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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u8b58\u5225]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6587\u4f53\u3084\u767a\u8a71\u8868\u73fe\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5fc3\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3084\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u790e\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u5fc3\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u306e\u5206\u96e2\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M23-\u8a9e\u7528]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u3068\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u914d\u7f6e\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M18-\u8a9e\u7528]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u500b\u5225 M01-\u8996\u5ea7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2514 \u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u3001\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u89e3\u91c8\u3078\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u500b\u5225 M04-\u8996\u5ea7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2514 \u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u65e7\u65b0\u914d\u7f6e\u3068\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11. \u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u4e09\u5c64\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u5185\u610f\u306e\u8b58\u5225<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u540c\u6642\u306b\u8907\u6570\u306e\u6b21\u5143\u3067\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306f\u8aad\u89e3\u4e0a\u306e\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u8a00\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3068\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u9054\u6210\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u771f\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u533a\u5225\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\uff08Locutionary act\uff09\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff08Illocutionary force\uff09\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u5f8c\u52b9\u679c\uff08Perlocutionary effect\uff09\u306e\u4e09\u5c64\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u6587\u578b\u3068\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u3089\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u6280\u6cd5\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5165\u8a66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u306e\u5f97\u70b9\u529b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11.\uff11. \u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u30fb\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u30fb\u767a\u8a71\u5f8c\u52b9\u679c\u306e\u4e09\u5c64\u5206\u96e2\u624b\u9806<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u306f\u300c\u767a\u305b\u3089\u308c\u305f\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u53d7\u5bb9\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u8ad6\uff08Speech Act Theory\uff09\u306e\u89b3\u70b9\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u5358\u306a\u308b\u97f3\u58f0\u3084\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u51fa\u529b\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u9042\u884c\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u8005\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\uff08J. L. Austin\uff09\u306e\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u306b\u5f93\u3046\u3068\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u4e09\u3064\u306e\u7570\u306a\u308b\u6b21\u5143\u306b\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u97f3\u97fb\u3001\u8a9e\u5f59\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u898f\u5247\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u610f\u5473\u306e\u3042\u308b\u6587\u3092\u767a\u3059\u308b\u300c\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\uff08locutionary act\uff09\u300d\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u300c\u8cea\u554f\u300d\u300c\u8981\u6c42\u300d\u300c\u7d04\u675f\u300d\u300c\u8b66\u544a\u300d\u306a\u3069\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3084\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u9042\u884c\u3059\u308b\u300c\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff08illocutionary force\uff09\u300d\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306e\u611f\u60c5\u3084\u884c\u52d5\u306b\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u751f\u3058\u308b\u300c\u767a\u8a71\u5f8c\u52b9\u679c\uff08perlocutionary effect\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5165\u8a66\u82f1\u6587\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u53d7\u7fd2\u8005\u304c\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u306e\u307f\u306b\u56fa\u57f7\u3057\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3059\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3068\u306f\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u8aa4\u8aad\u3078\u9665\u308b\u6a5f\u80fd\u4e0d\u5168\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u4e2d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u8868\u73fe\u304b\u3089\u771f\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u69cb\u9020\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u6b21\u5143\uff09\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u56fa\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u6587\u8108\uff08\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\uff09\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u3068\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u8ac7\u8a71\u5c65\u6b74\u3092\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u304c\u767a\u8aad\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u9069\u6574\u6761\u4ef6\uff1afelicity conditions\uff09\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u9069\u6574\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u5408\u81f4\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u305d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u547d\u4ee4\u3001\u63d0\u6848\u3001\u7591\u554f\u3001\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u5358\u306a\u308b\u6587\u8108\u306e\u611f\u89e6\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u305b\u305a\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30fb\u6587\u8108\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u5b9f\u884c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u304c\u4e00\u5bfe\u4e00\u3067\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5883\u754c\u4e8b\u4f8b\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6ce8\u610f\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u7591\u554f\u6587\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u306a\u304c\u3089\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u306f\u5f37\u3044\u62d2\u7d76\u3092\u8868\u3059\u767a\u8a71\u3084\u3001\u5e73\u53d9\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308a\u306a\u304c\u3089\u547d\u4ee4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u3053\u308c\u306b\u8a72\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u304b\u3089\u8907\u6570\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u304c\u8a98\u5c0e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u969b\u306f\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u8108\uff08\u5fdc\u7b54\u767a\u8a71\uff09\u306e\u53cd\u5fdc\u304b\u3089\u9061\u53ca\u7684\u306b\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u8ad6\u7684\u5224\u5b9a\u304c\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u672c\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u4e0a\u4f4d\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u5206\u6790\u3078\u3068\u63a5\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;Could you pass the salt?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\uff08\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\uff09\u306b\u306f\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3092\u554f\u3046\u7591\u554f\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u98df\u5353\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\uff08\u9069\u6574\u6761\u4ef6\uff09\u304b\u3089\u300c\u5869\u3092\u53d6\u3063\u3066\u307b\u3057\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8981\u6c42\uff08\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3001\u805e\u304d\u624b\u304c\u5869\u3092\u624b\u6e21\u3059\u884c\u52d5\uff08\u767a\u8a71\u5f8c\u52b9\u679c\uff09\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;It is freezing in this room.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u5ba4\u6e29\u306e\u63cf\u5199\uff08\u8a00\u660e\uff09\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u7a93\u3092\u9589\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3084\u6696\u623f\u3092\u5165\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u8981\u6c42\uff08\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;Why don&#8217;t you mind your own business?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u300c\u306a\u305c\u306a\u3089\u301c\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3060\u300d\u3068\u7406\u7531\u3092\u89e3\u8aac\u3057\u59cb\u3081\u308b\u89e3\u91c8\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u8a33\u7684\u306a\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u7591\u554f\uff09\u306b\u56da\u308f\u308c\u305f\u8aa4\u8aad\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u4ed6\u8005\u306e\u4ecb\u5165\u3092\u62d2\u7d76\u3057\u975e\u96e3\u3059\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff08\u975e\u96e3\u30fb\u62d2\u7d76\uff09\u3092\u6301\u3064\u306e\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7406\u7531\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u5f15\u304d\u4e0b\u304c\u308b\u614b\u5ea6\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;I would be delighted if you came to my party.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5168\u4f53\u3068\u3057\u3066\u805e\u304d\u624b\u3092\u30d1\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u3078\u62db\u5f85\u3059\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff08\u62db\u5f85\uff09\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u4e09\u5c64\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u6587\u578b\u306b\u60d1\u308f\u3055\u308c\u305a\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11.\uff12. \u8868\u5c64\u7684\u6587\u578b\u3068\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u691c\u51fa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u7591\u554f\u6587\u306f\u300c\u8cea\u554f\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7948\u9858\u6587\u3084\u547d\u4ee4\u6587\u306f\u300c\u8981\u6c42\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3001\u6587\u578b\u3068\u767a\u8a71\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u304c\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u8a00\u8aac\u7a7a\u9593\u3084\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u5165\u8a66\u554f\u984c\u306b\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u6587\u7ae0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u6587\u578b\u3068\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306f\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u5927\u304d\u304f\u89e3\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5e73\u53d9\u6587\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u306a\u304c\u3089\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u6307\u793a\u3084\u7981\u6b62\u3092\u8868\u3059\u5834\u5408\u3084\u3001\u7591\u554f\u6587\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u306a\u304c\u3089\u4e3b\u5f35\u3084\u611f\u5606\u3092\u8868\u3059\u53cd\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u306a\u3069\u304c\u305d\u306e\u5178\u578b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u6587\u578b\u3068\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u306a\u3044\u8aad\u89e3\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u3084\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3055\u305b\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5de7\u5999\u306a\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u6392\u9664\u3084\u3001\u548c\u8a33\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6587\u8108\u306b\u4e0d\u305d\u3050\u308f\u306a\u3044\u76f4\u8a33\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6587\u578b\u3068\u6587\u8108\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u3092\u5951\u6a5f\u3068\u3059\u308b\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u306e\u8868\u5c64\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08\u7591\u554f\u6587\u30fb\u5e73\u53d9\u6587\u30fb\u611f\u5606\u6587\u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u539f\u5247\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4fdd\u6301\u3059\u308b\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u306a\u767a\u8a71\u6a5f\u80fd\uff08\u8cea\u554f\u30fb\u5831\u544a\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u4eee\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u304c\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u304b\u5426\u304b\u3092\u3001\u5148\u884c\u30fb\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3068\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6574\u5408\u6027\u304b\u3089\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3082\u3057\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u307e\u307e\u3067\u306f\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u7d99\u7d9a\u3084\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u306b\u7834\u7dbb\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u3068\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u3092\u89e3\u6d88\u3057\u5f97\u308b\u975e\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u306a\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff08\u53cd\u8a9e\u3001\u76ae\u8089\u3001\u63d0\u6848\u3001\u62d2\u7d76\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u3001\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u3089\u9006\u7b97\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f62\u5f0f\u3068\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u89e3\u96e2\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u6587\u578b\u304c\u81ea\u7531\u306b\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u6a5f\u80fd\u306b\u3082\u5909\u63db\u3067\u304d\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5236\u7d04\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u3067\u5171\u6709\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u7591\u554f\u6587\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4f9d\u983c\uff09\u3084\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u751f\u3058\u308b\u5373\u8208\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u304c\u95a2\u4e0e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u7686\u7121\u306e\u5358\u4e00\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u306e\u691c\u51fa\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5e38\u306b\u6587\u8108\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5236\u7d04\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u6b63\u5f53\u306a\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u57fa\u76e4\u3068\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u88dc\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u4e8c\u6bb5\u968e\u306e\u63a8\u8ad6\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;Is that your excuse?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u306a\u8cea\u554f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u5bb9\u3059\u308b\u3068\u7406\u7531\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u3092\u8a66\u307f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304c\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u8a00\u3044\u8a33\u306e\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3055\u3092\u8a70\u554f\u3057\u300c\u305d\u308c\u306f\u8a00\u3044\u8a33\u306b\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff08\u975e\u96e3\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;You are standing on my foot.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e73\u53d9\u6587\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u5831\u544a\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u8db3\u3092\u3069\u3051\u3066\u304f\u308c\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5373\u6642\u7684\u306a\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u4fc3\u3059\u8981\u6c42\uff08\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;Who cares about that trivial detail?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u7591\u554f\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8ab0\u304c\u6c17\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u4eba\u7269\u3092\u63a2\u7d22\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u91c8\u306f\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u8ab0\u3082\u6c17\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5168\u79f0\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff08\u5f37\u3044\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u4e3b\u5f35\uff09\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;I suppose you think that was clever.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u63a8\u6e2c\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u884c\u3063\u305f\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u611a\u304b\u3055\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u8511\u3080\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff08\u6279\u5224\u30fb\u76ae\u8089\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u6587\u578b\u3068\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u6df1\u5c64\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff12. \u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u3068\u767a\u8a71\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u5206\u985e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u306b\u5206\u985e\u3059\u308b\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u767a\u8a71\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4e16\u754c\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30b5\u30fc\u30eb\uff08J. R. Searle\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u306e5\u5206\u985e\uff08\u8a00\u660e\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u30fb\u7d04\u675f\u30fb\u5ba3\u8a00\u30fb\u8868\u73fe\uff09\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u5236\u7d04\u4e0b\u3067\u5404\u767a\u8a71\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u512a\u5148\u9806\u4f4d\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff12.\uff11. \u8a00\u660e\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u30fb\u7d04\u675f\u30fb\u5ba3\u8a00\u30fb\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u6a5f\u80fd\u5206\u985e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\u306f\u300c\u80af\u5b9a\u6587\u304b\u5426\u5b9a\u6587\u304b\u300d\u300c\u7591\u554f\u6587\u304b\u547d\u4ee4\u6587\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u6587\u578b\u306e\u307f\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5206\u985e\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u5206\u985e\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8449\u3068\u4e16\u754c\u3068\u306e\u9069\u5408\u65b9\u5411\uff08direction of fit\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u884c\u308f\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u8005\u30b5\u30fc\u30eb\u306f\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u3092\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u4e94\u3064\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u306b\u5206\u985e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u4e8b\u614b\u306e\u771f\u507d\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3001\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u4e16\u754c\u306b\u5408\u308f\u305b\u308b\u300c\u8a00\u660e\uff08Assertives\uff1a\u4e3b\u5f35\u3001\u5831\u544a\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6\uff09\u300d\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306b\u4f55\u304b\u3092\u884c\u308f\u305b\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u8a00\u8449\u306b\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u300c\u6307\u793a\uff08Directives\uff1a\u547d\u4ee4\u3001\u4f9d\u983c\u3001\u8cea\u554f\uff09\u300d\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\u304c\u5c06\u6765\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u7e1b\u308a\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u3092\u8a00\u8449\u306b\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u300c\u7d04\u675f\uff08Commissives\uff1a\u7d04\u675f\u3001\u8a93\u3044\u3001\u8105\u8feb\uff09\u300d\u3001\u7b2c\u56db\u306b\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u73fe\u5b9f\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u5275\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u300c\u5ba3\u8a00\uff08Declarations\uff1a\u547d\u540d\u3001\u8f9e\u4efb\u3001\u5ba3\u8a00\uff09\u300d\u3001\u7b2c\u4e94\u306b\u3001\u4e8b\u614b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u8868\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u300c\u8868\u73fe\uff08Expressives\uff1a\u611f\u8b1d\u3001\u795d\u8f9e\u3001\u8b1d\u7f6a\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u5206\u985e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u3069\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u306b\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u300c\u9069\u5408\u65b9\u5411\u300d\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u63cf\u5199\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff08\u8a00\u8449\u2192\u4e16\u754c\uff09\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u672a\u5b9f\u73fe\u306e\u4e8b\u614b\u3092\u51fa\u73fe\u3055\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u2192\u8a00\u8449\uff09\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u300c\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u72b6\u614b\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8cac\u4efb\u306e\u6240\u5728\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u547d\u984c\u306e\u771f\u5b9f\u6027\u3092\u4fe1\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff08\u8a00\u660e\uff09\u3001\u4e8b\u614b\u306e\u5b9f\u73fe\u3092\u671b\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff08\u6307\u793a\uff09\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u8868\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff08\u7d04\u675f\uff09\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u304b\u3089\u4e94\u3064\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304b\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u7684\u5c55\u958b\uff08\u5fdc\u7b54\u306e\u578b\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6ce8\u610f\u3059\u3079\u304d\u70b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u8907\u6570\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u5883\u754c\u4e0a\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u8907\u5408\u7684\u306a\u5834\u5408\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001&#8221;I promise to fire you if you do that again.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306b\u306f\u300c\u7d04\u675f\u300d\u306e\u69cb\u6587\uff08&#8221;I promise&#8221;\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5bb3\u60aa\u306e\u4e88\u544a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u767a\u8a71\u6a5f\u80fd\u306f\u300c\u6307\u793a\u30fb\u8b66\u544a\uff08\u8105\u8feb\uff09\u300d\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u91cd\u5c64\u6027\u3092\u6271\u3046\u969b\u306f\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u306e\u8a9e\u6cd5\uff08&#8221;promise&#8221;\uff09\u3088\u308a\u3082\u9069\u5408\u65b9\u5411\u3068\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u512a\u5148\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u9805\u76ee\u306e\u6697\u8a18\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u5bfe\u8a71\u69cb\u9020\u3084\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u5206\u985e\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u57fa\u76e4\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;The global temperature has risen by 1.1 degrees Celsius.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u4e8b\u524d\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u8449\u2192\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u9069\u5408\u65b9\u5411\u3092\u6301\u3064\u305f\u3081\u3001\u300c\u8a00\u660e\uff08Assertives\uff09\u300d\u306b\u5206\u985e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;Candidates must submit their application forms by Friday.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u53d7\u9a13\u8005\u306e\u5c06\u6765\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u898f\u5236\u3057\u3001\u8a00\u8449\u306b\u4e16\u754c\u3092\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u3092\u89e3\u6d88\u3059\u308b\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u6301\u3064\u305f\u3081\u3001\u300c\u6307\u793a\uff08Directives\uff09\u300d\u306b\u5206\u985e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;I will never reveal your secret to anyone.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u5c06\u6765\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u81ea\u7e1b\u7684\u306b\u62d8\u675f\u3059\u308b\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u6301\u3064\u305f\u3081\u3001\u300c\u7d04\u675f\uff08Commissives\uff09\u300d\u306b\u5206\u985e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;We find the defendant not guilty.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u88c1\u5224\u9577\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u660e\u3084\u6307\u793a\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u3055\u308c\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u306b\u88ab\u544a\u306e\u6cd5\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u300c\u7121\u7f6a\u300d\u3078\u3068\u5909\u66f4\u3059\u308b\u300c\u5ba3\u8a00\uff08Declarations\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u4e94\u5927\u5206\u985e\u3092\u6b66\u5668\u306b\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u5404\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff12.\uff12. \u6587\u8108\u5236\u7d04\u4e0b\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u529b\u306e\u512a\u5148\u9806\u4f4d\u78ba\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u306f\u56fa\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306e\u610f\u5473\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u306b\u8907\u6570\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u63d0\u6848\u3001\u6307\u793a\u3001\u96d1\u8ac7\u3001\u76ae\u8089\uff09\u3092\u5e2f\u3073\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u304c\u52a0\u308f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u521d\u3081\u3066\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u529b\u304c\u512a\u5148\u7684\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8ac7\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u3084\u6587\u578b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u610f\u5473\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6587\u8108\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3069\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3059\u3079\u304d\u304b\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6587\u8108\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u4e0b\u3067\u767a\u8a71\u529b\u306e\u512a\u5148\u9806\u4f4d\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u307f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u8a9e\u5f59\u30fb\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u5f97\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306e\u5019\u88dc\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u8cea\u554f\uff0f\u547d\u4ee4\uff0f\u96d1\u8ac7\uff09\u3092\u5217\u6319\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\uff08\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\uff09\u304c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u7591\u554f\u3084\u8ab2\u984c\uff08Adjacency Pair\u306e\u671f\u5f85\uff09\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u9593\u306e\u6a29\u529b\u95a2\u4fc2\u3001\u7dca\u6025\u6027\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5171\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u80cc\u666f\u6587\u8108\uff09\u3092\u7167\u3089\u3057\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3001\u6700\u3082\u9069\u6574\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u3092\u7b2c\u4e00\u512a\u5148\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u5019\u88dc\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6587\u8108\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u3088\u308b\u512a\u5148\u9806\u4f4d\u78ba\u5b9a\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u66d6\u6627\u307e\u305f\u306f\u591a\u7fa9\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u529b\u3082\u591a\u7fa9\u7684\u306a\u307e\u307e\u4fdd\u7559\u3055\u308c\u3056\u308b\u3092\u5f97\u306a\u3044\u70b9\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u6587\u8108\u306e\u66d6\u6627\u3055\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u767a\u8a71\u529b\u3092\u307c\u304b\u3059\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3084\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u512a\u5148\u9806\u4f4d\u306e\u5358\u4e00\u78ba\u5b9a\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u4f75\u5b58\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u500b\u5225\u306e\u6587\u306e\u5206\u6790\u304b\u3089\u6587\u8108\u76f8\u4e92\u306e\u4f9d\u5b58\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u89e3\u660e\u3078\u3068\u63a8\u8ad6\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: \u6559\u6388\u304c\u5b66\u751f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066 &#8220;Do you have the time?&#8221; \u3068\u5c0b\u306d\u308b\u5834\u9762\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6642\u9593\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3092\u554f\u3046\u8cea\u554f\u3088\u308a\u3082\u3001\u300c\u4f55\u6642\u304b\u6559\u3048\u3066\u307b\u3057\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6642\u523b\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u306e\u8981\u6c42\uff08\u6307\u793a\uff09\u304c\u7b2c\u4e00\u512a\u5148\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u529b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u5371\u967a\u306a\u4f5c\u696d\u4e2d\u306b\u4f5c\u696d\u54e1\u304c &#8220;Watch out!&#8221; \u3068\u53eb\u3076\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u89b3\u5bdf\u306e\u52e7\u3081\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u56de\u907f\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u3068\u3089\u305b\u308b\u300c\u7dca\u6025\u306e\u6307\u793a\u30fb\u8b66\u544a\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6700\u512a\u5148\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u5931\u6557\u3092\u3057\u305f\u90e8\u4e0b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u4e0a\u53f8\u304c &#8220;Great job!&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u5834\u9762\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u300c\u79f0\u8cdb\uff08\u8868\u73fe\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u6587\u8108\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u5931\u6557\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u76ae\u8089\u30fb\u975e\u96e3\uff08\u8a00\u660e\u30fb\u8868\u73fe\uff09\u300d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u304c\u6700\u512a\u5148\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;Do you know where my keys are?&#8221; \u306b\u5bfe\u3057 &#8220;They are on the kitchen table.&#8221; \u3068\u7b54\u3048\u308b\u5bfe\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u524d\u8005\u306f\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u6709\u7121\u306e\u78ba\u8a8d\uff08\u8cea\u554f\uff09\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u9375\u306e\u6240\u5728\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u6307\u793a\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5f8c\u8005\u306f\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u308b\u89e3\u91c8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6574\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u3089\u8907\u6570\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u529b\u5019\u88dc\u306e\u512a\u5148\u9806\u4f4d\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3057\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u8df5\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff13. \u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u3068\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u304c\u6587\u578b\u3068\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u3068\u3001\u6587\u578b\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u767a\u63ee\u3059\u308b\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u306f\u8aad\u89e3\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u306a\u305c\u4eba\u9593\u306f\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u3044\u56de\u3057\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u7406\u8ad6\uff08Politeness Theory\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u767a\u8a71\u52b9\u679c\u306e\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u751f\u6210\u6a5f\u5e8f\u3092\u89e3\u8aac\u3057\u3001\u5b9a\u578b\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9593\u63a5\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u624b\u9806\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff13.\uff11. \u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8868\u793a\u3068\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u4e56\u96e2\u5206\u6790<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u300c\u8a00\u3044\u305f\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306f\u76f4\u63a5\u8a00\u3048\u3070\u3088\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3001\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u5358\u306a\u308b\u56de\u308a\u304f\u3069\u3044\u88c5\u98fe\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4eba\u306f\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306e\u300c\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\uff08Face\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4f53\u9762\u3084\u81ea\u5df1\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306e\u6b32\u6c42\uff09\u300d\u3092\u4fdd\u8b77\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u767a\u8a71\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u4e56\u96e2\u3055\u305b\u308b\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\uff08Indirect Speech Act\uff09\u3092\u983b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u8005\u30d6\u30e9\u30a6\u30f3\u3068\u30ec\u30f4\u30a3\u30f3\u30bd\u30f3\uff08P. Brown &amp; S. C. Levinson\uff09\u306e\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u4ed6\u8005\u306b\u8ca0\u62c5\u3092\u5f37\u3044\u308b\u884c\u70ba\uff08\u547d\u4ee4\u3084\u4f9d\u983c\uff09\u306f\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u3092\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3059\u308b\u884c\u70ba\uff08Face Threatening Act: FTA\uff09\u3068\u306a\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u3092\u6b8b\u3059\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u5f62\u5f0f\u304c\u9078\u629e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5165\u8a66\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4e56\u96e2\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u89e3\u8aad\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u53d7\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u3001\u6587\u9762\u901a\u308a\u306e\u6d45\u8584\u306a\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u7559\u307e\u308a\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u3084\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u914d\u616e\u3084\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u99c6\u3051\u5f15\u304d\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u4e56\u96e2\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u3068\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6587\u8108\u306e\u4e8c\u91cd\u8a08\u7b97\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u5f62\u5f0f\u304c\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u301c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u554f\u5408\u305b\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u89e3\u91c8\u304c\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u8ca0\u62c5\u3084\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u306e\u76ee\u6a19\u3068\u7167\u3089\u3057\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3066\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306b\u904e\u5ea6\u306b\u4e0d\u8ebe\u3067\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306e\u88cf\u306b\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u610f\u56f3\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u301c\u3057\u3066\u307b\u3057\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u914d\u616e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4f9d\u983c\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u306a\u305c\u305d\u306e\u9593\u63a5\u5f62\u5f0f\u304c\u9078\u3070\u308c\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\uff08\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u306e\u4fdd\u8b77\u3084\u8cac\u4efb\u306e\u56de\u907f\uff09\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u89e3\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7684\u306a\u76f8\u9055\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6163\u7fd2\u5ea6\u306e\u9055\u3044\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3042\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u570f\u3067\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u9593\u63a5\u4f9d\u983c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u3001\u5225\u306e\u6587\u5316\u570f\u3067\u306f\u5358\u306a\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u8cea\u554f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u3089\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u82f1\u8a9e\u570f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u6163\u7fd2\u3092\u8e0f\u307e\u3048\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u5bfe\u8a71\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4eba\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u8ddd\u96e2\u611f\u3084\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u7cbe\u7dfb\u306b\u6349\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;Is there any reason to continue this meeting?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u7d99\u7d9a\u7406\u7531\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3092\u5c0b\u306d\u308b\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8cea\u554f\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u4f1a\u8b70\u3092\u7d42\u4e86\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u63d0\u6848\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u300d\u3092\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;I didn&#8217;t know you were so busy.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u72b6\u614b\u306e\u5831\u544a\uff08\u8a00\u660e\uff09\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u7528\u3044\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u624b\u4f1d\u3044\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3084\u9023\u7d61\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3092\u5ba5\u3081\u308b\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u300c\u8b1d\u7f6a\u30fb\u914d\u616e\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;Would you mind if I opened the window?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u300c\u306f\u3044\u3001\u6c17\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3059\u300d\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u3066\u7a93\u3092\u958b\u3051\u308b\u306e\u3092\u62d2\u5426\u3059\u308b\u76f4\u8a33\u7684\u89e3\u91c8\u306f\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u80af\u5b9a\uff08&#8221;No, not at all.&#8221;\uff09\u3092\u4e88\u671f\u3057\u305f\u4e01\u5be7\u306a\u300c\u8a31\u53ef\u306e\u6c42\u3081\u30fb\u4f9d\u983c\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u53cd\u8ee2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u8981\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;I&#8217;m afraid we have a slight problem here.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u5831\u544a\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u304c\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u30c8\u30e9\u30d6\u30eb\u3078\u306e\u5bfe\u51e6\u3092\u4fc3\u3059\u300c\u8b66\u544a\u30fb\u7dca\u6025\u6307\u793a\u300d\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u542b\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5165\u8a66\u3067\u983b\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u5bfe\u8a71\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3084\u4e3b\u5f35\u6587\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8868\u793a\u3068\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u4e56\u96e2\u3092\u89e3\u304d\u307b\u3050\u3059\u904b\u7528\u306e\u7cbe\u5ea6\u304c\u9ad8\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff13.\uff12. \u6163\u7fd2\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u5b9a\u578b\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u6bce\u56de\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u305d\u306e\u5834\u3067\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u601d\u8003\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u904b\u7528\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u591a\u304f\u306e\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u306b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306b\u6163\u7fd2\u5316\uff08Conventionalized\uff09\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aCan you&#8230;? \/ Why don&#8217;t you&#8230;? \/ You might want to&#8230;\uff09\u306f\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u306b\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u8d77\u52d5\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5b9a\u578b\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6163\u7fd2\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9593\u63a5\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u9ad8\u901f\u304b\u3064\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u5b9a\u578b\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u7167\u5408\u3068\u6587\u8108\u7684\u691c\u8a3c\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u4e2d\u306b\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u3001\u6163\u7fd2\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\uff08\u80fd\u529b\u554f\u5408\u305b\u578b\u30fb\u7406\u7531\u554f\u5408\u305b\u578b\u30fb\u4eee\u5b9a\u8868\u73fe\u578b\u306a\u3069\uff09\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u610f\u5473\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u6709\u7121\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u306a\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u610f\u5473\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u4f9d\u983c\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304b\u3089\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3068\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u6301\u3064\u4e01\u5be7\u3055\u306e\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\u3084\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u6587\u8108\u7684\u59ff\u52e2\uff08\u63a7\u3048\u3081\u306a\u63d0\u6848\u3001\u5a49\u66f2\u306a\u547d\u4ee4\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u7ffb\u8a33\u30fb\u88dc\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b9a\u578b\u5224\u5b9a\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6163\u7fd2\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u6975\u3081\u3066\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u6587\u8108\u4e0b\u3067\u306f\u6587\u9762\u901a\u308a\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306b\u300c\u5148\u7956\u8fd4\u308a\u300d\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u4f8b\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u969c\u5bb3\u306e\u8a3a\u65ad\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u533b\u5e2b\u304c &#8220;Can you open the door?