5f15\u304d\u7d99\u3050\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: [\u6bb5\u843d1: “biopolitics” \u3092\u300c\u56fd\u5bb6\u304c\u4eba\u53e3\u3001\u516c\u8846\u885b\u751f\u3001\u751f\u6b96\u306a\u3069\u306e\u300e\u751f\u547d\u73fe\u8c61\u300f\u3092\u7ba1\u7406\u30fb\u898f\u5236\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u6cbb\u6280\u8853(Y)\u300d\u3068\u5b9a\u7fa9] \u2192 [\u6bb5\u843d2: Under this modern regulatory regime, the human body itself becomes the primary site of political intervention. …] \u2192 [\u6bb5\u843d3: In view of these biopolitical imperatives, public health policies are never politically neutral. …] \u2192 \u6bb5\u843d2\u306e\u300cthis modern regulatory regime\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6bb5\u843d3\u306e\u300cthese biopolitical imperatives\u300d\u304c\u3001\u6bb5\u843d1\u306e\u72ec\u81ea\u5b9a\u7fa9(Y)\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u7e4b\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002[\u6bb5\u843d1: “conspicuous consumption” \u3092\u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306e\u307f\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u305f\u6d6a\u8cbb\u7684\u6d88\u8cbb(Y)\u300d\u3068\u5b9a\u7fa9] \u2192 [\u6bb5\u843d2: This ostentatious behavior serves as a signaling device in stratified societies. …] \u2192 \u6bb5\u843d2\u306e\u300cThis ostentatious behavior(\u3053\u306e\u898b\u305b\u3073\u3089\u304b\u3057\u306e\u884c\u52d5)\u300d\u306f\u5358\u306a\u308b\u81ea\u6162\u8a71\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6bb5\u843d1\u306e\u300c\u5730\u4f4d\u793a\u793a\u76ee\u7684\u306e\u6d6a\u8cbb\u7684\u6d88\u8cbb(Y)\u300d\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: [\u6bb5\u843d1: “cognitive dissonance” \u3092\u300c\u81ea\u5df1\u306e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3068\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u9593\u306e\u77db\u76fe\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u751f\u3058\u308b\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u4e0d\u5feb\u611f(Y)\u300d\u3068\u5b9a\u7fa9] \u2192 [\u6bb5\u843d2: To alleviate this internal tension, individuals frequently distort new empirical evidence. …] \u2192 \u6bb5\u843d2\u306e\u300cthis internal tension\u300d\u304c\u6bb5\u843d1\u306e\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u4e0d\u5feb\u611f(Y)\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8457\u8005\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u304c\u8981\u7d04\u7684\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u89e3\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u9577\u6587\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u63b4\u3080\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u306e\u8aad\u89e3\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7cbe\u9ac4:\u672a\u77e5\u6587\u8108\u30fb\u7279\u6b8a\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u8ffd\u8de1\u306e\u5b8c\u7d50<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u5c64\u306f\u3001\u672c\u7279\u5316\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u306e\u5230\u9054\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u5165\u8a66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u521d\u898b\u306e\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u5b66\u8853\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306a\u8a9e\u9806\u5909\u66f4\uff08\u5012\u7f6e\u30fb\u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587\uff09\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6975\u9650\u306e\u5727\u7e2e\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u8ffd\u8de1\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u304b\u3064\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u306b\u904b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306b\u7fd2\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u691c\u8a3c\u3001c-\u30b3\u30de\u30f3\u30c9\u5236\u7d04\u3001\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u9006\u7b97\u6cd5\u3001\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u5206\u985e\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u72ec\u81ea\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8ffd\u8de1\u306e\u5168\u539f\u7406\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3001\u30ef\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u306e\u5236\u9650\u4e0b\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u304b\u3064\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u8a9e\u6f14\u7b97\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u8a8d\u77e5\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u524d\u63d0\u80fd\u529b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u539f\u7406\u5c64\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8003\u7a76\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u89e3\u6790\u30fb\u69cb\u9020\u5fa9\u5143\u624b\u9806\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u7fd2\u5f97\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u6271\u3046\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u9818\u57df\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u30fb\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u6f14\u7b97\u3001\u5012\u7f6e\u30fb\u5f37\u8abf\u30fb\u96e2\u4f53\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u8ffd\u8de1\u306e\u5b8c\u7d50\u3001\u547d\u984c\u8ad6\u7406\u691c\u8a3c\u3068\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u8ffd\u8de1\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u7d71\u5408\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u6392\u9664\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u7167\u5fdc\u30fb\u7701\u7565\u88dc\u5b8c\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u5b8c\u6210\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u51fa\u984c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306e\u7f60\u3092\u4e8b\u524d\u306b\u5bdf\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u5c0e\u304d\u51fa\u3059\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u89e3\u6cd5\u529b\u3092\u624b\u306b\u5165\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6975\u9650\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u6f14\u7b97<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5012\u7f6e\u3001\u5f37\u8abf\u3001\u96e2\u4f53\uff08\u5206\u96e2\uff09\u69cb\u6587\u306a\u3069\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u8a9e\u9806\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u7834\u58ca\u3055\u308c\u305f\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a9e\u6cd5\u3068\u683c\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u3089\u672c\u6765\u306e\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u9ad8\u901f\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M17-\u7d71\u8a9e]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u547d\u984c\u8ad6\u7406\u3068\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u6f14\u7b97<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u7bc4\u56f2\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a\u3068\u5f62\u5f0f\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\uff08\u5168\u79f0\u30fb\u7279\u79f0\u3001\u771f\u507d\u5024\uff09\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u5b9f\u884c\u3057\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7455\u75b5\uff08\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u30fb\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u30fb\u9006\u8ee2\uff09\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M18-\u8ac7\u8a71]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u500b\u5225 M01-\u7cbe\u9ac4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2514 \u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u6f14\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u5b8c\u7d50\u304c\u3001\u5012\u7f6e\u30fb\u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7167\u5fdc\u30fb\u7701\u7565\u306e\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u5fa9\u5143\u3092\u652f\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u500b\u5225 M02-\u7cbe\u9ac4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2514 \u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u306e\u6975\u6027\u5224\u5b9a\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u5b8c\u7d50\u304c\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u5b66\u8853\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u5373\u6642\u540c\u5b9a\u3068\u9023\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11. \u672a\u77e5\u5b66\u8853\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u30fb\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u6f14\u7b97<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u5165\u8a66\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u304c\u906d\u9047\u3059\u308b\u6700\u5927\u306e\u8a66\u7df4\u306f\u3001\u65e2\u6709\u306e\u80cc\u666f\u77e5\u8b58\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5148\u7aef\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8a8d\u77e5\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u6bd4\u8f03\u6cd5\u5b66\u306a\u3069\u306e\u300c\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3084\u5185\u5bb9\u306e\u4e8b\u524d\u63a8\u6e2c\u306b\u4e00\u5207\u4f9d\u5b58\u305b\u305a\u3001\u5f62\u614b\u8ad6\u30fb\u7d71\u8a9e\u8ad6\u30fb\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u898f\u5247\u306e\u307f\u3092\u983c\u308a\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u306e\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u7701\u7565\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u56f3\u5f0f\u5316\u30fb\u6f14\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u51e6\u7406\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u521d\u898b\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u6f14\u7b97\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u5b9f\u95a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e\u304c\u9023\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u3068\u540c\u683c\u30fb\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u9053\u6a19\u3068\u3057\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u4f4d\u76f8\u3092\u6587\u8108\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u304b\u3089\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u3067\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u9577\u5927\u3067\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u5de6\u304b\u3089\u53f3\u3078\u4e00\u5ea6\u7cbe\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3001\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u30fb\u8981\u7d04\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u30fb\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u5168\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u8133\u5185\u3067\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u306b\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u904b\u7528\u624b\u9806\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff11. \u672a\u77e5\u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u8108\u7684\u4f4d\u76f8\u78ba\u5b9a\u3068\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u81ea\u52d5\u69cb\u7bc9\u624b\u9806<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u5c02\u9580\u7684\u306a\u5b66\u8853\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001epistemological<\/code>, phenomenological<\/code>, symbiosis<\/code> \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u8a9e\u3084\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e\u304c\u983b\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u77e5\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306b\u52d5\u63fa\u3057\u3066\u8aad\u89e3\u3092\u505c\u6b62\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u6557\u5317\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306f\u305d\u306e\u8a9e\u81ea\u4f53\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6c7a\u307e\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5468\u56f2\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u69cb\u9020(SVO\u306e\u9805\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e)\u3068\u540c\u683c\u8868\u73fe\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u985e\u7fa9\u8a9e\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u300c\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u300d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u306e\u76f8\u5bfe\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e(\u4f4d\u76f8)\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e00\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e X \u304c\u73fe\u308c\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u81ea\u52d5\u6f14\u7b97\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306f\u3001X \u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5f79\u5272(\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304b\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304b)\u3068\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u518d\u63b2\u3059\u308b this mechanism<\/code>, such a process<\/code> \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8981\u7d04\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3092\u30ad\u30e3\u30c3\u30c1\u3057\u3001\u300cX = \u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7b49\u5f0f\u3092\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\u306b\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u6f14\u7b97\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6587\u8108\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u304b\u3089\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u631f\u307f\u6483\u3061\u306b\u3057\u3066\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u306e\u4f4d\u76f8\u3092\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u3067\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e(X)\u306b\u76f4\u9762\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u8a9e\u6cd5\u304b\u3089 X \u304c\u62c5\u3046\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5f79\u5272(\u80fd\u52d5\u306e\u4e3b\u4f53\u304b\u3001\u53d7\u52d5\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u304b)\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u540c\u683c\u30b5\u30a4\u30f3(\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u3001\u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u3001that is)\u3084\u6307\u793a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u53e5(this Phenomenon<\/code>)\u3092\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u3001X \u3068\u540c\u683c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5e73\u6613\u306a\u8aac\u660e\u6587(Y)\u3092\u9023\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300cX = Y\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f4d\u76f8\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u3067 X \u304c\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3073\u306b Y \u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u51e6\u7406\u3092\u7d99\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: The marine biologists investigated the effects of “eutrophication” \u2014 the excessive enrichment of water by nutrients that causes structural oxygen depletion \u2014 on coastal fish populations. \u2192 \u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u300ceutrophication\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u30c0\u30c3\u30b7\u30e5\u306b\u631f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u540c\u683c\u53e5\u304b\u3089\u300c\u6804\u990a\u5206\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6c34\u306e\u904e\u5270\u306a\u6fc3\u7e2e\u3068\u305d\u308c\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u9178\u7d20\u6b20\u4e4f\u73fe\u8c61(Y)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f4d\u76f8\u3092\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u3067\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u300ceutrophication = \u6804\u990a\u904e\u591a\u30fb\u9178\u7d20\u6b20\u4e4f(Y)\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Certain species of deep-sea bacteria exhibit “bioluminescence,” producing visible light through enzymatic chemical reactions. This light-emitting capacity allows them to attract prey in absolute darkness. \u2192 \u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u300cbioluminescence\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u300cproducing visible light…\u300d\u3068\u540c\u683c\u6307\u793a\u53e5\u300cThis light-emitting capacity\u300d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u300cbioluminescence = \u767a\u5149\u80fd\u529b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f4d\u76f8\u3092\u81ea\u52d5\u7b97\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3078\u63a5\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002The cognitive scientists studied “synesthesia,” a neurological condition in which stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to involuntary experiences in a second sensory pathway. Such cross-modal perception, however, varies greatly among individuals. \u2192 \u300csynesthesia\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u691c\u7d22\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u3001\u540c\u683c\u53e5\u300ca neurological condition…\u300d\u3068\u540c\u683c\u6307\u793a\u53e5\u300cSuch cross-modal perception(\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u69d8\u76f8\u6a2a\u65ad\u7684\u77e5\u899a)\u300d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u300c\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u611f\u899a\u523a\u6fc0\u304c\u5225\u306e\u611f\u899a\u4f53\u9a13\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u8133\u795e\u7d4c\u7684\u72b6\u614b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u6982\u5ff5\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u3067\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: The geologists analyzed the formation of “mylonites,” metamorphic rocks created by ductile deformation along fault zones. \u2192 \u300cmylonites = \u65ad\u5c64\u5e2f\u6cbf\u3044\u306e\u5ef6\u6027\u5909\u5f62\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5909\u6210\u5ca9\u300d\u3068\u4f4d\u76f8\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u5468\u56f2\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u540c\u683c\u69cb\u9020\u304b\u3089\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u3067\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u672a\u77e5\u5b66\u8853\u82f1\u6587\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u8aad\u89e3\u306e\u901f\u5ea6\u3068\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3092\u4e00\u5207\u843d\u3068\u3055\u305a\u306b\u8d70\u7834\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff12. \u30ef\u30f3\u30d1\u30b9\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u81ea\u52d5\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u6642\u9593\u5236\u7d04\uff08\u4f8b\u3048\u307090\u5206\u30671,000\u8a9e\u8d85\u306e\u9577\u6587\u3092\u8907\u6570\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u6307\u793a\u8a9e\u304c\u51fa\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3073\u306b\u6587\u982d\u3078\u4f55\u5ea6\u3082\u8996\u7dda\u3092\u623b\u3057\u3066\u300c\u8fd4\u308a\u8aad\u307f\u300d\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5236\u9650\u6642\u9593\u5727\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u62db\u304f\u3002\u7cbe\u9ac4\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6700\u7d42\u5230\u9054\u76ee\u6a19\u306f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u5de6\u304b\u3089\u53f3\u3078\u5358\u7dda\u7684\u306b\u7cbe\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u300c\u30ef\u30f3\u30d1\u30b9\uff08\u4e00\u56de\u8aad\u307f\uff09\u8aad\u89e3\u300d\u306e\u904e\u7a0b\u3067\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u30fb\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u30fb\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u7d50\u675f\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u5168\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u3001\u30ef\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u30e1\u30e2\u30ea\u5185\u3067\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u304b\u3064\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306b\u66f4\u65b0\u30fb\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e they<\/code> \u304c\u51fa\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u306b\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3068\u306e\u9069\u5408\u6027\u304c\u8133\u5185\u3067\u81ea\u52d5\u51e6\u7406\u3055\u308c\u3001however<\/code> \u304c\u51fa\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u306b\u524d\u6587\u306e\u6975\u6027\u304c\u53cd\u8ee2\u3055\u308c\u3001such an outcome<\/code> \u304c\u51fa\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u306b\u524d\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c\u304c\u8981\u7d04\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u30b5\u30fc\u30ad\u30c3\u30c8\u300d\u3092\u7a3c\u50cd\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30ef\u30f3\u30d1\u30b9\u3067\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u81ea\u52d5\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u8a8d\u77e5\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u5de6\u304b\u3089\u53f3\u3078\u8aad\u307f\u9032\u3081\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3084\u547d\u984c\u3092\u8133\u5185\u306e\u300c\u6982\u5ff5\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8(Slot A, Slot