&#8221; \u3068\u554f\u3046\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u4f9d\u983c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u7d14\u7c8b\u306a\u8eab\u4f53\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u78ba\u8a8d\uff08\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u8cea\u554f\uff09\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306a\u5b9a\u578b\u5f53\u3066\u306f\u3081\u3092\u6392\u3057\u3001\u5e38\u306b\u6587\u8108\u306e\u6700\u7d42\u691c\u8a3c\u3092\u7d4c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u30fb\u8a9e\u6cd5\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u904b\u7528\u529b\u3078\u3068\u76f4\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;Why not join us for dinner?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u300c\u306a\u305c\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\u306e\u7cfe\u5f3e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u62db\u5f85\u3084\u63d0\u6848\u3092\u8868\u3059\u6163\u7fd2\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9593\u63a5\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u51e6\u7406\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;You might want to check the numbers again.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u9858\u671b\u306e\u63a8\u6e2c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u6570\u5024\u3092\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u63a7\u3048\u3081\u3060\u304c\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u300c\u6307\u793a\u30fb\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;Can you speak a little louder?&#8221; \u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001&#8221;Yes, I can.&#8221; \u3068\u7b54\u3048\u3066\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u5927\u304d\u306a\u58f0\u3092\u51fa\u3055\u305a\u306b\u6c88\u9ed9\u3059\u308b\u53cd\u5fdc\u306f\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u554f\u3044\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300c\u58f0\u3092\u5927\u304d\u304f\u3057\u3066\u307b\u3057\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f9d\u983c\u306e\u5b9a\u578b\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u767a\u8a71\u97f3\u91cf\u3092\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u884c\u52d5\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;I would appreciate it if you could send the report by tomorrow.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u6210\u306f\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u306a\u300c\u4e01\u5be7\u306a\u4f9d\u983c\u300d\u306e\u5b9a\u578b\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u660e\u65e5\u306e\u63d0\u51fa\u3092\u5f37\u304f\u4fc3\u3059\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6163\u7fd2\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u8fc5\u901f\u306b\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u8a33\u51fa\u3068\u610f\u56f3\u628a\u63e1\u3092\u884c\u3046\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff14. \u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u3068\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\u306e\u767a\u751f\u6a5f\u5e8f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4eba\u9593\u304c\u5bfe\u8a71\u3092\u884c\u3046\u969b\u3001\u8a00\u8449\u8db3\u3089\u305a\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u4e92\u3044\u306b\u610f\u5473\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u5408\u3048\u308b\u306e\u306f\u306a\u305c\u304b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u54f2\u5b66\u306e\u5de8\u982d\u30b0\u30e9\u30a4\u30b9\uff08H. P. Grice\uff09\u304c\u63d0\u5531\u3057\u305f\u300c\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\uff08Cooperative Principle\uff09\u300d\u3068\u300c\u56db\u3064\u306e\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u304f\u3073\u304d\uff08\u683c\u5f8b\uff1aMaxims\uff09\u300d\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u683c\u5f8b\u3092\u9055\u53cd\u3057\u305f\u969b\u306b\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u300c\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\uff08Conversational Implicature\uff09\u300d\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3057\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u63a8\u8ad6\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff14.\uff11. \u30b0\u30e9\u30a4\u30b9\u306e\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u3068\u56db\u3064\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u7406\u89e3<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306f\u300c\u767a\u305b\u3089\u308c\u305f\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u548c\u300d\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u3068\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306f\u300c\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u3066\u5354\u8abf\u3057\u3066\u53c2\u52a0\u305b\u3088\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\uff08Cooperative Principle\uff09\u300d\u3092\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u306b\u5171\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30b0\u30e9\u30a4\u30b9\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u306f\u56db\u3064\u306e\u30b5\u30d6\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u300c\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08Quantity\uff1a\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u63d0\u4f9b\u305b\u3088\uff09\u300d\u300c\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08Quality\uff1a\u771f\u5b9f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3088\uff09\u300d\u300c\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08Relation\uff1a\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3088\uff09\u300d\u300c\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08Manner\uff1a\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3001\u7c21\u6f54\u306b\u3001\u9806\u5e8f\u7acb\u3066\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u3088\uff09\u300d\u304b\u3089\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u305f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u4f1a\u8a71\u30fb\u8aad\u89e3\u554f\u984c\u304c\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u3068\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u80cc\u5f8c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5404\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u56db\u3064\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08\u91cf\u30fb\u8cea\u30fb\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u30fb\u69d8\u614b\uff09\u3092\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u9075\u5b88\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u4e00\u898b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u6b20\u5982\uff09\u3084\u60c5\u5831\u4e0d\u8db3\uff08\u91cf\u306e\u6b20\u5982\uff09\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3082\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u304c\u300c\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u81ea\u4f53\u306f\u5b88\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eee\u5b9a\u3092\u5805\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u76f8\u624b\u304c\u5354\u8abf\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u96a0\u308c\u305f\u547d\u984c\uff08\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\uff09\u3092\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u80cc\u666f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u88dc\u5b8c\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u304b\u300d\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u9069\u7528\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u7834\u68c4\u3057\u3001\u4f1a\u8a71\u3092\u6210\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3044\u60aa\u610f\u3084\u6b3a\u779e\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u8a08\u7b97\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u306a\u3044\u70b9\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5165\u8a66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306f\u3001\u539f\u5247\u3068\u3057\u3066\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30fb\u502b\u7406\u7684\u306b\u6b63\u5f53\u306a\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u7a7a\u9593\u3092\u821e\u53f0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u6709\u52b9\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u610f\u5473\u3092\u300c\u6c72\u307f\u53d6\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u900f\u660e\u306a\u4f5c\u696d\u3092\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u88dc\u5b8c\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3078\u3068\u5909\u63db\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;Where is John?&#8221; B: &#8220;There is a yellow VW outside Sue&#8217;s house.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f1a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001B\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u4e00\u898b\u3059\u308b\u3068A\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u3068\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u6b20\u5982\uff09\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u300c\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u9ec4\u8272\u306eVW\u306b\u4e57\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u4eca\u30b9\u30fc\u306e\u5bb6\u306b\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\uff08\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u56de\u7b54\uff09\u304c\u8a08\u7b97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: A: &#8220;How did you like the concert?&#8221; B: &#8220;The hall was very clean.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3084\u308a\u53d6\u308a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001B\u306f\u6f14\u594f\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3066\u5efa\u7269\u306e\u611f\u60f3\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u30fb\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u306e\u9055\u53cd\uff09\u3002\u3053\u3053\u304b\u3089\u300c\u6f14\u594f\u306f\u7d20\u6674\u3089\u3057\u304f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: A: &#8220;Can you cook?&#8221; B: &#8220;I can make instant noodles.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fdc\u7b54\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5358\u306b\u30ab\u30c3\u30d7\u9eba\u304c\u4f5c\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\uff08\u8a00\u660e\uff09\u3092\u7b54\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u6599\u7406\u306f\u4f5c\u308c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u5236\u9650\uff08\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff09\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u6559\u6388\u304c\u63a8\u85a6\u72b6\u306b &#8220;The applicant is always punctual and writes with legible handwriting.&#8221; \u3068\u3057\u304b\u66f8\u304b\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u7701\u7565\uff08\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\uff09\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u3053\u306e\u5b66\u751f\u306f\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u306b\u4e4f\u3057\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\u3092\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u3068\u56db\u3064\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u3092\u6307\u6a19\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\u3092\u5c0e\u304d\u51fa\u3059\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff14.\uff12. \u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u683c\u5f8b\u9075\u5b88\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306f\u683c\u5f8b\u3092\u9055\u53cd\u3057\u305f\u300c\u3072\u306d\u304f\u308c\u305f\u8868\u73fe\u300d\u306e\u3068\u304d\u306b\u306e\u307f\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u56db\u3064\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u9075\u5b88\uff08Observe\uff09\u3057\u3066\u767a\u8a71\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u63a8\u8ad6\u4f53\u7cfb\u306f\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u88dc\u5f37\u3057\u3001\u547d\u984c\u306e\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u80fd\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u9075\u5b88\u4e0b\u3067\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u9650\u5b9a\u3068\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u767a\u3057\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u91cf\uff08\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff09\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3057\u3001\u8a00\u53ca\u3055\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u4e0a\u4f4d\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\uff08Scalar Implicature\uff1a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u542b\u610f\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9650\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u767a\u8a00\u306e\u771f\u5b9f\u6027\uff08\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff09\u3092\u62c5\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u7528\u3044\u305f\u8a3c\u62e0\u306e\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\u3084\u5f31\u3081\uff08Hedging\uff09\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u6587\u8108\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u304b\u3064\u6574\u7136\u3068\u63a5\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u30fb\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff09\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u547d\u984c\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u9069\u7528\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u683c\u5f8b\u9075\u5b88\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u65e2\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\u304c\u4e0d\u8db3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u3092\u9075\u5b88\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u4e0d\u8db3\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u70b9\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u4e0d\u8db3\uff08Epistemic limitation\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u5909\u6570\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u306b\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u307e\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u8a18\u8ff0\u306e\u88cf\u306b\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9650\u754c\u3084\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u7dfb\u5bc6\u306b\u3059\u304f\u3044\u53d6\u308b\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;Some of the students passed the exam.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u3092\u9075\u5b88\u3057\u3066\u767a\u305b\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5358\u306b\u300c\u4e00\u90e8\u304c\u5408\u683c\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5b66\u751f\u304c\u5408\u683c\u3057\u305f\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff08Not all\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5c3a\u5ea6\u542b\u610f\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;As far as I know, the train leaves at ten.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u3092\u9075\u5b88\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\uff08&#8221;As far as I know&#8221;\uff09\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u767a\u8a00\u306e\u771f\u5b9f\u6027\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u904e\u5ea6\u306a\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3057\u3064\u3064\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;He ate three apples.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u3092\u5b88\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u300c\u5f7c\u306f\u300e\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u3082\u300f3\u500b\u98df\u3079\u305f\u300d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u5f7c\u306f\u300e\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u300f3\u500b\u98df\u3079\u305f\uff083\u500b\u3088\u308a\u591a\u304f\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u306e\u5883\u754c\u304c\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;She is intelligently capable, though inexperienced.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u3068\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001\u5f7c\u5973\u306e\u80fd\u529b\u3068\u7d4c\u9a13\u306e\u4e0d\u8db3\u3092\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u80fd\u529b\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304c\u5373\u6226\u529b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u61f8\u5ff5\u304c\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a55\u4fa1\u306e\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u683c\u5f8b\u9075\u5b88\u306e\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u306e\u9650\u5b9a\u3084\u5883\u754c\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u529b\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff15. \u91cf\u7684\u306e\u304f\u3073\u304d\u3068\u8cea\u7684\u306e\u304f\u3073\u304d\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u5206\u6790<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u60c5\u5831\u91cf\u3092\u6975\u7aef\u306b\u5236\u9650\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u865a\u507d\u3084\u8a87\u5f35\u3068\u308f\u304b\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u52b9\u679c\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08Quantity\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08Quality\uff09\u3092\u9732\u9aa8\u306b\u7121\u8996\uff08Flout\uff09\u3059\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u771f\u610f\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u6280\u6cd5\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002\u60c5\u5831\u7701\u7565\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3084\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u6bd4\u55a9\u30fb\u8a87\u5f35\uff09\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u624b\u9806\u3092\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff15.\uff11. \u60c5\u5831\u91cf\u306e\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\uff08\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\uff09\u304c\u751f\u3080\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u610f\u56f3<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u60c5\u5831\u306f\u8a73\u3057\u3051\u308c\u3070\u8a73\u3057\u3044\u307b\u3069\u826f\u3044\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u4f1a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u5c11\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u9006\u306b\u5197\u9577\u3059\u304e\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u767a\u8a71\uff08\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u7121\u8996\uff1aFlouting the Maxim of Quantity\uff09\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u53e3\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u619a\u308b\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u6d6e\u304d\u5f6b\u308a\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5165\u8a66\u306e\u9577\u6587\u3084\u5bfe\u8a71\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u91cf\u306e\u30a2\u30f3\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3055\u306f\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u5408\u56f3\uff08\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u304b\u3089\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u6b20\u640d\u60c5\u5831\u3068\u904e\u5270\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u6587\u8108\uff08\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u6620\u753b\u306e\u611f\u60f3\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u9762\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u306b\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u91cf\u3092\u5272\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u63a5\u89e6\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u91cf\u306e\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\uff08\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u4e00\u8a00\u306e\u307f\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u8a73\u7d30\u306e\u904e\u5270\u306a\u8a18\u8ff0\uff09\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u306a\u305c\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u5341\u5206\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b\uff08\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u4f59\u8a08\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7591\u554f\u3092\u7acb\u3066\u3001\u4e0d\u5feb\u611f\u306e\u8868\u660e\u3001\u8a55\u4fa1\u306e\u56de\u907f\u3001\u8a71\u984c\u306e\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u5236\u9650\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u6df1\u5c64\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u306e\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u7269\u5fd8\u308c\u3084\u8a00\u8a9e\u904b\u7528\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u9650\u754c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u4e0d\u8db3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3068\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306a\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u9055\u53cd\u3068\u306e\u533a\u5225\u304c\u56f0\u96e3\u306a\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8b58\u5225\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u77e5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3084\u72b6\u6cc1\u7684\u4f59\u88d5\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u306e\u300c\u8a9e\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u300d\u304b\u3089\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u89e3\u304f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;What did you think of the key speaker?&#8221; B: &#8220;He was well-dressed.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f1a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8b1b\u6f14\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u89e6\u308c\u305a\u670d\u8108\u306b\u306e\u307f\u8a00\u53ca\u3059\u308b\uff08\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u904e\u5c11\uff09\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u8b1b\u6f14\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u4fa1\u5024\u304c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6279\u5224\u7684\u306a\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u4e8b\u6545\u306e\u76ee\u6483\u8005\u304c\u8b66\u5bdf\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u5358\u7d14\u306a\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6975\u3081\u3066\u7d30\u304b\u304f\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u5468\u8fba\u72b6\u6cc1\u3092\u5ef6\u3005\u3068\u8a9e\u308b\uff08\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u904e\u5270\uff09\u5834\u5408\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u904e\u5931\u3084\u6050\u6016\u3092\u96a0\u853d\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u304c\u6d6e\u304d\u5f6b\u308a\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: A: &#8220;Did you pass both Math and English?&#8221; B: &#8220;I passed Math.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fdc\u7b54\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u8a00\u53ca\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u7701\u7565\u3059\u308b\uff08\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\uff09\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u82f1\u8a9e\u306f\u843d\u3061\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u90fd\u5408\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u6697\u9ed9\u306b\u4f1d\u9054\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u304c\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u7406\u7531\u4ed8\u3051\u3092\u300c\u8af8\u822c\u306e\u4e8b\u60c5\u306b\u3088\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3060\u3051\u8a18\u8ff0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u8aac\u660e\u3092\u653e\u68c4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3001\u7d19\u5e45\u306e\u90fd\u5408\u3067\u4e0d\u53ef\u89e3\u306a\u7701\u7565\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u91cf\u306e\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u898f\u5247\u6027\u304b\u3089\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a71\u8005\u30fb\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u8df5\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff15.\uff12. \u771f\u5b9f\u6027\u306e\u4fdd\u7559\u30fb\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u507d\u308a\uff08\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\uff09\u306e\u89e3\u8aad<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u7570\u306a\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u300c\u5618\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u300c\u81ea\u5206\u304c\u865a\u507d\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3092\u3042\u304b\u3089\u3055\u307e\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5f62\u3067\u884c\u3046\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u7121\u8996\uff08Flouting the Maxim of Quality\uff09\u306f\u3001\u6bd4\u55a9\uff08Metaphor\uff09\u3001\u8a87\u5f35\uff08Hyperbole\uff09\u3001\u53cd\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ae\u8089\uff08Irony\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3092\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u304b\u3089\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u547d\u984c\u306e\u865a\u507d\u6027\u3068\u6587\u8108\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u3055\u308c\u305f\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u304c\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u72b6\u6cc1\u3084\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3068\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u77db\u76fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u9732\u9aa8\u306a\u865a\u507d\u30fb\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff09\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u805e\u304d\u624b\u3092\u9a19\u305d\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3092\u8a8d\u77e5\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u5225\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u72d9\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u77db\u76fe\u3092\u89e3\u6d88\u3059\u308b\u771f\u306e\u547d\u984c\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u547d\u984c\u306e\u771f\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u611f\u60c5\u306e\u5f37\u8abf\uff09\u3092\u7b97\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u3057\u624b\u3068\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306e\u9593\u306b\u5171\u901a\u306e\u80cc\u666f\u77e5\u8b58\uff08Mutual Knowledge\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u304c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u52d8\u9055\u3044\u300d\u3084\u300c\u5618\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u3068\u60f3\u5b9a\u8aad\u8005\u304c\u5171\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u57fa\u76e4\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u898b\u6975\u3081\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u8a33\u3059\u308b\u3068\u8352\u5510\u7121\u7a3d\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u82f1\u6587\u304b\u3089\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u611f\u60c5\u3084\u76ae\u8089\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f5c\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: \u5927\u96e8\u306e\u4e2d\u3067 &#8220;What lovely weather we are having!&#8221; \u3068\u767a\u8a71\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u76ee\u524d\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u3068\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\uff08\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\uff09\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5929\u5019\u306e\u3072\u3069\u3055\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u4e0d\u6e80\u3092\u8868\u3059\u300c\u76ae\u8089\uff08Irony\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;I have told you a million times not to do that.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u767e\u56de\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5ea6\u91cd\u306a\u308b\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u300c\u8a87\u5f35\uff08Hyperbole\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u975e\u5e38\u306b\u6012\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4eba\u3092\u898b\u3066 &#8220;He is an ogre.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u304c\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u602a\u7269\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u6b8b\u5fcd\u3055\u3084\u6050\u308d\u3057\u3055\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u300c\u96a0\u55a9\uff08Metaphor\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u5bb9\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u5931\u6557\u3092\u3057\u305f\u540c\u50da\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066 &#8220;You are an absolute genius!&#8221; \u3068\u58f0\u3092\u304b\u3051\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u3068\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u5bfe\u7acb\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u611a\u884c\u3092\u975e\u96e3\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\u3078\u3068\u53cd\u8ee2\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5165\u8a66\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u6587\u7ae0\u8868\u73fe\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u9732\u9aa8\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u306e\u4e56\u96e2\u304b\u3089\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff16. \u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u304f\u3073\u304d\u3068\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u304f\u3073\u304d\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u5206\u6790<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f1a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u7a81\u7136\u8a71\u984c\u304c\u5909\u308f\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u308f\u3056\u3068\u56de\u308a\u304f\u3069\u304f\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8a00\u3044\u56de\u3057\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u50cd\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08Relation\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08Manner\uff09\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u6d6e\u3044\u305f\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u793a\u3059\u8a71\u984c\u8ee2\u63db\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3084\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306a\u96e3\u89e3\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff16.\uff11. \u8108\u7d61\u306e\u6b20\u5982\uff08\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a71\u984c\u8ee2\u63db\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u62bd\u51fa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u4f1a\u8a71\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u524d\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3068\u76f4\u63a5\u3064\u306a\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u7a81\u7136\u8108\u7d61\u306e\u306a\u3044\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4e8b\u614b\uff08\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u7121\u8996\uff1aFlouting the Maxim of Relation\uff09\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3092\u62d2\u7d76\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3084\u3001\u5468\u56f2\u306b\u8a00\u3048\u306a\u3044\u7981\u5fcc\uff08\u30bf\u30d6\u30fc\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3059\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u5408\u56f3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8108\u7d61\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u304b\u3089\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u306e\u4e0d\u5168\u3068\u74b0\u5883\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u5206\u6790\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u3084\u8a71\u984c\u3068\u3001\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u9593\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u306a\u63a5\u7d9a\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\uff08\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u8108\u7d61\u306e\u6b20\u5982\uff09\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u306a\u305c\u8a71\u984c\u3092\u6253\u3061\u5207\u308d\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u76f4\u63a5\u7b54\u3048\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30fb\u7269\u7406\u7684\u5236\u7d04\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u4e0d\u90fd\u5408\u306a\u8cea\u554f\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3092\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u63a2\u7d22\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u300c\u3053\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3092\u3084\u3081\u3088\u3046\u300d\u300c\u3053\u3053\u306b\u306f\u4ed6\u4eba\u304c\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30e1\u30bf\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\uff08\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u5236\u5fa1\u610f\u56f3\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5358\u306b\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u304c\u6563\u6f2b\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u6587\u8108\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u306b\u8108\u7d61\u304c\u98db\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3068\u306e\u8b58\u5225\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u306b\u306a\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3084\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u4f1a\u8a71\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7121\u610f\u5473\u306a\u8131\u7dda\u306f\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u63a8\u8ad6\u3092\u9032\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u300c\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u8df3\u8e8d\u300d\u3092\u5931\u70b9\u8981\u56e0\u304b\u3089\u5f97\u70b9\u6e90\u3078\u3068\u5909\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;What do you think of the new boss?&#8221; B: &#8220;Nice weather, isn&#8217;t it?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f1a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001B\u306f\u30dc\u30b9\u3078\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u5929\u6c17\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3092\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\uff09\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u30dc\u30b9\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u306f\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u8a00\u3048\u306a\u3044\uff08\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u8a00\u3044\u305f\u304f\u306a\u3044\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u4e0d\u90fd\u5408\u306a\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u3055\u308c\u305f\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u304c\u3001\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u307f\u3092\u5f15\u3063\u304b\u3051\u3066\u5168\u304f\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u306a\u3044\u81ea\u8aac\u3092\u8a9e\u308a\u59cb\u3081\u308b\u73fe\u8c61\u306f\u3001\u90fd\u5408\u306e\u60aa\u3044\u8a71\u984c\u304b\u3089\u306e\u907f\u96e3\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u79d8\u5bc6\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3092\u8a71\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6700\u4e2d\u306b\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u304c\u8fd1\u3065\u3044\u3066\u304d\u305f\u306e\u3092\u898b\u3066\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u7a81\u7136 &#8220;Look at that bird over there!&#8221; \u3068\u53eb\u3076\u5834\u5408\u3001\u9ce5\u3078\u306e\u95a2\u5fc3\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300c\u4f1a\u8a71\u3092\u4e2d\u65ad\u305b\u3088\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5408\u56f3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u9577\u6587\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u7a81\u7136\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u306a\u56de\u60f3\u3092\u633f\u5165\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u7dca\u5f35\u3092\u548c\u3089\u3052\u308b\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u305d\u306e\u56de\u60f3\u304c\u5f8c\u534a\u3067\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u6bd4\u55a9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u524d\u632f\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4e88\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8108\u7d61\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u9023\u7d9a\u6027\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u4f1a\u8a71\u5236\u5fa1\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff16.\uff12. \u5197\u9577\u30fb\u6666\u6e0b\u306a\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u304f\u3073\u304d\u9055\u53cd\uff09\u306e\u7279\u6b8a\u52b9\u679c\u5224\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u6587\u7ae0\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u7c21\u6f54\u3067\u308f\u304b\u308a\u3084\u3059\u304f\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u3084\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u308f\u3056\u3068\u56de\u308a\u304f\u3069\u3044\u8a00\u3044\u56de\u3057\u3084\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff08\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u7121\u8996\uff1aFlouting the Maxim of Manner\uff09\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u4f1d\u9054\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u305f\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u614b\u5ea6\uff08\u51b7\u6de1\u3055\u3001\u76ae\u8089\u3001\u5c02\u9580\u6027\u306e\u8a87\u793a\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u4e0d\u5409\u306a\u4e88\u611f\uff09\u3092\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u62b1\u304b\u305b\u308b\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u304b\u3089\u7279\u6b8a\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u306e\u8fc2\u89e3\u6027\u3068\u7c21\u6f54\u306a\u4ee3\u66ff\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3082\u3063\u3068\u7c21\u6f54\u304b\u3064\u660e\u77ad\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u304d\u308b\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aShe sang.\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u8907\u96d1\u3067\u5197\u9577\u306a\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aShe produced a series of sounds that closely resembled an air of a familiar song.\uff09\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u306a\u305c\u8457\u8005\u304c\u7c21\u6f54\u3055\u3092\u6368\u3066\u3066\u3053\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u9078\u3093\u3060\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u6b4c\u5531\u529b\u306e\u58ca\u6ec5\u7684\u306a\u4f4e\u3055\u306e\u793a\u5506\uff09\u3092\u8003\u5bdf\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5197\u9577\u306a\u5f62\u5f0f\u304c\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\uff08\u51b7\u3084\u3084\u304b\u3055\u3001\u76ae\u8089\u3001\u614e\u91cd\u3055\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u3080\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u306e\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\u306a\u3069\u3067\u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6587\u7ae0\u304c\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3068\u3001\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u306a\u610f\u56f3\u3067\u308f\u3056\u3068\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3092\u533a\u5225\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u306e\u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u30eb\uff08\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u304b\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u5bfe\u8a71\u304b\uff09\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u5224\u5b9a\u57fa\u6e96\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u300c\u30b9\u30bf\u30a4\u30eb\u300d\u304c\u6301\u3064\u610f\u5473\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;Miss X produced a series of sounds that corresponded closely with the score of &#8216;Home Sweet Home&#8217;.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5287\u8a55\u306f\u3001&#8221;Miss X sang &#8216;Home Sweet Home&#8217;.&#8221; \u3068\u8a00\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u5f7c\u5973\u306e\u6b4c\u5531\u304c\u300c\u6b4c\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u306b\u5024\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3072\u3069\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u76ae\u8089\u300d\u3092\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u5358\u306b &#8220;He died.&#8221; \u3068\u8a00\u308f\u305a\u306b &#8220;He ceased to breathe and his vital signs became undetectable.&#8221; \u3068\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u30fb\u7121\u611f\u60c5\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6b7b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u51b7\u5fb9\u306a\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u3084\u611f\u60c5\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3092\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u306b\u6f14\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u540d\u524d\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001&#8221;a certain individual whose identity I am not at liberty to disclose&#8221; \u3068\u5197\u9577\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4eba\u7269\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u306e\u4e0d\u6c17\u5473\u3055\u3084\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u3092\u6697\u8aad\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306b\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u8a55\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u65e5\u5e38\u8a9e\u3067\u8a00\u3048\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u308f\u3056\u308f\u3056\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e\u3067\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u3072\u3051\u3089\u304b\u3057\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u65e5\u5e38\u8a9e\u304c\u6301\u3064\u66d6\u6627\u3055\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3066\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u5f0f\u306e\u7570\u69d8\u3055\u304b\u3089\u7b46\u8005\u30fb\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff17. \u524d\u63d0\uff08Presupposition\uff09\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u3068\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u306e\u691c\u51fa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6587\u7ae0\u3084\u767a\u8a71\u3092\u8aad\u3080\u969b\u3001\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u306f\u8a9e\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6301\u3064\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u771f\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u96a0\u308c\u305f\u4e86\u89e3\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u300c\u524d\u63d0\uff08Presupposition\uff09\u300d\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u3068\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u305d\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u6253\u3061\u6d88\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300c\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\uff08Presupposition Cancellation\uff09\u300d\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u691c\u77e5\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff17.\uff11. \u767a\u8a71\u306e\u771f\u507d\u3092\u554f\u308f\u305a\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u6cd5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u6587\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306f\u305d\u306e\u6587\u304c\u80af\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u53cd\u8ee2\u3059\u308b\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306f\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u80af\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3088\u3046\u3068\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3088\u3046\u3068\u5909\u5316\u305b\u305a\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u300c\u524d\u63d0\uff08Presupposition\uff09\u300d\u3092\u5185\u5305\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u30fb\u8ff0\u8a9e\uff08Factive verbs\uff1aregret, know\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3084\u72b6\u614b\u5909\u5316\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08stop, start\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3001\u9650\u5b9a\u8a18\u8ff0\uff08Definite descriptions\uff09\u306f\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u5f37\u529b\u306b\u767a\u751f\u3055\u305b\u308b\u300c\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\uff08Presupposition Triggers\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u767a\u8a71\u304b\u3089\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\uff08Negation Test\uff09\u306e\u9069\u7528\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u308b\u6587\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aJohn stopped smoking.\uff09\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u5f62\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aJohn didn&#8217;t stop smoking.\uff09\u306b\u5909\u63db\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u5f62\u3068\u5426\u5b9a\u5f62\u306e\u4e21\u65b9\u306e\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306a\u304a\u540c\u6642\u306b\u771f\u3067\u3042\u308a\u7d9a\u3051\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u547d\u984c\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aJohn used to smoke.\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u305d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u62bd\u51fa\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u304b\u3089\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3084\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8b58\u3068\u885d\u7a81\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u6d88\u5931\u3059\u308b\uff08\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u8106\u3055\uff1adefeasibility\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u6301\u3064\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5e38\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u3067\u300c\u672c\u6587\u3067\u5f53\u7136\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u304c\u554f\u308f\u308c\u305f\u969b\u306b\u3001\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6b66\u5668\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;Mary regrets that she failed the exam.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u8ff0\u8a9e &#8220;regret&#8221; \u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u5973\u304c\u5f8c\u6094\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u771f\u507d\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u300c\u30e1\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u304c\u8a66\u9a13\u306b\u843d\u3061\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;When did you stop beating your dog?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8cea\u554f\u306f\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u56de\u7b54\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u3001\u300c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u4ee5\u524d\u72ac\u3092\u53e9\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u5b9a\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u306b\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3055\u305b\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u4e8c\u91cd\u8cea\u554f\u306e\u7f60\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;The King of France is wise.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u771f\u507d\u306e\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u300c\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306b\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u56fd\u738b\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306b\u56fd\u738b\u306f\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6587\u306f\u771f\u3067\u3082\u507d\u3067\u3082\u306a\u304f\u610f\u5473\u7684\u306b\u7834\u7dbb\uff08Truth-value gap\uff09\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;John managed to open the door.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u6210\u529f\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\uff08\u8a00\u660e\uff09\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3001&#8221;manage to&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a9e\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u308a\u300c\u30c9\u30a2\u3092\u958b\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u56f0\u96e3\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u5185\u5305\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5165\u8a66\u82f1\u6587\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u9670\u306b\u6f5c\u3080\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3067\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u7372\u5f97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff17.\uff12. \u6587\u8108\u7684\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u3068\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u691c\u77e5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u4e00\u5ea6\u767a\u751f\u3057\u305f\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306b\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306e\u67d4\u8edf\u6027\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u304b\u3089\u767a\u751f\u3057\u305f\u524d\u63d0\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306a\u8a18\u8ff0\u3084\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u306e\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\uff08\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\uff1aPresupposition Cancellation\uff09\u3002\u5165\u8a66\u306e\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u8ad6\u8ff0\u6587\u3084\u63a8\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304b\u3092\u898b\u6975\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u3068\u6587\u8108\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u3068\u6587\u8108\u306e\u885d\u7a81\u691c\u8a3c\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aknow, regret, stop\uff09\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u306b\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u8108\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u301c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u301c\u3068\u672c\u4eba\u306f\u601d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u3084\u660e\u793a\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u3068\u306e\u885d\u7a81\u304c\u78ba\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u306a\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u305d\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u771f\u5b9f\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\uff08\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u507d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9ad8\u5c64\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u72b6\u614b\u3078\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u4fee\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u306e\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u306e\u4ed5\u65b9\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u7e4a\u7d30\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u633f\u5165\u7bc0\uff08&#8221;if at all&#8221;, &#8220;or so he thinks&#8221;\uff09\u306a\u3069\u306e\u5c0f\u3055\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u6307\u6a19\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3059\u3068\u3001\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306f\u305a\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u771f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u52d8\u9055\u3044\u3059\u308b\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u8aa4\u8aad\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u8986\u308b\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u306a\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;John doesn&#8217;t know that Mary passed the exam, because she actually failed.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u524d\u534a\u306e &#8220;know&#8221; \u304b\u3089\u306f\u300c\u30e1\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u304c\u5408\u683c\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e &#8220;because she actually failed&#8221; \u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u305d\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;If I ever stop smoking, I will tell you.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6761\u4ef6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001&#8221;stop&#8221; \u304b\u3089\u751f\u3058\u308b\u300c\u73fe\u5728\u55ab\u7159\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u3001\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u4eee\u5b9a\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\uff08&#8221;If I ever&#8221;\uff09\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u55ab\u7159\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u4e2d\u7acb\u5316\u30fb\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;Paul doesn&#8217;t regret failing the test, because he didn&#8217;t fail it.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u9020\u3067\u306f\u3001&#8221;regret&#8221; \u304b\u3089\u306e\u524d\u63d0\uff08\u8a66\u9a13\u306b\u843d\u3061\u305f\uff09\u304c\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u7406\u7531\u7bc0\u3067\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u62d2\u7d76\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u304c\u5b8c\u7d50\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u8a55\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c &#8220;Scientific progress has stopped making us happier.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u300c\u305d\u3082\u305d\u3082\u79d1\u5b66\u304c\u6211\u3005\u3092\u5e78\u798f\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306a\u3069\u4e00\u5ea6\u3082\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u300d\u3068\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u524d\u534a\u3067\u4e00\u898b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u524d\u63d0\uff08\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u5e78\u798f\u306b\u3057\u305f\uff09\u304c\u5f8c\u534a\u3067\u9ad8\u6b21\u5143\u304b\u3089\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u5165\u8a66\u3067\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u6587] \u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3068\u6587\u8108\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u306e\u52d5\u614b\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u904b\u7528\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff18. \u60c5\u5831\u8ffd\u52a0\u30fb\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3068\u8a71\u8005\u614b\u5ea6\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f1a\u8a71\u3084\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u3084\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u4e00\u5ea6\u53e3\u306b\u3057\u305f\u767a\u8a71\u3092\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u88dc\u8db3\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u64a4\u56de\u30fb\u4fee\u6b63\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u884c\u52d5\u306b\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u4e2d\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\uff08Self-repair\uff09\u3084\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\uff08Discourse Markers\uff09\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306a\u8a8d\u77e5\u72b6\u614b\u3084\u6587\u8108\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff18.\uff11. \u767a\u8a71\u4e2d\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u30fb\u88dc\u8db3\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u5206\u6790<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u8a71\u3057\u8a00\u8449\u3084\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u751f\u3058\u308b\u8a00\u3044\u76f4\u3057\u3084\u88dc\u8db3\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u8a00\u3044\u9593\u9055\u3044\u3084\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u3055\u306e\u3042\u3089\u308f\u308c\uff08\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\uff09\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8ac7\u8a71\u5206\u6790\u306e\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u898b\u308c\u3070\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u3069\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u767a\u8a71\u3092\u4fee\u6b63\u3057\u305f\u304b\uff08\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\uff1aSelf-repair\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u52d5\u614b\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u91cd\u8981\u8996\u3057\u3001\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8a8d\u8b58\u3092\u62b1\u304b\u305b\u305f\u3044\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u614b\u5ea6\u300d\u3092\u5982\u5b9f\u306b\u793a\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u304a\u3088\u3073\u88dc\u8db3\u767a\u8a71\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u30c8\u30ea\u30ac\u30fc\u3068\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u306e\u5206\u6790\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u9014\u4e2d\u306b\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aor rather, I mean, that is to say\uff09\u3084\u8a00\u3044\u76f4\u3057\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5143\u767a\u8a71\uff08\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff1aTrouble source\uff09\u3068\u4fee\u6b63\u767a\u8a71\uff08\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff1aRepair\uff09\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3057\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u3088\u308a\u7cbe\u5bc6\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3001\u5f31\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u53cd\u8ee2\u3057\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4fee\u6b63\u884c\u70ba\u304c\u300c\u805e\u304d\u624b\u3078\u306e\u914d\u616e\u300d\u300c\u64a4\u56de\u306b\u3088\u308b\u81ea\u5df1\u4fdd\u8eab\u300d\u300c\u3088\u308a\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u547d\u984c\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u300d\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u3067\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u304b\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u6587\u8108\u7684\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u3057\u624b\u306e\u5358\u306a\u308b\u8a00\u3044\u9593\u9055\u3044\uff08Performance error\uff09\u3068\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u8a08\u7b97\u3055\u308c\u305f\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\uff08Strategic repair\uff09\u306e\u5883\u754c\u304c\u66d6\u6627\u306a\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u66f8\u304d\u8a00\u8449\u3084\u63a8\u6572\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5165\u8a66\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u4fee\u6b63\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306a\u4fee\u8f9e\u52b9\u679c\uff08Strategic\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u9244\u5247\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u554f\u984c\u3084\u30a4\u30f3\u30bf\u30d3\u30e5\u30fc\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5fc3\u60c5\u5909\u5316\u3092\u7cbe\u7dfb\u306b\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;I will meet you at five\u2014well, actually, make that five thirty.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fee\u6b63\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u5358\u306b\u6642\u9593\u3092\u5909\u66f4\u3057\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4e88\u5b9a\u306e\u5bc6\u5bc6\u3055\u3084\u6587\u8108\u7684\u4f59\u88d5\u306e\u7121\u3055\u3092\u4fee\u6b63\u884c\u52d5\uff08&#8221;actually&#8221;\uff09\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u9732\u5448\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;He was unhappy with the result\u2014or should I say, completely furious.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306f\u3001\u5143\u306e\u8868\u73fe\uff08&#8221;unhappy&#8221;\uff09\u304c\u5f7c\u306e\u6012\u308a\u306e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u306e\u306b\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u3001\u3088\u308a\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u8868\u73fe\uff08&#8221;furious&#8221;\uff09\u3078\u3068\u4e0a\u65b9\u4fee\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u6012\u308a\u306e\u6fc0\u3057\u3055\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;I think the project is a success\u2014well, at least a partial one.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u76f4\u3057\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u5ea6\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u300c\u6210\u529f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u300c\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u300d\u3078\u3068\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u4e0b\u65b9\u4fee\u6b63\uff08\u64a4\u56de\uff09\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u884c\u304d\u904e\u304e\u3092\u8b66\u6212\u3057\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3059\u308b\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u8a55\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c &#8220;This phenomenon is universal\u2014or rather, common in Western societies.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u4e0d\u5f53\u306a\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u3092\u81ea\u3089\u56de\u907f\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u9069\u7528\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u9650\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u53b3\u5bc6\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u3068\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8aa0\u5b9f\u306a\u614b\u5ea6\u304c\u8aad\u307f\u53d6\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u4e2d\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u3084\u88dc\u8db3\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u3084\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306a\u614b\u5ea6\u5909\u5316\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff18.\uff12. \u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\uff08Discourse Markers\uff09\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u8a71\u8005\u59ff\u52e2\u306e\u7279\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b &#8220;well&#8221;, &#8220;you know&#8221;, &#8220;actually&#8221;, &#8220;honestly&#8221; \u306a\u3069\u306e\u6587\u982d\u30fb\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u633f\u5165\u8a9e\u306f\u610f\u5473\u306e\u306a\u3044\u300c\u3064\u306a\u304e\u8a00\u8449\u300d\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\uff08Discourse Markers\uff09\u306f\u3001\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306b\u306f\u5bc4\u4e0e\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u305d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u62b1\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u306a\u614b\u5ea6\u3084\u3001\u805e\u304d\u624b\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u60c5\u5831\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3092\u793a\u3059\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u30a4\u30f3\u30b8\u30b1\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u679c\u305f\u3059\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u5206\u985e\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e2d\u306b\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u65b0\u65e7\uff08actually, in fact\uff09\u300d\u300c\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u8e8a\u8e87\u30fb\u914d\u616e\uff08well, I mean\uff09\u300d\u300c\u5171\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u524d\u63d0\uff08you know\uff09\u300d\u300c\u771f\u5b9f\u6027\u306e\u5f37\u8abf\uff08honestly, frankly\uff09\u300d\u306e\u3069\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u8ef8\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u4f34\u3046\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3068\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u306a\u305c\u305d\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u631f\u307f\u8fbc\u3093\u3060\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u59ff\u52e2\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u4e88\u60f3\u3092\u88cf\u5207\u308b\u7533\u3057\u8a33\u306a\u3055\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u610f\u5916\u6027\u306e\u5f37\u8abf\uff09\u3092\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u7d71\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\uff08\u4f8b\uff1awell\uff09\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u767a\u58f0\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3084\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u6587\u8108\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u300c\u627f\u8afe\u300d\u300c\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u4e88\u5146\u300d\u300c\u8003\u3048\u8fbc\u307f\u300d\u300c\u8ae6\u3081\u300d\u306a\u3069\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u8868\u3059\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u672c\u4f53\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u305b\u3066\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u300c\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u300d\u3084\u300c\u8ac7\u8a71\u306e\u8ee2\u63db\u70b9\u300d\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u63b4\u3080\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;Can you help me this weekend?&#8221; B: &#8220;Well, I have a lot of work to do.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f1a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5192\u982d\u306e &#8220;Well&#8221; \u306f\u5373\u5ea7\u306e\u80af\u5b9a\u3092\u8e8a\u8e87\u3057\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u300c\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u62d2\u7d76\u300d\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306b\u8b66\u544a\u3059\u308b\u30af\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;Actually, I have never been to Paris.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;Actually&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u304c\u300c\u81ea\u5206\u304c\u30d1\u30ea\u306b\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u52d8\u9055\u3044\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u524d\u63d0\uff08Given\uff09\u3092\u5d29\u3057\u3001\u610f\u5916\u306a\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\uff08New\uff09\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;Frankly speaking, your proposal lacks feasibility.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;Frankly&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u914d\u616e\uff08\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\uff09\u3092\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u9664\u3057\u3001\u904e\u9177\u3060\u304c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u771f\u5b9f\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5ba3\u8a00\uff08\u30e1\u30bf\u614b\u5ea6\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;You know, we should probably reconsider this.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;You know&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u306e\u554f\u3044\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u805e\u304d\u624b\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u89aa\u5bc6\u3055\u3084\u540c\u610f\u306e\u57fa\u76e4\u3092\u4eee\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u63d0\u6848\u3078\u306e\u62b5\u6297\u611f\u3092\u548c\u3089\u3052\u308b\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u7cbe\u8aad\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u3084\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u8df5\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff19. \u8ac7\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5fdc\u7b54\u5bfe\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u691c\u77e5\u3068\u610f\u56f3\u63a8\u8ad6<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f1a\u8a71\u6587\u3084\u5bfe\u8a71\u5f62\u5f0f\u306e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e8c\u4eba\u306e\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u565b\u307f\u5408\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4f1a\u8a71\u5206\u6790\uff08Conversation Analysis\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\uff08Adjacency Pairs\uff09\u300d\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8cea\u554f\u3068\u56de\u7b54\u3001\u63d0\u6848\u3068\u627f\u8afe\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5fdc\u7b54\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u304b\u3089\u306e\u300c\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\uff08\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\uff09\u300d\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u88cf\u306b\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u63a8\u8ad6\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff19.\uff11. \u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\uff08Adjacency Pairs\uff09\u306e\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u624b\u9806<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u4f1a\u8a71\u306f\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u30e0\u306b\u4e26\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u300c\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff08First Turn\uff09\u300d\u3068\u300c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff08Second Turn\uff09\u300d\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b\u300c\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\uff08Adjacency Pairs\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306a\u5bfe\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u300c\u8cea\u554f\u2192\u56de\u7b54\u300d\u300c\u62db\u5f85\u2192\u627f\u8afe\uff0f\u62d2\u7d76\u300d\u300c\u6328\u62f6\u2192\u6328\u62f6\u300d\u300c\u8b1d\u7f6a\u2192\u8a31\u3057\u300d\u306a\u3069\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u3067\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u308b\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\u304c\u51fa\u73fe\u3057\u306a\u3044\u4e8b\u614b\uff08\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\u306e\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\uff1aDispreferred Response\uff09\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3057\u305f\u3068\u304d\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u7279\u5225\u306a\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u5473\u304c\u5145\u586b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\u306e\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\u304b\u3089\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u597d\u307e\u308c\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u597d\u307e\u308c\u306a\u3044\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u306e\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u62db\u5f85\u767a\u8a71\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306b\u6700\u3082\u597d\u307e\u308c\u308b\u7b2c2\u90e8\u5206\uff08Preferred Response\uff1a\u76f4\u3061\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u7121\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u627f\u8afe\uff09\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u3092\u4e88\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u7b2c2\u90e8\u5206\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\u304c\u3001\u8e8a\u8e87\uff08well&#8230;\uff09\u3001\u7406\u7531\u306e\u958b\u793a\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u8cea\u554f\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u300c\u597d\u307e\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5fdc\u7b54\uff08Dispreferred Response\uff09\u300d\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u3092\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u597d\u307e\u308c\u306a\u3044\u884c\u52d5\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u62d2\u7d76\uff09\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6469\u64e6\u3092\u6e1b\u3089\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306b\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u5fdc\u7b54\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\u5206\u6790\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u591a\u7fa9\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3069\u306e\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u304c\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u304c\u4e00\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u6c7a\u307e\u3089\u306a\u3044\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306f\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\u306e\u578b\u304b\u3089\u9061\u3063\u3066\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u518d\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u53cc\u65b9\u5411\u306e\u63a8\u8ad6\u3092\u884c\u308f\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u4f1a\u8a71\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u304b\u307f\u5408\u308f\u306a\u3044\u4f1a\u8a71\u300d\u306e\u771f\u610f\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u89e3\u304f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6253\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;Would you like to come to my house for dinner?&#8221; B: &#8220;I have an exam tomorrow.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001B\u306f &#8220;No&#8221; \u3068\u76f4\u63a5\u7b54\u3048\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u300c\u62db\u5f85\u2192\u627f\u8afe\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u597d\u307e\u308c\u308b\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u7406\u7531\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u597d\u307e\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5fdc\u7b54\u300d\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u300c\u62d2\u7d76\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: A: &#8220;I&#8217;m so sorry I broke your cup.&#8221; B: &#8220;Don&#8217;t worry, it was very old anyway.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3084\u308a\u53d6\u308a\u306f\u3001\u300c\u8b1d\u7f6a\u2192\u8a31\u3057\u300d\u306e\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u306a\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001B\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u640d\u5931\u3092\u4f4e\u6e1b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067A\u306e\u7f6a\u60aa\u611f\u3092\u89e3\u9664\u3059\u308b\u597d\u307e\u308c\u308b\u5fdc\u7b54\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: A: &#8220;You performed wonderfully!&#8221; B: &#8220;Well, I made a lot of mistakes, actually.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001B\u306f\u300c\u8912\u3081\u8a00\u8449\u2192\u611f\u8b1d\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u597d\u307e\u308c\u308b\u5fdc\u7b54\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u81ea\u8b19\u306e\u59ff\u52e2\uff08Dispreferred\uff09\u3092\u3068\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u50b2\u6162\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u6b21\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u914d\u616e\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: A: &#8220;Do you love me?&#8221; B: &#8220;Why do you ask that now?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f1a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001B\u306f\u300c\u8cea\u554f\u2192\u56de\u7b54\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u308b\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u62d2\u7d76\u3057\u3001\u5225\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u3067\u8fd4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\uff09\u3002\u3053\u3053\u304b\u3089\u3001B\u304c\u56de\u7b54\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u8fd4\u7b54\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u63a8\u8ad6\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5165\u8a66\u306e\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u5bfe\u8a71\u5f62\u5f0f\u306e\u51fa\u984c\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5fc3\u7406\u3084\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8aad\u307f\u89e3\u304f\u904b\u7528\u306e\u7cbe\u5ea6\u304c\u98db\u8e8d\u7684\u306b\u9ad8\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff19.\uff12. \u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u5473\u78ba\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u3048\u306f\u300cYes\/No\u300d\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300c\u8cea\u554f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7591\u554f\u8a5e\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u300d\u3067\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u4f1a\u8a71\u554f\u984c\u3084\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5bfe\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u5fdc\u7b54\u304c\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u591a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\u306f\u4e00\u898b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u304c\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u56de\u7b54\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u8c4a\u304b\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u542b\u3093\u3060\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u89e3\u7b54\u3068\u3057\u3066\u518d\u69cb\u6210\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u547d\u984c\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6295\u3052\u304b\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u8cea\u554f\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aIs he a good driver?\uff09\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u5224\u5b9a\uff08Yes\u304bNo\u304b\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aHe has failed his driving test three times.\uff09\u306e\u547d\u984c\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u4e09\u56de\u843d\u3061\u305f\u4eba\u306f\u904b\u8ee2\u304c\u4e0b\u624b\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u304c\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u300c\u660e\u78ba\u306aNo\uff08\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306fYes\uff09\u300d\u306e\u4ee3\u884c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\u306e\u78ba\u8aad\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63a8\u8ad6\u306b\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u3084\u300c\u6587\u8108\u5171\u6709\u300d\u304c\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\u306e\u771f\u507d\u5024\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5165\u8a66\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u554f\u984c\u6587\u5185\u304b\u666e\u904d\u7684\u306a\u5e38\u8b58\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u306b\u53ce\u307e\u308b\u3088\u3046\u8a2d\u8a08\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5e38\u306b\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306a\u63a8\u8ad6\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u5358\u7d14\u306a\u77e5\u8b58\u554f\u984c\u306b\u898b\u305b\u304b\u3051\u305f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u63a8\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u3092\u5236\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u5fc5\u9808\u306e\u6280\u8853\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;Are you coming to the party tonight?&#8221; B: &#8220;I have to finish my term paper.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3084\u308a\u53d6\u308a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001B\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\u306f\u76f4\u63a5\u306e &#8220;No&#8221; \u3092\u542b\u3093\u3067\u3044\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u300c\u30ec\u30dd\u30fc\u30c8\u3092\u66f8\u304b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u30d1\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u306b\u884c\u304f\u6642\u9593\u304c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u56de\u7b54\uff08No\uff09\u3092\u4f1d\u9054\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: A: &#8220;Is Paris worth visiting?&#8221; B: &#8220;I have been there five times.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fdc\u7b54\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u63a5 &#8220;Yes&#8221; \u3068\u8a00\u308f\u305a\u306b\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u6e21\u822a\u56de\u6570\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c5\u56de\u884c\u304f\u307b\u3069\u4fa1\u5024\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff08\u5f37\u56fa\u306aYes\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u3088\u308a\u5f37\u529b\u306b\u542b\u610f\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: A: &#8220;Did you buy the groceries?&#8221; B: &#8220;The supermarket was closed.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d1\u30fc\u304c\u9589\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5916\u5728\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u8cb7\u3048\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff08No\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u300c\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u305b\u3044\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8cac\u4efb\u306e\u4e0d\u5728\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u4f1d\u9054\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: A: &#8220;Can John afford this expensive car?&#8221; B: &#8220;He just bought a luxury mansion in Tokyo.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fdc\u7b54\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u83ab\u5927\u306a\u8cfc\u8cb7\u529b\u3092\u5225\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304b\u3089\u793a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u5f53\u7136\u8cb7\u3048\u308b\uff08\u5727\u5012\u7684\u306aYes\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u308c\u30894\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\u304b\u3089\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u6f14\u7e79\u3057\u3001\u5b8c\u74a7\u306a\u610f\u5473\u78ba\u5b9a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u539f\u7406:\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u3068\u6587\u8108\u88dc\u5b8c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6587\u8108\u4f9d\u5b58\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u904b\u7528\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u3084\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u306f\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u69cb\u7bc9\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u54f2\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3068\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u6a5f\u69cb\u3092\u7db2\u7f85\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u3089\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3084\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u304b\u3064\u6570\u7406\u7684\u306b\u88dc\u5b8c\u30fb\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5230\u9054\u76ee\u6a19\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u524d\u63d0\u80fd\u529b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u5c64\uff08\u8996\u5ea7\u5c64\uff09\u3067\u4fee\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u4e09\u5c64\u5206\u96e2\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6587\u8108\u7684\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u5b8c\u5099\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5c64\u3067\u6271\u3046\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u3001\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u3068\u56db\u3064\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u3001\u5404\u7a2e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u9055\u53cd\uff08Flouting\uff09\u304c\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u3068\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u691c\u77e5\u3001\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u3084\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u8a71\u8005\u30e1\u30bf\u614b\u5ea6\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u306a\u3069\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u3092\u6210\u305911\u306e\u539f\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u53d7\u7fd2\u8005\u304c\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u306f\u89e3\u91c8\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308a\u306a\u304c\u3089\u6587\u8108\u306e\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u3055\u3084\u5bfe\u8a71\u306e\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u306b\u76f4\u9762\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u306f\u76f4\u611f\u306b\u983c\u3089\u306a\u3044\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u89e3\u8aad\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u767a\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6b21\u5c64\u3067\u3042\u308b\u8003\u7a76\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u3084\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u4fee\u8f9e\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u5206\u6790\u3078\u3068\u63a5\u7d9a\u3057\u3001\u5165\u8a66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6700\u9ad8\u96e3\u5ea6\u306e\u6587\u8108\u63a8\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u3078\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u9069\u5fdc\u3092\u5b9f\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u8b58\u5225]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6587\u4f53\u3084\u767a\u8a71\u8868\u73fe\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5fc3\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3084\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u790e\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u5fc3\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u306e\u5206\u96e2\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M23-\u8a9e\u7528]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u3068\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u914d\u7f6e\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M18-\u8a9e\u7528]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u500b\u5225 M01-\u539f\u7406]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2514 \u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u3001\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u89e3\u91c8\u3078\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u500b\u5225 M04-\u539f\u7406]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2514 \u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u65e7\u65b0\u914d\u7f6e\u3068\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11. \u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u3068\u56db\u3064\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u4f53\u7cfb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f1a\u8a71\u7a7a\u9593\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u4e92\u3044\u306b\u5354\u529b\u3057\u3066\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u6210\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u8a00\u8449\u8db3\u3089\u305a\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u304b\u3089\u610f\u56f3\u3055\u308c\u305f\u610f\u56f3\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5fa9\u5143\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30b0\u30e9\u30a4\u30b9\uff08H. P. Grice\uff09\u306e\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\uff08Cooperative Principle\uff09\u3068\u56db\u3064\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08\u91cf\u30fb\u8cea\u30fb\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u30fb\u69d8\u614b\uff09\u3092\u6570\u7406\u7684\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3001\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u3089\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\uff08Conversational Implicature\uff09\u3092\u5c0e\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u8a08\u7b97\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11.