B…)\u300d\u306b\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u3066\u4fdd\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u30fb\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u30fb\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a18\u53f7\u304c\u73fe\u308c\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u30010.1\u79d2\u306e\u9045\u5ef6\u306a\u304f\u8a72\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3078\u76f4\u63a5\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\u3092\u5f35\u308a\u3001\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u4ee3\u5165\u30fb\u88dc\u5b8c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u5883\u754c\u3092\u8d8a\u3048\u308b\u969b\u3001\u72b6\u6cc1\u7167\u5fdc\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u524d\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u8981\u7d04\u56fa\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u65b0\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u306e\u8db3\u5834\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30b7\u30fc\u30e0\u30ec\u30b9\u306b\u66f4\u65b0\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: [\u8133\u5185\u51e6\u7406\u30ed\u30b0: Slot A = “advanced automation systems”, Slot B = “traditional manufacturing workers”] \u2192 When manufacturing firms deploy advanced automation systems(Slot A), they(\u2192Slot A) increase total operational output exponentially. However(\u2192\u8ad6\u7406\u53cd\u8ee2), this rapid technological transition(\u2192Slot A\u306e\u5c0e\u5165) frequently displaces traditional manufacturing workers(Slot B), rendering them(\u2192Slot B) structurally unemployed. \u2192 \u8996\u7dda\u3092\u4e00\u5207\u623b\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u3001they=Slot A\u3001this transition=Slot A\u306e\u73fe\u8c61\u3001them=Slot B \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5168\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u81ea\u52d5\u7b97\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u6587\u8108\u3092\u63a5\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: [\u8133\u5185\u51e6\u7406\u30ed\u30b0: Slot A = “pharmaceutical price controls”, Slot B = “R&D investment for rare diseases”] \u2192 Implementing strict pharmaceutical price controls(Slot A) reduces immediate healthcare costs for patients. Nonetheless(\u2192\u53cd\u8ee2), such fiscal interventions(\u2192Slot A) unintentionally suppress R&D investment for rare diseases(Slot B), because biotechnology firms find it(\u2192to discover…) financially unviable to discover novel therapeutics under restricted profit margins. \u2192 Slot A \u3068 Slot B \u306e\u56e0\u679c\u30fb\u6291\u6b62\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u30ef\u30f3\u30d1\u30b9\u3067\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002[\u8133\u5185\u51e6\u7406\u30ed\u30b0: Slot A = “microplastic pollution”, Slot B = “marine food webs”] \u2192 Microplastic pollution(Slot A) has penetrated the deepest oceanic trenches. Because marine organisms ingest these microscopic synthetic particles(\u2192Slot A), they(\u2192marine organisms) bioaccumulate toxic chemical additives throughout marine food webs(Slot B). This ecological contamination(\u2192Slot A\u304cSlot B\u3092\u6c5a\u67d3\u3059\u308b\u5168\u4f53\u4e8b\u8c61) ultimately poses severe health risks to human consumers. \u2192 \u300cThis ecological contamination\u300d\u304c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\u30c1\u30c3\u30af\u5358\u4f53\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300c\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\u30c1\u30c3\u30af\u304c\u98df\u7269\u7db2\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u751f\u4f53\u6fc3\u7e2e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u73fe\u8c61\u5168\u4f53\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u4e00\u767a\u3067\u81ea\u52d5\u6355\u6349\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: [\u8133\u5185\u51e6\u7406\u30ed\u30b0: Slot A = “ancient manuscript preservation”, Slot B = “digital archiving”] \u2192 Digitizing ancient manuscripts(Slot B) ensures universal public access, but it(\u2192Slot B) cannot replicate the physical tactile experience of studying original historical artifacts(Slot A). \u2192 it=Slot B \u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u30ef\u30f3\u30d1\u30b9\u306e\u8aad\u89e3\u6d41\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u7d50\u675f\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u3067\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u306b\u69cb\u7bc9\u30fb\u4fdd\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u306e\u30b9\u30d4\u30fc\u30c9\u3068\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3092\u6975\u9650\u307e\u3067\u4e21\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12. \u610f\u56f3\u7684\u8a9e\u9806\u5909\u66f4\u30fb\u5012\u7f6e\u30fb\u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u8ffd\u8de1\u306e\u5b8c\u7d50<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u7b87\u6240\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3042\u3048\u3066\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u300cS + V + O\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u57fa\u672c\u8a9e\u9806\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3057\u3001\u5012\u7f6e\uff08Inversion\uff09\u3001\u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587\uff08It is… that…\uff09\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\uff08OSV\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u300c\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u8a9e\u9806\u5909\u66f4\u300d\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8a9e\u9806\u304c\u7834\u58ca\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5909\u5247\u7684\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u54c1\u8a5e\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3068\u683c\u306e\u539f\u7406\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u672c\u6765\u306e\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u3067\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u5b8c\u74a7\u306a\u89e3\u4f53\u6280\u8853\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u8ffd\u8de1\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u6975\u9650\u7684\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u982d\u8868\u51fa\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5012\u7f6e\uff08Never had I… \/ Only when… did S V\uff09\u3084\u88dc\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u982d\u524d\u7f6e\uff08C + V + S \/ O + S + V\uff09\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3057\u305f\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a9e\u9806\u3092\u300cS + V + O\/C\u300d\u3078\u3068\u9ad8\u901f\u306b\u518d\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u524d\u6587\u304b\u3089\u306e\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u8a9e\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u518d\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001 It is… that… \u306e\u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5f37\u8abf\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8981\u7d20(\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0)\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u898b\u629c\u304d\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3084\u7167\u5fdc\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u304c\u6df7\u5728\u3059\u308b\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u771f\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff11. \u5426\u5b9a\u5012\u7f6e\u30fb\u524d\u7f6e\u69cb\u6587(OSV\/CVS)\u306e\u9ad8\u901f\u69cb\u9020\u518d\u914d\u7f6e\u3068\u7d50\u675f\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u306e\u518d\u7d50\u5408<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u982d\u306b Never<\/code>, Rarely<\/code>, Hardly<\/code>, Only by X<\/code> \u3068\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u3084\u9650\u5b9a\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u898f\u5247\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\/be\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u304c\u9006\u8ee2\u3059\u308b\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u5012\u7f6e(Inversion)\u300d\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u306e\u5f37\u8abf\u3084\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3084\u88dc\u8a9e\u304c\u6587\u982d\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300cOSV\u300d\u3084\u300cCVS\u300d\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3082\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6587\u982d\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u5b89\u6613\u306b\u300c\u4e3b\u8a9e(S)\u300d\u3068\u601d\u3044\u8fbc\u3093\u3067\u8aad\u307f\u9032\u3081\u308b\u8aad\u8005\u306f\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3067\u69cb\u6587\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u3001\u524d\u6587\u304b\u3089\u5f15\u304d\u7d99\u304c\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u6307\u793a\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u5909\u5247\u8a9e\u9806\u3092\u653b\u7565\u3059\u308b\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6587\u982d\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u683c(\u4e3b\u683c\u304b\u76ee\u7684\u683c\u304b)\u3068\u54c1\u8a5e\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u3084\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u51fa\u73fe\u3092\u30b5\u30a4\u30f3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u672c\u6765\u306e\u300eS + V + O\/C\u300f\u306e\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u3068\u982d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u30df\u30ea\u79d2\u5358\u4f4d\u3067\u518d\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8a9e\u9806\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6b6a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3082\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u683c\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u8a9e\u6cd5\u898f\u5247\u306f\u4e0d\u5909\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u672c\u6765\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u76f4\u3061\u306b\u76f4\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5426\u5b9a\u5012\u7f6e\u304a\u3088\u3073\u524d\u7f6e\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u9ad8\u901f\u306b\u89e3\u4f53\u30fb\u518d\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e(Never<\/code>, Rarely<\/code>, Not until...<\/code>)\u3084\u3001\u4e3b\u683c\u306b\u306a\u308c\u306a\u3044\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u30fb\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e(\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e O \u3084\u88dc\u8a9e C)\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u308b\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e(did, had, can)\u3084\u52d5\u8a5e(is, lie)\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e(S)\u3092\u6355\u6349\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u300cS + \u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e + V + O\/C\u300d\u306e\u6b63\u683c\u8a9e\u9806\u3078\u3068\u8133\u5185\u3067\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u518d\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u524d\u6587\u304b\u3089\u306e\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20\u306b\u518d\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: Only after extensive peer review by independent experts did the research committee publish its controversial findings on gene editing. \u2192 \u6587\u982d\u300cOnly after…\u300d\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5426\u5b9a\u5012\u7f6e\u3002\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u300cdid\u300d\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u300cthe research committee\u300d\u304c\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e(S)\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6b63\u683c\u8a9e\u9806: \u300cThe research committee published its controversial findings… only after extensive peer review\u300d\u3068\u518d\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001its \u304c committee \u3092\u6307\u3059\u7d50\u675f\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: Seldom have environmental economists observed such a rapid transition from fossil fuel reliance to renewable energy adoption in a developing nation. \u2192 \u6587\u982d\u300cSeldom\u300d\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5012\u7f6e\u3002\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u300chave\u300d\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306e\u300cenvironmental economists\u300d\u304c\u4e3b\u8a9e(S)\u3002\u6b63\u683c\u8a9e\u9806: \u300cEnvironmental economists have seldom observed such a rapid transition…\u300d\u3068\u518d\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001such a rapid transition \u304c\u524d\u6587\u306e\u6025\u6fc0\u306a\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002Great was the skepticism among international investors when the government announced its new currency stabilization policy. \u2192 CVS\uff08\u88dc\u8a9e\u524d\u7f6e\uff09\u306e\u5012\u7f6e\u3002\u6587\u982d\u306e\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u300cGreat\u300d\u306f\u88dc\u8a9e(C)\u3002be\u52d5\u8a5e\u300cwas\u300d\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u300cthe skepticism among international investors\u300d\u304c\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e(S)\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6b63\u683c\u8a9e\u9806: \u300cThe skepticism… was great when…\u300d\u3068\u518d\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u300c\u305d\u306e\u4e0d\u4fe1\u611f\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u5927\u304d\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: This fundamental principle of thermodynamics every physics student must master before attempting complex quantum mechanics calculations. \u2192 OSV\uff08\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u524d\u7f6e\uff09\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3002\u6587\u982d\u306e\u300cThis fundamental principle…\u300d\u306f\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e(O)\u3002\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f\u300cevery physics student\u300d\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f\u300cmust master\u300d\u3002\u6b63\u683c\u8a9e\u9806: \u300cEvery physics student must master this fundamental principle…\u300d\u3068\u76f4\u3061\u306b\u518d\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u7167\u5fdc\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5012\u7f6e\u3084\u524d\u7f6e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8a9e\u9806\u304c\u7834\u58ca\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5909\u5247\u7684\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u683c\u3068\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u304b\u3089\u672c\u6765\u306e SVO \u69cb\u9020\u3078\u3068\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u518d\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u8ff7\u5b50\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u7d50\u675f\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u5b8c\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff12. \u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587(It is… that)\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u88ab\u5f37\u8abf\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u5207\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u3068\u547d\u984c\u5fa9\u5143<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

It is X that Y<\/code> \u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u6301\u3064\u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587\uff08It-Cleft Sentence\uff09\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u8981\u7d20\uff08X\uff1a\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u8457\u3057\u304f\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u70b9\u306b\u96c6\u4e2d\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u88ab\u5f37\u8abf\u8981\u7d20\uff08X\uff09\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u9577\u3044\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3084\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u7bc0\u304c\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u69cb\u6587\uff08It is A that B<\/code>\uff1aB\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306fA\u3060\uff09\u3084\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e it<\/code> \u3068\u6df7\u540c\u3057\u3001\u4f55\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u6838\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u300cIt is<\/code> \u3068 that<\/code> \u3092\u982d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u3044\u305f\uff08\u6d88\u53bb\u3057\u305f\uff09\u5834\u5408\u306b\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8981\u7d20\u7fa4\u304c\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u6587\uff08S + V + O\/C + \u4fee\u98fe\u8a9e\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u518d\u69cb\u6210\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u5426\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4eee\u89e3\u5076\uff08It is<\/code>…that<\/code> \u3092\u524a\u9664\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f100% \u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001that<\/code> \u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u88ab\u5f37\u8abf\u8981\u7d20 X \u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u66f8\u304d\u623b\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u89e3\u4f53\u3057\u771f\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001It is\/was [X] that\/who [Y]<\/code> \u306e\u914d\u7f6e\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001It is<\/code> \u3068 that<\/code> \u3092\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u6d88\u53bb\uff08\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u51e6\u7406\uff09\u3057\u3001\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u305f [X] \u3068 [Y] \u306e\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u6587\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u6587\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001[X] \u304c [Y] \u306e\u4e2d\u306e\u3069\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff08\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\uff09\u304b\u3089\u5f15\u304d\u629c\u304b\u308c\u3066\u5f37\u8abf\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u5143\u306e\u547d\u984c\u306e\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3057\u3066\u610f\u5473\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: It was precisely through this interdisciplinary collaboration that the research team managed to synthesize the novel superconducting material. \u2192 It was<\/code> \u3068 that<\/code> \u3092\u6d88\u53bb\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3002\u6b8b\u3063\u305f\u8981\u7d20: \u300cThe research team managed to synthesize the novel superconducting material precisely through this interdisciplinary collaboration.