\uff11. \u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u9aa8\u683c\u3068\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\u306e\u5c0e\u51fa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f1a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u610f\u5473\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306e\u52a0\u7b97\u51e6\u7406\u3067\u306f\u5b8c\u7d50\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u767a\u3057\u305f\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u805e\u304d\u624b\u304c\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u308b\u610f\u5473\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u751f\u3058\u308b\u4e56\u96e2\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u539f\u7406\u304c\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u54f2\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\uff08Cooperative Principle\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30b0\u30e9\u30a4\u30b9\u306e\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u53c2\u52a0\u8005\u306f\u300c\u53d7\u5bb9\u3055\u308c\u305f\u76ee\u7684\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u3066\u3001\u9069\u5207\u306a\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u8ca2\u732e\u3092\u306a\u305b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u516c\u7406\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u516c\u7406\u306f\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u91cf\u3092\u5236\u5fa1\u3059\u308b\u300c\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08Maxim of Quantity\uff09\u300d\u3001\u771f\u5b9f\u6027\u3092\u62c5\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u300c\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08Maxim of Quality\uff09\u300d\u3001\u6587\u8108\u3078\u306e\u9069\u5408\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u300c\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08Maxim of Relation\uff09\u300d\u3001\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u3055\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u300c\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08Maxim of Manner\uff09\u300d\u306e\u56db\u3064\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u88dc\u5f37\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u3082\u3057\u4eba\u9593\u304c\u3053\u306e\u5354\u8abf\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u5171\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u8a00\u8449\u8db3\u3089\u305a\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u3084\u6587\u8108\u4f9d\u5b58\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u610f\u5473\u3092\u306a\u3055\u305a\u3001\u8a00\u8aac\u7a7a\u9593\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u76f8\u4e92\u4e0d\u7406\u89e3\u306b\u9665\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70b9\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u9aa8\u683c\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u306f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u304b\u3089\u6df1\u5c64\u306e\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u63a8\u8ad6\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u89e3\u6790\u3057\u3001\u56db\u3064\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u3084\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3055\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u7834\u68c4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u60aa\u610f\u3084\u5618\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff09\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u81ea\u4f53\u306f\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9ad8\u6b21\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\u3092\u7acb\u3066\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u5354\u8abf\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u96a0\u308c\u305f\u547d\u984c\uff08\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\uff09\u3092\u7b97\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u88dc\u5b8c\u3092\u5b8c\u4e86\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u611f\u899a\u7684\u306a\u300c\u610f\u5473\u306e\u6c72\u307f\u53d6\u308a\u300d\u3092\u6392\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u306e\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u3092\u30c8\u30ea\u30ac\u30fc\u3068\u3059\u308b\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306a\u63a8\u8ad6\u6f14\u7b97\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u306e\u9069\u7528\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u9593\u306e\u5171\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\uff08Mutual Knowledge\uff09\u304c\u8457\u3057\u304f\u6b20\u5982\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\u306e\u7b97\u51fa\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u70b9\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u80cc\u666f\u3084\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u6709\u7121\u304c\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3092\u5de6\u53f3\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u8ad6\u30fb\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8868\u5c64\u610f\u5473\u3092\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u9069\u5408\u610f\u5473\u3078\u3068\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u672c\u539f\u7406\u306f\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u6700\u4e0a\u4f4d\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u6587\u8108\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u57fa\u790e\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;Will Mark join the project team?&#8221; B: &#8220;He is overwhelmed with his current teaching duties.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f1a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001B\u306fA\u306e\u8cea\u554f\uff08Yes\u304bNo\u304b\uff09\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u7b54\u3048\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u3068\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001B\u304c\u5354\u8abf\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u300c\u5f7c\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u904e\u5bc6\u306a\u696d\u52d9\u3092\u62b1\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u4f59\u88d5\u304c\u306a\u3044\uff08\u660e\u78ba\u306aNo\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e30\u7d50\uff08\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\uff09\u3092\u7b97\u51fa\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u6559\u6388\u304c\u5b66\u751f\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066 &#8220;The font is clear and the paper is nicely bound.&#8221; \u3068\u306e\u307f\u6279\u8a55\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u3092\u7834\u3089\u305a\u306b\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u56de\u907f\uff08\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u5229\u7528\uff09\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u304b\u3089\u300c\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u306f\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u3079\u304d\u70b9\u304c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u6279\u5224\u7684\u542b\u610f\u304c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u8a08\u7b97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: A: &#8220;Can you tell me where the post office is?&#8221; B: &#8220;There is a bank right around the corner.&#8221; \u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u300cB\u306f\u90f5\u4fbf\u5c40\u3092\u805e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306b\u9280\u884c\u3092\u7b54\u3048\u308b\u7121\u610f\u5473\u306a\u767a\u8a71\u3092\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u76f4\u8a33\u7684\u306b\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u3001\u9280\u884c\u306b\u306fATM\u304c\u3042\u308a\u5207\u624b\u3084\u91d1\u878d\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\u304c\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5171\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u90f5\u4fbf\u5c40\u306e\u4ee3\u66ff\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u63a2\u3059\u624b\u304c\u304b\u308a\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u5354\u8abf\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u3068\u3057\u3066\u88dc\u5b8c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;Some of the experiments were successful.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u306f\u300c\u3059\u3079\u3066\u304c\u6210\u529f\u3057\u305f\u300d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08\u5341\u5206\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u305b\u3088\uff09\u3092\u9075\u5b88\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eee\u5b9a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u304c\u6210\u529f\u3057\u305f\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff08Not all\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5883\u754c\uff08\u5c3a\u5ea6\u542b\u610f\uff09\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u3068\u56db\u3064\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u3092\u898f\u7bc4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u6587\u8108\u4e0d\u5168\u304b\u3089\u6df1\u5c64\u306e\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\u3092\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306b\u7b97\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11.\uff12. \u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\u4e0b\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4f1a\u8a71\u6587\u89e3\u8aad\u624b\u9806<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f1a\u8a71\u6587\u3092\u7cbe\u5ea6\u9ad8\u304f\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u306e\u671f\u5f85\u5024\u3068\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\u306e\u4e56\u96e2\u5206\u6790\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u767a\u8a71\uff08\u8cea\u554f\u30fb\u63d0\u6848\u30fb\u4e3b\u5f35\u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7a2e\u985e\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\uff08Adjacency Pair\u306e\u671f\u5f85\uff09\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\u304c\u3001\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08\u76f4\u3061\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u56de\u7b54\u30fb\u53d7\u8afe\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3068\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u30ba\u30ec\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u30ba\u30ec\u304c\u56db\u3064\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u3069\u306e\u6b21\u5143\u3067\u751f\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5224\u5225\u3057\u3001\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u3092\u89e3\u6d88\u3059\u308b\u300c\u88dc\u5b8c\u547d\u984c\u300d\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u3084\u308a\u53d6\u308a\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u9023\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u624b\u9806\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5236\u7d04\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u7a7a\u9593\u306b\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3084\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6291\u5727\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u3092\u4fdd\u3061\u3064\u3064\u3082\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306b\u5c48\u6298\u3057\u305f\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u305b\u3056\u308b\u3092\u5f97\u306a\u3044\u70b9\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7684\u306a\u767a\u8a71\u30b9\u30bf\u30a4\u30eb\u306e\u76f8\u9055\uff08\u76f4\u63a5\u6027\u3092\u597d\u3080\u304b\u5a49\u66f2\u6027\u3092\u597d\u3080\u304b\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u904b\u7528\u306e\u898b\u305f\u76ee\u304c\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6587\u578b\u3084\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u89e3\u6790\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30df\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u51e6\u7406\u3092\u5b8c\u4e86\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u306e\u6587\u8108\u7684\u63a5\u7d9a\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306a\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u884c\u3046\u4e8c\u6bb5\u968e\u306e\u51e6\u7406\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;Are you going to Sarah&#8217;s party tonight?&#8221; B: &#8220;I have to finish my history essay by tomorrow morning.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3084\u308a\u53d6\u308a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5fdc\u7b54\uff08Yes\/No\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001B\u306f\u7406\u7531\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u671f\u5f85\u5024\u3068\u306e\u4e56\u96e2\uff08\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff09\u3092\u300c\u30ec\u30dd\u30fc\u30c8\u57f7\u7b46\u306b\u6642\u9593\u3092\u8981\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u30d1\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u3078\u884c\u304f\u6642\u9593\u304c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u88dc\u5b8c\u547d\u984c\u3067\u63a5\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001B\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\u304c\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u300c\u62d2\u7d76\uff08No\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: A: &#8220;How was the job interview?&#8221; B: &#8220;Well, the weather was beautiful.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001B\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\u306f\u9762\u63a5\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u554f\u3044\u304b\u3089\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u96e2\u8131\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001B\u304c\u5354\u8abf\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eee\u5b9a\u3092\u5805\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u9762\u63a5\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u60b2\u60e8\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u306b\u89e6\u308c\u305f\u304f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: A: &#8220;Did you buy the medicine?&#8221; B: &#8220;The pharmacy was already closed when I arrived.&#8221; \u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u300c\u8cb7\u3048\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u4fdd\u7559\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u85ac\u5c40\u304c\u9589\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u304b\u3089\u3001\u300c\u8cfc\u5165\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff08No\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u8ad6\u3068\u300c\u4e0d\u5c65\u884c\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u306f\u81ea\u5206\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u306e\u56de\u907f\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: A: &#8220;Is he a good driver?&#8221; B: &#8220;He has failed his practical driving test three times.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001B\u306f\u6027\u683c\u3084\u8a55\u4fa1\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\uff083\u56de\u4e0d\u5408\u683c\uff09\u306e\u307f\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u304b\u3089\u3001\u300c\u5f7c\u306f\u904b\u8ee2\u304c\u4e0b\u624b\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u5426\u5b9a\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a55\u4fa1\u306e\u547d\u984c\u304c\u6f14\u7e79\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u3092\u4eee\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u4f1a\u8a71\u6587\u89e3\u8aad\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u5fdc\u7b54\u306e\u88cf\u306b\u6f5c\u3080\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u610f\u5473\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff12. \u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u3068\u60c5\u5831\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u304b\u3089\u306e\u542b\u610f\u62bd\u51fa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u91cf\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u9006\u306b\u904e\u5270\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u5197\u9577\u306b\u4ed8\u3051\u52a0\u3048\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u4f55\u3089\u304b\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u304c\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08Maxim of Quantity\uff09\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u7121\u8996\uff08Flout\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u751f\u3058\u308b\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3068\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u5c3a\u5ea6\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u300c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u542b\u610f\uff08Scalar Implicature\uff09\u300d\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u9650\u5b9a\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff12.\uff11. \u60c5\u5831\u904e\u5c11\uff08Under-information\uff09\u304c\u751f\u3080\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u89e3\u8aad<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f1a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u91cf\u3088\u308a\u3082\u6975\u7aef\u306b\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u5fdc\u7b54\u304c\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u300c\u76f4\u63a5\u8a00\u3046\u3068\u4e0d\u90fd\u5408\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u91cf\u3092\u5236\u9650\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u5bdf\u305b\u3055\u305b\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u4f5c\u52d5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u7b2c1\u547d\u984c\u300c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u63d0\u4f9b\u305b\u3088\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u9732\u9aa8\u306a\u7121\u8996\uff08Flouting\uff09\u306f\u3001\u53d7\u7fd2\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u8d8a\u3048\u305f\u6df1\u5c64\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u6469\u64e6\u56de\u907f\u3084\u3001\u6279\u5224\u30fb\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u885d\u6483\u3092\u548c\u3089\u3052\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u81ea\u5df1\u9632\u885b\u6a5f\u80fd\u304c\u8a00\u8a9e\u904b\u7528\u306b\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u60c5\u5831\u904e\u5c11\u304b\u3089\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u671f\u5f85\u60c5\u5831\u91cf\u3068\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u91cf\u306e\u843d\u5dee\u5206\u6790\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u6587\u8108\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u4eba\u7269\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u3001\u4f5c\u54c1\u306e\u611f\u60f3\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306b\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u91cf\u3092\u7b97\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u3001\u671f\u5f85\u60c5\u5831\u91cf\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3069\u306e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u904e\u5c11\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u89e6\u308c\u305a\u8868\u5c64\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u306e\u307f\u306e\u63d0\u793a\uff09\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u306a\u305c\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u5341\u5206\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3057\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u53e3\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u306a\u8ca0\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u3001\u4e0d\u5feb\u611f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5236\u9650\u3055\u308c\u305f\u80af\u5b9a\u3068\u3044\u3046\u771f\u610f\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u60c5\u5831\u904e\u5c11\u306e\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u5358\u306b\u65e2\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u6b20\u3044\u3066\u304a\u308a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\uff08\u77e5\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u6b20\u5982\uff09\u3068\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u306a\u3044\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u306e\u533a\u5225\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8b58\u5225\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u3084\u5c02\u9580\u6027\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80cc\u666f\u6587\u8108\u3092\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u306e\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u300c\u6c88\u9ed9\u300d\u3084\u300c\u4e00\u8a00\u3060\u3051\u306e\u63cf\u5199\u300d\u304b\u3089\u7b46\u8005\u30fb\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f5c\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;What do you think of the new professor&#8217;s lecture?&#8221; B: &#8220;He has a very clear voice.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f1a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8b1b\u7fa9\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3084\u6df1\u3055\u306b\u4e00\u5207\u89e6\u308c\u305a\u300c\u58f0\u306e\u660e\u77ad\u3055\u300d\u306e\u307f\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u904e\u5c11\u306f\u3001\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u9732\u9aa8\u306a\u7121\u8996\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u304b\u3089\u3001\u300c\u8b1b\u7fa9\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u81ea\u4f53\u306b\u306f\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u3079\u304d\u4fa1\u5024\u304c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6279\u5224\u7684\u542b\u610f\u304c\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u8ee2\u8077\u306e\u63a8\u85a6\u72b6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u524d\u8077\u306e\u4e0a\u53f8\u304c &#8220;Mr. Smith was always punctual and dressed smartly.&#8221; \u3068\u3057\u304b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u52e4\u52d9\u614b\u5ea6\u3084\u80fd\u529b\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u6b20\u843d\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u5f7c\u306b\u306f\u5b9f\u52d9\u7684\u306a\u80fd\u529b\u3084\u529f\u7e3e\u304c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u8b66\u544a\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u52b9\u679c\u304c\u751f\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: A: &#8220;Did you like both the movie and the soundtrack?&#8221; B: &#8220;The soundtrack was good.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fdc\u7b54\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u6620\u753b\u3082\u826f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3068\u63a8\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6620\u753b\u3078\u306e\u8a00\u8a00\u3092\u6b20\u843d\uff08\u60c5\u5831\u904e\u5c11\uff09\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u6620\u753b\u81ea\u4f53\u306f\u826f\u304f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u9650\u5b9a\u3092\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306b\u4f1d\u9054\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u6279\u8a55\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8457\u8005\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u8ca2\u732e\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u4e00\u8a00\u3082\u89e6\u308c\u305a\u300c\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u306e\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30c3\u30c8\u304c\u6574\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3060\u3051\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u73fe\u8c61\u306f\u3001\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u7121\u8996\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4fa1\u5024\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u300d\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u7d20\u6750\u7bc4\u56f2]\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u91cf\u306e\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u898f\u5247\u6027\u304b\u3089\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a71\u8005\u30fb\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u904b\u7528\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff12.\uff12. \u5c3a\u5ea6\u542b\u610f\uff08Scalar Implicature\uff09\u306e\u767a\u751f\u6a5f\u5e8f\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u9650\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u4f53\u7cfb\u306b\u306f\u3001\u610f\u5473\u306e\u5f37\u3055\u3084\u7bc4\u56f2\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300c\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff08Scale\uff09\u300d\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u6570\u91cf\u3092\u8868\u3059\uff1call, most, many, some, few\uff1e\u3084\u3001\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3092\u8868\u3059\uff1ccertain, likely, possible\uff1e\u3001\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u8868\u3059\uff1cmust, should, may\uff1e\u306a\u3069\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u3053\u306e\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u8a9e\uff08\u4f8b\uff1asome\uff09\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u3066\u767a\u8a71\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3088\u308a\u3082\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u4e0a\u4f4d\u306e\u8a9e\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aall\uff09\u3067\u8868\u3055\u308c\u308b\u547d\u984c\u306f\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u305f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u9650\u5b9a\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092\u300c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u542b\u610f\uff08Scalar Implicature\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u8aad\u89e3\u3084\u547d\u984c\u306e\u771f\u507d\u5224\u5b9a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5c3a\u5ea6\u542b\u610f\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u88dc\u5b8c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5883\u754c\u3092\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c3a\u5ea6\u542b\u610f\u3092\u7b97\u51fa\u3057\u547d\u984c\u306e\u5883\u754c\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u8a9e\u5f59\u5c3a\u5ea6\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u3068\u4e0a\u4f4d\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u4e2d\u306b\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u30ad\u30fc\u30ef\u30fc\u30c9\u304c\u3001\u610f\u5473\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u8a9e\u5f59\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\uff1calways, sometimes, rarely\uff1e\uff09\u306e\u3069\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u3088\u308a\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u4e0a\u4f4d\u306e\u8a9e\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\uff08\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u9075\u5b88\uff09\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u4e0a\u4f4d\u306e\u8a9e\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3060\u3051\u306e\u5341\u5206\u306a\u8a3c\u62e0\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\uff08\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u4e0a\u4f4d\u306e\u8a9e\u306f\u507d\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09\u300d\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u3001\u300c\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8a9e\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\uff08\u4f8b\uff1anot always\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u306e\u5883\u754c\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c3a\u5ea6\u542b\u610f\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8a9e\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u306f\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u542b\u5e30\uff08Entailment\uff09\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u542b\u610f\uff08Implicature\uff09\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306f\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u53ef\u80fd\uff08Cancelable\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001&#8221;Some, in fact all, of the students passed.&#8221; \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3067\u4e0a\u65b9\u4fee\u6b63\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5e38\u306b\u6587\u8108\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6253\u6d88\u3057\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u6709\u7121\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u9650\u5b9a\u8868\u73fe\u3084\u90e8\u5206\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u610f\u5473\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u7b97\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;It is possible that the plan will succeed.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c &#8220;certain&#8221; \u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f &#8220;possible&#8221; \u3092\u9078\u3093\u3060\uff08\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff09\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u8a08\u753b\u306e\u6210\u529f\u304c\u78ba\u5b9f\uff08certain\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5c3a\u5ea6\u542b\u610f\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;She solved many of the complex problems.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u300c\u591a\u304f\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3092\u89e3\u3044\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u554f\u984c\uff08all\uff09\u3092\u89e3\u3051\u305f\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;You may leave early today.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a31\u53ef\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001&#8221;must&#8221; \u3084 &#8220;should&#8221; \u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f &#8220;may&#8221; \u304c\u9078\u629e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3001\u300c\u65e9\u9000\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff08\u7fa9\u52d9\uff09\u300d\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u65e9\u9000\u3057\u306a\u3044\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3082\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u6a29\u5229\u30fb\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u5883\u754c\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;The runner was sometimes ahead of his rivals.&#8221; \u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u300c\u5f7c\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u30e9\u30a4\u30d0\u30eb\u3092\u5727\u5012\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u300d\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5c3a\u5ea6\u8868\u73fe &#8220;sometimes&#8221; \u306e\u63a1\u7528\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u5e38\u306b\uff08always\uff09\u52dd\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u9650\u5b9a\u304c\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3067\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u5c3a\u5ea6\u95a2\u4fc2\u304b\u3089\u547d\u984c\u306e\u771f\u507d\u5024\u3084\u9650\u754c\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u529b\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff13. \u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u3068\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u89e3\u8aad<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u767a\u8a00\u3084\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08Maxim of Quality\uff09\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u7121\u8996\uff08Flouting\uff09\u304c\u50cd\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u865a\u507d\u3084\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u3042\u304b\u3089\u3055\u307e\u306b\u793a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u53cd\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ae\u8089\uff08Irony\uff09\u3001\u6bd4\u55a9\uff08Metaphor\uff09\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8a87\u5f35\uff08Hyperbole\uff09\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u306e\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u3078\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff13.\uff11. \u9732\u9aa8\u306a\u865a\u507d\u30fb\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3068\u53cd\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ae\u8089\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u300c\u771f\u5b9f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3088\uff0f\u5341\u5206\u306a\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u306a\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u9732\u9aa8\u306a\u7121\u8996\uff08Flouting\uff09\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u3057\u624b\u304c\u76f8\u624b\u3092\u9a19\u305d\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u300c\u5618\u300d\u3068\u306f\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u533a\u5225\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u8a71\u3057\u624b\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u304c\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u547d\u984c\u304c\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u3068\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306b\u77db\u76fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u300c\u805e\u304d\u624b\u3082\u5f53\u7136\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u78ba\u4fe1\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u767a\u8a71\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u3068\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5bfe\u7acb\u3053\u305d\u304c\u3001\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u771f\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3078\u3068\u53cd\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u308b\u300c\u53cd\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ae\u8089\uff08Irony\uff09\u300d\u306e\u751f\u6210\u6a5f\u5e8f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u6839\u62e0\u306f\u3001\u9732\u9aa8\u306a\u77db\u76fe\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u305f\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u30fb\u6279\u5224\u7684\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u3092\u4f1d\u9054\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u52b9\u679c\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u304b\u3089\u53cd\u8a9e\u30fb\u76ae\u8089\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u547d\u984c\u3068\u72b6\u6cc1\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u306e\u691c\u51fa\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u3055\u308c\u305f\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u306a\u3093\u3068\u7d20\u6674\u3089\u3057\u3044\u5224\u65ad\u3060\uff09\u3068\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u72b6\u6cc1\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u5931\u6557\uff09\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u5bfe\u7acb\u30fb\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u6587\u8108\u3092\u52d8\u9055\u3044\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u3092\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u306b\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u4f55\u3089\u304b\u306e\u30e1\u30bf\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u547d\u984c\u306e\u771f\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u547d\u984c\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u5168\u304f\u611a\u304b\u306a\u5224\u65ad\u3060\uff09\u3092\u7b97\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5446\u308c\u3084\u975e\u96e3\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u76ae\u8089\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u3057\u624b\u3068\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306e\u9593\u306b\u5171\u901a\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u8a8d\u8b58\uff08Contextual Awareness\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u304c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u8aa4\u8a8d\u300d\u3084\u300c\u5618\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e0d\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u53d7\u5bb9\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u3042\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u3068\u60f3\u5b9a\u8aad\u8005\u304c\u5171\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6587\u8108\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u898b\u6975\u3081\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u6587\u9762\u901a\u308a\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u308b\u3068\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u5d29\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: \u571f\u964d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5927\u96e8\u306e\u65e5\u306b\u3001\u4eba\u304c &#8220;What a magnificent day for a picnic!&#8221; \u3068\u767a\u8a71\u3059\u308b\u5834\u9762\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u5929\u5019\u3068\u767a\u8a71\u547d\u984c\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5bfe\u7acb\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u5929\u5019\u306e\u3072\u3069\u3055\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u4e0d\u6e80\u3092\u8868\u3059\u300c\u76ae\u8089\uff08Irony\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u91cd\u5927\u306a\u8a08\u7b97\u30df\u30b9\u3092\u3057\u3066\u30c1\u30fc\u30e0\u306b\u640d\u5bb3\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u4eba\u7269\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u540c\u50da\u304c &#8220;You are an absolute genius!&#8221; \u3068\u58f0\u3092\u304b\u3051\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u79f0\u8cdb\uff08\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u610f\u5473\uff09\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u611a\u884c\u3092\u6279\u5224\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\uff08\u300c\u304a\u524d\u306f\u307e\u3063\u305f\u304f\u611a\u304b\u3060\u300d\uff09\u3078\u3068\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306b\u53cd\u8ee2\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u975e\u5e38\u306b\u4e0d\u683c\u597d\u3067\u4f4f\u307f\u306b\u304f\u3044\u90e8\u5c4b\u3092\u898b\u3066 &#8220;This palace is fit for a king.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u300c\u738b\u306b\u3075\u3055\u308f\u3057\u3044\u7d20\u6674\u3089\u3057\u3044\u90e8\u5c4b\u3060\u300d\u3068\u76f4\u8a33\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u7c97\u672b\u3055\u3068\u306e\u4e56\u96e2\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u90e8\u5c4b\u306e\u52a3\u60aa\u3055\u3092\u81ea\u8650\u7684\u306b\u5f37\u8abf\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u91c8\u304c\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u8a0e\u8ad6\u3067\u652f\u96e2\u6ec5\u88c2\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u7e70\u308a\u5e83\u3052\u308b\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u8a55\u8005\u304c &#8220;Your logic is impeccably flawless.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u306b\u898b\u305b\u304b\u3051\u305f\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u300c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7834\u7dbb\u306e\u6307\u6458\uff08\u53cd\u8a9e\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u72b6\u6cc1\u3068\u547d\u984c\u306e\u9732\u9aa8\u306a\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u304b\u3089\u771f\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u89e3\u8aad\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff13.\uff12. \u6bd4\u55a9\uff08\u96a0\u55a9\u30fb\u63db\u55a9\uff09\u3068\u8a87\u5f35\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u306e\u540c\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a00\u8a9e\u904b\u7528\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u63cf\u5199\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3084\u6975\u7aef\u306a\u5f37\u8abf\u3092\u542b\u3080\u8868\u73fe\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u96a0\u55a9\uff08Metaphor\uff09\u3084\u8a87\u5f35\uff08Hyperbole\uff09\u304c\u983b\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u3082\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u306b\u5206\u985e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u306a\u305c\u4eba\u306f\u5e73\u6613\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u8a18\u8ff0\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u7570\u306a\u308b\u6bd4\u55a9\u3084\u8a87\u5f35\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u771f\u507d\u5024\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u3001\u4e8b\u614b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u300c\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u4fa1\u5024\u8a55\u4fa1\u3084\u611f\u60c5\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\uff08\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\uff09\u300d\u3092\u76f4\u89b3\u7684\u304b\u3064\u5f37\u70c8\u306b\u4f1d\u9054\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6bd4\u55a9\u3084\u8a87\u5f35\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u306e\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u3068\u610f\u5473\u306e\u8ee2\u79fb\u5206\u6790\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u5bfe\u8c61\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u7269\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u4e8b\u5b9f\u7684\u306b\u9069\u7528\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u4eba\u9593\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u300c\u9244\u306e\u610f\u5fd7\u300d\u300c100\u4e07\u56de\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u300d\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u7834\u68c4\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u6301\u3064\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u306a\u7279\u5fb4\uff08\u5805\u56fa\u3055\u3001\u983b\u5ea6\u306e\u6975\u7aef\u306a\u591a\u3055\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7279\u5fb4\u3092\u672c\u6765\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3078\u3068\u8ee2\u79fb\u3055\u305b\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u305d\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u62b1\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5f37\u8abf\u3001\u8cdb\u7f8e\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u6050\u6016\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6bd4\u55a9\u3068\u8a87\u5f35\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6163\u7fd2\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6bd4\u55a9\u306e\u6301\u3064\u30a4\u30e1\u30fc\u30b8\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u70b9\uff08\u6587\u5316\u4f9d\u5b58\u6027\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3042\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u570f\u3067\u306f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u6bd4\u55a9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u3001\u5225\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u570f\u3067\u306f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u5e2f\u3073\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5165\u8a66\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u570f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u30a4\u30e1\u30fc\u30b8\u306e\u5171\u6709\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63a8\u8ad6\u3092\u9032\u3081\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u8a33\u3059\u308b\u3068\u6ed1\u7a3d\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u6587\u7ae0\u304b\u3089\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u646f\u306a\u611f\u60c5\u3084\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u5f37\u8abf\u3092\u3059\u304f\u3044\u53d6\u308b\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;My attorney is a culture of prey.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5f01\u8b77\u58eb\u304c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u9ce5\u985e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u89e3\u91c8\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6355\u98df\u52d5\u7269\u304c\u6301\u3064\u300c\u57f7\u62d7\u3055\u30fb\u51b7\u9177\u3055\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7279\u5fb4\u304c\u8ee2\u79fb\u3055\u308c\u3001\u300c\u79c1\u306e\u5f01\u8b77\u58eb\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u57f7\u62d7\u3067\u5bb9\u8d66\u304c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5fc3\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u304c\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;I have told you a million times to double-check your calculations.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b100\u4e07\u56de\u767a\u58f0\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6ce8\u610f\u306e\u5ea6\u91cd\u306a\u308b\u53cd\u5fa9\u3068\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u7121\u9813\u7740\u3055\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u300c\u7126\u71e5\u30fb\u61a4\u308a\uff08\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\uff09\u300d\u3092\u8a87\u5f35\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u975e\u5e38\u306b\u6012\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4eba\u7269\u3092\u63cf\u5199\u3057\u3066 &#8220;He was boiling with rage.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u6cb8\u9a30\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u611f\u60c5\u306e\u6fc0\u3057\u3055\u3092\u300c\u6cb8\u9a30\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7269\u7406\u73fe\u8c61\u306b\u8a17\u3057\u3066\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;This suitcase weighs a ton.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30c4\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u306e\u91cd\u91cf\u304c\u6b63\u78ba\u306b1\u30c8\u30f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u53d7\u5bb9\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6301\u3061\u904b\u3073\u306e\u56f0\u96e3\u3055\u3068\u75b2\u52b4\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u8a87\u5f35\uff08Hyperbole\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u306e\u80cc\u666f\u306b\u3042\u308b\u6bd4\u55a9\u3084\u8a87\u5f35\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u7fd2\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff14. \u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u304f\u3073\u304d\u3068\u8108\u7d61\u4e0d\u5168\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u62bd\u51fa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f1a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7a81\u7136\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3068\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u306a\u3044\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3001\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u8fd4\u7b54\u304c\u306a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08Maxim of Relation\uff09\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u8108\u7d61\u306e\u6b20\u5982\uff08Irrelevance\uff09\u304c\u793a\u3059\u8a71\u984c\u8ee2\u63db\u3084\u4f1a\u8a71\u5236\u5fa1\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\u304b\u3089\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u6f14\u7e79\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff14.\uff11. \u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u7121\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u3068\u4f1a\u8a71\u5236\u5fa1\u30fb\u8a71\u984c\u56de\u907f\u306e\u7279\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u300c\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3088\uff08Be relevant\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u3092\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u6700\u3082\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u5236\u7d04\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u6d6e\u3044\u305f\u767a\u8a71\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306f\u300c\u306a\u305c\u3053\u306e\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u7a81\u7136\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3092\u53e3\u306b\u3057\u305f\u306e\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u7591\u554f\u3092\u62b1\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u7121\u95a2\u9023\u6027\uff08Irrelevance\uff09\u306e\u6f14\u51fa\u306f\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u62d2\u7d76\u3001\u4e0d\u90fd\u5408\u306a\u8cea\u554f\u304b\u3089\u306e\u907f\u96e3\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5468\u56f2\u306e\u7269\u7406\u7684\u74b0\u5883\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u306e\u63a5\u8fd1\u306a\u3069\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6ce8\u610f\u559a\u8d77\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u300c\u4f1a\u8a71\u5236\u5fa1\u30fb\u8a71\u984c\u56de\u907f\u300d\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u7121\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u304b\u3089\u4f1a\u8a71\u5236\u5fa1\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u4e0d\u5168\u306e\u691c\u51fa\u3068\u74b0\u5883\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u63a2\u7d22\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u63d0\u8d77\u3057\u305f\u8ab2\u984c\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u4e0d\u90fd\u5408\u306a\u771f\u5b9f\u306e\u8ffd\u53ca\uff09\u3068\u3001\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u767a\u8a71\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u5929\u6c17\u306e\u8a71\u984c\uff09\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u63a5\u7d9a\u304c\u7686\u7121\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u7121\u80fd\u306a\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3092\u7d99\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30fb\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u306a\u4e0d\u5229\u76ca\uff08\u5371\u967a\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3068\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u300c\u3053\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u306f\u3053\u3053\u3067\u6253\u3061\u5207\u308b\u300d\u300c\u5225\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3078\u79fb\u884c\u305b\u3088\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30e1\u30bf\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u4e0a\u306e\u547d\u4ee4\uff08\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u5236\u5fa1\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7121\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5358\u306b\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u304c\u6563\u6f2b\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u6587\u8108\u3092\u5931\u5ff5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u8a71\u304c\u98db\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\uff08\u8a8d\u77e5\u7684\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u306e\u6b20\u5982\uff09\u3068\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u56de\u907f\u306e\u533a\u5225\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u8a18\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30bb\u30ea\u30d5\u3084\u672c\u6587\u306b\u7121\u610f\u5473\u306a\u8131\u7dda\u306f\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u63a8\u8ad6\u3092\u9032\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u304b\u307f\u5408\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3084\u308a\u53d6\u308a\u300d\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u7dca\u8feb\u3057\u305f\u5fc3\u7406\u3084\u99c6\u3051\u5f15\u304d\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f5c\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;How much did you steal from the company?&#8221; B: &#8220;It&#8217;s a lovely afternoon, isn&#8217;t it?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f1a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001B\u306f\u76d7\u96e3\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u305a\u5929\u6c17\u306b\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u7121\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306f\u3001\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u56de\u7b54\u306e\u62d2\u7d76\u3068\u300c\u305d\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u306b\u306f\u89e6\u308c\u308b\u306a\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u56de\u907f\u306e\u610f\u56f3\uff08\u4f1a\u8a71\u5236\u5fa1\uff09\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u306e\u4e0d\u7965\u4e8b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u554f\u308f\u308c\u305f\u5e83\u5831\u62c5\u5f53\u8005\u304c\u3001\u7a81\u7136\u300c\u6211\u304c\u793e\u306e\u5730\u57df\u793e\u4f1a\u3078\u306e\u8ca2\u732e\u4e8b\u696d\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5ef6\u3005\u3068\u8a9e\u308a\u59cb\u3081\u308b\u73fe\u8c61\u306f\u3001\u4e0d\u90fd\u5408\u306a\u8ffd\u6c42\u304b\u3089\u306e\u907f\u96e3\u3068\u8a71\u984c\u306e\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u79d8\u5bc6\u306e\u76f8\u8ac7\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6700\u4e2d\u306b\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u304c\u8fd1\u3065\u3044\u3066\u304d\u305f\u306e\u3092\u898b\u3066\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u7a81\u7136 &#8220;Look at the strange bird on the tree!&#8221; \u3068\u53eb\u3076\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u9ce5\u3078\u306e\u95a2\u5fc3\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300c\u4f1a\u8a71\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u4e2d\u65ad\u305b\u3088\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5408\u56f3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u9577\u6587\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u7a81\u7136\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u306a\u601d\u3044\u51fa\u8a71\u3092\u633f\u5165\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u7dca\u5f35\u3092\u548c\u3089\u3052\u308b\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u305d\u306e\u601d\u3044\u51fa\u304c\u5f8c\u534a\u3067\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u6bd4\u55a9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u524d\u632f\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4e88\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5165\u8a66\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u6587\u8108\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8108\u7d61\u306e\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u3055\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u9023\u7d9a\u6027\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u4f1a\u8a71\u5236\u5fa1\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff14.\uff12. \u5fdc\u7b54\u306e\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u6027\u304b\u3089\u306e\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u542b\u610f\u62bd\u51fa\u624b\u9806<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u8a66\u9a13\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5bfe\u8a71\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u300cYes\u300d\u304b\u300cNo\u300d\u3067\u76f4\u63a5\u7b54\u3048\u305a\u3001\u4e00\u898b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3084\u80cc\u666f\u72b6\u6cc1\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3060\u3051\u306e\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\uff08Non-direct Response\uff09\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u3044\u983b\u5ea6\u3067\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\u306f\u3001\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u6f14\u7e79\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8a08\u7b97\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\u304b\u3089\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\uff08\u542b\u610f\uff09\u3092\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u3068\u5e30\u7d50\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6295\u3052\u304b\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u8cea\u554f\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aCan you afford this luxury car?\uff09\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff08\u80af\u5b9a\u304b\u5426\u5b9a\u304b\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aI just bought a mansion in Beverly Hills.\uff09\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3068\u3001\u666e\u904d\u7684\u306a\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u30d3\u30d0\u30ea\u30fc\u30d2\u30eb\u30ba\u306b\u5927\u90b8\u8cb7\u3048\u308b\u4eba\u306f\u8d85\u5bcc\u88d5\u5c64\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09\u3092\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u304b\u3089\u300c\u5f53\u7136\u305d\u306e\u8eca\u3082\u8cb7\u3048\u308b\uff08\u5727\u5012\u7684\u306aYes\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u6f14\u7e79\u3057\u3001\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u56de\u7b54\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\u306e\u6f14\u7e79\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63a8\u8ad6\u306b\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u300c\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5165\u8a66\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5185\u304b\u5e38\u8b58\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u306b\u53ce\u307e\u308b\u3088\u3046\u8a2d\u8a08\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6f14\u7e79\u306e\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u5358\u8a9e\uff08Yes\/No\uff09\u306e\u4e0d\u5728\u306b\u60d1\u308f\u3055\u308c\u305a\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u5c0e\u304d\u51fa\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;Are you coming to the beach with us tomorrow?&#8221; B: &#8220;I have to repair my roof before the storm hits.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fdc\u7b54\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u306e &#8220;No&#8221; \u3092\u542b\u307e\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u300c\u5c4b\u6839\u306e\u4fee\u7406\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u30d3\u30fc\u30c1\u3078\u884c\u304f\u6642\u9593\u7684\u4f59\u88d5\u304c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u5426\u5b9a\uff08No\uff09\u3092\u4f1d\u9054\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: A: &#8220;Is Paris worth visiting?&#8221; B: &#8220;I have traveled there every summer for ten years.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fdc\u7b54\u306f\u3001&#8221;Yes&#8221; \u3068\u8a00\u308f\u305a\u306b\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u5b9f\u7e3e\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c10\u5e74\u901a\u3046\u307b\u3069\u5727\u5012\u7684\u306b\u4fa1\u5024\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff08\u5f37\u56fa\u306aYes\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u3088\u308a\u5f37\u529b\u306b\u542b\u610f\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: A: &#8220;Did you pass the advanced mathematics exam?&#8221; B: &#8220;Only two students in the entire class passed, and I wasn&#8217;t one of them.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u8a66\u9a13\u306e\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u306e\u9ad8\u3055\uff082\u4eba\u3057\u304b\u53d7\u304b\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff09\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u843d\u3061\u305f\uff08No\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u300c\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u8db3\u3060\u3051\u304c\u539f\u56e0\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6170\u3081\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: A: &#8220;Can John manage this complex project?&#8221; B: &#8220;He successfully directed the multi-million dollar merger last year.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fdc\u7b54\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u5b9f\u7e3e\u304b\u3089\u63a8\u8ad6\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u3053\u306a\u305b\u308b\uff08Yes\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\u304b\u3089\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u6f14\u7e79\u3057\u3001\u5b8c\u74a7\u306a\u610f\u5473\u78ba\u5b9a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff15. \u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u3068\u8fc2\u8a00\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u7279\u6b8a\u52b9\u679c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a71\u3057\u624b\u3084\u8457\u8005\u304c\u3001\u77ed\u304f\u7c21\u6f54\u306b\u8a00\u3048\u308b\u4e8b\u67c4\u3092\u308f\u3056\u3068\u56de\u308a\u304f\u3069\u304f\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8a00\u3044\u56de\u3057\u3067\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08Maxim of Manner\uff09\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u3055\uff08Clarity\uff09\u3084\u7c21\u6f54\u3055\uff08Brevity\uff09\u306e\u653e\u68c4\u304c\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u614b\u5ea6\u30fb\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3068\u3001\u51b7\u6de1\u3055\u3084\u76ae\u8089\u3092\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3059\u5197\u9577\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u624b\u9806\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff15.\uff11. \u56de\u308a\u304f\u3069\u3055\u30fb\u6666\u6e0b\u3055\u304c\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u614b\u5ea6\u30fb\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u5224\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u300c\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3001\u7c21\u6f54\u306b\u3001\u9806\u5e8f\u7acb\u3066\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u3088\uff08Be perspicuous\uff09\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u7121\u8996\uff08Flouting\uff09\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u3065\u3089\u304f\u3059\u308b\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3082\u3063\u3068\u624b\u77ed\u306b\u660e\u77ad\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u304d\u308b\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u3042\u3048\u3066\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\u3084\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u3001\u56de\u308a\u304f\u3069\u3044\u8a00\u3044\u56de\u3057\uff08Obscurity \/ Ambiguity\uff09\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u767a\u8a00\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u614e\u91cd\u3055\u3001\u9060\u56de\u3057\u306a\u6279\u5224\u3001\u5c02\u9580\u6027\u306e\u8a87\u793a\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u8e8a\u8e87\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u306a\u300c\u614b\u5ea6\u3084\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u300d\u3092\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u62b1\u304b\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56de\u308a\u304f\u3069\u3044\u8868\u73fe\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u7c21\u6f54\u306a\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\u3068\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8907\u96d1\u30fb\u6666\u6e0b\u306a\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u5f7c\u5973\u306f\u6709\u540d\u306a\u6b4c\u306e\u65cb\u5f8b\u306b\u9177\u4f3c\u3057\u305f\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u97f3\u3092\u767a\u751f\u3055\u305b\u305f\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3088\u308a\u7c21\u6f54\u3067\u76f4\u89e3\u7684\u306a\u4ee3\u66ff\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u5f7c\u5973\u306f\u6b4c\u3063\u305f\uff09\u3092\u60f3\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u306a\u305c\u8457\u8005\u304c\u3053\u306e\u7c21\u6f54\u3055\u3092\u3042\u3048\u3066\u653e\u68c4\u3057\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\u3092\u8003\u5bdf\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7c21\u6f54\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u751f\u3058\u308b\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u6b4c\u5531\u529b\u306e\u58ca\u6ec5\u7684\u306a\u4f4e\u3055\u306e\u793a\u5506\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u7d71\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u306e\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\u306a\u3069\u3067\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u3064\u305f\u3081\u306b\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6587\u7ae0\u304c\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\uff08\u5c02\u9580\u7684\u8981\u8acb\uff09\u3068\u3001\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u306a\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u72d9\u3063\u3066\u6545\u610f\u306b\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u306e\u8b58\u5225\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u30eb\uff08\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u304b\u6587\u5b66\u30fb\u622f\u66f2\u304b\uff09\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u5224\u5b9a\u57fa\u6e96\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u300c\u30b9\u30bf\u30a4\u30eb\uff08\u6587\u4f53\uff09\u300d\u304c\u6301\u3064\u610f\u5473\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;Miss X produced a series of sounds that corresponded closely with the score of &#8216;Home Sweet Home&#8217;.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5287\u8a55\u306f\u3001&#8221;Miss X sang &#8216;Home Sweet Home&#8217;.&#8221; \u3068\u8a00\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u5f7c\u5973\u306e\u6b4c\u5531\u304c\u300c\u6b4c\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u306b\u5024\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3072\u3069\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u76ae\u8089\u300d\u3092\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u5358\u306b &#8220;He died.&#8221; \u3068\u8a00\u308f\u305a\u306b &#8220;He ceased to breathe and his vital signs became undetectable.&#8221; \u3068\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u30fb\u7121\u611f\u60c5\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6b7b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u51b7\u5fb9\u306a\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u3084\u611f\u60c5\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3092\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u306b\u6f14\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u540d\u524d\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001&#8221;a certain individual whose identity I am not at liberty to disclose&#8221; \u3068\u5197\u9577\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4eba\u7269\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u306e\u4e0d\u6c17\u5473\u3055\u3084\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u3092\u6697\u8aad\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306b\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u8a55\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u65e5\u5e38\u8a9e\u3067\u8a00\u3048\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u308f\u3056\u308f\u3056\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e\u3067\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u3072\u3051\u3089\u304b\u3057\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u65e5\u5e38\u8a9e\u304c\u6301\u3064\u66d6\u6627\u3055\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3066\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u308c\u30894\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u5f0f\u306e\u7570\u69d8\u3055\u304b\u3089\u7b46\u8005\u30fb\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u7372\u5f97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff15.\uff12. \u7c21\u6f54\u3055\u306e\u653e\u68c4\u306b\u3088\u308b\u51b7\u6de1\u3055\u30fb\u76ae\u8089\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u5206\u6790<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u77ed\u304f\u4e00\u8a00\u3067\u6e08\u3080\u8fd4\u7b54\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aNo. \/ I don&#8217;t know.\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u9577\u304f\u3001\u69cb\u6587\u7684\u306b\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8a00\u3044\u56de\u3057\uff08Prolixity\uff09\u304c\u63a1\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u300c\u76f8\u624b\u3068\u306e\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u306e\u62e1\u5927\u300d\u3084\u300c\u51b7\u6de1\u3055\u30fb\u76ae\u8089\u300d\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u304c\u50cd\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u89aa\u5bc6\u306a\u9593\u67c4\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u7c21\u6f54\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u597d\u307e\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u904e\u5270\u306b\u624b\u539a\u304f\u4e01\u5be7\u3059\u304e\u308b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u56de\u308a\u304f\u3069\u3044\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u51b7\u305f\u3055\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u7121\u77e5\u3092\u8511\u3080\u76ae\u8089\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7c21\u6f54\u3055\u306e\u653e\u68c4\u304b\u3089\u51b7\u6de1\u3055\u3084\u76ae\u8089\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u4e01\u5be7\u3055\u306e\u904e\u5270\u5ea6\u3068\u89aa\u5bc6\u3055\u306e\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8a71\u8005\u540c\u58eb\u306e\u672c\u6765\u306e\u5bfe\u4eba\u8ddd\u96e2\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u89aa\u3057\u3044\u53cb\u4eba\u540c\u58eb\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u9577\u3005\u3068\u3057\u305f\u516c\u7684\u30fb\u5100\u793c\u7684\u306a\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u3054\u63d0\u793a\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3044\u305f\u3054\u63d0\u6848\u306b\u306f\u627f\u670d\u3057\u304b\u306d\u308b\u65e8\u3092\u8868\u660e\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304d\u307e\u3059\uff09\u306e\u633f\u5165\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u904e\u5270\u306a\u4e01\u5be7\u3055\u3084\u5197\u9577\u3055\u304c\u300c\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u786c\u5316\u300d\u3084\u300c\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u5f15\u304d\u96e2\u3057\uff08\u51b7\u6de1\u3055\uff09\u300d\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u4f5c\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u5206\u6790\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u8eab\u5206\u306e\u4e0a\u4e0b\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306a\u4e0d\u5feb\u611f\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u306b\u904e\u5270\u306a\u4e01\u5be7\u3055\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6587\u8108\uff08\u5bae\u5ef7\u3084\u516c\u5f0f\u306e\u5834\uff09\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5197\u9577\u3055\u306f\u51b7\u6de1\u3055\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u7d14\u7c8b\u306a\u793c\u5100\uff08\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u72b6\u6cc1\u306e\u516c\u79c1\u3092\u898b\u6975\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4eba\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u300c\u51b7\u3048\u8fbc\u307f\u300d\u3084\u300c\u76ae\u8089\u306a\u9694\u305f\u308a\u300d\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: \u89aa\u3057\u3044\u53cb\u4eba\u304b\u3089 &#8220;Can I borrow your car?&#8221; \u3068\u805e\u304b\u308c\u3001&#8221;I must respectfully decline your request due to personal policy.&#8221; \u3068\u7b54\u3048\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u904e\u5270\u306a\u56de\u308a\u304f\u3069\u3055\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u300c\u8cb8\u3059\u3064\u3082\u308a\u306f\u4e00\u5207\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u51b7\u5fb9\u306a\u62d2\u7d76\u3068\u8ddd\u96e2\u611f\u3092\u6f14\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u5358\u306b &#8220;I don&#8217;t care.&#8221; \u3068\u8a00\u308f\u305a\u3001&#8221;The degree of my indifference to this matter is beyond your imagination.&#8221; \u3068\u5197\u9577\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u95a2\u5fc3\u4e8b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7121\u95a2\u5fc3\u3055\u3068\u76f8\u624b\u3092\u898b\u4e0b\u3059\u76ae\u8089\uff08Irony\uff09\u3092\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u9055\u53cd\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u69cb\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u8aa4\u308a\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3055\u308c\u305f\u969b\u306b &#8220;I am deeply overwhelmed by your incredible capacity for discovering microscopic flaws.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3084\u308a\u53d6\u308a\u306f\u3001\u611f\u8b1d\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u795e\u7d4c\u8cea\u3055\u3084\u610f\u5730\u60aa\u3055\u3092\u5632\u7b11\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;It is not entirely impossible that you might eventually grasp the concept.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u3092\u542b\u3080\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306f\u3001\u300c\u304a\u524d\u304c\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u4f4e\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fae\u8511\u3092\u9060\u56de\u3057\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u7c21\u6f54\u3055\u306e\u653e\u68c4\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5197\u9577\u6027\u304b\u3089\u51b7\u6de1\u3055\u3084\u76ae\u8089\u306e\u4fee\u8f9e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u89e3\u304d\u307b\u3050\u3059\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff16. \u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\u306e\u7279\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u767a\u8a71\u3084\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u8aad\u3080\u969b\u3001\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u306e\u771f\u507d\u5224\u65ad\uff08\u80af\u5b9a\u304b\u5426\u5b9a\u304b\uff09\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3055\u308c\u305a\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u771f\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff08Presupposition\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u8ff0\u8a9e\u3001\u72b6\u614b\u5909\u5316\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u9650\u5b9a\u8a18\u8ff0\u306a\u3069\u306e\u300c\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\uff08Presupposition Triggers\uff09\u300d\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3057\u3001\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\uff08Negation Test\uff09\u300d\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u6280\u6cd5\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff16.\uff11. \u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u8ff0\u8a9e\u30fb\u72b6\u614b\u5909\u5316\u52d5\u8a5e\u30fb\u9650\u5b9a\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u6a5f\u69cb<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u3084\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u3001\u3042\u308b\u547d\u984c\u304c\u80cc\u666f\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u80cc\u666f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u8d77\u52d5\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8a9e\u5f59\u3084\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u300c\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\uff08Presupposition Triggers\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u306a\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u88dc\u6587\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u6027\u3092\u7121\u6761\u4ef6\u306b\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u300c\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u8ff0\u8a9e\uff08Factive Verbs\uff1aregret, know, realize, be aware that&#8230;\uff09\u300d\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u300c\u72b6\u614b\u5909\u5316\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08Change of State Verbs\uff1astop, start, continue, quit&#8230;\uff09\u300d\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u8a72\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u304c\u4e16\u754c\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u300c\u9650\u5b9a\u8a18\u8ff0\uff08Definite Descriptions\uff1athe X, John&#8217;s Y&#8230;\uff09\u300d\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u6a5f\u69cb\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u6587\u306e\u300c\u4e3b\u5f35\uff08\u8a00\u660e\uff09\u300d\u306e\u5916\u5074\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3082\u524d\u63d0\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306f\u5d29\u58ca\u305b\u305a\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\u304b\u3089\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\u306e\u5206\u985e\u3068\u524d\u63d0\u547d\u984c\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u4e2d\u306b\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aregret, stop, the king\uff09\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\u304c\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u8981\u8acb\u3059\u308b\u80cc\u666f\u547d\u984c\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u301c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3001\u4ee5\u524d\u301c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3001\u301c\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u305d\u306e\u80cc\u666f\u547d\u984c\u304c\u5f53\u7136\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\uff08Given\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6271\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u6a5f\u69cb\u306e\u89e3\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u8a00\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u304b\u3089\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8b58\u3084\u9ad8\u6b21\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u6d88\u5931\u30fb\u4e2d\u7acb\u5316\u3059\u308b\uff08\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u8106\u3055\uff1adefeasibility\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5e38\u306b\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u3067\u300c\u672c\u6587\u3067\u5f53\u7136\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u304c\u554f\u308f\u308c\u305f\u969b\u306b\u3001\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;John regrets that he sold his house.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u8ff0\u8a9e &#8220;regret&#8221; \u306e\u5b58\u5728\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u304c\u5f8c\u6094\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u5426\u304b\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u300c\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u5bb6\u3092\u58f2\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u304c\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;Mary stopped taking the medication.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u72b6\u614b\u5909\u5316\u52d5\u8a5e &#8220;stop&#8221; \u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u30e1\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u306f\u4ee5\u524d\u305d\u306e\u85ac\u3092\u670d\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u306b\u8d77\u52d5\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;The current President of France is visiting Japan.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u306f\u3001\u9650\u5b9a\u8a18\u8ff0 &#8220;The current President of France&#8221; \u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u73fe\u5728\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306b\u306f\u5927\u7d71\u9818\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b58\u5728\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u5185\u5305\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;John managed to open the heavy door.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u6210\u529f\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\uff08\u8a00\u660e\uff09\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3001&#8221;manage to&#8221; \u306e\u8a9e\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u308a\u300c\u30c9\u30a2\u3092\u958b\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u56f0\u96e3\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u4f34\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5165\u8a66\u82f1\u6587\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\u3092\u8d77\u70b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u9670\u306b\u6f5c\u3080\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u8aad\u529b\u304c\u7fd2\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff16.\uff12. \u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u62bd\u51fa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3042\u308b\u547d\u984c\u304c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u542b\u610f\uff08Entailment\uff09\u300d\u3084\u300c\u4e3b\u5f35\uff08Assertion\uff09\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u300c\u524d\u63d0\uff08Presupposition\uff09\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6700\u3082\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u304c\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\uff08Negation Test\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u5f62\u306b\u5909\u63db\u3057\u305f\u3068\u304d\u3001\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u304c\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3082\u306a\u304a\u771f\u3067\u3042\u308a\u7d9a\u3051\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u90e8\u5206\u3053\u305d\u304c\u300c\u524d\u63d0\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u672c\u6587\u306e\u8a00\u660e\u3068\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u6df7\u540c\u3057\u305f\u8aa4\u89e3\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u9069\u7528\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u5909\u63db\u3068\u771f\u507d\u5024\u306e\u4e0d\u5909\u6027\u691c\u8a3c\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u308b\u539f\u6587\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aJohn stopped smoking.\uff09\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u5f62\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aJohn didn&#8217;t stop smoking.\uff09\u3078\u3068\u5909\u63db\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u539f\u6587\u3068\u5426\u5b9a\u6587\u306e\u4e21\u65b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u540c\u6642\u306b\u300c\u771f\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u7d9a\u3051\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u306a\u3044\u547d\u984c\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aJohn used to smoke.\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u305d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u9069\u7528\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u97f3\u8abf\uff08\u30b9\u30c8\u30ec\u30b9\uff09\u304c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u8a9e\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\uff08\u7126\u70b9\u5316\uff1aFocus\uff09\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u53ca\u3076\u7bc4\u56f2\uff08Scope of Negation\uff09\u304c\u5909\u5316\u3057\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u306b\u5dfb\u304d\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u308b\u7279\u6b8a\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aJohn didn&#8217;t stop smoking\u2014he never smoked!\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u306a\u306e\u304b\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u5e83\u7bc4\u56f2\u5426\u5b9a\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u5224\u5225\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u6587\u306e\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u80af\u5b9a\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u306b\u60d1\u308f\u3055\u308c\u305a\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u4f9d\u62e0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u571f\u53f0\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f5c\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: \u539f\u6587 &#8220;Mary knows that the earth is round.&#8221; \u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u6587 &#8220;Mary doesn&#8217;t know that the earth is round.&#8221; \u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4e21\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u5730\u7403\u306f\u4e38\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u306f\u4e0d\u5909\u306e\u771f\u3067\u3042\u308a\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u3053\u308c\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u524d\u63d0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8a3c\u660e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u539f\u6587 &#8220;The mayor ceased his public appearances.&#8221; \u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u6587\u306f &#8220;The mayor didn&#8217;t cease his public appearances.&#8221; \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3069\u3061\u3089\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u300c\u5e02\u9577\u306f\u4ee5\u524d\u516c\u306e\u5834\u306b\u59ff\u3092\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u306f\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u3053\u308c\u304c\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;John&#8217;s brother is a doctor.&#8221; \u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u3066 &#8220;John&#8217;s brother isn&#8217;t a doctor.&#8221; \u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u300c\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u306b\u306f\u5144\u5f1f\u304c\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u5d29\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3082\u3057\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u306b\u5144\u5f1f\u304c\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u6587\u3082\u5426\u5b9a\u6587\u3082\u771f\u507d\u5024\u3092\u5931\u3063\u3066\u7834\u7dbb\uff08Truth-value gap\uff09\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;Why did you break the window?&#8221; \u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001&#8221;I didn&#8217;t break it!&#8221; \u3068\u7b54\u3048\u3066\u3082\u3001\u300c\u8ab0\u304b\u304c\u7a93\u3092\u5272\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300c\u7a93\u304c\u5272\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u8cea\u554f\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08\u7591\u554f\u6587\u306e\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e0d\u5909\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8a00\u660e\u3068\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u96a0\u308c\u305f\u89e3\u91c8\u57fa\u76e4\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff17. \u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u3068\u6587\u8108\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u691c\u77e5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u304b\u3089\u767a\u751f\u3057\u305f\u524d\u63d0\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u305d\u308c\u81ea\u4f53\u306f\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u771f\u7406\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306a\u8a18\u8ff0\u3084\u9ad8\u6b21\u306e\u6587\u8108\u60c5\u5831\u3068\u885d\u7a81\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u6253\u3061\u6d88\u3055\u308c\u3066\u6d88\u5931\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092\u300c\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\uff08Presupposition Cancellation\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u8106\u3055\uff08Defeasibility\uff09\u306e\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3057\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u7bc0\u30fb\u633f\u5165\u7bc0\uff09\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u88dc\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff17.