\u300d \u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u6587\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3002\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u300cthrough this interdisciplinary collaboration(\u307e\u3055\u306b\u3053\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u5206\u91ce\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u305f\u5354\u50cd\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066)\u300d\u304c\u5f37\u8abf\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: It is not the accumulation of wealth but the equitable distribution of resources that determines the long-term stability of a democratic society. \u2192 It is<\/code> \u3068 that<\/code> \u3092\u6d88\u53bb\u3002\u88ab\u5f37\u8abf\u8981\u7d20\u306f not A but B<\/code> \u306e\u76f8\u95a2\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u300cnot the accumulation of wealth but the equitable distribution of resources\u300d\u3002\u6b63\u683c\u6587: \u300cThe equitable distribution of resources, not the accumulation of wealth, determines the long-term stability…\u300d\u3068\u5fa9\u5143\u3057\u3001\u300c\u5bcc\u306e\u84c4\u7a4d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u8cc7\u6e90\u306e\u516c\u5e73\u306a\u5206\u914d\u3053\u305d\u304c\u5b89\u5b9a\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u3044\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002It was evident from the preliminary experimental data that the novel drug candidate possessed remarkable therapeutic efficacy. \u2192 \u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u69cb\u6587\u3068\u306e\u8b58\u5225\u691c\u8a3c\u3002It was<\/code> \u3068 that<\/code> \u3092\u6d88\u53bb\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u300cEvident from the data the novel drug candidate possessed…\u300d\u3068\u306a\u308a\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u7834\u7dbb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001it<\/code>= that\u7bc0<\/code> \u3067\u3042\u308b(\u85ac\u5019\u88dc\u304c\u9855\u8457\u306a\u52b9\u80fd\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3053\u3068\u304c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304b\u3089\u660e\u767d\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: It was only when the archived official documents were declassified fifty years later that historians discovered the true diplomatic motivations behind the treaty. \u2192 \u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u6d88\u53bb\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u6642\u9593\u6307\u5b9a\u306e\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0\u300conly when the archived documents were declassified…\u300d\u304c\u5f37\u8abf\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587\u3068\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u4e00\u5f8b\u8b58\u5225\u624b\u9806\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u3001\u88ab\u5f37\u8abf\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u4e3b\u6587\u3078\u66f8\u304d\u623b\u3057\u3066\u547d\u984c\u306e\u771f\u306e\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u638c\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u89e3\u4f53\u6280\u6cd5\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13. \u547d\u984c\u8ad6\u7406\u691c\u8a3c\u3068\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u8ffd\u8de1\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u7d71\u5408\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u6392\u9664<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u5f0f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u554f\u984c(\u5185\u5bb9\u771f\u507d\u3001\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u3001\u8131\u6587\u633f\u5165)\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u304c\u6e96\u5099\u3059\u308b\u6700\u3082\u5de7\u5999\u306a\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc(\u8aa4\u7b54\u9078\u629e\u80a2)\u306f\u3001\u672c\u6587\u3067\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u305f\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u6563\u308a\u3070\u3081\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u610f\u5473\u8ad6(\u5168\u79f0\u30fb\u7279\u79f0\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u65b9\u5411)\u306e\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3067\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u5bc6\u304b\u306b\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u30fb\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u3068\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u547d\u984c\u8ad6\u7406\u6f14\u7b97(Boolean Logic)\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u878d\u5408\u3055\u305b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7455\u75b5\u3092\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3067\u691c\u77e5\u30fb\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u6700\u7d42\u691c\u8a3c\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u9ad8\u901f\u6392\u9664\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u8981\u7d04\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u3001\u672c\u6587\u306e\u3069\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3068\u7167\u5fdc\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u547d\u984c\u306e\u300c\u771f\u507d\u5024(Truth Value: True\/False)\u300d\u3092\u672c\u6587\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u8a18\u8ff0\u3068\u7167\u5408\u3059\u308b\u691c\u8a3c\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u304c\u4ed5\u639b\u3051\u308b5\u5927\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3(\u2460\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u547d\u984c\u3001\u2461\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u9006\u8ee2\u3001\u2462\u5168\u79f0\u3068\u7279\u79f0\u306e\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3001\u2463\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u3001\u2464\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\u306e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4)\u3092\u8a18\u53f7\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u5b8c\u5168\u624b\u9806\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff11. \u7167\u5fdc\u6307\u793a\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u3068\u5f62\u5f0f\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\uff08\u771f\u507d\u5024\u7167\u5408\uff09\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u878d\u5408\u624b\u9806<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u5358\u306b\u300c\u672c\u6587\u306b\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u3042\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u30de\u30c3\u30c1\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u884c\u3046\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306e\u7f60\u306b100%\u6355\u6349\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u9078\u3076\u305f\u3081\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u300c\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u6587\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5(\u4f8b: these measures<\/code>, such individuals<\/code>)\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u5148\u3092\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u547d\u984c P(S + V + O)\u3068\u3001\u672c\u6587\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u7b87\u6240\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u547d\u984c Q(S’ + V’ + O’)\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u540c\u7fa9\u6027(P \u2261 Q)\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u771f\u507d\u5024\u6f14\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7167\u5fdc\u5148\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\uff08\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u8ffd\u8de1\uff09\u3068\u3001\u547d\u984c\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7167\u5408\uff08\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u6f14\u7b97\uff09\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u304c\u540c\u6642\u306b\u5b9f\u884c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u521d\u3081\u3066\u3001\u611f\u899a\u3092\u4e00\u5207\u631f\u307e\u306a\u3044\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u89e3\u7b54\u9078\u629e\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u878d\u5408\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u306f\u3001\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u985e\u4f3c\u6027\u306b\u9a19\u3055\u308c\u305a\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u547d\u984c\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u771f\u507d\u306e\u307f\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u57fa\u6e96\u3068\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7167\u5fdc\u7279\u5b9a\u3068\u771f\u507d\u5024\u7167\u5408\u3092\u878d\u5408\u3055\u305b\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u6587\u3092\u69cb\u9020\u5206\u89e3\u3057\u3001\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u53e5(this policy<\/code>, they<\/code>)\u306e\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u3067\u306e\u771f\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u300c\u6761\u4ef6(If) \u2192 \u5e30\u7d50(Then)\u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c\u4e3b\u4f53(S) + \u4f5c\u7528(V) + \u5bfe\u8c61(O)\u300d\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5f0f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u672c\u6587\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u7b87\u6240\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u91cf\u5316\u5b50(All \/ Some \/ Many)\u3001\u983b\u5ea6(Always \/ Often \/ Rarely)\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u65b9\u5411(A causes B vs B causes A)\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u304c\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u30011\u7b87\u6240\u3067\u3082\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u98df\u3044\u9055\u3044\u304c\u3042\u308c\u3070\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b False (\u6392\u9664)\u3068\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b1: [\u672c\u6587: While many regional financial institutions experienced temporary liquidity shortages during the economic downturn, only a small fraction of unhedged investment funds suffered actual insolvency.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2192 \u9078\u629e\u80a2: These severe economic conditions caused the majority of regional financial institutions to become completely insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2192 \u691c\u8a3c: \u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u300cThese severe economic conditions\u300d\u306f\u672c\u6587\u306e\u300cthe economic downturn\u300d\u3068\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u7167\u5fdc\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u672c\u6587\u306f\u300conly a small fraction of investment funds suffered insolvency (\u3054\u304f\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u6295\u8cc7\u57fa\u91d1\u306e\u307f\u304c\u7834\u7dbb)\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u300cthe majority of regional financial institutions became completely insolvent (\u5730\u57df\u91d1\u878d\u6a5f\u95a2\u306e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7834\u7dbb)\u300d\u3068\u5168\u79f0\u30fb\u5272\u5408\u3092\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u771f\u507d\u5024: False (\u6392\u9664)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b2: [\u672c\u6587: The application of the novel gene-editing protocol consistently suppressed viral replication in laboratory cell cultures, provided that the concentration of the enzyme was maintained above a specific critical threshold.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2192 \u9078\u629e\u80a2: The novel gene-editing protocol guarantees the complete suppression of viral replication regardless of the enzyme’s concentration levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2192 \u691c\u8a3c: \u672c\u6587\u306f\u300cprovided that… (\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u9175\u7d20\u6fc3\u5ea6\u304c\u81e8\u754c\u95be\u5024\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070)\u300d\u3068\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u8ab2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u300cregardless of concentration levels (\u6fc3\u5ea6\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u3089\u305a)\u300d\u3068\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u30fb\u7121\u5236\u9650\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u771f\u507d\u5024: False (\u6392\u9664)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b3: \u8aa4\u7b54\u8a98\u767a\u4f8b\u3002[\u672c\u6587: High tariff barriers did not directly cause the reduction in bilateral trade; rather, it was the widespread uncertainty regarding currency fluctuations that discouraged international exporters.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2192 \u9078\u629e\u80a2: The decrease in bilateral trade volume was primarily driven by the implementation of high tariff barriers on imported goods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2192 \u691c\u8a3c: \u672c\u6587\u306f\u300cdid not directly cause (\u76f4\u63a5\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044)\u300d\u3068\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u300cuncertainty regarding currency fluctuations (\u901a\u8ca8\u5909\u52d5\u306e\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9f\u6027)\u300d\u3092\u771f\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300chigh tariff barriers\u300d\u3092\u4e3b\u539f\u56e0(primarily driven)\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6469\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u771f\u507d\u5024: False (\u6392\u9664)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b4: [\u672c\u6587: The newly discovered fossil specimen exhibits structural features characteristic of both ancient reptiles and early avian species, suggesting a transitional evolutionary phase.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2192 \u9078\u629e\u80a2: This fossil specimen provides definitive proof that early avian species evolved directly from modern reptilian lineages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2192 \u691c\u8a3c: \u672c\u6587\u306e\u300csuggesting (\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b)\u300d\u3092\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u300cdefinitive proof (\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0)\u300d\u3068\u8a87\u5f35\u3057\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u300cmodern reptilian\u300d\u3068\u6642\u4ee3\u5c5e\u6027\u3092\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u771f\u507d\u5024: False (\u6392\u9664)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7167\u5fdc\u6307\u793a\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u7279\u5b9a\u3068\u5f62\u5f0f\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u771f\u507d\u5024\u306e\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u7167\u5408\u3092\u878d\u5408\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u672c\u6587\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u3067\u5de7\u5999\u306b\u88c5\u98fe\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8aa4\u7b54\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092100%\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u898b\u629c\u304d\u3001\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff12. \u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc5\u5927\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3(\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u30fb\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u30fb\u9006\u8ee2\u30fb\u7121\u8a00\u30fb\u8a87\u5f35)\u306e\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u691c\u77e5\u6392\u9664<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8aa4\u7b54\u9078\u629e\u80a2(\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc)\u304c\u4f5c\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u7121\u5236\u9650\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u30fb\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u5206\u985e\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u300c5\u5927\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u300d\u306b\u53ce\u6582\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e5\u5927\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u89e3\u7b54\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u3067\u611f\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u30921\u79d2\u5358\u4f4d\u3067\u4ed5\u5206\u3051\u30fb\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u306e5\u5927\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u691c\u77e5\u6392\u9664\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u57fa\u6e96\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. \u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048 (Substitution)<\/strong>: \u672c\u6587\u306e\u8981\u7d20 A \u3068 B \u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001A \u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u3092\u5225\u9805 C \u306b\u4ed8\u3051\u66ff\u3048\u308b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u5165\u308c\u66ff\u3048\u308b\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. \u56e0\u679c\u30fb\u4e3b\u5ba2\u306e\u9006\u8ee2 (Reversal)<\/strong>: \u300cA \u304c B \u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u305f(A \u2192 B)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u672c\u6587\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u300cB \u304c A \u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u305f(B \u2192 A)\u300d\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u53cd\u5bfe\u306b\u3059\u308b\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. \u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u30fb\u5168\u79f0\u5316 (Over-generalization \/ Exaggeration)<\/strong>: \u672c\u6587\u306e\u300c\u4e00\u90e8(some, many, often)\u300d\u3092\u300c\u5168\u79f0\u30fb\u7d76\u5bfe(all, always, every, completely)\u300d\u3078\u3068\u4e0d\u5f53\u306b\u62e1\u5f35\u30fb\u8a87\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. \u7121\u8a00\u30fb\u672a\u8a00\u53ca (Not Mentioned \/ Unwarranted Assumption)<\/strong>: \u672c\u6587\u306e\u8ad6\u65e8\u3084\u30c6\u30fc\u30de\u3068\u4e00\u898b\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u3066\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u4e00\u5207\u8a18\u8ff0\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u300c\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306e\u5e38\u8b58\u3084\u63a8\u6e2c\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u305f\u300d\u547d\u984c\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. \u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u6b20\u843d (Conditional \/ Negation Mismatch)<\/strong>: \u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6df7\u540c\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300c\u301c\u3067\u306a\u3044(not)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u30b9\u30b3\u30fc\u30d7\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3055\u305b\u308b\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    \u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u906d\u9047\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u3053\u306e5\u5927\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u8133\u5185\u3067\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u8a72\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7455\u75b5\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3057\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u306b\u8ff7\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u6d88\u53bb\u7dda\u3067\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b1 (\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u306e\u6392\u9664): [\u672c\u6587: The research team used infrared spectroscopy to analyze the chemical residue on the ancient pottery shards.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2192 \u9078\u629e\u80a2: Infrared spectroscopy was utilized by the researchers to determine the precise geological age of the ancient pottery shards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2192 \u6392\u9664\u5224\u5b9a: \u672c\u6587\u306f\u300c\u5316\u5b66\u6b8b\u7559\u7269\u306e\u5206\u6790(analyze chemical residue)\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u300c\u5730\u8cea\u5b66\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a(determine geological age)\u300d\u3078\u3068\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f31(\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048)\u306b\u3088\u308a\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b2 (\u56e0\u679c\u9006\u8ee2\u306e\u6392\u9664): [\u672c\u6587: Widespread soil degradation resulting from intensive monoculture forced small-scale farmers to abandon their ancestral lands.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2192 \u9078\u629e\u80a2: The abandonment of ancestral lands by small-scale farmers led to intensive monoculture and subsequent soil degradation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2192 \u6392\u9664\u5224\u5b9a: \u672c\u6587\u306f\u300c\u5358\u4e00\u683d\u57f9\u306b\u3088\u308b\u571f\u58cc\u52a3\u5316(\u539f\u56e0) \u2192 \u571f\u5730\u306e\u653e\u68c4(\u7d50\u679c)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u56e0\u679c\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u300c\u571f\u5730\u306e\u653e\u68c4(\u539f\u56e0) \u2192 \u5358\u4e00\u683d\u57f9\u3068\u571f\u58cc\u52a3\u5316(\u7d50\u679c)\u300d\u3068\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306b\u9006\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f32(\u56e0\u679c\u9006\u8ee2)\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6392\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b3 (\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u30fb\u8a87\u5f35\u306e\u6392\u9664): [\u672c\u6587: Frequent exposure to high levels of urban noise pollution can temporarily impair cognitive concentration in young children.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2192 \u9078\u629e\u80a2: Exposure to urban noise pollution permanently destroys the cognitive capacity of all individuals living in modern cities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2192 \u6392\u9664\u5224\u5b9a: \u672c\u6587\u306e\u300cfrequent (\u983b\u7e41\u306a)\u300d\u300ctemporarily (\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b)\u300d\u300cyoung children (\u5e7c\u5c11\u5150)\u300d\u3092\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306f\u300cpermanently (\u6c38\u4e45\u306b)\u300d\u300call individuals (\u5168\u500b\u4eba)\u300d\u3068\u904e\u5270\u306b\u7d76\u5bfe\u5316\u30fb\u5168\u79f0\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f33(\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u30fb\u8a87\u5f35)\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6392\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u4f8b4 (\u7121\u8a00\u30fb\u672a\u8a00\u53ca\u306e\u6392\u9664): [\u672c\u6587: The newly discovered comet possesses an highly eccentric orbit that brings it close to the Sun once every three hundred years.