\uff11. \u524d\u63d0\u306e\u8106\u3055\u3068\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u8108\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u306e\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u7279\u5fb4\u306f\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\uff08Entailment\uff09\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308a\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u8ffd\u52a0\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6253\u3061\u6d88\u3057\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u8106\u3055\uff08Defeasibility\uff09\u300d\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u305d\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u771f\u5b9f\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u4fe1\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3084\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u507d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3059\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u8108\u304c\u4ed8\u52a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u306b\u767a\u751f\u3057\u305f\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u7121\u52b9\u5316\uff08\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\uff09\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u306e\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u8aad\u89e3\u306f\u3001\u65e2\u306b\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306f\u305a\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u300c\u672c\u6587\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u8aa4\u8aad\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u306e\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u3068\u6587\u8108\u885d\u7a81\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aknow, regret\uff09\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u306b\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u301c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u7bc0\u3084\u88dc\u6587\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a&#8230;if indeed it happened \/ &#8230;because it didn&#8217;t happen\uff09\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u30fb\u885d\u7a81\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u53ca\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u885d\u7a81\u304c\u78ba\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u3057\u3001\u300c\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u305d\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u771f\u5b9f\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\uff08\u307e\u305f\u306f\u507d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8a8d\u77e5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9ad8\u6b21\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u72b6\u614b\u3078\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u4fee\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u306e\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u306e\u3055\u308c\u65b9\u304c\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u7e4a\u7d30\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u633f\u5165\u7bc0\uff08&#8221;or so he claims&#8221;\uff09\u306a\u3069\u306e\u5c0f\u3055\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u6307\u6a19\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3059\u3068\u3001\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u771f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u52d8\u9055\u3044\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u7cbe\u8aad\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3068\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u306e\u52d5\u614b\u3092\u5e38\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u8986\u308b\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u306a\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;John doesn&#8217;t know that Mary passed the exam, because she actually failed.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u524d\u534a\u306e &#8220;know&#8221; \u304b\u3089\u306f\u300c\u30e1\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u304c\u5408\u683c\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5f8c\u534a\u306e &#8220;because she actually failed&#8221; \u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u305d\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7121\u52b9\u5316\uff08\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\uff09\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;If I ever stop smoking, I will let you know.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6761\u4ef6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001&#8221;stop&#8221; \u304b\u3089\u751f\u3058\u308b\u300c\u73fe\u5728\u55ab\u7159\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u4eee\u5b9a\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\uff08&#8221;If I ever&#8221;\uff09\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u55ab\u7159\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u4e2d\u7acb\u5316\u30fb\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;Paul doesn&#8217;t regret failing the test, because he didn&#8217;t fail it.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u9020\u3067\u306f\u3001&#8221;regret&#8221; \u304b\u3089\u306e\u524d\u63d0\uff08\u8a66\u9a13\u306b\u843d\u3061\u305f\uff09\u304c\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u7406\u7531\u7bc0\u3067\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u62d2\u7d76\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u304c\u5b8c\u7d50\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u8a55\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c &#8220;Scientific progress has stopped making us happier\u2014if it ever did.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u524d\u534a\u306e &#8220;stop&#8221; \u304b\u3089\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u300c\u304b\u3064\u3066\u5e78\u798f\u306b\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u3001\u672b\u5c3e\u306e &#8220;if it ever did&#8221; \u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u5165\u8a66\u3067\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u6587] \u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3068\u6587\u8108\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u306e\u52d5\u614b\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u904b\u7528\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff17.\uff12. \u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u691c\u51fa\u3068\u8a8d\u8b58\u72b6\u614b\u306e\u88dc\u6b63<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u77e5\u3089\u305b\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\uff08\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u8868\u73fe\uff1aCancellation Markers\uff09\u304c\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u4e2d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\uff08&#8221;if&#8230;&#8221;\uff09\u3001\u5bfe\u7167\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\uff08&#8221;or at least&#8230;&#8221;\uff09\u3001\u8a8d\u77e5\u7684\u4fdd\u7559\u3092\u793a\u3059\u633f\u5165\u7bc0\uff08&#8221;as far as I know&#8221;, &#8220;allegedly&#8221;\uff09\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306a\u5426\u5b9a\u7bc0\uff08&#8221;not that&#8230;&#8221;\uff09\u306a\u3069\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u3084\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306a\u8a8d\u8b58\u72b6\u614b\uff08\u3042\u308b\u4e8b\u8c61\u3092\u771f\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3001\u7591\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\uff09\u3092\u88dc\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u8a8d\u8b58\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u88dc\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u3068\u4fe1\u6761\u5ea6\u306e\u4fee\u6b63\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6587\u306e\u5468\u8fba\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aor so he thinks, if any\uff09\u3092\u6355\u6349\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4fee\u6b63\uff08\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u5426\u5b9a\u3001\u7591\u5ff5\u306e\u8868\u660e\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u4ed8\u3051\uff09\u3092\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u5bb9\u300d\u304b\u3089\u300c\u4eee\u5b9a\u30fb\u7591\u5ff5\u30fb\u507d\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u300d\u3078\u3068\u88dc\u6b63\u3057\u3001\u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u89e3\u7b54\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u691c\u51fa\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u76ae\u8089\u3084\u6bd4\u55a9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u4e8c\u91cd\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u51e6\u7406\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u7167\u3089\u3057\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\uff08Modal Attitude\uff09\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;He stopped beating his dog, if he ever had one.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u672b\u5c3e\u306e &#8220;if he ever had one&#8221; \u306f\u3001&#8221;his dog&#8221; \u304b\u3089\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u300c\u72ac\u3092\u6240\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b58\u5728\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;Mary believes that John stopped drinking, but he never drank at all.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5f8c\u534a\u306e &#8220;but he never drank&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30e1\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\uff08\u524d\u63d0\uff1a\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u98f2\u9152\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\uff09\u304c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u507d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3057\u3001\u30e1\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u8aa4\u8a8d\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u6d6e\u304d\u5f6b\u308a\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;The candidate has realized his mistake\u2014or so his manager claims.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;or so his manager claims&#8221; \u306f\u3001&#8221;realize&#8221; \u306b\u3088\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u300c\u30de\u30cd\u30fc\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u304c\u672a\u78ba\u5b9a\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u3078\u3068\u88dc\u6b63\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;She regrets leaving the company, assuming she actually left.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;assuming she&#8230;&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u96e2\u8077\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u524d\u63d0\u304b\u3089\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u4eee\u5b9a\u300d\u3078\u3068\u30c0\u30a6\u30f3\u30b0\u30ec\u30fc\u30c9\u3055\u305b\u308b\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3055\u305a\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u88dc\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff18. \u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u7406\u8ad6\u3068\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fb5\u5bb3\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u8efd\u6e1b\u8868\u73fe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u8a00\u3044\u305f\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5e38\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30d6\u30e9\u30a6\u30f3\u3068\u30ec\u30f4\u30a3\u30f3\u30bd\u30f3\uff08P. Brown &amp; S. C. Levinson\uff09\u306e\u300c\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u7406\u8ad6\uff08Politeness Theory\uff09\u300d\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3057\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4f53\u9762\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\uff08Face\uff09\u300d\u3092\u4fdd\u8b77\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b\u300c\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fb5\u5bb3\u884c\u70ba\uff08Face Threatening Act: FTA\uff09\u300d\u306e\u8efd\u6e1b\u30fb\u5a49\u66f2\u624b\u9806\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff18.\uff11. \u30dd\u30b8\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\uff0f\u30cd\u30ac\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u306e\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u56de\u907f\u6a5f\u69cb<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u306f\u8ab0\u3057\u3082\u4e8c\u7a2e\u985e\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6b32\u6c42\uff08\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\uff09\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u4ed6\u8005\u304b\u3089\u627f\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u30dd\u30b8\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\uff08Positive Face\uff09\u300d\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u4ed6\u8005\u304b\u3089\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u3055\u308c\u305a\u81ea\u7531\u3067\u3042\u308a\u305f\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u30cd\u30ac\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\uff08Negative Face\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u547d\u4ee4\u3001\u4f9d\u983c\u3001\u6279\u5224\u3001\u62d2\u7d76\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8a00\u8a9e\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u3001\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u8105\u304b\u3059\u300c\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fb5\u5bb3\u884c\u70ba\uff08FTA\uff09\u300d\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u3084\u6469\u64e6\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u8a00\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u5de5\u592b\u3057\u3001\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fb5\u5bb3\u306e\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\u3092\u8efd\u6e1b\uff08Mitigate\uff09\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u56de\u907f\u6a5f\u69cb\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u6839\u62e0\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u570f\u306e\u5bfe\u8a71\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e01\u5be7\u3055\u3084\u9060\u56de\u3057\u306a\u8a00\u3044\u56de\u3057\u304c\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u98fe\u308a\u306e\u793c\u5100\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fdd\u8b77\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u6226\u7565\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u6a5f\u69cb\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3068\u914d\u616e\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001FTA\u306e\u7a2e\u5225\u7279\u5b9a\u3068\u8efd\u6e1b\u6226\u7565\u306e\u5206\u6790\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u884c\u304a\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u884c\u70ba\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u501f\u91d1\u306e\u4f9d\u983c\u3001\u63d0\u6848\u306e\u62d2\u7d76\uff09\u304c\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u30dd\u30b8\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u3068\u30cd\u30ac\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u306e\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3092\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u6226\u7565\uff08\u30dd\u30b8\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\uff1a\u89aa\u5bc6\u3055\u306e\u5f37\u8abf\uff0f\u30cd\u30ac\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\uff1a\u8ca0\u62c5\u306e\u8efd\u6e1b\u30fb\u975e\u5f37\u5236\uff09\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u4e01\u5be7\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u88cf\u306b\u3042\u308b\u771f\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff08\u6307\u793a\u30fb\u62d2\u7d76\u7b49\uff09\u3068\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5bfe\u4eba\u914d\u616e\u306e\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\u3092\u4e21\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u9069\u7528\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u9593\u306e\u6a29\u529b\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08Power\uff09\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\uff08Distance\uff09\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u8ca0\u62c5\u5ea6\uff08Rank of Imposition\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u9069\u5207\u306a\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u306e\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u304c\u5909\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u76ee\u4e0a\u306e\u8005\u304b\u3089\u76ee\u4e0b\u3078\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u3067\u306fFTA\u306e\u8efd\u6e1b\u304c\u7701\u7565\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u767b\u5834\u4eba\u7269\u9593\u306e\u4eba\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u4e0d\u5747\u8861\u3084\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u99c6\u3051\u5f15\u304d\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6349\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;I know you are extraordinarily busy, but could you possibly spare a few minutes?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u306a\u6642\u9593\u3092\u596a\u3046FTA\uff08\u30cd\u30ac\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fb5\u5bb3\uff09\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3001&#8221;I know you are busy&#8221;\uff08\u76f8\u624b\u3078\u306e\u914d\u616e\uff09\u3084 &#8220;possibly&#8221;\uff08\u975e\u5f37\u5236\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30cd\u30ac\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u6226\u7565\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u8ca0\u62c5\u3092\u8efd\u6e1b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u76f8\u624b\u306e\u4e0d\u624b\u969b\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b &#8220;We all make mistakes sometimes, don&#8217;t we?&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u627f\u8a8d\u6b32\u6c42\uff08\u30dd\u30b8\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\uff09\u3092\u4fdd\u8b77\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u300c\u8ab0\u3067\u3082\u72af\u3059\u30df\u30b9\u3060\u300d\u3068\u4e00\u822c\u5316\uff08\u30dd\u30b8\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\uff09\u3057\u3066\u6279\u5224\u306e\u885d\u6483\u3092\u548c\u3089\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;Would you mind if I took a look at your report?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a31\u53ef\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u4f9d\u983c\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u300c\u62d2\u5426\u3059\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u300d\u3092\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306b\u6b8b\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6a29\uff08\u30cd\u30ac\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\uff09\u3092\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u914d\u616e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6226\u7565\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;I hate to be a nuisance, but is there any chance you could turn down the music?&#8221; \u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u300c\u90aa\u9b54\u306b\u306a\u308a\u305f\u304f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a00\u3092\u76f4\u8a33\u7684\u306b\u6349\u3048\u308b\u306e\u306f\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u9a12\u97f3\u306e\u505c\u6b62\u3092\u5f37\u304f\u6c42\u3081\u308bFTA\u3092\u914d\u616e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5305\u307f\u8fbc\u3093\u3060\u300c\u4e01\u5be7\u306a\u8981\u6c42\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fdd\u8b77\u306e\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u4e01\u5be7\u3055\u306e\u5965\u306b\u3042\u308b\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u5bfe\u4eba\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u7372\u5f97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff18.\uff12. \u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306e\u5f31\u3081\u3068\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u78ba\u4fdd\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u624b\u9806<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fb5\u5bb3\u884c\u70ba\uff08FTA\uff09\u3092\u884c\u3046\u969b\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u767a\u8a00\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u5f31\u3081\u305f\u308a\u3001\u62d2\u7d76\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306e\u300c\u907f\u96e3\u8def\uff08Escape Route\uff09\u300d\u3092\u78ba\u4fdd\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u5f31\u3081\uff08Mitigation\uff09\u306e\u4fee\u8f9e\uff08\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u3001\u5f31\u3081\u306e\u526f\u8a5e\uff09\u3092\u591a\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5f31\u3081\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u6301\u3064\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u63a7\u3048\u3081\u3060\u304c\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306e\u5f31\u3081\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3057\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u78ba\u4fdd\u306e\u6226\u7565\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5f31\u3081\u306e\u691c\u51fa\u3068\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u5f31\u3081\u306e\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aI was wondering if&#8230;, It might be better to&#8230;, possibly\uff09\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u306a\u305c\u76f4\u8aac\u6cd5\u3084\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3084\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u306a\u3069\u306e\u8ddd\u96e2\u3092\u7f6e\u304f\u5f62\u5f0f\u304c\u9078\u3070\u308c\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\uff08\u8cac\u4efb\u306e\u56de\u907f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u3078\u306e\u5f37\u5236\u306e\u56de\u907f\uff09\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f31\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u8868\u5c64\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u300c\u63a7\u3048\u3081\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u30fb\u63d0\u6848\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u518d\u69cb\u6210\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u78ba\u5b9f\u306a\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u624b\u9806\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u904e\u5ea6\u306b\u5f31\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u300c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u512a\u67d4\u4e0d\u65ad\u300d\u3084\u300c\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u4e0d\u5728\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u3042\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u63d0\u6848\u3084\u6307\u793a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u7acb\u5834\u306b\u3042\u308b\u304b\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u533b\u5e2b\u3084\u6307\u5c0e\u8005\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u5f31\u3081\u304c\u914d\u616e\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306a\u6226\u7565\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u770b\u7834\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u300c\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u4e01\u5be7\u8868\u73fe\u300d\u3084\u300c\u5a49\u66f2\u306a\u63d0\u6848\u300d\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u89e3\u91c8\u3078\u3068\u5c0e\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;I was wondering if you could help me with this.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u9032\u884c\u5f62 &#8220;was wondering&#8221; \u306f\u6642\u9593\u3092\u904e\u53bb\u3078\u305a\u3089\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u62d2\u5426\u3059\u308b\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u3092\u6b8b\u3057\u3064\u3064\u4f9d\u983c\u3092\u884c\u3046\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u300c\u5f31\u3081\uff08Mitigation\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;You might want to reconsider your decision.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u8a33\u3059\u308b\u3068\u300c\u518d\u8003\u3057\u305f\u3044\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u63a8\u6e2c\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u306f\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u306b\u914d\u616e\u3057\u3064\u3064\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306e\u64a4\u56de\u3092\u5f37\u304f\u4fc3\u3059\u300c\u63a7\u3048\u3081\u306a\u6307\u793a\u30fb\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;Perhaps it would be wise to consult an expert first.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;Perhaps&#8221; \u3084\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5 &#8220;would be&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u610f\u898b\u306e\u5f37\u56fa\u3055\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u304a\u3055\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u62bc\u3057\u4ed8\u3051\u304c\u307e\u3057\u3055\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u63d0\u6848\u3092\u53d7\u5bb9\u3055\u308c\u3084\u3059\u304f\u3059\u308b\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u78ba\u4fdd\u306e\u6226\u7565\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;I am not entirely sure, but isn&#8217;t the deadline tomorrow?&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u524d\u534a\u3067\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3092\u5f31\u3081\u308b\uff08Hedging\uff09\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3059\u308bFTA\u306e\u885d\u6483\u3092\u548c\u3089\u3052\u3001\u9593\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u4fdd\u8eab\u306e\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u3092\u78ba\u4fdd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5f31\u3081\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u88cf\u306b\u3042\u308b\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u78ba\u4fdd\u306e\u6226\u7565\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u904b\u7528\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff19. \u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u6163\u7fd2\u5316\u3068\u5373\u8208\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6587\u578b\u3068\u767a\u8a71\u6a5f\u80fd\u304c\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u300c\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\uff08Indirect Speech Act\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u904b\u7528\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3069\u306e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5b9a\u578b\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u3067\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306b\u5b9a\u578b\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u6163\u7fd2\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9593\u63a5\u8868\u73fe\uff08Conventionalized Indirectness\uff09\u300d\u306e\u9ad8\u901f\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4f9d\u5b58\u3067\u305d\u306e\u5834\u9650\u308a\u306b\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u300c\u975e\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u9593\u63a5\u767a\u8a71\u300d\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u8a08\u7b97\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff19.\uff11. \u6163\u7fd2\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9593\u63a5\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u9ad8\u901f\u5224\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306f\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u904b\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aCan you&#8230;? \/ Why don&#8217;t you&#8230;? \/ Would you mind&#8230;? \/ You had better&#8230;\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306b\u6163\u7fd2\u5316\uff08Conventionalized\uff09\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u306b\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\uff08\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u554f\u5408\u305b\u7b49\uff09\u3092\u30d0\u30a4\u30d1\u30b9\u3055\u305b\u3001\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff08\u4f9d\u983c\u30fb\u63d0\u6848\u30fb\u6307\u793a\uff09\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u8d77\u52d5\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u89e3\u6790\u306e\u624b\u9593\u3092\u7701\u7565\u3057\u3001\u6163\u7fd2\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9593\u63a5\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u901f\u3084\u304b\u306b\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8aad\u89e3\u306e\u51e6\u7406\u901f\u5ea6\u3092\u98db\u8e8d\u7684\u306b\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6163\u7fd2\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9593\u63a5\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u9ad8\u901f\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u7167\u5408\u3068\u6587\u8108\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6700\u7d42\u691c\u8a3c\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u4e2d\u306e\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u304c\u6163\u7fd2\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\uff08\u80fd\u529b\u554f\u5408\u305b\u578b\u30fb\u7406\u7531\u554f\u5408\u305b\u578b\u30fb\u597d\u610f\u554f\u5408\u305b\u578b\u30fb\u4eee\u5b9a\u6587\u578b\uff09\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u7269\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u6587\u8108\uff08\u80fd\u529b\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u554f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u9762\uff09\u3067\u306a\u3044\u9650\u308a\u3001\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u306a\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u610f\u5473\uff08\u4f9d\u983c\u30fb\u63d0\u6848\uff09\u3092\u7b2c\u4e00\u512a\u5148\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u5fdc\u7b54\u306e\u578b\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aCan you&#8230;? \u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u884c\u52d5\u3067\u5fdc\u3058\u308b\uff09\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u8aad\u89e3\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b9a\u578b\u5224\u5b9a\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6163\u7fd2\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u6975\u3081\u3066\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u6587\u8108\u4e0b\u3067\u306f\u6587\u9762\u901a\u308a\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306b\u300c\u5148\u7956\u8fd4\u308a\u300d\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u969c\u5bb3\u306e\u691c\u67fb\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u533b\u5e2b\u304c &#8220;Can you lift your arm?&#8221; \u3068\u554f\u3046\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u4f9d\u983c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u78ba\u8a8d\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u5e38\u306b\u6587\u8108\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6700\u7d42\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3092\u7d4c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u30fb\u8a9e\u6cd5\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u9ad8\u901f\u51e6\u7406\u529b\u3078\u3068\u76f4\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;Why not take a break?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u300c\u306a\u305c\u4f11\u61a9\u3092\u53d6\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\u306e\u8ffd\u53ca\u3084\u975e\u96e3\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u4f11\u61a9\u3092\u52e7\u3081\u308b\u300c\u6163\u7fd2\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u63d0\u6848\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u51e6\u7406\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;Could you pass the pepper?&#8221; \u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001&#8221;Yes, I can.&#8221; \u3068\u3060\u3051\u7b54\u3048\u3066\u80e1\u6912\u3092\u624b\u6e21\u3055\u306a\u3044\u53cd\u5fdc\u306f\u3001\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u5931\u6557\uff08\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u8aa4\u8aad\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u78ba\u8a8d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300c\u4f9d\u983c\u300d\u306e\u5b9a\u578b\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5373\u5ea7\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;Would you mind closing the door?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001&#8221;No, not at all.&#8221; \u3068\u7b54\u3048\u3066\u30c9\u30a2\u3092\u9589\u3081\u308b\u53cd\u5fdc\u306f\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306a\u5426\u5b9a\uff08\u6c17\u306b\u3057\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u53d7\u8afe\uff08\u4f9d\u983c\u306e\u627f\u8afe\uff09\u3092\u8868\u3059\u5b9a\u578b\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;You might as well start now.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u6587\u306f\u3001\u8a31\u5bb9\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u501f\u308a\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u300c\u4eca\u3059\u3050\u59cb\u3081\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3060\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u3044\u300c\u63d0\u6848\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u300d\u3092\u8868\u3059\u5b9a\u578b\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6163\u7fd2\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u610f\u5473\u628a\u63e1\u3068\u5fdc\u7b54\u306e\u4e88\u6e2c\u3092\u884c\u3046\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff19.\uff12. \u975e\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u9593\u63a5\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u8a08\u7b97<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b9a\u578b\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30ba\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u305b\u305a\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\uff08\u72b6\u6cc1\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u3001\u7269\u7406\u7684\u74b0\u5883\uff09\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306e\u307f\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u610f\u5473\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u3092\u300c\u975e\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u9593\u63a5\u767a\u8a71\uff08Non-conventional Indirect Speech Act\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001&#8221;It is cold in here.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5358\u7d14\u306a\u5e73\u53d9\u6587\u304c\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u4e0b\u3067\u300c\u7a93\u3092\u9589\u3081\u3066\u304f\u308c\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u8981\u6c42\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u975e\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3092\u7b97\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u3068\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306e\u9593\u306e\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306a\u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u8a08\u7b97\u300d\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u975e\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u9593\u63a5\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u304b\u3089\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u614b\u306e\u63cf\u5199\u3068\u9054\u6210\u76ee\u6a19\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u3055\u308c\u305f\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u90e8\u5c4b\u304c\u5bd2\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u5831\u544a\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u958b\u3044\u305f\u7a93\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5bd2\u305d\u3046\u306a\u4ed5\u8349\u3001\u805e\u304d\u624b\u304c\u7a93\u306e\u8fd1\u304f\u306b\u3044\u308b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u95a2\u4fc2\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u306a\u305c\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u4eca\u3053\u306e\u4e8b\u614b\u3092\u63cf\u5199\u3057\u305f\u306e\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3057\u3001\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306b\u72b6\u6cc1\u306e\u6539\u5584\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u975e\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u306a\u300c\u4f9d\u983c\u30fb\u547d\u4ee4\u300d\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u975e\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u805e\u304d\u624b\u304c\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u4e0a\u306e\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u5bd2\u3055\uff09\u306b\u6c17\u3065\u304b\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u72ec\u308a\u8a00\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u805e\u304d\u6d41\u3055\u308c\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u4f1d\u9054\u304c\u5931\u6557\u3059\u308b\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u3042\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u4f5c\u8005\u304c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u72b6\u6cc1\u63cf\u5199\u3092\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u975e\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u304d\u51fa\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u5b9a\u578b\u6587\u306b\u983c\u3089\u306a\u3044\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u6587\u8108\u63a8\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u3092\u89e3\u304d\u660e\u304b\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f5c\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;You are standing on my foot.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e73\u53d9\u6587\u306f\u3001\u6587\u9762\u901a\u308a\u306b\u306f\u5358\u306a\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u901a\u77e5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u75db\u307f\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3068\u8db3\u306e\u63a5\u89e6\u3068\u3044\u3046\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u8db3\u3092\u3069\u3051\u3066\u304f\u308c\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u3044\u300c\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u6307\u793a\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a08\u7b97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u6599\u7406\u3092\u98df\u3079\u305f\u5f8c\u306b &#8220;This soup could use a little more salt.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30fc\u30d7\u306e\u5473\u306e\u5206\u6790\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u8abf\u7406\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u9060\u56de\u3057\u306a\u300c\u6279\u5224\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c\u5869\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u304d\u3066\u307b\u3057\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f9d\u983c\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u91cd\u3044\u8377\u7269\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4eba\u3092\u898b\u3066 &#8220;That bag looks very heavy.&#8221; \u3068\u58f0\u3092\u304b\u3051\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u8377\u7269\u306e\u91cd\u91cf\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u8377\u7269\u3092\u304a\u6301\u3061\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u63f4\u52a9\u306e\u7533\u3057\u51fa\u300d\u3092\u975e\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u4f1a\u8b70\u306e\u4e88\u5b9a\u6642\u523b\u3092\u904e\u304e\u3066\u3082\u767a\u8a00\u3092\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u53c2\u52a0\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u8b70\u9577\u304c &#8220;We have a strict time limit today.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u898f\u5247\u306e\u78ba\u8a8d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300c\u767a\u8a71\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u7d42\u4e86\u305b\u3088\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u300c\u547d\u4ee4\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u308c\u30894\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u975e\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u306a\u9593\u63a5\u767a\u8a71\u304b\u3089\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u7b97\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11\uff10. \u767a\u8a71\u4e2d\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u3068\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306a\u614b\u5ea6\u88dc\u6b63<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5bfe\u8a71\u6587\u3084\u30b9\u30d4\u30fc\u30c1\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u4e00\u5ea6\u53e3\u306b\u3057\u305f\u767a\u8a71\u3092\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u8a00\u3044\u76f4\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u88dc\u8db3\u30fb\u64a4\u56de\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u73fe\u8c61\u304c\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092\u300c\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\uff08Self-repair\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4f1a\u8a71\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff08Trouble Source\uff09\u3068\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff08Repair\uff09\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306a\u300c\u672c\u97f3\u3084\u614b\u5ea6\u88dc\u6b63\u300d\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11\uff10.