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2192 \u9078\u629e\u80a2: The highly eccentric orbit of the newly discovered comet indicates that it originally formed outside the boundaries of our solar system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2192 \u6392\u9664\u5224\u5b9a: \u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u300c\u592a\u967d\u7cfb\u5916\u3067\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u306f\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3042\u308a\u305d\u3046\u306a\u8aac\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u4e00\u5207\u8a18\u8ff0\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f34(\u7121\u8a00\u30fb\u672a\u8a00\u53ca)\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6392\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u304c\u4ed5\u639b\u3051\u308b5\u5927\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u3067\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u8aa4\u7b54\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u6700\u7d42\u89e3\u7b54\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \uff14. \u521d\u898b\u96e3\u89e3\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u7167\u5fdc\u30fb\u7701\u7565\u88dc\u5b8c\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u5b8c\u6210<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u672c\u7279\u5316\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u7de0\u3081\u304f\u304f\u308a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u521d\u898b\u306e\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u76f4\u9762\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u7fd2\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406(\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u675f\u7e1b\u3001\u8981\u7d04\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u3001\u9006\u7b97\u4e26\u5217\u89e3\u4f53\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u3001\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u5206\u985e\u3001\u8457\u8005\u72ec\u81ea\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8ffd\u8de1\u3001\u5012\u7f6e\u89e3\u4f53\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u6f14\u7b97)\u3092\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u30b7\u30fc\u30e0\u30ec\u30b9\u306a\u8a8d\u77e5\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3001\u4e00\u5207\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u98db\u8e8d\u306a\u304f\u5b8c\u74a7\u306a\u89e3\u8aad\u3092\u5b8c\u4e86\u3059\u308b\u300c\u7dcf\u5408\u88dc\u5b8c\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u300d\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u5b9f\u6226\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u6700\u7d42\u691c\u8a3c\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3002\u9577\u5927\u306a\u591a\u91cd\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307f\u7bc0\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u3068\u7701\u7565\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8457\u8005\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3068\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u3059\u3079\u3066\u8907\u5408\u3057\u305f\u6975\u9650\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u7dcf\u5408\u88dc\u5b8c\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u9806\u6b21\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u4e3b\u65e8\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u307e\u3067\u306e\u5168\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u5b9f\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \uff14.\uff11. \u7dcf\u5408\u88dc\u5b8c\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e4\u6bb5\u968e\u5b9f\u884c\u30d7\u30ed\u30c8\u30b3\u30eb<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    \u521d\u898b\u306e\u96e3\u89e3\u6587\u7ae0\u306b\u906d\u9047\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u304c\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u3079\u304d\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u30d7\u30ed\u30c8\u30b3\u30eb\u306f\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u53b3\u683c\u306a4\u6bb5\u968e\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u3067\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. \u7b2c1\u6bb5\u968e: \u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30fb\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u30b9\u30ad\u30e3\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0(\u968e\u5c64\u3068\u683c\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a)<\/strong>\n
        \n
      • \u6587\u982d\u304b\u3089\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u9805\u69cb\u9020(SVO\/SVC)\u3092\u6355\u6349\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • \u5012\u7f6e\u30fb\u5f37\u8abf\u30fb\u524d\u7f6e\u30fb\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u51e6\u7406\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6d6e\u304d\u5f6b\u308a\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • \u7b2c2\u6bb5\u968e: \u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u6f14\u7b97(\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3068\u7701\u7565\u306e\u5fa9\u5143)<\/strong>\n
          \n
        • \u73fe\u308c\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u683c\u30fb\u6570\u30fb\u6027\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u3001\u675f\u7e1b\u30c9\u30e1\u30a4\u30f3\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u3092\u4e00\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u4ee3\u5165\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • and<\/code>,\u00a0but<\/code>,\u00a0than<\/code>,\u00a0as<\/code>\u00a0\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u304b\u3089\u9006\u7b97\u3057\u3001\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u524d\u7bc0\u304b\u3089\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • \u7b2c3\u6bb5\u968e: \u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u306e\u540c\u5b9a(\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3068\u8ee2\u63db\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1)<\/strong>\n
            \n
          • \u300csuch \/ this + \u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u300d\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3057\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u8907\u6570\u547d\u984c\u3092\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u3057\u3066\u524d\u5b9a\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • It is true... but<\/code>,\u00a0Admittedly... nonetheless<\/code>\u00a0\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u524d\u632f\u308a\u306e\u4fdd\u7559\u3068\u9006\u8aac\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35(B)\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • \u8457\u8005\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9(X = Y)\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3092\u4e0a\u66f8\u304d\u3057\u3066\u6bb5\u843d\u9593\u306e\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • \u7b2c4\u6bb5\u968e: \u547d\u984c\u8ad6\u7406\u691c\u8a3c\u3068\u6700\u7d42\u89e3\u8aad(\u771f\u507d\u5024\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a)<\/strong>\n
              \n
            • \u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u7b26\u53f7\u6f14\u7b97\u3084\u53cd\u8a9e\u7684\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u6b63\u8ca0\u306e\u6975\u6027\u3092\u7b97\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • \u8a2d\u554f\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u30015\u5927\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u5168\u81ea\u52d5\u8d70\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7455\u75b5\u3092\u6301\u3064\u8aa4\u7b54\u3092\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

              \u3053\u306e4\u6bb5\u968e\u30d7\u30ed\u30c8\u30b3\u30eb\u3092\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u306b\u8d70\u3089\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u8d85\u9ad8\u96e3\u5ea6\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u89e3\u8aad\u4e0d\u80fd\u306a\u300c\u30d6\u30e9\u30c3\u30af\u30dc\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u300d\u3092\u6b8b\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u900f\u904e\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u3068\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \uff14.\uff12. \u6975\u9650\u8907\u5408\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7dcf\u5408\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u9069\u7528\u5b9f\u8a3c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

              \u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u30014\u6bb5\u968e\u306e\u7dcf\u5408\u88dc\u5b8c\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u6700\u7d42\u5b9f\u8a3c\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u3010\u691c\u8a3c\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Admittedly, the rapidly expanding integration of algorithmic decision-making tools into the judicial framework \u2014 which many legal scholars, writing in prestigious academic journals, initially celebrated as an objective remedy for human judicial bias \u2014 is not entirely without severe ethical risks. However, rarely have automated risk-assessment models, when evaluated across diverse socio-economic demographics, demonstrated the unbiased neutrality that their commercial developers claimed they possessed; instead, they have frequently served to perpetuate existing structural inequalities.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u3010\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u9069\u7528\u5b9f\u884c\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              1. \u7b2c1\u6bb5\u968e(\u69cb\u9020\u89e3\u4f53\u3068\u30de\u30b9\u30af)<\/strong>:\n
                  \n
                • \u6587\u982d\u306b\u8b72\u6b69\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u00a0Admittedly<\/code>\u00a0\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • \u7b2c1\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e:\u00a0the rapidly expanding integration of algorithmic decision-making tools into the judicial framework<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • \u633f\u5165\u7bc0:\u00a0\u2014 which many legal scholars... initially celebrated as an objective remedy... \u2014<\/code>\u00a0\u3092\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u51e6\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • \u7b2c1\u6587\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e:\u00a0is not entirely without severe ethical risks<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • \u7b2c2\u6587\u306e\u6587\u982d\u306b\u5426\u5b9a\u5012\u7f6e\u3092\u691c\u77e5:\u00a0rarely have automated risk-assessment models... demonstrated...<\/code>\u00a0\u2192 \u6b63\u683c\u8a9e\u9806\u3078\u518d\u914d\u7f6e: \u300cAutomated risk-assessment models have rarely demonstrated the unbiased neutrality…\u300d<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • \u7b2c2\u6587\u306e\u633f\u5165\u53e5:\u00a0(when evaluated across diverse socio-economic demographics)<\/code>\u00a0\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u51e6\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • \u7b2c2\u6bb5\u968e(\u7167\u5fdc\u7279\u5b9a\u3068\u7701\u7565\u5fa9\u5143)<\/strong>:\n
                    \n
                  • \u7b2c2\u6587\u306e\u00a0their commercial developers<\/code>\u00a0\u306e\u00a0their<\/code>\u00a0\u306f\u3001\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u00a0automated risk-assessment models<\/code>\u00a0\u3092\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u540c\u5b9a\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • claimed [that] they possessed<\/code>:\u00a0they<\/code>\u00a0\u3082\u00a0automated risk-assessment models<\/code>\u00a0\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • \u30bb\u30df\u30b3\u30ed\u30f3\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u00a0instead, they have frequently served...<\/code>:\u00a0they<\/code>\u00a0\u3082\u540c\u3058\u304f\u00a0automated risk-assessment models<\/code>\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • \u7b2c3\u6bb5\u968e(\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u8ee2\u63db)<\/strong>:\n
                      \n
                    • \u7b2c1\u6587\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u8868\u73fe\u00a0Admittedly...<\/code>\u00a0(\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u5c0e\u5165\u304c\u502b\u7406\u7684\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u3053\u3068)\u306f\u524d\u632f\u308a\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • \u7b2c1\u6587\u5185\u90e8\u306e\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a:\u00a0not entirely without (- \u00d7 - = +)<\/code>\u00a0\u2192 \u300c\u91cd\u7be4\u306a\u502b\u7406\u7684\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4f34\u308f\u306a\u3044\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff08\uff1d\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff09\u300d<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • \u7b2c2\u6587\u306e\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u9006\u8aac\u00a0However<\/code>\u00a0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u306eU\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u6355\u6349\u3002\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u524d\u632f\u308a\u3092\u6253\u3061\u6d88\u3057\u3001\u7b2c2\u6587\u4ee5\u964d\u304c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35(B)\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • \u8457\u8005\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u8ad6\u70b9: \u300c\u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u8a55\u4fa1\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb(A) vs \u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u306e\u5e7b\u60f3\u3068\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u306e\u7d99\u7d9a(B)\u300d\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • \u7b2c4\u6bb5\u968e(\u547d\u984c\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u7b97\u51fa\u3068\u4e3b\u65e8\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a)<\/strong>:\n
                        \n
                      • \u7b2c2\u6587\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u5012\u7f6e\u547d\u984c\u306e\u6975\u6027\u7b97\u51fa:\u00a0rarely demonstrated unbiased neutrality<\/code>\u00a0\u2192 \u300c\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u3092\u5b9f\u8a3c\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3081\u3063\u305f\u306b\u306a\u3044\uff08\uff1d\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff09\u300d<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • \u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306a\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35: \u300c\u6cd5\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3078\u306e\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u610f\u601d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u5c0e\u5165\u306f\u3001\u958b\u767a\u8005\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3067\u304d\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u3080\u3057\u308d\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3092\u6c38\u7d9a\u5316\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u3044\u6279\u5224\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u62bd\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                        \u3010\u7d50\u8ad6\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u672c\u7279\u5316\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u300c\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3068\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u30fb\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u4f53\u7cfb\u300d\u3067\u5b66\u3093\u3060\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u633f\u5165\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u5012\u7f6e\u30fb\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u30fb\u8b72\u6b69\u9006\u8aac\u304c\u5bc6\u5bc6\u306b\u7d61\u307f\u5408\u3063\u305f\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u82f1\u6587\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4e00\u5207\u306e\u66d6\u6627\u3055\u3092\u6b8b\u3055\u305a\u306b100%\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u610f\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6210\u529f\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3001\u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u8b1b\u7fa9\u7de8\u306e\u5168\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5b8c\u7d50\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u3053\u306e\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u307e\u3068\u3081<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                        \u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u300c\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3068\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u30fb\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u4f53\u7cfb\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6211\u3005\u306f\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u5165\u8a66\u3092\u7a81\u7834\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u30fb\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027(cohesion)\u3092\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u666e\u904d\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u6f14\u7b97\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u3002\u591a\u304f\u306e\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u304c\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u306e\u611f\u899a\u7684\u306a\u985e\u63a8\u3084\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u3064\u306a\u304e\u5408\u308f\u305b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u89e3\u8aad\u3092\u8a66\u307f\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u304c\u5de7\u5999\u306b\u4ed5\u639b\u3051\u305f\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3084\u7701\u7565\u306e\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3057\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7f60\u306b\u9665\u308b\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u6211\u3005\u306f\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u306e\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u539f\u7406\u539f\u5247\u306b\u4f9d\u62e0\u3057\u3001\u4e00\u5207\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u98db\u8e8d\u3092\u6392\u3057\u305f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u89e3\u6790\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u7372\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u632f\u308a\u8fd4\u308a\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u521d\u898b\u306e\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u82f1\u6587\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u653b\u7565\u3067\u304d\u308b\u89e3\u6cd5\u529b\u3092\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u8996\u5ea7\u5c64\u304a\u3088\u3073\u539f\u7406\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u5185\u306b\u5f35\u308a\u5de1\u3089\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7d50\u675f\u7684\u6307\u6a19\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u8db3\u304c\u304b\u308a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u306b\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u304b\u3064\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u306a\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3002\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u6307\u793a\u8a9e\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u8fd1\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306b\u5b89\u6613\u306b\u98db\u7740\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u56fa\u304f\u7981\u3058\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u4fdd\u6301\u3059\u308b\u300c\u683c\u30fb\u6570\u30fb\u6027\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\u3068\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u4e00\u81f4\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073c-\u30b3\u30de\u30f3\u30c9\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u675f\u7e1b\u7406\u8ad6\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u6b63\u5f53\u306a\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u300csuch \/ this + \u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u300d\u3084\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e this \u304c\u6301\u3064\u524d\u6587\u547d\u984c\u306e\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3057\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u53d9\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u30fb\u8907\u5408\u7684\u4e8b\u8c61\u5168\u4f53\u30921\u3064\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u56fa\u5b9a\u5316\u3057\u3066\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u306b\u63a5\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u9593\u7d50\u675f\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u6280\u8853\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e(and, but)\u3084\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868\u73fe(than, as)\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u6587\u982d\u65b9\u5411\u3078\u9061\u308b\u300c\u9006\u7b97\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u300d\u3068\u5bfe\u6bd4\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u300c\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u6027(parallelism)\u300d\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u306b\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u305f\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3057\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u4e26\u5217\u30fb\u5bfe\u6bd4\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u4e00\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u3092\u8eab\u306b\u3064\u3051\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u8003\u7a76\u5c64\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7cbe\u9ac4\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u539f\u7406\u3092\u8907\u6570\u306e\u4fee\u98fe\u7bc0\u304c\u91cd\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u8907\u96d1\u69cb\u6587\u3001\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u3001\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u8a9e\u9806\u5909\u66f4(\u5012\u7f6e\u30fb\u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587)\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u547d\u984c\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u932f\u7d9c\u3059\u308b\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u5834\u9762\u3078\u3068\u62e1\u5f35\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u3092\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306b\u691c\u8a3c\u30fb\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3002\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u9593\u306b\u9577\u5927\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u3084\u540c\u683c\u53e5\u304c\u631f\u307f\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u8996\u899a\u7684\u65ad\u7d76\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u51e6\u7406\u3057\u3066\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3068\u524d\u6587\u304b\u3089\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u3092\u518d\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u30d7\u30ed\u30c8\u30b3\u30eb\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001It is true that A, but B<\/code> \u3084 Admittedly A, nonetheless B<\/code> \u306a\u3069\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3042\u3048\u3066\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u5148\u56de\u308a\u3057\u3066\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0(A)\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u524d\u632f\u308a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u4fdd\u7559\u3057\u3001\u9006\u8aac\u8a18\u53f7\u4ee5\u964d(B)\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35(\u4e3b\u65e8)\u3092\u9bae\u3084\u304b\u306b\u5207\u308a\u5206\u3051\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u8ee2\u63db(U\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3)\u306e\u691c\u77e5\u6280\u8853\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u300c\u8457\u8005\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9(A = B)\u300d\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u4e0a\u66f8\u304d\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u8981\u7d04\u7684\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\u300c\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u300d\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b\u6211\u3005\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5168\u539f\u7406\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3001\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u7b26\u53f7\u6f14\u7b97\u3084\u53cd\u8a9e\u7684\u7591\u554f\u6587\u304b\u3089\u306e\u771f\u610f\u62bd\u51fa\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5f62\u5f0f\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u771f\u507d\u5024\u7167\u5408\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u304c\u6e96\u5099\u3057\u305f\u300c5\u5927\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3(\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u30fb\u56e0\u679c\u9006\u8ee2\u30fb\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u5168\u79f0\u5316\u30fb\u7121\u8a00\u672a\u8a00\u53ca\u30fb\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4)\u300d\u3092\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304b\u3089\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3067\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u6700\u7d42\u89e3\u6cd5\u529b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3002\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u611f\u899a\u3084\u80cc\u666f\u77e5\u8b58\u306b\u983c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5de6\u304b\u3089\u53f3\u3078\u306e\u30ef\u30f3\u30d1\u30b9\u8aad\u89e3\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u7d50\u675f\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306b\u81ea\u52d5\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u5f97\u305f\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3068\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u30fb\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u4f53\u7cfb\u306f\u3001\u4eca\u5f8c\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u554f\u6f14\u7fd2\u3084\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u5165\u8a66\u73fe\u5834\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u3092\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u8ff7\u5b50\u304b\u3089\u3082\u6551\u3044\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u6e80\u70b9\u7b54\u6848\u3078\u3068\u5c0e\u304f\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u77e5\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u5b9f\u8df5\u77e5\u306e\u691c\u8a3c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                        \u672c\u6f14\u7fd2\u306f\u3001\u7279\u5316\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u300cM03:\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3068\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u30fb\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u4f53\u7cfb\u300d\u3067\u7fd2\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u7167\u5fdc\u89e3\u6790\u3001\u7701\u7565\u5fa9\u5143\u3001\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u5316\u89e3\u8aad\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8ad6\u7406\u8ee2\u63db\u691c\u77e5\u306e\u5404\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66(\u65e7\u5e1d\u5927\u3001\u6771\u4eac\u79d1\u5b66\u5927\u3001\u4e00\u6a4b\u5927\u3001\u65e9\u6176\u7b49)\u306e\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u5165\u8a66\u554f\u984c\u5834\u9762\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u304b\u306b\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u4f5c\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u8df5\u7684\u306a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u30d9\u30c3\u30c9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u5165\u8a66\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u306a\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u7e4b\u304e\u5408\u308f\u305b\u305f\u3060\u3051\u306e\u611f\u899a\u7684\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u3084\u300c\u4f55\u3068\u306a\u304f\u306e\u6587\u8108\u63a8\u6e2c\u300d\u306f\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u304c\u5468\u5230\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u305f\u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u7f60(\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc)\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u906e\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u672c\u6f14\u7fd2\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u554f\u984c\u7fa4\u306f\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307f\u7bc0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u3001\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u69cb\u9020\u7701\u7565\u3001\u8457\u8005\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3068\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u304c\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u62bd\u8c61\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306a\u3069\u3001\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u8996\u8aad\u4e0d\u5168\u304c\u547d\u53d6\u308a\u3068\u306a\u308b\u6975\u9650\u306e\u5c40\u9762\u3092\u7db2\u7f85\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u53d7\u8b1b\u751f\u306f\u3001\u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f4\u6bb5\u968e\u306e\u7dcf\u5408\u88dc\u5b8c\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u53b3\u683c\u306b\u884c\u4f7f\u3057\u3001\u611f\u6027\u3092\u4e00\u5207\u631f\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u30fb\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u6b63\u5f53\u306a\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u6392\u9664\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u307e\u3067\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u518d\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u51fa\u984c\u5206\u6790<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                        \u51fa\u984c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3068\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                        \u51fa\u984c\u5f62\u5f0f:\u9577\u6587\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145(\u8a9e\u53e5\u30fb\u7bc0\u633f\u5165)\u3001\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8\u6307\u793a\u5185\u5bb9\u7279\u5b9a\u30fb\u548c\u8a33\u554f\u984c\u3001\u5185\u5bb9\u771f\u507d\u5224\u5b9a(T\/F\u554f\u984c)\u3001\u8131\u6587\u633f\u5165\u30fb\u6bb5\u843d\u6574\u5e8f\u554f\u984c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6:\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2606\u2606\u6a19\u6e96(\u96e3\u95a2\u79c1\u7acb\u6a19\u6e96) \u301c \u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u96e3\u95a2\u4e0a\u4f4d(\u65e7\u5e1d\u30fb\u65e9\u6176\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u5206\u91cf:\u5927\u554f4\u984c\u30fb\u5c0f\u554f\u8a0814\u554f\u30fb\u60f3\u5b9a\u6642\u959340\u5206<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u8a9e\u5f59\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb:\u6559\u990a\u7684\u5b66\u8853\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587(\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66)\u3092\u4e2d\u5fc3\u306b\u3001CEFR C1\u301cC2 \u6c34\u6e96\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u8a9e\u30fb\u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u672a\u77e5\u8a9e\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306f\u6587\u8108\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u304b\u3089\u3059\u3079\u3066\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u69cb\u6587\u8907\u96d1\u5ea6:\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3068\u8907\u6570\u306e\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0(\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u3001\u540c\u683c\u7bc0\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0)\u304c\u91cd\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3001\u304b\u3064\u5012\u7f6e\u30fb\u5f37\u8abf\u30fb\u9577\u5927\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u8907\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u983b\u51fa\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                        \u591a\u91cd\u4fee\u98fe\u306b\u906e\u3089\u308c\u305f\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> \u2192 \u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e(they, it, this)\u3068\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u306e\u9593\u306b\u8907\u6570\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u3084\u540c\u683c\u53e5\u304c\u4ecb\u5165\u3057\u3001\u76f4\u8fd1\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306b\u98db\u3073\u3064\u304f\u3068\u8aa4\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a2d\u8a08\u3055\u308c\u305f\u51fa\u984c\u3002\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5c5e\u6027(\u6570\u30fb\u6027\u30fb\u683c)\u306e\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u6392\u9664\u3068\u4e3b\u7bc0\u30fb\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u5206\u96e2\u304c\u5fc5\u9808\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u3068\u5171\u901a\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u7701\u7565\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> \u2192 \u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a(and, but)\u3084\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868\u73fe(than, as)\u306e\u5f8c\u534a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u304c\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u51fa\u984c\u3002\u5f8c\u65b9\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u306e\u9006\u7b97\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6b20\u843d\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u8133\u5185\u3067\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u88dc\u5b8c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u3068\u72ec\u81ea\u5b9a\u7fa9\u304c\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u62bd\u8c61\u8ad6\u65e8\u8ffd\u8de1\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3<\/strong> \u2192 It is true that A, but B<\/code> \u3084\u8457\u8005\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9(By X, I mean Y<\/code>)\u304c\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u524d\u632f\u308a\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0(A)\u3092\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u7f60\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3001\u9006\u8aac\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35(B)\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3092\u554f\u3046\u51fa\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u5dee\u304c\u3064\u304f\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                        [Point 3]: \u8b72\u6b69\u8868\u73fe(Admittedly, It is true)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u524d\u632f\u308a\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u3001\u9006\u8aac\u8a18\u53f7(however, nonetheless)\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5207\u308a\u5206\u3051\u3001\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u30fb\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u3092\u898b\u629c\u3044\u3066\u6392\u9664\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u6f14\u7fd2\u554f\u984c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                        \u554f\u984c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                        \u8a66\u9a13\u6642\u9593: 40\u5206 \/ \u6e80\u70b9: 100\u70b9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u7b2c\uff11\u554f(25\u70b9)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                        \u6b21\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u3001\u4e0b\u306e\u8a2d\u554f\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u3088\u3002(\u60f3\u5b9a\u6642\u9593: 10\u5206)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        The clinical research team evaluated two distinct synthetic peptide compounds designed to inhibit viral replication in host cells. Although the primary compound demonstrated remarkable potency during initial in vitro<\/em> trials, ( 1 ) proved entirely ineffective when administered in low doses to living organisms, primarily because its metabolic stability was prematurely compromised by liver enzymes. Furthermore, the scientists discovered that ( 2 ) had developed an unexpected cross-resistance to existing antiviral medications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        [\u8a2d\u554f]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u554f1: \u7a7a\u6b04( 1 )\u306b\u5165\u308b\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u8a9e\u3092\u3001\u6b21\u306e(A)\u301c(D)\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u3064\u9078\u3079\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (A) it<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (B) they<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (C) the latter<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (D) these<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u554f2: \u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8( 2 )\u304c\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3059\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3092\u3001\u6b21\u306e(A)\u301c(D)\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u3064\u9078\u3079\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (A) The clinical research team<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (B) Host cells in living organisms<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (C) Two distinct synthetic peptide compounds<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (D) Existing antiviral medications<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u554f3: \u672c\u6587\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3092\u3001\u6b21\u306e(A)\u301c(D)\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u3064\u9078\u3079\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (A) The primary compound failed in living organisms because it lacked potency in initial trials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (B) The primary compound lost its efficacy in living organisms due to its premature breakdown by liver enzymes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (C) The research team abandoned the study because host cells became resistant to the synthetic peptides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (D) Low doses of both synthetic compounds were proven to be safe and highly effective in living organisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u7b2c\uff12\u554f(25\u70b9)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                        \u6b21\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u3001\u4e0b\u306e\u8a2d\u554f\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u3088\u3002(\u60f3\u5b9a\u6642\u9593: 10\u5206)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        The primary research division analyzed the complex structural properties of the novel titanium alloy, the secondary laboratory ( 1 ) its thermal resistance under extreme pressure, and the quality control team ( 2 ) its long-term durability against environmental corrosion. ( 3 ), the advanced engineering department spent far more time evaluating the material’s aerodynamic efficiency in supersonic wind tunnels than ( 4 ) testing its stress tolerance under repetitive mechanical shocks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        [\u8a2d\u554f]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u554f1: \u7a7a\u6b04( 1 )\u304a\u3088\u3073( 2 )\u306b\u5171\u901a\u3057\u3066\u88dc\u3046\u3079\u304d\u3001\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u3067\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u5f62\u3092\u6b21\u306e(A)\u301c(D)\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u3064\u9078\u3079\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (A) analyzing<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (B) analyzed<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (C) has analyzed<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (D) to analyze<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u554f2: \u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u3001\u7a7a\u6b04( 3 )\u306b\u5165\u308b\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u3001\u6b21\u306e(A)\u301c(D)\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u3064\u9078\u3079\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (A) In contrast<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (B) Furthermore<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (C) On the contrary<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (D) In short<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u554f3: \u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8( 4 )\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u8e0f\u307e\u3048\u3001\u672c\u6587\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3092\u6b21\u306e(A)\u301c(D)\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u3064\u9078\u3079\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (A) \u9ad8\u9032\u6280\u8853\u90e8\u9580\u306f\u3001\u885d\u6483\u8010\u6027\u306e\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3088\u308a\u3082\u7a7a\u6c17\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u52b9\u7387\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u306b\u3088\u308a\u591a\u304f\u306e\u6642\u9593\u3092\u8cbb\u3084\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (B) \u9ad8\u9032\u6280\u8853\u90e8\u9580\u306f\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u3069\u306e\u90e8\u9580\u3088\u308a\u3082\u98a8\u6d1e\u5b9f\u9a13\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7a7a\u6c17\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u52b9\u7387\u306e\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u6642\u9593\u3092\u8cbb\u3084\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (C) \u9ad8\u9032\u6280\u8853\u90e8\u9580\u306f\u3001\u885d\u6483\u8010\u6027\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u5b8c\u4e86\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u306b\u3001\u7a7a\u6c17\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u52b9\u7387\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u958b\u59cb\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (D) \u9ad8\u9032\u6280\u8853\u90e8\u9580\u306f\u3001\u885d\u6483\u8010\u6027\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u8cbb\u7528\u3088\u308a\u3082\u98a8\u6d1e\u5b9f\u9a13\u306e\u8cbb\u7528\u3092\u591a\u304f\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u7b2c\uff13\u554f(25\u70b9)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                        \u6b21\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u3001\u4e0b\u306e\u8a2d\u554f\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u3088\u3002(\u60f3\u5b9a\u6642\u9593: 10\u5206)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        Admittedly, the rapidly expanding implementation of automated algorithmic tools into the judicial framework \u2014 which many legal scholars, writing in prestigious academic journals, initially celebrated as an objective remedy for human judicial bias \u2014 is not entirely without severe ethical risks. ( 1 ), rarely have automated risk-assessment models, when evaluated across diverse socio-economic demographics, demonstrated the unbiased neutrality that their commercial developers claimed they possessed; instead, they have frequently served to perpetuate existing structural inequalities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        [\u8a2d\u554f]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u554f1: \u7a7a\u6b04( 1 )\u306b\u5165\u308b\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u3001\u6b21\u306e(A)\u301c(D)\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u3064\u9078\u3079\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (A) For instance<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (B) However<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (C) Therefore<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (D) That is to say<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u554f2: \u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8 “rarely have automated risk-assessment models, when evaluated across diverse socio-economic demographics, demonstrated the unbiased neutrality that their commercial developers claimed they possessed” \u3092\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u8a33\u305b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u5012\u7f6e\u69cb\u9020\u304a\u3088\u3073\u633f\u5165\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u53cd\u6620\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u554f3: \u672c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35(\u8ad6\u65e8)\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3092\u3001\u6b21\u306e(A)\u301c(D)\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u3064\u9078\u3079\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (A) \u6cd5\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3078\u306e\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u5c0e\u5165\u306f\u3001\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u306e\u4e88\u60f3\u901a\u308a\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u504f\u898b\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u9664\u53bb\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (B) \u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u306f\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u502b\u7406\u7684\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u958b\u767a\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u901a\u308a\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (C) \u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u8a55\u4fa1\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4fee\u5fa9\u7b56\u3068\u3057\u3066\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3092\u56fa\u5b9a\u5316\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (D) \u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u5546\u696d\u7684\u958b\u767a\u8005\u306f\u3001\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u516c\u5e73\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u958b\u767a\u3092\u4e2d\u65ad\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u7b2c\uff14\u554f(25\u70b9)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                        \u6b21\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u3001\u4e0b\u306e\u8a2d\u554f\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u3088\u3002(\u60f3\u5b9a\u6642\u9593: 10\u5206)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        In this treatise, by “technological determinism,” I do not refer to the mere widespread adoption of industrial machinery in daily life, but rather to the implicit societal belief that technological advancement autonomously dictates the fundamental trajectory of human social evolution. ( 1 ) Through this pervasive analytical lens, contemporary institutions begin to view technological changes as inevitable natural forces rather than as humanly controllable choices. ( 2 ) In view of this structural imperative, political leaders frequently surrender policy initiative to technological momentum, assuming that resistance is futile. ( 3 ) Had policymakers in the early industrial era recognized this subtle ideological shift, they might have established democratic oversight over emerging technical systems before market forces solidified their momentum. ( 4 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        [\u8a2d\u554f]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u554f1: \u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u300ctechnological determinism\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u72ec\u81ea\u5b9a\u7fa9\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3092\u3001\u6b21\u306e(A)\u301c(D)\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u3064\u9078\u3079\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (A) \u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7523\u696d\u6a5f\u68b0\u306e\u5e83\u7bc4\u306a\u63a1\u7528\u3068\u666e\u53ca\u306e\u904e\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (B) \u6280\u8853\u7684\u9032\u6b69\u304c\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u9032\u6b69\u306e\u8ecc\u9053\u3092\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (C) \u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u8005\u304c\u6280\u8853\u7684\u30e2\u30e1\u30f3\u30bf\u30e0\u3092\u5236\u5fa1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u306a\u76e3\u8996\u4f53\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (D) \u5e02\u5834\u539f\u7406\u304c\u6280\u8853\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u7ba1\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u751f\u3058\u308b\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u554f2: \u6b21\u306e\u6587\u304c\u5165\u308b\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3092\u3001\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306e( 1 )\u301c( 4 )\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u3064\u9078\u3079\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u300cIn reality, however, early legislative bodies completely yielded their regulatory power to private industrial conglomerates.\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u554f3: \u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8 “Had policymakers in the early industrial era recognized this subtle ideological shift, they might have established democratic oversight over emerging technical systems before market forces solidified their momentum.” \u306e\u8868\u3059\u300c\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f(Fact)\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3092\u3001\u6b21\u306e(A)\u301c(D)\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u3064\u9078\u3079\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (A) \u521d\u671f\u7523\u696d\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u653f\u7b56\u7acb\u6848\u8005\u306f\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5909\u5316\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u76e3\u8996\u3092\u8fc5\u901f\u306b\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (B) \u521d\u671f\u7523\u696d\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u653f\u7b56\u7acb\u6848\u8005\u306f\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5909\u5316\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u76e3\u8996\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (C) \u5e02\u5834\u539f\u7406\u304c\u5f37\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u7acb\u6848\u8005\u306f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u76e3\u8996\u3092\u64a4\u5ec3\u305b\u3056\u308b\u3092\u5f97\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        (D) \u653f\u7b56\u7acb\u6848\u8005\u306f\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5909\u5316\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5e02\u5834\u539f\u7406\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u672a\u7136\u306b\u9632\u3050\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6210\u529f\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                        \u7b2c\uff11\u554f \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                        \u3010\u6226\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u51fa\u984c\u610f\u56f3:\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u683c\u30fb\u6570\u30fb\u6027\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u5148\u884c\u8a5e\u306e\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u307f\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300cthey\u300d\u306e\u9577\u8ddd\u96e2\u7167\u5fdc\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u9069\u5408\u6027\u691c\u8a3c\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6:\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2606\u2606\u6a19\u6e96(\u96e3\u95a2\u79c1\u7acb\u5927\u5ba2\u89b3\u5f0f\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593:10\u5206(\u554f1:2\u5206 \/ \u554f2:3\u5206 \/ \u554f3:5\u5206)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u3010\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a:\u5b9f\u9a13\u7684\u85ac\u7269\u5316\u5408\u7269\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3002\u8907\u6570\u306e\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3068\u5358\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u932f\u7d9c\u3059\u308b\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u3069\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5834\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb1:\u521d\u52d5\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u2192 \u7a7a\u6b04( 1 )\u306b\u5165\u308b\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u63a2\u3059\u305f\u3081\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u524d\u6587\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u691c\u7d22\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u3079\u304d\u7b87\u6240(\u512a\u5148\u9806\u4f4d\u9806):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \n
                        1. \u7a7a\u6b04( 1 )\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u7bc0\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e:\u00a0proved entirely ineffective when administered...<\/code>\u00a0(\u6295\u4e0e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u969b\u306b\u7121\u52b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5224\u660e\u3057\u305f)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        2. \u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u7406\u7531\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u00a0its<\/code>:\u00a0because its metabolic stability was prematurely compromised<\/code>\u00a0(\u305d\u306e\u4ee3\u8b1d\u5b89\u5b9a\u6027\u304c\u904e\u65e9\u306b\u640d\u306a\u308f\u308c\u305f\u305f\u3081)\u30b9\u30ad\u30c3\u30d7\u3057\u3066\u3088\u3044\u7b87\u6240:\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u76ee\u7684\u53e5\u00a0designed to inhibit viral replication in host cells<\/code>\u00a0\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u8981\u7d20\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                          \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb2:\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u5224\u65ad\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc(\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593:60\u79d2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \n
                          1. \u7a7a\u6b04( 1 )\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u7406\u7531\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u00a0its<\/code>\u00a0(\u5358\u6570\u6240\u6709\u683c) \u304c\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          2. \u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u7a7a\u6b04( 1 )\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f\u300c\u5358\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u300d\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          3. \u524d\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306f\u00a0The clinical research team<\/code>\u00a0(\u5358\u6570\u307e\u305f\u306f\u96c6\u5408\u540d\u8a5e)\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306f\u00a0two distinct synthetic peptide compounds<\/code>\u00a0(\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5)\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          4. \u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\u00a0Although the primary compound demonstrated...<\/code>\u00a0(\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u5316\u5408\u7269[\u5358\u6570]\u306f\u8457\u3057\u3044\u6709\u52b9\u6027\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306e) \u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          5. \u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\u306e\u00a0the primary compound<\/code>\u00a0(\u5358\u6570\u540d\u8a5e) \u3092\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306f\u3001\u5358\u6570\u4e3b\u683c\u306e\u00a0it<\/code>\u00a0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                            \u5224\u65ad\u624b\u9806\u30ed\u30b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u6587\u982d: The clinical research team<\/code> (\u4e3b\u8a9e) + evaluated<\/code> (\u52d5\u8a5e) + two compounds<\/code> (\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e: \u8907\u6570).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0: Although the primary compound<\/code> (\u5358\u6570) + demonstrated potency...<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u4e3b\u7bc0: ( 1 ) proved entirely ineffective... because its<\/code> (\u5358\u6570\u6240\u6709\u683c) metabolic stability...<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u7d50\u8ad6: \u5358\u6570\u6240\u6709\u683c its<\/code> \u3068\u7167\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u5358\u6570\u4e3b\u683c\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306f it<\/code> \u306e\u307f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb3:\u89e3\u7b54\u69cb\u7bc9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u2192 \u554f1: it<\/code> (A) \u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u2192 \u554f2: \u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8( 2 ) they had developed an unexpected cross-resistance<\/code> \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b they<\/code> (\u8907\u6570\u4e3b\u683c) \u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3002\u76f4\u524d\u306e living organisms<\/code> \u5185\u306e host cells<\/code> \u3084 compounds<\/code> \u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4ea4\u5dee\u8010\u6027\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u300c\u30a6\u30a4\u30eb\u30b9\u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c2\u3064\u306e\u5316\u5408\u7269\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u3001\u65e2\u5b58\u6297\u30a6\u30a4\u30eb\u30b9\u85ac\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8010\u6027\u3092\u73fe\u3057\u305f\u306e\u306f\u300c2\u3064\u306e\u5408\u6210\u30da\u30d7\u30c1\u30c9\u5316\u5408\u7269(Two distinct synthetic peptide compounds)\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001(C) \u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u2192 \u554f3: \u5404\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u771f\u507d\u5024\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3002(B) \u306f\u672c\u6587\u306e primarily because its metabolic stability was prematurely compromised by liver enzymes<\/code> (\u809d\u9175\u7d20\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4ee3\u8b1d\u5b89\u5b9a\u6027\u304c\u904e\u65e9\u306b\u640d\u306a\u308f\u308c\u305f\u305f\u3081)\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4e00\u81f4(P \u2261 Q)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u554f1: (A)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u554f2: (C)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u554f3: (B)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u554f1: \u7406\u7531\u7bc0\u5185\u306e its<\/code> \u304c\u5358\u6570\u6240\u6709\u683c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3082\u5358\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u524d\u6587\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e the primary compound<\/code> (\u5358\u6570) \u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306f it<\/code> (A) \u304c\u552f\u4e00\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u554f2: \u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8( 2 )\u306e they<\/code> \u306f\u8907\u6570\u4e3b\u683c\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3067\u8a00\u53ca\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5 two distinct synthetic peptide compounds<\/code> (C) \u3092\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u554f3: (B) \u306f\u672c\u6587\u306e\u300c\u809d\u9175\u7d20\u306b\u3088\u308a\u4ee3\u8b1d\u5b89\u5b9a\u6027\u304c\u640d\u306a\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3067\u751f\u4f53\u5185\u3067\u52b9\u529b\u3092\u5931\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u554f1: (B) they<\/code> \u304a\u3088\u3073 (D) these<\/code> \u306f\u8907\u6570\u5f62\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e its<\/code> (\u5358\u6570\u6240\u6709\u683c) \u3068\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u3002(C) the latter<\/code>\u306f\u300c\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u5316\u5408\u7269\u300d\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306e\u300c\u5f8c\u8005\u300d\u3092\u6307\u3059\u304c\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\u3067\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u305f\u306e\u306f\u300c\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u5316\u5408\u7269(the primary compound)\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u554f2: (A) The clinical research team<\/code> \u306f\u4eba\u9593\u3067\u3042\u308a\u6297\u30a6\u30a4\u30eb\u30b9\u85ac\u8010\u6027\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002(B) Host cells<\/code> \u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u85ac\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u3078\u306e\u8010\u6027\u7372\u5f97\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3002(D) Existing antiviral medications<\/code> \u306f\u8010\u6027\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5074\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u554f3: (A) \u306f\u300c\u521d\u671f\u8a66\u9a13\u3067\u52b9\u529b\u304c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u304a\u308a\u672c\u6587\u306e\u300c\u521d\u671f\u8a66\u9a13\u3067\u306f\u8457\u3057\u3044\u52b9\u529b\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3002(C) \u306f\u7814\u7a76\u653e\u68c4\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u672c\u6587\u3067\u672a\u8a00\u53ca(\u7121\u8a00\u30fb\u672a\u8a00\u53ca)\u3002(D) \u306f\u4f4e\u7528\u91cf\u3067\u52b9\u529b\u304c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u672c\u6587\u3068\u771f\u53cd\u5bfe(\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u3010\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u3053\u306e\u89e3\u6cd5\u304c\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u6761\u4ef6: \u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u304c\u8907\u6570\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u8907\u6587\u30fb\u9577\u6587\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u985e\u984c: \u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66 \u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8 \u82f1\u8a9e(\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u7279\u5b9a)\u3001\u6176\u61c9\u7fa9\u587e\u5927\u5b66 \u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u90e8 \u82f1\u8a9e(\u6587\u8108\u7167\u5fdc\u554f\u984c)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u3010\u53c2\u7167\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            [\u57fa\u76e4 M16-\u610f\u5473], [\u57fa\u790e M16-\u610f\u5473], [\u500b\u5225 M03-\u539f\u7406]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u2514 \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb2\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u5c5e\u6027(\u683c\u30fb\u6570\u30fb\u6027)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5019\u88dc\u6392\u9664\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6240\u6709\u683c\u3068\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u691c\u8a3c\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u7b2c\uff12\u554f \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                            \u3010\u6226\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u51fa\u984c\u610f\u56f3:\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u591a\u91cd\u7701\u7565\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u89e3\u4f53\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u3068\u7701\u7565\u5fa9\u5143\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6:\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2606\u767a\u5c55(\u96e3\u95a2\u56fd\u516c\u7acb\u30fb\u65e9\u6176\u6a19\u6e96\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593:10\u5206(\u554f1:3\u5206 \/ \u554f2:3\u5206 \/ \u554f3:4\u5206)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u3010\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a:\u4f01\u696d\u306e\u5404\u7814\u7a76\u90e8\u9580\u306b\u3088\u308b\u65b0\u898f\u30c1\u30bf\u30f3\u5408\u91d1\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u63cf\u3044\u305f\u6280\u8853\u8ad6\u8aac\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3002\u591a\u91cd\u7701\u7565\u3068\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u5834\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb1:\u521d\u52d5\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u2192 \u7b2c1\u6587\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u4e3b\u7bc0: The primary research division<\/code> (\u4e3b\u8a9e1) + analyzed<\/code> (\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e) + the complex structural properties...<\/code> (\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u5f8c: the secondary laboratory<\/code> (\u4e3b\u8a9e2) + ( 1 ) + its thermal resistance...<\/code> (\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            and\u5f8c: and the quality control team<\/code> (\u4e3b\u8a9e3) + ( 2 ) + its long-term durability...<\/code> (\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb2:\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \u5224\u65ad\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc(\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593:60\u79d2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \n
                            1. \u7b2c1\u6587\u306f3\u3064\u306e\u7bc0\u304c\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a(\u30ab\u30f3\u30de\u304a\u3088\u3073 and)\u3067\u4e26\u5217\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            2. \u7b2c1\u7bc0\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u306e\u00a0analyzed<\/code>\u00a0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            3. \u7b2c2\u7bc0\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7b2c3\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306f\u660e\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u304c\u7a7a\u6b04( 1 )\u304a\u3088\u3073( 2 )\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            4. \u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7701\u7565\u306e\u898f\u5247\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u7b2c1\u7bc0\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u00a0analyzed<\/code>\u00a0\u304c\u7b2c2\u7bc0\u30fb\u7b2c3\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                              \u5224\u65ad\u624b\u9806\u30ed\u30b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u7b2c1\u7bc0: S1 (primary division<\/code>) + V1 (analyzed<\/code>) + O1 (properties<\/code>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u7b2c2\u7bc0: S2 (secondary laboratory<\/code>) + [V1: analyzed<\/code>] + O2 (thermal resistance<\/code>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u7b2c3\u7bc0: S3 (quality control team<\/code>) + [V1: analyzed<\/code>] + O3 (durability<\/code>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u7d50\u8ad6: \u7a7a\u6b04( 1 )\u304a\u3088\u3073( 2 )\u306b\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e analyzed<\/code> (B) \u304c\u5165\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb3:\u89e3\u7b54\u69cb\u7bc9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u2192 \u554f1: analyzed<\/code> (B) \u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u2192 \u554f2: \u7b2c2\u6587\u5192\u982d\u306e\u7a7a\u6b04( 3 )\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3002\u524d\u6587\u3067\u300c3\u3064\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u90e8\u9580\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5206\u6790\u4f5c\u696d\u300d\u304c\u5217\u6319\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u7b2c2\u6587\u3067\u300c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6280\u8853\u90e8\u9580(advanced engineering department)\u300d\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8ffd\u52a0\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u6d3b\u52d5\u304c\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u30fb\u6839\u62e0\u306e\u8ffd\u52a0\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001Furthermore<\/code> (B) \u3092\u9078\u629e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u2192 \u554f3: \u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8( 4 )\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u4e3b\u6587: spent far more time [evaluating the material's aerodynamic efficiency...]<\/code> (A: \u52b9\u7387\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u306b\u8cbb\u3084\u3057\u305f\u6642\u9593)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u6bd4\u8f03\u8a18\u53f7: than<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8( 4 ): ( 4 ) testing its stress tolerance...<\/code> (B: \u885d\u6483\u8010\u6027\u306e\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u8cbb\u3084\u3057\u305f\u6642\u9593)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u7701\u7565\u5fa9\u5143: than [the department spent time] testing...<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u5bfe\u6bd4\u30da\u30a2: \u300c\u52b9\u7387\u8a55\u4fa1\u306b\u8cbb\u3084\u3057\u305f\u6642\u9593(A)\u300d vs \u300c\u885d\u6483\u8010\u6027\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u8cbb\u3084\u3057\u305f\u6642\u9593(B)\u300d\u3002A > B \u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001(A) \u300c\u885d\u6483\u8010\u6027\u306e\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3088\u308a\u3082\u7a7a\u6c17\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u52b9\u7387\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u306b\u3088\u308a\u591a\u304f\u306e\u6642\u9593\u3092\u8cbb\u3084\u3057\u305f\u300d\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u554f1: (B)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u554f2: (B)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u554f3: (A)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u554f1: \u7b2c1\u6587\u306f3\u3064\u306e\u7bc0\u304c\u4e26\u5217\u3055\u308c\u305f\u69cb\u9020\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7b2c1\u7bc0\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u52d5\u8a5e analyzed<\/code> \u304c\u7b2c2\u7bc0\u30fb\u7b2c3\u7bc0\u3067\u91cd\u8907\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u305f\u3081\u540c\u5f62\u53cd\u5fa9\u306b\u3088\u308a\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u88dc\u3046\u3079\u304d\u5f62\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u306e analyzed<\/code> (B) \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u554f2: \u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c3\u3064\u306e\u90e8\u9580\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5206\u6790\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b2c2\u6587\u306f\u300c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6280\u8853\u90e8\u9580\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8ffd\u52a0\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u300d\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u4e26\u5217\u30fb\u8ffd\u52a0\u3092\u5c0e\u304f Furthermore<\/code> (B) \u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u554f3: spent more time V1-ing than V2-ing<\/code> \u306e\u69cb\u6587\u3002\u300cV2\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3088\u308a\u3082V1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u591a\u304f\u306e\u6642\u9593\u3092\u8cbb\u3084\u3059\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u5bfe\u8c61\u304c\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5(evaluating vs testing)\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5e73\u884c\u306b\u4fdd\u305f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b(A)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u554f1: (A) analyzing<\/code> \u306f\u5206\u8a5e\u53e5\u3068\u306a\u308a\u7bc0\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306b\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002(C) has analyzed<\/code> \u306f\u5b8c\u4e86\u5f62\u3067\u3042\u308a\u524d\u7bc0\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u3068\u6642\u5236\u304c\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002(D) to analyze<\/code> \u306f\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u7bc0\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u554f2: (A) In contrast<\/code> \u304a\u3088\u3073 (C) On the contrary<\/code> \u306f\u524d\u6587\u3068\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u672c\u8108\u306f\u8ffd\u52a0\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u5217\u6319\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u4e0d\u9069\u3002(D) In short<\/code> \u306f\u8981\u7d04\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\u304c\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u8ffd\u52a0\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u4e0d\u9069\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u554f3: (B) \u306f\u5bfe\u6bd4\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u300c\u4ed6\u306e\u90e8\u9580\u300d\u3068\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b(\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048)\u3002(C) \u306f\u6642\u9593\u306e\u524d\u5f8c\u95a2\u4fc2(after)\u3078\u3068\u56e0\u679c\u3092\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002(D) \u306f\u6bd4\u8f03\u8ef8\u3092\u300c\u6642\u9593(time)\u300d\u304b\u3089\u300c\u8cbb\u7528(cost)\u300d\u3078\u3068\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u3010\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u3053\u306e\u89e3\u6cd5\u304c\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u6761\u4ef6: \u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3084\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u96e3\u89e3\u6587\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u985e\u984c: \u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66 \u82f1\u8a9e \u7b2c1\u554f(B) (\u69cb\u6587\u88dc\u5b8c\u30fb\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8\u548c\u8a33)\u3001\u4eac\u90fd\u5927\u5b66 \u82f1\u8a9e \u7b2c2\u554f (\u6bd4\u8f03\u30fb\u4e26\u5217\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u89e3\u8aad)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u3010\u53c2\u7167\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              [\u57fa\u76e4 M01-\u7d71\u8a9e], [\u57fa\u790e M17-\u7d71\u8a9e], [\u500b\u5225 M03-\u539f\u7406]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u2514 \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb2\u306e\u5f8c\u65b9\u6587\u6cd5\u8981\u7d20\u304b\u3089\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u9006\u7b97\u6cd5\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u7b2c\uff13\u554f \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                              \u3010\u6226\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u51fa\u984c\u610f\u56f3:\u5012\u7f6e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u542b\u3080\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8907\u6587\u306e\u89e3\u4f53\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u8ee2\u63db(U\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3)\u306e\u691c\u77e5\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u3010\u539f\u7406\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3011\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u547d\u984c\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u628a\u63e1\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6:\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u96e3\u95a2\u4e0a\u4f4d(\u65e7\u5e1d\u5927\u30fb\u65e9\u6176\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593:10\u5206(\u554f1:2\u5206 \/ \u554f2:4\u5206 \/ \u554f3:4\u5206)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u3010\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a:\u53f8\u6cd5\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u610f\u601d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u5c0e\u5165\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3002\u8b72\u6b69\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u5012\u7f6e\u3001\u88ab\u5f37\u8abf\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u5834\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb1:\u521d\u52d5\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u2192 \u7b2c1\u6587\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5206\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u8b72\u6b69\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc: Admittedly<\/code> (\u78ba\u304b\u306b\u301c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u4e3b\u8a9e: the rapidly expanding implementation of automated algorithmic tools...<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u633f\u5165\u7bc0: \u2014 which many legal scholars... initially celebrated as an objective remedy... \u2014<\/code> (\u30de\u30b9\u30af\u51e6\u7406)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u8ff0\u8a9e: is not entirely without severe ethical risks<\/code> (- \u00d7 – = +: \u91cd\u7be4\u306a\u502b\u7406\u7684\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u3092\u4f34\u3046)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb2:\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \u5224\u65ad\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc(\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593:90\u79d2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \n
                              1. \u7b2c1\u6587\u306f\u300c\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u5c0e\u5165\u306b\u306f\u502b\u7406\u7684\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u524d\u632f\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              2. \u7b2c2\u6587\u6587\u982d\u306e\u7a7a\u6b04( 1 )\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              3. \u7b2c2\u6587:\u00a0rarely have automated risk-assessment models... demonstrated the unbiased neutrality...<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              4. \u3053\u308c\u306f\u6587\u982d\u306b\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u00a0rarely<\/code>\u00a0\u304c\u8868\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308b\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u5012\u7f6e\u69cb\u6587\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              5. \u610f\u5473: \u300c\u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u8a55\u4fa1\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u304c\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3081\u3063\u305f\u306b\u306a\u3044\uff08\uff1d\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff09\u300d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              6. \u7b2c1\u6587\u306e\u524d\u632f\u308a(\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u3042\u308b)\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7b2c2\u6587\u3067\u300c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u3067\u306a\u304f\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3092\u56fa\u5b9a\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u3044\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u5b9f\u614b\u3078\u3068\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              7. \u7a7a\u6b04( 1 )\u306b\u306f\u9006\u8aac\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u00a0However<\/code>\u00a0(B) \u304c\u5165\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                \u5224\u65ad\u624b\u9806\u30ed\u30b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u7b2c1\u6587: \u8b72\u6b69 (\u78ba\u304b\u306b\u502b\u7406\u7684\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u3042\u308b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u7a7a\u6b04( 1 ): \u9006\u8aac\u8a18\u53f7 (\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u7b2c2\u6587: \u5426\u5b9a\u5012\u7f6e (\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3081\u3063\u305f\u306b\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3092\u56fa\u5b9a\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u7d50\u8ad6: However<\/code> (B) \u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb3:\u89e3\u7b54\u69cb\u7bc9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u2192 \u554f1: However<\/code> (B) \u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u2192 \u554f2: \u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8\u548c\u8a33\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u5012\u7f6e\u89e3\u4f53: Automated risk-assessment models have rarely demonstrated the unbiased neutrality [that their commercial developers claimed they possessed] when evaluated across diverse socio-economic demographics.<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u633f\u5165\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0: when evaluated across diverse socio-economic demographics<\/code> (\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u5c64\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u8a55\u4fa1\u3055\u308c\u305f\u969b)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0: that their commercial developers claimed they possessed<\/code> (\u5546\u696d\u7684\u958b\u767a\u8005\u305f\u3061\u304c\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f[\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027])<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u5426\u5b9a\u5012\u7f6e: rarely... demonstrated<\/code> (\u3081\u3063\u305f\u306b\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u8a33\u51fa\u69cb\u6210: \u300c\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u5c64\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u8a55\u4fa1\u3055\u308c\u305f\u969b\u3001\u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u8a55\u4fa1\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5546\u696d\u7684\u958b\u767a\u8005\u305f\u3061\u304c\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u504f\u308a\u306e\u306a\u3044\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3081\u3063\u305f\u306b\u306a\u304f\u300d\u3068\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u53cd\u6620\u3055\u305b\u3066\u8a33\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u2192 \u554f3: \u672c\u6587\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35(\u8ad6\u65e8)\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002(C) \u300c\u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u8a55\u4fa1\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4fee\u5fa9\u7b56\u3068\u3057\u3066\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3092\u56fa\u5b9a\u5316\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u304c\u7b2c2\u6587\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6 instead, they have frequently served to perpetuate existing structural inequalities<\/code> \u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4(P \u2261 Q)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u554f1: (B)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u554f2: \u591a\u69d8\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u5c64\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u8a55\u4fa1\u3055\u308c\u305f\u969b\u3001\u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u8a55\u4fa1\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5546\u696d\u7684\u958b\u767a\u8005\u305f\u3061\u304c\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u504f\u308a\u306e\u306a\u3044\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3081\u3063\u305f\u306b\u306a\u304f\u3001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u554f3: (C)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u554f1: \u7b2c1\u6587\u306e\u8b72\u6b69(\u524d\u632f\u308a)\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3001\u7b2c2\u6587\u3067\u5426\u5b9a\u5012\u7f6e\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u300c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u771f\u306e\u6279\u5224\u7684\u5b9f\u614b\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u9006\u8aac\u306e However<\/code> (B) \u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u554f2: \u6587\u982d\u306e rarely<\/code> \u306b\u3088\u308b\u5426\u5b9a\u5012\u7f6e\u69cb\u9020(rarely + have + S + V)\u3092\u6b63\u683c\u8a9e\u9806\u306b\u623b\u3057\u3001\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6761\u4ef6\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0(when evaluated…)\u304a\u3088\u3073\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7bc0(that their developers claimed…)\u306e\u4fee\u98fe\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u3057\u3066\u518d\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u554f3: \u7b2c2\u6587\u306e\u672b\u5c3e instead, they have frequently served to perpetuate existing structural