\uff11. \u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\u3068\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u5206\u6790<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u8a00\u3044\u76f4\u3059\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u53e3\u306e\u3059\u3079\u308a\uff08Performance Error\uff09\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u304c\u767a\u3057\u305f\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff1aTrouble Source\uff09\u304c\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u9069\u6574\u6027\u3001\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u306e\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u300c\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u3001\u3088\u308a\u671b\u307e\u3057\u3044\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff1aRepair\uff09\u3078\u3068\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306b\u4fee\u6b63\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3092\u544a\u3052\u308b\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aor rather, I mean, that is to say, well&#8230;\uff09\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\u3068\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306e\u52d5\u614b\u3092\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\u3068\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u601d\u8003\u5909\u9077\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u306e\u88dc\u7372\u3068\u610f\u5473\u5185\u5bb9\u306e\u5dee\u5206\u8a08\u7b97\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u4e2d\u306b\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aor rather, let me rephrase that\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u300c\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff08\u5143\u306e\u767a\u8a71\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u300c\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff08\u4fee\u6b63\u5f8c\u306e\u767a\u8a71\uff09\u300d\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u5dee\u5206\uff08\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u5897\u52a0\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3001\u5f37\u5ea6\u304c\u5f37\u307e\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3001\u904e\u6fc0\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u64a4\u56de\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304b\uff09\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u306a\u305c\u4fee\u6b63\u3092\u884c\u308f\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u5206\u6790\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u3057\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306a\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u3055\u3089\u306b\u4fee\u5fa9\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4e8c\u91cd\u4fee\u6b63\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u66f8\u304d\u8a00\u8449\u3084\u63a8\u63a8\u53e9\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306f\u8457\u8005\u30fb\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306b\u8a08\u7b97\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u6f14\u51fa\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51e6\u7406\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u8005\u3084\u30b9\u30d4\u30fc\u30c1\u4e3b\u4f53\u306e\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u52d5\u63fa\u3084\u914d\u616e\u306e\u8ecc\u8de1\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;I will meet you at five\u2014or rather, make that five thirty.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff085\u6642\uff09\u304b\u3089\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff085\u6642\u534a\uff09\u3078\u306e\u5909\u66f4\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u30b9\u30b1\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u53b3\u3057\u3055\u306b\u6c17\u3065\u304d\u3001\u4e88\u5b9a\u3092\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306b\u4e0a\u65b9\u4fee\u6b63\u3057\u305f\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u4f59\u88d5\u306e\u7121\u3055\u3092\u9732\u51fa\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;He was unhappy with the result\u2014or should I say, completely furious.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fee\u5fa9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5143\u306e\u8868\u73fe\uff08unhappy\uff09\u3092\u3088\u308a\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u8868\u73fe\uff08furious\uff09\u3078\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u76f4\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u5f7c\u306e\u6012\u308a\u306e\u6fc0\u3057\u3055\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u306f\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a8d\u8b58\u306e\u88dc\u6b63\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;I think the project is a success\u2014well, at least a partial one.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u76f4\u3057\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u5ea6\u6253\u3061\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u300c\u5168\u822c\u7684\u306a\u6210\u529f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u300c\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u306a\u6210\u529f\u300d\u3078\u3068\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u4e0b\u65b9\u4fee\u6b63\uff08\u64a4\u56de\uff09\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u884c\u304d\u904e\u304e\u3092\u8b66\u6212\u3057\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3059\u308b\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u8a55\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c &#8220;This phenomenon is universal\u2014or rather, common in Western societies.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u4e0d\u5f53\u306a\u4e00\u822c\u5316\uff08universal\uff09\u3092\u81ea\u3089\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u64a4\u56de\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u9069\u7528\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u9650\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u53b3\u5bc6\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u3068\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8aa0\u5b9f\u306a\u614b\u5ea6\u304c\u8aad\u307f\u53d6\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\u3068\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306a\u8a8d\u77e5\u30fb\u614b\u5ea6\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11\uff10.\uff12. \u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a71\u8005\u672c\u97f3\u306e\u540c\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\uff08Self-repair\uff09\u306b\u306f\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u300c\u65b9\u5411\u6027\uff08\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\uff09\u300d\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u5f37\u3081\u308b\u300c\u4e0a\u65b9\u4fee\u6b63\u300d\u3001\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u5f31\u3081\u308b\u300c\u4e0b\u65b9\u4fee\u6b63\u300d\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u524d\u8a00\u3092\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u3059\u308b\u300c\u64a4\u56de\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u3069\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u3078\u4fee\u6b63\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff08\u6700\u521d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\uff09\u306b\u6f0f\u308c\u51fa\u305f\u300c\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u306e\u672c\u97f3\u300d\u3068\u3001\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff08\u4fee\u6b63\u5f8c\u306e\u767a\u8a71\uff09\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u305f\u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u914d\u616e\u30fb\u5efa\u524d\u300d\u306e\u4e8c\u5c64\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u6587\u8108\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u672c\u97f3\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u3068\u672c\u97f3\u30fb\u5efa\u524d\u306e\u5206\u96e2\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u3084\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\uff08\u4e0a\u65b9\u30fb\u4e0b\u65b9\u30fb\u64a4\u56de\uff09\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u524d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\uff08\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff09\u304c\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u76f4\u611f\u7684\u306a\u300c\u672c\u97f3\u3084\u611f\u60c5\u306e\u81ea\u767d\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u5f8c\u306e\u767a\u8a71\uff08\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff09\u304c\u63a8\u6572\u3092\u7d4c\u305f\u300c\u5efa\u524d\u3084\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u9069\u6574\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u672c\u97f3\u3092\u96a0\u853d\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u6587\u8108\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3092\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u3080\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u308f\u3056\u3068\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u767a\u8a00\uff08\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff09\u3092\u3057\u3066\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u4fee\u6b63\uff08\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff09\u3057\u3066\u307f\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u3064\u3051\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u300c\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u8a98\u5c0e\uff08\u308f\u3056\u3068\u3089\u3057\u3044\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\uff09\u300d\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u6587\u8108\u304c\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u8a00\u3044\u76f4\u3057\u306a\u306e\u304b\u6f14\u51fa\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u898b\u6975\u3081\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u767b\u5834\u4eba\u7269\u3084\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u300c\u3046\u3063\u304b\u308a\u6f0f\u308c\u305f\u672c\u5fc3\u300d\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f5c\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;I never want to see him again\u2014I mean, we just need some space for a while.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff08\u4e8c\u5ea6\u3068\u4f1a\u3044\u305f\u304f\u306a\u3044\uff09\u304b\u3089\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff08\u8ddd\u96e2\u3092\u7f6e\u304d\u305f\u3044\uff09\u3078\u306e\u4e0b\u65b9\u4fee\u6b63\u306f\u3001\u524d\u8005\u304c\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u7206\u767a\u3057\u305f\u611f\u60c5\uff08\u672c\u97f3\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5f8c\u8005\u304c\u7406\u6027\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u623b\u3057\u305f\u914d\u616e\uff08\u5efa\u524d\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u9732\u5448\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;She is a mediocre manager\u2014well, let me be fair, she manages her budget well.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fee\u6b63\u306f\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\uff08 mediocre \uff09\u306b\u6f0f\u308c\u305f\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u6279\u5224\u7684\u672c\u5fc3\u3068\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u8a00\u3044\u76f4\u3057\u306b\u3088\u308b\u516c\u6b63\u3055\u306e\u53d6\u308a\u7e55\u3044\uff08\u5efa\u524d\uff09\u306e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;It was a complete disaster\u2014or perhaps just a minor setback.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0b\u65b9\u4fee\u6b63\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u614b\u306e\u6df1\u523b\u3055\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u672c\u97f3\u306e\u6050\u6016\uff08disaster\uff09\u3092\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u3092\u5b89\u5fc3\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u300c\u8efd\u5fae\u306a\u5f8c\u9000\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u305f\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u845b\u85e4\u3092\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;We expect a massive profit this quarter\u2014or at least, we hope to break even.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4fee\u6b63\u306f\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306e\u5f37\u6c17\u306a\u898b\u901a\u3057\uff08\u672c\u97f3\u306e\u91ce\u5fc3\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30cf\u30bf\u30ea\uff09\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u73fe\u5b9f\u7684\u306a\u6570\u5024\uff08\u640d\u76ca\u5206\u5c90\uff09\u3078\u3068\u7e2e\u5c0f\u3057\u305f\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u4e0d\u5b89\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u672c\u97f3\u3068\u5efa\u524d\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11\uff11. \u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u3068\u6587\u8108\u7684\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u6587\u4e2d\u3084\u6587\u982d\u306b\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u308b &#8220;well&#8221;, &#8220;actually&#8221;, &#8220;honestly&#8221;, &#8220;you know&#8221;, &#8220;frankly&#8221; \u306a\u3069\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u610f\u5473\u306e\u306a\u3044\u300c\u3064\u306a\u304e\u8a00\u8449\u300d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u300c\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\uff08Discourse Markers\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3001\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306b\u306f\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u305d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u62b1\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u306a\u5fc3\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3084\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5bfe\u8a71\u76f8\u624b\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027\u3092\u793a\u3059\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u30a4\u30f3\u30b8\u30b1\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11\uff11.\uff11. \u60c5\u5831\u65b0\u65e7\u30fb\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u30fb\u614b\u5ea6\u8868\u660e\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30b8\u30b1\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u5206\u6790<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\uff08Discourse Markers\uff09\u306f\u3001\u4f1a\u8a71\u3084\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u300c\u30ca\u30d3\u30b2\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u88c5\u7f6e\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u306f\u4e3b\u306b\u4e09\u3064\u306e\u8ef8\u306b\u5206\u985e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u4e88\u60f3\u3092\u88cf\u5207\u308b\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3059\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u65b0\u65e7\u8ef8\uff08actually, in fact\uff09\u300d\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u306e\u96e2\u8131\u3084\u4fdd\u7559\u3092\u793a\u3059\u300c\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u8ef8\uff08well, anyway, by the way\uff09\u300d\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u771f\u5b9f\u6027\u3084\u914d\u616e\u306e\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u793a\u3059\u300c\u614b\u5ea6\u8868\u660e\u8ef8\uff08honestly, frankly, you know\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30b8\u30b1\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u5206\u6790\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u76f4\u8a33\u306e\u307f\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3068\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u3084\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5931\u308f\u308c\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u8ee2\u63db\u70b9\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3059\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304b\u3089\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3084\u6587\u8108\u7684\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u8ef8\u5224\u5b9a\u3068\u6587\u8108\u6574\u5408\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e2d\u306b\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aactually, well\uff09\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u4e09\u3064\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u8ef8\uff08\u60c5\u5831\u65b0\u65e7\u30fb\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u30fb\u614b\u5ea6\u8868\u660e\uff09\u306e\u3069\u3053\u306b\u4f5c\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u4e88\u544a\u3059\u308b\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u5c55\u958b\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aactually \u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u52d8\u9055\u3044\u306e\u8a02\u6b63\u3001well \u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u975e\u597d\u9069\u306a\u5fdc\u7b54\uff09\u3092\u4e88\u6e2c\u3057\u3001\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u7d71\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\uff08\u4f8b\uff1awell\uff09\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u6587\u8108\u3084\u767a\u58f0\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u300c\u627f\u8afe\u306e\u8e8a\u8e87\u300d\u300c\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u4e88\u5146\u300d\u300c\u8003\u3048\u8fbc\u307f\u300d\u300c\u8ae6\u3081\u300d\u306a\u3069\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u8868\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u672c\u4f53\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u305b\u3066\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u300c\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u300d\u3084\u300c\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u66f2\u304c\u308a\u89d2\u300d\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6349\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;Did you enjoy the movie?&#8221; B: &#8220;Well, the special effects were good.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5192\u982d\u306e &#8220;Well&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u5373\u5ea7\u306e\u80af\u5b9a\uff08Yes\uff09\u3092\u8e8a\u8e87\u3057\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u300c\u5168\u4f53\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u697d\u3057\u3081\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff08\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u306a\u5fdc\u7b54\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u4e88\u544a\u3059\u308b\u30af\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\uff08\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u30fb\u8e8a\u8e87\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u52d5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;I thought he was a doctor, but actually he is an architect.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;actually&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a33\u8a9e\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u3084\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u304c\u62b1\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u524d\u63d0\uff08Given\uff09\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3057\u3001\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\uff08New\uff09\u3092\u5bfe\u6bd4\u7684\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;Frankly speaking, your plan is entirely impractical.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;Frankly&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u306e\u914d\u616e\u3092\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u9664\u3057\u3001\u904e\u9177\u3060\u304c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u771f\u5b9f\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u30e1\u30bf\u614b\u5ea6\uff08\u59ff\u52e2\u8868\u660e\uff09\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;You know, we should probably start preparing for the worst.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;You know&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u78ba\u8a8d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u805e\u304d\u624b\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u89aa\u5bc6\u3055\u3084\u5171\u6709\u306e\u57fa\u76e4\u3092\u4eee\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4e0d\u5409\u306a\u63d0\u6848\u3078\u306e\u62b5\u6297\u611f\u3092\u548c\u3089\u3052\u308b\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u9670\u306b\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3084\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u7372\u5f97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11\uff11.\uff12. \u30e1\u30bf\u767a\u8a71\u614b\u5ea6\uff08Hedging\u30fbFrankness\uff09\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u767a\u8a00\u3092\u884c\u3046\u969b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u72ed\u3081\u305f\u308a\u3001\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9f\u3055\u3092\u8868\u660e\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u4fee\u8f9e\u3092\u300c\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\uff08Hedging\uff1a\u751f\u3051\u57a3\u3092\u4f5c\u308b\uff1d\u8cac\u4efb\u306e\u56de\u907f\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aI think, sort of, presumably, as far as I know\uff09\u3002\u9006\u306b\u3001\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u306e\u30af\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u6255\u3044\u3001\u7387\u76f4\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u4fee\u8f9e\u3092\u300c\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30cd\u30b9\uff08Frankness\uff09\u300d\uff08\u4f8b\uff1ahonestly, frankly, to be blunt\uff09\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30e1\u30bf\u767a\u8a71\u614b\u5ea6\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u3084\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3069\u306e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u306e\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3084\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u62b1\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6570\u7406\u7684\u306b\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30e1\u30bf\u767a\u8a71\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u3068\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30cd\u30b9\u306e\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u691c\u51fa\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aseem to, appears that, to some extent\uff09\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30cd\u30b9\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aundoubtedly, clearly, frankly\uff09\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\u306e\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\uff08\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9f\u30fb\u9650\u5b9a\u7684 vs \u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u78ba\u4fe1\u30fb\u7387\u76f4\uff09\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u88dc\u6b63\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u300c\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u5bb9\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u300c\u614e\u91cd\u306a\u63a8\u6e2c\u30fb\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u610f\u898b\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u5bb9\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\uff08Hedging\uff09\u304c\u591a\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u81ea\u4fe1\u306e\u7121\u3055\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u306a\u53b3\u5bc6\u6027\u3068\u53cd\u8a3c\u3078\u306e\u914d\u616e\uff08\u8b19\u865a\u3055\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u57f7\u7b46\u898f\u7bc4\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u306e\u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u30eb\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u3001\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u306e\u6301\u3064\u610f\u5473\u5408\u3044\uff08\u78ba\u4fe1\u306e\u4f4e\u3055\u304b\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8aa0\u5b9f\u3055\u304b\uff09\u3092\u8abf\u6574\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u8a00\u3044\u904e\u304e\uff08\u8a87\u5f35\uff09\u300d\u3084\u300c\u4e0d\u5f53\u306a\u9650\u5b9a\u300d\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6253\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;As far as I am aware, the data appears to suggest a minor correlation.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;As far as I am aware&#8221; \u3084 &#8220;appears to suggest&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u591a\u91cd\u306e\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\uff08Hedging\uff09\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u3053\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u904e\u5ea6\u306a\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u8ca0\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3057\u3001\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u63a8\u6e2c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;To be completely blunt, the project has failed.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;To be completely blunt&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u614b\u306e\u60b2\u60e8\u3055\u3092\u76f4\u8996\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u914d\u616e\uff08\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\uff09\u3092\u6368\u3066\u53bb\u308a\u3001\u7387\u76f4\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\uff08Frankness\uff09\u3092\u7a81\u304d\u3064\u3051\u308b\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u65ad\u56fa\u3068\u3057\u305f\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;He is, in a sense, the brain of this organization.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;in a sense&#8221;\uff08\u3042\u308b\u610f\u5473\u3067\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u306f\u3001\u300c\u8133\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6bd4\u55a9\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u904e\u5270\u306a\u5f37\u3055\u3092\u548c\u3089\u3052\u3001\u9069\u7528\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u9650\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;Undoubtedly, this is the most significant discovery of the century.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;Undoubtedly&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30cd\u30b9\uff0f\u78ba\u4fe1\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u3053\u306e\u547d\u984c\u306e\u771f\u5b9f\u6027\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066100%\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u3068\u78ba\u4fe1\u3092\u62b1\u3044\u3066\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u3084\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30cd\u30b9\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30e1\u30bf\u767a\u8a71\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306b\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3068\u5883\u754c\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u8003\u7a76:\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u3068\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u591a\u5c64\u69cb\u9020\u5206\u6790<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a71\u8005\u3084\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u304c\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u610f\u5473\uff08Literal Meaning\uff09\u3068\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfe\u7acb\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u91cd\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u4e56\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5358\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u8a33\u51fa\u3084\u6587\u6cd5\u89e3\u6790\u306f\u7121\u529b\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fb5\u5bb3\u884c\u70ba\uff08FTA\uff09\u306e\u8efd\u6e1b\u6a5f\u69cb\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\uff08Flouting\uff09\u304c\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u52b9\u679c\u3001\u306a\u3089\u3073\u306b\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u52d5\u7684\u306a\u7121\u52b9\u5316\uff08Cancellation\uff09\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u6f14\u7b97\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3057\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u5bfe\u8a71\u3084\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u6df1\u5c64\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5230\u9054\u76ee\u6a19\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u524d\u63d0\u80fd\u529b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u539f\u7406\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4fee\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u30b0\u30e9\u30a4\u30b9\u306e\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u3001\u56db\u3064\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u524d\u63d0\u62bd\u51fa\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5b9a\u7740\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u6271\u3046\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u3001\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306e\u89e3\u4f53\u3001\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u542b\u610f\u62bd\u51fa\u3001\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u691c\u77e5\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u89e3\u6790\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306b\u3088\u308b\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u6e2c\u5b9a\u306e6\u9818\u57df\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u53d7\u7fd2\u8005\u304c\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u4f1a\u8a71\u6587\u3084\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306b\u8aad\u3080\u3068\u7834\u7dbb\u3059\u308b\u300d\u300c\u80af\u5b9a\u306b\u898b\u3048\u3066\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u62d2\u7d76\u3092\u5185\u5305\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u6587\u8108\u306e\u306d\u3058\u308c\u306b\u76f4\u9762\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u77e5\u898b\u306f\u611f\u89e6\u3084\u4e3b\u89b3\u3092\u4e00\u5207\u6392\u3057\u305f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u89e3\u8aad\u306e\u898f\u7bc4\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u767a\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6700\u7d42\u5c64\u3067\u3042\u308b\u7cbe\u9ac4\u5c64\u3067\u306e\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u4e56\u96e2\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u771f\u610f\u62bd\u51fa\u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u7b54\u6848\u3078\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u6280\u6cd5\u3078\u3068\u63a5\u7d9a\u3057\u3001\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u5165\u8a66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u8a2d\u554f\u3092\u5236\u8987\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u8b58\u5225]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6587\u4f53\u3084\u767a\u8a71\u8868\u73fe\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5fc3\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3084\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u790e\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u5fc3\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u306e\u5206\u96e2\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M23-\u8a9e\u7528]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u3068\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u914d\u7f6e\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M18-\u8a9e\u7528]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u500b\u5225 M01-\u8003\u7a76]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2514 \u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u3001\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u89e3\u91c8\u3078\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u500b\u5225 M04-\u8003\u7a76]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2514 \u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u65e7\u65b0\u914d\u7f6e\u3068\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11. \u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u3068\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u306b\u8d77\u56e0\u3059\u308b\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306e\u89e3\u4f53<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a00\u8a9e\u904b\u7528\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u306f\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306b\u7559\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u3068\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u914d\u616e\u3068\u3001\u672c\u6765\u9054\u6210\u3057\u305f\u3044\u6307\u793a\u30fb\u8981\u6c42\u304c\u91cd\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u91cd\u306a\u308a\u5408\u3063\u3066\u51fa\u529b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30d6\u30e9\u30a6\u30f3\u3068\u30ec\u30f4\u30a3\u30f3\u30bd\u30f3\u306e\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u7406\u8ad6\u3092\u57fa\u76e4\u3068\u3057\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\uff08Face\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4f53\u9762\uff09\u3092\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3059\u308b\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\uff08Rank of Imposition\uff09\u3068\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u4e01\u5be7\u3055\u306e\u88cf\u306b\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u771f\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u89e3\u4f53\u30fb\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11.\uff11. \u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u3068\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306e\u6e1b\u8870\u8a08\u7b97<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u4e01\u5be7\u3055\u306f\u300c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u793c\u5100\u3084\u30de\u30ca\u30fc\u306e\u3042\u3089\u308f\u308c\u300d\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u89e3\u8aad\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u4ed8\u6b21\u7684\u306a\u8981\u7d20\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7121\u8996\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u306e\u8996\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e01\u5be7\u3055\u3092\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3059\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u6226\u7565\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u62b1\u304f\u771f\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff08Illocutionary Force\uff09\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u6e1b\u8870\uff08Mitigate\uff09\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u6e1b\u5fc3\u88c5\u7f6e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4eba\u304c\u4ed6\u8005\u306b\u4f55\u304b\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u63d0\u6848\u3092\u62d2\u7d76\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u3092\u5236\u9650\u3059\u308b\u300c\u30cd\u30ac\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\uff08Negative Face\uff09\u3078\u306e\u4fb5\u5bb3\u300d\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3084\u610f\u898b\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u300c\u30dd\u30b8\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\uff08Positive Face\uff09\u3078\u306e\u4fb5\u5bb3\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fb5\u5bb3\u884c\u70ba\uff08Face Threatening Act: FTA\uff09\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u3068\u306e\u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\uff08Distance\uff09\u300d\u3001\u53cc\u65b9\u306e\u300c\u6a29\u529b\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08Power\uff09\u300d\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u91cd\u3055\uff08Rank of Imposition\uff09\u300d\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u306b\u8a08\u7b97\u3057\u3001FTA\u306e\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306e\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u5f37\u5ea6\u3092\u6e1b\u8870\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u6e1b\u8870\u6a5f\u69cb\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u306f\u5f31\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u767a\u8a71\u304b\u3089\u771f\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u9006\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u4e2d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u547d\u3058\u308b\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u66f8\u985e\u306e\u78ba\u8a8d\uff09\u3068\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u8ab2\u3059\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ca0\u62c5\u306e\u91cd\u3055\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u3068\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306e\u9593\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6a29\u529b\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u3069\u306e\u7a0b\u5ea6FTA\u306e\u8efd\u6e1b\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u72b6\u6cc1\u304b\u3092\u7b97\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u5c0e\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6e1b\u8870\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u3001\u7591\u554f\u6587\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u5f31\u3081\u306e\u526f\u8a5e\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u4e0a\u306f\u6e1b\u8870\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u304c\u3001\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u306f\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u6307\u793a\u3084\u547d\u4ee4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u300c\u4e01\u5be7\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u3060\u300d\u3068\u53d7\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u53d7\u5bb9\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5bfe\u4eba\u6469\u64e6\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3057\u3064\u3064\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u9054\u6210\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u80fd\u52d5\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u6226\u7565\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u8aad\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u8a08\u7b97\u539f\u7406\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u3082\u3057\u3053\u306e\u6e1b\u8870\u6f14\u7b97\u3092\u884c\u308f\u305a\u306b\u6587\u9762\u901a\u308a\u306e\u5f31\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u610f\u5473\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u300c\u301c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3051\u308b\u3068\u5e78\u3044\u3067\u3059\u300d\u3092\u5358\u306a\u308b\u9858\u671b\u3068\u6349\u3048\u308b\uff09\u3067\u53d7\u5bb9\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5165\u8a66\u306e\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u610f\u56f3\uff08\u300c\u301c\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u6307\u793a\uff09\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3057\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u306e\u4e3b\u5c0e\u6a29\u3084\u4eba\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u845b\u85e4\u3092\u8aa4\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u6a5f\u80fd\u4e0d\u5168\u306b\u9665\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u9069\u7528\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u9593\u306b\u6975\u3081\u3066\u5f37\u3044\u4fe1\u983c\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3084\u3001\u7dca\u6025\u4e8b\u614b\uff08\u707d\u5bb3\u3084\u4e8b\u6545\u306a\u3069\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u8a08\u7b97\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u30d0\u30a4\u30d1\u30b9\u3055\u308c\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u3067\u7121\u6e1b\u8870\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u304c\u51fa\u529b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u70b9\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6587\u578b\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u7d71\u8a9e\u8ad6\u7684\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u306e\u4eba\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u3089\u767a\u8a71\u529b\u306e\u88dc\u6b63\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u62c5\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: \u5927\u5b66\u306e\u6307\u5c0e\u6559\u6388\u304c\u30bc\u30df\u751f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066 &#8220;It might be an interesting exercise for you to re-examine the statistical data in Chapter 3.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u306f &#8220;might&#8221; \u3084 &#8220;interesting exercise&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f31\u3081\uff08\u6e1b\u8870\uff09\u304c\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u6559\u6388\u3068\u5b66\u751f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6a29\u529b\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08Power\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u4e0d\u5099\u4fee\u6b63\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u793a\u5506\u300d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u518d\u8a08\u7b97\u3092\u7fa9\u52d9\u4ed8\u3051\u308b\u300c\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u6307\u793a\uff08\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a08\u7b97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u9867\u5ba2\u304c\u4f01\u696d\u306e\u62c5\u5f53\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066 &#8220;I was wondering if you could possibly expedite the delivery process.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u5834\u9762\u3067\u306f\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u9032\u884c\u5f62 &#8220;was wondering&#8221; \u3084 &#8220;possibly&#8221; \u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u30cd\u30ac\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u3078\u306e\u4fb5\u5bb3\u304c\u6700\u5927\u9650\u8efd\u6e1b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6e1b\u8870\u3092\u9006\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u9867\u5ba2\u304c\u7d0d\u671f\u306e\u9045\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u5f37\u3044\u4e0d\u6e80\u3092\u62b1\u304d\u3001\u5373\u5ea7\u306e\u767a\u9001\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u771f\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u304c\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u89aa\u3057\u3044\u540c\u50da\u304b\u3089 &#8220;Do you think you could give me a hand with this report?&#8221; \u3068\u805e\u304b\u308c\u3001&#8221;I would love to, but I&#8217;m completely occupied with my own presentation.&#8221; \u3068\u8fd4\u7b54\u3059\u308b\u5bfe\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u524d\u534a\u306e &#8220;I would love to&#8221;\uff08\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u308b\u610f\u6b32\u8868\u660e\uff09\u3092\u76f4\u8a33\u3057\u3066\u300c\u624b\u4f1d\u3046\u610f\u5411\u304c\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u30dd\u30b8\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u4fdd\u8b77\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\uff08\u611f\u8b1d\u30fb\u597d\u610f\u306e\u6f14\u51fa\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5f8c\u534a\u306e &#8220;but&#8221; \u4ee5\u4e0b\u3068\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u300c\u62d2\u7d76\uff08\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u4e0a\u53f8\u304c\u90e8\u4e0b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066 &#8220;Would you mind not leaving the equipment running when you leave?&#8221; \u3068\u767a\u8a71\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u306f\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306b\u306f\u61f8\u5ff5\u306e\u554f\u5408\u305b\uff08&#8221;Would you mind&#8221;\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u3068\u6a29\u529b\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u4e0b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6a5f\u5668\u306e\u96fb\u6e90\u3092\u5207\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u547d\u3058\u308b\u300c\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u7981\u6b62\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fdd\u8b77\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306e\u6e1b\u8870\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u9006\u7b97\u3057\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u4e01\u5be7\u3055\u306e\u88cf\u306b\u3042\u308b\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11.