inequalities<\/code> (\u4ee3\u308f\u308a\u306b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u983b\u7e41\u306b\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3092\u56fa\u5b9a\u5316\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f)\u304c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u7acb\u8ad6\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001(C) \u304c\u3053\u308c\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u8981\u7d04\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u554f1: (A) For instance<\/code> \u306f\u4f8b\u793a\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u53cd\u8ee2\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3002(C) Therefore<\/code> \u306f\u9806\u63a5\u56e0\u679c\u3067\u3042\u308a\u4e0d\u9069\u3002(D) That is to say<\/code> \u306f\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u63db\u8a00\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u65b0\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u554f3: (A) \u306f\u672c\u6587\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u671f\u5f85\u3068\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u6df7\u540c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b(\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048)\u3002(B) \u306f\u300c\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u5012\u7f6e\u306e\u672c\u6587\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u53cd\u5bfe(\u9006\u8ee2)\u3002(D) \u306f\u958b\u767a\u8005\u304c\u958b\u767a\u3092\u4e2d\u65ad\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u672c\u6587\u306b\u306a\u3044\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b(\u7121\u8a00\u30fb\u672a\u8a00\u53ca)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u3010\u539f\u7406\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u5b66\u8853\u4f53\u7cfb\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e: \u672c\u6587\u306f\u6cd5\u54f2\u5b66\u8005\u30fb\u6279\u5224\u7684\u6a5f\u68b0\u5b66\u7fd2(Critical ML)\u9818\u57df\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8b70\u8ad6\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300c\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u516c\u6b63\u6027(Algorithmic Fairness)\u300d\u3068\u300c\u30d0\u30a4\u30a2\u30b9\u306e\u5897\u5e45(Bias Amplification)\u300d\u3092\u6271\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u5b9a\u7fa9\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027: \u5224\u6c7a\u3084\u4eee\u91c8\u653e\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u306bAI\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5dee\u5225\u3084\u902e\u6355\u7387\u306e\u504f\u308a\u3092\u53cd\u6620\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u300c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u300d\u3092\u88c5\u3044\u306a\u304c\u3089\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u5dee\u5225\u3092\u6570\u5024\u7684\u306b\u300c\u81ea\u52d5\u518d\u751f\u7523\u30fb\u56fa\u5b9a\u5316(perpetuate)\u300d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u5c0e\u51fa\u3068\u9650\u754c: \u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u5c0e\u5165(A)\u306f\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u504f\u898b\u306e\u6392\u9664\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5165\u529b\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u306b\u3088\u308a\u9650\u754c\u3092\u8fce\u3048\u305f\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u3084\u958b\u767a\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35(A)\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u9069\u7528\u7d50\u679c(B)\u306f\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u306e\u518d\u751f\u7523\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u3010\u53c2\u7167\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                [\u57fa\u76e4 M13-\u7d71\u8a9e], [\u57fa\u790e M18-\u8ac7\u8a71], [\u500b\u5225 M03-\u539f\u7406]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u2514 \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb2\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u5012\u7f6e\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u89e3\u4f53\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u30fb\u9006\u8aac\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8ad6\u7406U\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u691c\u77e5\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u3010\u539f\u7406\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3011\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u8ad6\u65e8\u7279\u5b9a\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u7b2c\uff14\u554f \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

                                \u3010\u6226\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u51fa\u984c\u610f\u56f3:\u8457\u8005\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9(X = Y)\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u3068\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306e\u4e0a\u66f8\u304d\u3001\u8131\u6587\u633f\u5165\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6587\u8108\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86\u306e\u300c\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u60f3\u5b9a\u300d\u304b\u3089\u300c\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f(Fact)\u300d\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6:\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u96e3\u95a2\u4e0a\u4f4d(\u65e7\u5e1d\u5927\u30fb\u65e9\u6176\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593:10\u5206(\u554f1:3\u5206 \/ \u554f2:3\u5206 \/ \u554f3:4\u5206)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u3010\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a:\u6280\u8853\u53f2\u304a\u3088\u3073\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u6280\u8853\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u300d\u306e\u6279\u5224\u7684\u89e3\u6790\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3002\u8457\u8005\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3068\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb1:\u521d\u52d5\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u2192 \u7b2c1\u6587\u306e\u8457\u8005\u56fa\u6709\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316: By \"technological determinism,\" I do not refer to A, but rather to B.<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                Not A: the mere widespread adoption of industrial machinery...<\/code> (\u5358\u306a\u308b\u7523\u696d\u6a5f\u68b0\u306e\u666e\u53ca)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                But B: the implicit societal belief that technological advancement autonomously dictates the fundamental trajectory of human social evolution<\/code> (\u6280\u8853\u7684\u9032\u6b69\u304c\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u9032\u6b69\u306e\u8ecc\u9053\u3092\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb2:\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u5224\u65ad\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc(\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593:90\u79d2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \n
                                1. \u554f1\u306e\u89e3\u7b54\u691c\u8a0e: \u7b46\u8005\u306e\u72ec\u81ea\u5b9a\u7fa9 (B) \u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u63a2\u7d22\u3059\u308b\u3002(B) \u304c\u5bf8\u5206\u305f\u304c\u308f\u305a\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                2. \u554f2\u306e\u8131\u6587\u633f\u5165\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306e\u691c\u8a0e:\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6587:\u00a0In reality, however, early legislative bodies completely yielded their regulatory power to private industrial conglomerates.<\/code>\u00a0(\u3057\u304b\u3057\u73fe\u5b9f\u306b\u306f\u3001\u521d\u671f\u306e\u7acb\u6cd5\u6a5f\u95a2\u306f\u898f\u5236\u6a29\u529b\u3092\u6c11\u9593\u306e\u7523\u696d\u30b3\u30f3\u30b0\u30ed\u30de\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8b72\u6e21\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3002)\u6ce8\u76ee\u70b9:\u00a0In reality, however<\/code>\u00a0(\u3057\u304b\u3057\u73fe\u5b9f\u306b\u306f) \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30fb\u4e8b\u5b9f\u63d0\u793a\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3002\u672c\u6587( 3 )\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d:\u00a0Had policymakers in the early industrial era recognized this subtle ideological shift, they might have established democratic oversight...<\/code>\u00a0(\u3082\u3057\u521d\u671f\u7523\u696d\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u653f\u7b56\u7acb\u6848\u8005\u304c\u3053\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5909\u5316\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u76e3\u8996\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3060\u304c[\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u60f3\u5b9a])\u3002\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u63a5\u7d9a: ( 3 )\u306e\u524d\u306e\u6587\u304c\u300c\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5(\u3082\u3057\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u76e3\u8996\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u306e\u306b)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u305d\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e( 4 )\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u00a0In reality, however<\/code>\u00a0(\u3057\u304b\u3057\u73fe\u5b9f\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6a29\u529b\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8b72\u6e21\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f) \u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u300d\u3092\u7f6e\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3068\u76f4\u8aac\u6cd5\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5bfe\u6bd4\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5b8c\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u5224\u65ad\u624b\u9806\u30ed\u30b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u7b2c3\u6587: \u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86 (\u3082\u3057\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u76e3\u8996\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u306e\u306b[\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f])<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u633f\u5165\u4f4d\u7f6e( 4 ): In reality, however...<\/code> (\u3057\u304b\u3057\u73fe\u5b9f\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u6a5f\u95a2\u306f\u6a29\u529b\u3092\u8b72\u6e21\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f[\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8])<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u7d50\u8ad6: \u633f\u5165\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306f ( 4 ) \u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb3:\u89e3\u7b54\u69cb\u7bc9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u2192 \u554f1: (B) \u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u2192 \u554f2: \u4f4d\u7f6e ( 4 ) \u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u2192 \u554f3: \u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u62bd\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8: Had policymakers... recognized... they might have established...<\/code> (\u3082\u3057\u653f\u7b56\u7acb\u6848\u8005\u304c\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86\u306e\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u53cd\u8ee2\u6cd5\u5247:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  If S had done X, S would have done Y<\/code> \u2192 \u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f S did not do X, so S did not do Y<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u53cd\u8ee2\u7d50\u679c: \u300c\u521d\u671f\u7523\u696d\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u653f\u7b56\u7acb\u6848\u8005\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5909\u5316\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u76e3\u8996\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001(B) \u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u554f1: (B)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u554f2: ( 4 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u554f3: (B)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u554f1: \u7b2c1\u6587\u306e by X, I do not refer to A, but rather to B<\/code> \u306e\u516c\u5f0f\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001but rather<\/code> \u4ee5\u964d\u306e the implicit societal belief that technological advancement autonomously dictates the fundamental trajectory...<\/code> \u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b (B)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u554f2: ( 3 )\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u304c\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u300c\u3082\u3057\u301c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u76e3\u8996\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u306e\u306b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u60f3\u5b9a\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001In reality, however<\/code> (\u3057\u304b\u3057\u73fe\u5b9f\u306b\u306f) \u3067\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u8131\u6587\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u300c\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u300d\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3067\u3042\u308b ( 4 ) \u306b\u5165\u308b\u306e\u304c\u6700\u3082\u7f8e\u3057\u3044\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u554f3: \u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86 Had S v-ed, S might have v-ed<\/code> \u306f\u3001\u300c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f S \u306f v \u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u301c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u3092\u8868\u3059\u3002(B) \u306f\u3053\u306e\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304b\u3089\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8(\u8a8d\u8b58\u305b\u305a\u3001\u78ba\u7acb\u3082\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f)\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u554f1: (A) \u306f\u7b46\u8005\u304c I do not refer to<\/code> \u3067\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u4e00\u822c\u5b9a\u7fa9(\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048)\u3002(C) \u304a\u3088\u3073 (D) \u306f\u672c\u6587\u306e\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b\u7d50\u679c\u3084\u6587\u8108\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u300ctechnological determinism\u300d\u81ea\u4f53\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u554f3: (A) \u306f\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u300d\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b(\u9006\u8ee2)\u3002(C) \u306f\u300c\u5e02\u5834\u539f\u7406\u306e\u5f37\u5316\u306b\u3088\u308a\u64a4\u5ec3\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u672c\u6587\u306e\u300c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3002(D) \u306f\u300c\u6210\u529f\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u672c\u6587\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u3068\u771f\u53cd\u5bfe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u3010\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u3053\u306e\u89e3\u6cd5\u304c\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u6761\u4ef6: \u8457\u8005\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9(Not A but B)\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u69cb\u6587\u304b\u3089\u306e\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8(Fact)\u62bd\u51fa\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u985e\u984c: \u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66 \u82f1\u8a9e \u7b2c1\u554f(A) (\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u5b9a\u7fa9\u89e3\u8aad)\u3001\u6176\u61c9\u7fa9\u587e\u5927\u5b66 \u6587\u5b66\u90e8 \u82f1\u8a9e (\u8457\u8005\u72ec\u81ea\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u6307\u793a\u8ffd\u8de1)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u3010\u53c2\u7167\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  [\u57fa\u76e4 M10-\u7d71\u8a9e], [\u57fa\u790e M10-\u7d71\u8a9e], [\u500b\u5225 M03-\u539f\u7406]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u2514 \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb2\u306e\u8457\u8005\u56fa\u6709\u5b9a\u7fa9(Not A but B)\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u3001\u8131\u6587\u633f\u5165\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86\u304b\u3089\u306e\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u53cd\u8ee2\u62bd\u51fa\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u5b66\u7fd2\u8a55\u4fa1<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
                                  \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u69cb\u6210<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
                                  \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6<\/strong><\/td>\u914d\u70b9<\/strong><\/td>\u5927\u554f<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
                                  \u767a\u5c55<\/td>50\u70b9<\/td>\u7b2c\uff11\u554f\u3001\u7b2c\uff12\u554f<\/td><\/tr>
                                  \u96e3\u95a2<\/td>50\u70b9<\/td>\u7b2c\uff13\u554f\u3001\u7b2c\uff14\u554f<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
                                  \u7d50\u679c\u306e\u6d3b\u7528<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
                                  \u5f97\u70b9<\/strong><\/td>\u5224\u5b9a<\/strong><\/td>\u63a8\u5968\u30a2\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
                                  85\u70b9\u4ee5\u4e0a<\/td>A<\/td>\u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7167\u5fdc\u89e3\u6790\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5b9a\u7740\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u81ea\u4fe1\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u904e\u53bb\u554f\u6f14\u7fd2(P6)\u3078\u79fb\u884c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/td><\/tr>
                                  70 – 84\u70b9<\/td>B<\/td>\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u306a\u7167\u5fdc\u30fb\u7701\u7565\u88dc\u5b8c\u306f\u3067\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u7b2c\uff13\u554f\u30fb\u7b2c\uff14\u554f\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3084\u5426\u5b9a\u5012\u7f6e\u304c\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u96e3\u5ea6\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u5931\u70b9\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u539f\u7406\u5c64\u306e\u8a72\u5f53\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u5fa9\u7fd2\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/td><\/tr>
                                  55 – 69\u70b9<\/td>C<\/td>\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u306e\u7167\u5fdc\u7bc4\u56f2\u3084\u591a\u91cd\u7701\u7565\u306e\u5fa9\u5143\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u76f4\u611f\u7684\u306a\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u983c\u308b\u50be\u5411\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5404\u539f\u7406\u306e\u300c\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u30ed\u30b0\u300d\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u8fd4\u3057\u3001\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306a\u9069\u5408\u691c\u8a3c\u3092\u5fb9\u5e95\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/td><\/tr>
                                  55\u70b9\u672a\u6e80<\/td>D<\/td>\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u624b\u9806\u304a\u3088\u3073\u69cb\u6587\u89e3\u4f53\u306e\u57fa\u790e\u304c\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8a72\u5f53\u8b1b\u7fa9(\u8996\u5ea7\u5c64\u30fb\u539f\u7406\u5c64)\u3092\u6700\u521d\u304b\u3089\u7cbe\u8aad\u3057\u76f4\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u518d\u5ea6\u672c\u6f14\u7fd2\u306b\u6311\u6226\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                  \u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1\u3068\u7b49\u4f4d\u30fb\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7701\u7565\u306e\u5fa9\u5143\u624b\u9806\u3092\u30de\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u3057\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7167\u5fdc\u3084\u8981\u7d04\u6307\u793a\u8a5e\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u6f14\u7b97\u529b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3002\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u9577\u6587\u3084\u904e\u53bb\u554f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306e\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u306e\u7f60\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304d\u3001\u6e80\u70b9\u3092\u72d9\u3046\u89e3\u6cd5\u529b\u3092\u935b\u3048\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"swell_btn_cv_data":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,11,12],"tags":[633,621],"class_list":["post-26471","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-strategy","category-waseda","category-keio","tag-high-tier","tag-optimized"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t