\uff12. \u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u30fb\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u76ee\u7684\u306e\u7279\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u6587\u7ae0\u3084\u4f1a\u8a71\u306b\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u308b &#8220;I&#8217;m no expert, but&#8230;&#8221;, &#8220;Correct me if I&#8217;m wrong, but&#8230;&#8221;, &#8220;With all due respect&#8230;&#8221; \u306a\u3069\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u304d\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u8b19\u905c\u3084\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u5186\u6ed1\u5316\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u5b9a\u578b\u53e5\u3068\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u30fb\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\uff08Politeness Hedges\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u3084\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u8105\u304b\u3059\uff08FTA\u3068\u306a\u308b\uff09\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u4e88\u671f\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u885d\u6483\u3092\u672a\u7136\u306b\u7de9\u548c\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u901a\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306e\u304d\u308f\u3081\u3066\u8a08\u7b97\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u30fb\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u306a\u767a\u8a71\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u4e88\u544a\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u3068\u5b9f\u8cea\u547d\u984c\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u69cb\u9020\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u982d\u3084\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u6050\u7e2e\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u7d20\u4eba\u8003\u3048\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u656c\u610f\u3092\u8868\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3082\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u6a5f\u80fd\uff08\u81ea\u5df1\u306e\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u306e\u4f4e\u4e0b\u306e\u6f14\u51fa\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u6279\u5224\u306e\u4e88\u544a\uff09\u3092\u62c5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5206\u985e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u8aac\u306b\u306f\u6839\u672c\u7684\u306a\u6b20\u9665\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u767a\u8a71\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u4f5c\u3089\u308c\u305f\u300c\u4e88\u9632\u7dda\u300d\u3068\u300c\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u547d\u984c\u300d\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u8cac\u4efb\u306e\u8ffd\u53ca\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u76f8\u624b\u3092\u5f37\u304f\u6279\u5224\u30fb\u4fee\u6b63\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3084\u4fe1\u7528\u3092\u5b88\u308a\u3064\u3064\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u653b\u6483\u7684\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u6210\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u91cd\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u9054\u6210\u3059\u308b\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u3092\u5358\u306a\u308b\u8b19\u905c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u771f\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u3084\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u4fe1\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6279\u5224\u3084\u7570\u8ad6\u3092\u300c\u81ea\u4fe1\u306e\u306a\u3044\u622f\u8a00\u300d\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u8aa4\u8aad\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u77e5\u8b58\u4e0d\u8db3\u3084\u81ea\u4fe1\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u304b\u3089\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\uff08\u7d14\u7c8b\u306a\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u6027\u3084\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u3066\u300c\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u300d\u3068\u300c\u7d14\u7c8b\u306a\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\u300d\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u5224\u5b9a\u3068\u9023\u52d5\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u771f\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u7b97\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: \u8a0e\u8ad6\u4f1a\u3067\u8457\u540d\u306a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u304c\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u767a\u8868\u306b\u5bfe\u3057 &#8220;With all due respect, your methodology seems to overlook the primary variables.&#8221; \u3068\u767a\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u5834\u9762\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5192\u982d\u306e &#8220;With all due respect&#8221;\uff08\u7136\u308b\u3079\u304d\u656c\u610f\u3092\u6255\u3044\u3064\u3064\uff09\u306f\u76f8\u624b\u3092\u656c\u3046\u614b\u5ea6\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3089\u75db\u70c8\u306a\u6279\u5224\u3092\u52a0\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u544a\u3052\u308b\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e &#8220;seems to overlook&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u63a7\u3048\u3081\u306a\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\uff09\u3068\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u3055\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u624b\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u5bb9\u8d66\u306a\u304f\u7a81\u304f\u300c\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u7570\u8b70\u7533\u3057\u7acb\u3066\u300d\u304c\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;I&#8217;m not saying that you are wrong, but there is no empirical evidence to support your claim.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u524d\u534a\u306e &#8220;I&#8217;m not saying that you are wrong&#8221;\uff08\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u9593\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u3092\u771f\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u300c\u76f8\u624b\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u5426\u5b9a\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3064\u3064\u3001\u6839\u62e0\u306e\u4e0d\u5728\u3092\u7a81\u3044\u3066\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u3059\u308b\u300c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u4f1a\u8b70\u3067\u90e8\u4e0b\u304c\u63d0\u6848\u306b\u5bfe\u3057 &#8220;Far be it from me to criticize the committee&#8217;s decision, but have we considered the financial risks?&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3092\u6279\u5224\u3059\u308b\u7acb\u5834\u306b\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u59ff\u52e2\uff08\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\uff09\u3092\u6f14\u3058\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u8ca1\u52d9\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u306e\u770b\u904e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u843d\u3061\u5ea6\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306e\u518d\u8003\u3092\u8feb\u308b\u300c\u6279\u5224\u30fb\u63d0\u6848\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;I don&#8217;t mean to be rude, but your argument completely misses the point.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5192\u982d\u306e &#8220;I don&#8217;t mean to be rude&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u975e\u793c\u3092\u8a6b\u3073\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u300c\u8ad6\u70b9\u9038\u8131\u306e\u6307\u6458\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9177\u70c8\u306a\u653b\u6483\u306e\u885d\u6483\u3092\u548c\u3089\u3052\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u767a\u8a00\u306e\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u3064\u305f\u3081\u306e\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u30fb\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u3092\u6307\u6a19\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6587\u8108\u306e\u88cf\u306b\u3042\u308b\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3084\u6279\u5224\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff12. \u9593\u63a5\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u62d2\u7d76\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\u306e\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u5c0e\u51fa\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5165\u8a66\u306e\u5bfe\u8a71\u6587\u3084\u8b70\u8ad6\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u3044\u3044\u3048\uff08No\uff09\u300d\u3084\u300c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\uff08I cannot\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u3092\u4e00\u5207\u4f7f\u308f\u305a\u306b\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u63d0\u6848\u3084\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u5b8c\u819a\u306a\u304d\u307e\u3067\u306b\u62d2\u7d76\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u6587\u7ae0\u304c\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\u304c\u6301\u3064\u6587\u8108\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3068\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3057\u3001\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u62d2\u7d76\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u3092\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3067\u5c0e\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff12.\uff11. \u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5e30\u7d50\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u6f14\u7e79<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8cea\u554f\u3084\u4f9d\u983c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u300c\u76f4\u63a5\u7b54\u3048\u306a\u3044\u5fdc\u7b54\u300d\u304c\u306a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u306f\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u9593\u306e\u96a0\u308c\u305f\u300c\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\uff08Premise\uff09\u300d\u3068\u300c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\uff08Entailment\/Implicature\uff09\u300d\u3092\u63a5\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u4f5c\u696d\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3002\u30b0\u30e9\u30a4\u30b9\u306e\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306b\u5f93\u3048\u3070\u3001\u4e00\u898b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u4e0d\u565b\u307f\u5408\u3044\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u5fdc\u7b54\u3082\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u5354\u8abf\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u9650\u308a\u3001\u8cea\u554f\u306e\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u89e3\u7b54\u3092\u5c0e\u304d\u51fa\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306e\u5341\u5206\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u5185\u5305\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u6f14\u7e79\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u5426\u5b9a\u306f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6469\u64e6\u3092\u751f\u3080\u305f\u3081\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u306f\u5916\u5728\u7684\u306a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3084\u512a\u5148\u3059\u3079\u304d\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u81ea\u8eab\u306b\u300c\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u300d\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u8a08\u7b97\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u5bfe\u4eba\u6226\u7565\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\u304b\u3089\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u4e09\u6bb5\u8ad6\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b2c1\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u767a\u8a71\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u4eca\u591c\u306e\u6620\u753b\u306b\u884c\u304b\u306a\u3044\u304b\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u5224\u5b9a\u76ee\u6a19\uff08Yes\u304bNo\u304b\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b2c2\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u660e\u65e5\u306f\u671d\u4e00\u756a\u3067\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u6700\u7d42\u8a66\u9a13\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff09\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u3068\u3001\u666e\u904d\u7684\u306a\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u8a66\u9a13\u524d\u591c\u306f\u52c9\u5f37\u306b\u96c6\u4e2d\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5a2f\u697d\u306b\u884c\u304f\u4f59\u88d5\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3092\u7d50\u5408\u3057\u3001\u96a0\u308c\u305f\u5927\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u88dc\u5b8c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u3068\u5927\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u304b\u3089\u6f14\u7e79\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\uff08\u6620\u753b\u306b\u884c\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\uff1dNo\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u88dc\u5b8c\u3092\u5b8c\u4e86\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u8981\u4ef6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5c0e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5e30\u7d50\u304c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u300d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u304b\u3089\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u9003\u308c\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u300c\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u70b9\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u88dc\u5b8c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u3084\u300c\u6587\u8108\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u300d\u304c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u306b\u6975\u3081\u3066\u7279\u6b8a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u8ad6\u7406\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u7e4b\u3052\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5165\u8a66\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u666e\u904d\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\u304b\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5185\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u53ce\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5e38\u306b\u6f14\u7e79\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u306e\u547d\u984c\u8ad6\u7406\u3068\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u6a4b\u6e21\u3057\u3059\u308b\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u62c5\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;Can you take over my shift at the restaurant this Saturday?&#8221; B: &#8220;My sister is getting married in Chicago that day.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3084\u308a\u53d6\u308a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001B\u306f &#8220;No&#8221; \u3068\u53e3\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001B\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u305f\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\uff08\u571f\u66dc\u65e5\u306b\u30b7\u30ab\u30b4\u3067\u59b9\u306e\u7d50\u5a5a\u5f0f\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff09\u3068\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u4eba\u306f\u540c\u4e00\u6642\u9593\u306b\u7570\u306a\u308b\u5834\u6240\u306b\u304a\u308c\u305a\u3001\u59b9\u306e\u7d50\u5a5a\u5f0f\u3078\u306e\u51fa\u5e2d\u306f\u30d0\u30a4\u30c8\u3088\u308a\u512a\u5148\u3055\u308c\u308b\uff09\u3092\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u571f\u66dc\u65e5\u306b\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u7269\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u62d2\u7d76\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e30\u7d50\u304c\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: A: &#8220;Is the new software program easy to operate?&#8221; B: &#8220;The instruction manual is three hundred pages long and full of technical jargon.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fdc\u7b54\u306f\u3001\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u306e\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u300c300\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u306b\u304a\u3088\u3076\u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e\u3060\u3089\u3051\u306e\u30de\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30eb\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304b\u3089\u3001\u300c\u3053\u306e\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u306e\u64cd\u4f5c\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u8907\u96d1\u3067\u96e3\u89e3\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u8a55\u4fa1\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u8ad6\u304c\u6f14\u7e79\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: A: &#8220;Did you manage to convince the board members?&#8221; B: &#8220;They adjourned the meeting before I even opened my presentation.&#8221; \u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u300c\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u4e0d\u660e\u3060\u300d\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u4fdd\u7559\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30d7\u30ec\u30bc\u30f3\u3092\u958b\u59cb\u3059\u308b\u524d\u306b\u4f1a\u8b70\u304c\u7d42\u4e86\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u304b\u3089\u3001\u300c\u8aac\u5f97\u3092\u8a66\u307f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3059\u3089\u3067\u304d\u305a\u3001\u63d0\u6848\u306f\u901a\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff08\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u4e0d\u6210\u529f\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e30\u7d50\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: A: &#8220;Would you recommend this hotel to your friends?&#8221; B: &#8220;I spent the entire night complaining to the manager about the noise and dirty sheets.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308bB\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u30db\u30c6\u30eb\u306e\u52a3\u60aa\u306a\u74b0\u5883\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u7d76\u5bfe\u306b\u63a8\u85a6\u3057\u306a\u3044\uff08\u5f37\u56fa\u306aNo\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u4f7f\u308f\u305a\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\u306e\u88cf\u306b\u3042\u308b\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u3068\u5e30\u7d50\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6f14\u7e79\u3057\u3001\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u62d2\u7d76\u3084\u5426\u5b9a\u3092\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3067\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u7fd2\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff12.\uff12. \u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u306b\u5236\u7d04\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8fc2\u8a00\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u7279\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4eba\u9593\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7279\u306b\u7acb\u5834\u304c\u540c\u7b49\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u76f8\u624b\u304c\u76ee\u4e0a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u6307\u793a\u306e\u62d2\u7d76\u3084\u6279\u5224\u306f\u300c\u904e\u5ea6\u306a\u6575\u610f\u306e\u8868\u660e\u300d\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5371\u967a\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306b\u6b63\u5f53\u3068\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u7406\u7531\uff08\u75c5\u6c17\u3001\u5148\u7d04\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u6297\u529b\u3001\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\uff09\u3092\u524d\u9762\u306b\u62bc\u3057\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300c\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\uff08External Constraint\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3084\u3080\u3092\u5f97\u305a\u62d2\u7d76\u305b\u3056\u308b\u3092\u5f97\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u300c\u8fc2\u8a00\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\uff08Evasive Refusal\uff09\u300d\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8fc2\u8a00\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u914d\u616e\u3068\u771f\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u3068\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u306e\u6240\u5728\u5206\u6790\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5fdc\u7b54\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u4e3b\u5f35\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7406\u7531\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u4f53\u8abf\u4e0d\u826f\u3001\u4f1a\u793e\u306e\u65b9\u91dd\u3001\u5148\u7d04\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u8a71\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u610f\u601d\uff08\u4e3b\u89b3\uff09\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u5236\u5fa1\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u5916\u5728\u7684\u8981\u56e0\uff08\u5ba2\u89b3\uff09\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u5224\u5225\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u610f\u601d\u3067\u62d2\u7d76\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5370\u8c61\u3092\u6d88\u53bb\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u304c\u3044\u304b\u306b\u6297\u3044\u304c\u305f\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3059\u308b\u4fee\u8f9e\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u3042\u3044\u306b\u304f\u3001\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u301c\u304c\u6c7a\u307e\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\uff09\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5916\u5728\u7684\u7406\u7531\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u304c\u300c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u3092\u5acc\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u72b6\u6cc1\u304c\u8a31\u3055\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3060\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u4fdd\u3064\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u306f\u300c\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u5b8c\u4e86\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4eba\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u300c\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u7a4f\u3084\u304b\u3055\u300d\u3068\u300c\u6df1\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u4ea4\u6e09\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u300d\u306e\u4e8c\u5c64\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8fc2\u8a00\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u53d7\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5916\u5728\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3092\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u8a00\u3044\u8a33\u300d\u3084\u300c\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306a\u30b9\u30b1\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u4e0d\u90fd\u5408\u300d\u3068\u6349\u3048\u3001\u5f8c\u65e5\u518d\u63d0\u6848\u3059\u308c\u3070\u901a\u308b\u304b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u6587\u8108\u4e88\u6e2c\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u304c\u89e3\u6d88\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u627f\u8afe\u3078\u8ee2\u3058\u308b\u300c\u6761\u4ef6\u4ed8\u304d\u62d2\u7d76\u300d\u3068\u3001\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u53e3\u5b9f\u306b\u5229\u7528\u3057\u305f\u300c\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u62d2\u7d76\u300d\u306e\u8b58\u5225\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8b58\u5225\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u50be\u5411\u3084\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\uff08\u611f\u60c5\u306e\u7c60\u3082\u308a\u5177\u5408\uff09\u3092\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u3066\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;Why don&#8217;t we submit our joint proposal to the director tomorrow?&#8221; B: &#8220;Unfortunately, company regulations require all joint submissions to be reviewed by the legal department two weeks in advance.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001B\u306f\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u8cdb\u5426\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u305a\u3001&#8221;company regulations&#8221;\uff08\u4f1a\u793e\u898f\u7a0b\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6297\u3044\u304c\u305f\u3044\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8fc2\u8a00\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001B\u306fA\u3068\u306e\u826f\u597d\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u4fdd\u3061\u3064\u3064\u3001\u660e\u65e5\u63d0\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046A\u306e\u6848\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u7121\u52b9\u5316\uff08\u62d2\u7d76\uff09\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;I would be more than happy to sponsor your research, were it not for the strict budget cuts imposed on our department this fiscal year.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5 &#8220;were it not for&#8230;&#8221; \u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u4e88\u7b97\u524a\u6e1b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u306f\u3001\u51fa\u8cc7\u3078\u306e\u610f\u6b32\uff08&#8221;more than happy&#8221;\uff09\u3092\u6f14\u51fa\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3082\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u306b\u306f\u4e00\u92ad\u3082\u51fa\u8cc7\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u62d2\u7d76\u300d\u3092\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u9054\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: A: &#8220;Can you join us for dinner tonight?&#8221; B: &#8220;I&#8217;m under strict doctor&#8217;s orders to rest at home due to my fever.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fdc\u7b54\u306f\u3001\u533b\u5e2b\u306e\u6307\u793a\uff08&#8221;doctor&#8217;s orders&#8221;\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u6297\u529b\u3092\u6301\u3061\u51fa\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u884c\u304d\u305f\u304f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\u3092\u96a0\u853d\u3057\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306b\u53cd\u8ad6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u5f62\u3067\u8a98\u3044\u3092\u8f9e\u9000\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;Nothing would give me greater pleasure than to accept your invitation, but prior commitments make it impossible for me to attend.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;Nothing would give me greater pleasure&#8221;\uff08\u3053\u308c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u559c\u3073\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a87\u5f35\u3055\u308c\u305f\u597d\u610f\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u3001&#8221;prior commitments&#8221;\uff08\u5148\u7d04\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5916\u5728\u7684\u7406\u7531\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u3078\u306e\u6700\u5927\u9650\u306e\u656c\u610f\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3064\u3064\u62d2\u7d76\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5178\u578b\u7684\u306a\u8fc2\u8a00\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u306b\u5236\u7d04\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8fc2\u8a00\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u5916\u5728\u7684\u7406\u7531\u306e\u88cf\u306b\u3042\u308b\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u62d2\u7d76\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff13. \u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\uff08Flouting\uff09\u304c\u5275\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306e\u89e3\u6790<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\uff08\u91cf\u30fb\u8cea\u30fb\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u30fb\u69d8\u614b\uff09\u3092\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u8aa4\u3063\u3066\u7834\u308b\uff08Violation\uff09\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u300c\u81ea\u5206\u304c\u683c\u5f8b\u3092\u3042\u304b\u3089\u3055\u307e\u306b\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3092\u3042\u3048\u3066\u8a8d\u8b58\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5f62\u3067\u884c\u3046\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u7121\u8996\uff08Flouting\uff09\u306f\u3001\u6975\u3081\u3066\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3092\u5275\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\u304c\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u30a2\u30a4\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc\uff08Irony\uff09\u3001\u6bd4\u55a9\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u5236\u5fa1\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u6570\u7406\u7684\u306b\u53cd\u8ee2\u30fb\u88dc\u5b8c\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff13.\uff11. \u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u9055\u53cd\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30a2\u30a4\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc\u30fb\u8a87\u5f35\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u300c\u771f\u5b9f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3088\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u9732\u9aa8\u306a\u7121\u8996\uff08Flouting the Maxim of Quality\uff09\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u767a\u3057\u305f\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u300c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7570\u69d8\u306a\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u3002\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u3001\u805e\u304d\u624b\u304c\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u3092\u719f\u77e5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u6587\u9762\u901a\u308a\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u5bfe\u7acb\u304b\u3089\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u52b9\u679c\u3053\u305d\u304c\u3001\u771f\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u4f1d\u9054\u3059\u308b\u300c\u30a2\u30a4\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc\uff08\u76ae\u8089\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u904e\u5270\u306a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u611f\u60c5\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u300c\u8a87\u5f35\uff08Hyperbole\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\u304b\u3089\u771f\u306e\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3067\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u547d\u984c\u5024\u3068\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u5024\u306e\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u53cd\u8ee2\u51e6\u7406\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u3067\u767a\u305b\u3089\u308c\u305f\u547d\u984c&nbsp;$P$\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u304a\u524d\u306f\u771f\u306e\u5929\u624d\u3060\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1&nbsp;$C$\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u76f8\u624b\u304c\u521d\u6b69\u7684\u306a\u5927\u5931\u6557\u3092\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u547d\u984c&nbsp;$P$&nbsp;\u3068\u72b6\u6cc1&nbsp;$C$\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08$P \\land C \\to \\text{False}$\uff09\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u771f\u306e\u610f\u5473&nbsp;$M$&nbsp;\u3092\u547d\u984c&nbsp;$P$&nbsp;\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u53cd\u5bfe\u547d\u984c\uff08$\\neg P$\uff1a\u304a\u524d\u306f\u5168\u304f\u306e\u611a\u304b\u8005\u3060\uff09\u3078\u3068\u53cd\u8ee2\u7b97\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5446\u308c\u3084\u975e\u96e3\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30e1\u30bf\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u7d50\u5408\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u6839\u62e0\u306f\u3001\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30a2\u30a4\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u300c\u301c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u76f4\u63a5\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3088\u308a\u3082\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u306e\u5f62\u3092\u53d6\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u300c\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u671f\u5f85\u3068\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u60e8\u5ea6\u306e\u843d\u5dee\u300d\u3092\u9bae\u660e\u306b\u6d6e\u304d\u5f6b\u308a\u306b\u3057\u3001\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u6279\u8a55\u7684\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u767a\u63ee\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u3057\u624b\u3068\u805e\u304d\u624b\u306e\u9593\u306b\u300c\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1&nbsp;$C$&nbsp;\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5171\u6709\u8a8d\u8b58\uff08Mutual Knowledge\uff09\u300d\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\u304c\u8aa4\u3063\u3066\u6587\u9762\u901a\u308a\u306e\u300c\u8aa4\u8a8d\u300d\u3084\u300c\u5618\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51e6\u7406\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5165\u8a66\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u7cbe\u8aad\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u3084\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u72b6\u6cc1\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u3066\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u3092\u4f5c\u52d5\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6587\u4f53\u8ad6\u3084\u30e1\u30bf\u4fee\u8f9e\u89e3\u6790\u306e\u6838\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: \u5927\u5931\u6557\u3092\u3057\u3066\u4f1a\u793e\u306b\u5de8\u984d\u306e\u640d\u5931\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u793e\u54e1\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u793e\u9577\u304c &#8220;Your brilliant strategy has certainly brought us unprecedented success!&#8221; \u3068\u5410\u304d\u6368\u3066\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u5834\u9762\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u640d\u5bb3\uff08\u72b6\u6cc1&nbsp;$C$\uff09\u3068 &#8220;brilliant&#8221; &#8220;unprecedented success&#8221;\uff08\u547d\u984c&nbsp;$P$\uff09\u306f\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u9069\u7528\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u79f0\u8cdb\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u304a\u524d\u306e\u611a\u304b\u306a\u6226\u7565\u306f\u58ca\u6ec5\u7684\u306a\u5931\u6557\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u6279\u5224\uff08$\\neg P$\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53cd\u8ee2\u89e3\u91c8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u731b\u70c8\u306a\u66b4\u98a8\u96e8\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5efa\u9020\u7269\u304c\u7834\u58ca\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6700\u4e2d\u306b\u3001\u89b3\u5bdf\u8005\u304c &#8220;What a mild and pleasant breeze we are experiencing today!&#8221; \u3068\u767a\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u51c4\u60e8\u306a\u5929\u5019\u3068\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5929\u5019\u306e\u6975\u5ea6\u306a\u8352\u308c\u72c2\u3044\u3068\u6050\u6016\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30a4\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u975e\u5e38\u306b\u72ed\u304f\u967d\u306e\u5149\u3082\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3044\u5730\u4e0b\u5ba4\u3092\u898b\u3066 &#8220;This spacious and sunlit room is perfect for a luxury resort.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u300c\u5feb\u9069\u306a\u90e8\u5c4b\u3060\u300d\u3068\u76f4\u8a33\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u52a3\u60aa\u3055\u3068\u306e\u4e56\u96e2\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u90e8\u5c4b\u306e\u7c97\u672b\u3055\u3092\u81ea\u8650\u7684\u306b\u5632\u7b11\u3059\u308b\u610f\u5473\u3078\u3068\u53cd\u8ee2\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u4f55\u5ea6\u6ce8\u610f\u3057\u3066\u3082\u540c\u3058\u9593\u9055\u3044\u3092\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3059\u751f\u5f92\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u6559\u5e2b\u304c &#8220;I admire your unyielding consistency in making the exact same error.&#8221; \u3068\u58f0\u3092\u304b\u3051\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u611f\u5fc3\uff08&#8221;admire&#8221;\uff09\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u7528\u3044\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u610f\u6b32\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3068\u5b66\u7fd2\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u7121\u3055\u3092\u53b3\u3057\u304f\u8a70\u554f\u3059\u308b\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u3078\u3068\u53cd\u8ee2\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\u3068\u73fe\u5b9f\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u304b\u3089\u771f\u306e\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u89e3\u8aad\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff13.\uff12. \u95a2\u9023\u6027\u30fb\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30e1\u30bf\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u7279\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u7a81\u7136\u5168\u304f\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u306a\u3044\u8a71\u984c\u3092\u633f\u5165\u3057\u305f\u308a\uff08\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u7121\u8996\uff1aFlouting the Maxim of Relation\uff09\u3001\u56de\u308a\u304f\u3069\u304f\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\uff08\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u7121\u8996\uff1aFlouting the Maxim of Manner\uff09\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u306e\u4f1d\u9054\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u305f\u300c\u4f1a\u8a71\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u5236\u5fa1\u30fb\u4ecb\u5165\u3059\u308b\u30e1\u30bf\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u610f\u56f3\u300d\u304c\u50cd\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u30fb\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\u304b\u3089\u30e1\u30bf\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u4e0d\u5168\u306e\u691c\u51fa\u3068\u4f1a\u8a71\u5236\u5fa1\u76ee\u7684\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u3068\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u9593\u306e\u8108\u7d61\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u904e\u5270\u306a\u5197\u9577\u3055\u30fb\u96e3\u89e3\u3055\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u306a\u305c\u30b9\u30e0\u30fc\u30ba\u306a\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u9032\u884c\u3092\u59a8\u3052\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u4e0d\u90fd\u5408\u306a\u8cea\u554f\u304b\u3089\u306e\u56de\u907f\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u3078\u306e\u79d8\u5bc6\u4fdd\u6301\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u4e0d\u8db3\u3078\u306e\u76ae\u8089\uff09\u3092\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u304b\u3089\u63a2\u7d22\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\u306e\u6319\u52d5\u304c\u300c\u3053\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u6253\u3061\u5207\u308c\u300d\u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u3092\u7f6e\u304f\u300d\u300c\u304a\u524d\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u6c34\u6e96\u306b\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3066\u8a71\u3057\u3066\u3084\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30e1\u30bf\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u304c\u4f1a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5358\u306b\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u3084\u308a\u53d6\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8a71\u984c\u306e\u4e3b\u5c0e\u6a29\u3001\u79d8\u5bc6\u306e\u4fdd\u8b77\u3001\u5bfe\u4eba\u8ddd\u96e2\u306e\u7dad\u6301\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u67a0\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306e\u4ea4\u6e09\u300d\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5b9f\u614b\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\u3092\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u8131\u7dda\u300d\u3084\u300c\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u6587\u7ae0\u300d\u3068\u6349\u3048\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8a71\u8005\u9593\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u4e3b\u5c0e\u6a29\u4e89\u3044\u3084\u4e0d\u90fd\u5408\u306a\u771f\u5b9f\u304b\u3089\u306e\u907f\u96e3\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3084\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u52d5\u63fa\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7d50\u679c\u7684\u306b\u8108\u7d61\u304c\u98db\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3068\u306e\u533a\u5225\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u306b\u306a\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5165\u8a66\u306e\u7cbe\u7dfb\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u3055\u306f\u8a08\u7b97\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4fee\u8f9e\u52b9\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u8aad\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;How much money did you borrow from the company&#8217;s emergency fund?&#8221; B: &#8220;Look at those fascinating cloud formations out the window!&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f1a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001B\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306fA\u306e\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u8ffd\u53ca\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u9732\u9aa8\u306a\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u306f\u3001\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u56de\u7b54\u306e\u62d2\u7d76\u3068\u300c\u305d\u306e\u5371\u967a\u306a\u8a71\u984c\u306b\u306f\u4e8c\u5ea6\u3068\u89e6\u308c\u308b\u306a\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u4f1a\u8a71\u5236\u5fa1\u306e\u30e1\u30bf\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u304c\u4e0d\u7965\u4e8b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u554f\u308f\u308c\u305f\u8a18\u8005\u4f1a\u898b\u3067\u3001\u5358\u306b &#8220;I did not do it.&#8221; \u3068\u8a00\u308f\u305a\u306b &#8220;The allegations regarding the aforementioned financial discrepancies are currently under comprehensive review by independent legal entities.&#8221; \u3068\u5197\u9577\u304b\u3064\u6666\u6e0b\u306b\u8a9e\u308b\uff08\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\uff09\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u56de\u7b54\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u6642\u9593\u7a3c\u304e\u3068\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u5f15\u304d\u96e2\u3057\u3092\u56f3\u308b\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u9632\u885b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u79d8\u5bc6\u306e\u76f8\u8ac7\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6700\u4e2d\u306b\u3001\u30e9\u30a4\u30d0\u30eb\u304c\u8fd1\u3065\u3044\u3066\u304d\u305f\u306e\u3092\u898b\u3066\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u7a81\u7136 &#8220;Speaking of which, did you watch the football match last night?&#8221; \u3068\u5927\u58f0\u3067\u8a71\u984c\u3092\u5909\u3048\u308b\u884c\u52d5\u306f\u3001\u30b5\u30c3\u30ab\u30fc\u3078\u306e\u95a2\u5fc3\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300c\u5371\u967a\u4eba\u7269\u304c\u63a5\u8fd1\u3057\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u79d8\u5bc6\u306e\u4f1a\u8a71\u3092\u4e2d\u65ad\u305b\u3088\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7dca\u6025\u306e\u6307\u793a\uff08\u30e1\u30bf\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u30d7\u30ed\u306e\u97f3\u697d\u5bb6\u304c\u30a2\u30de\u30c1\u30e5\u30a2\u306e\u6f14\u594f\u3092\u8074\u3044\u305f\u5f8c\u3001&#8221;Miss Y succeeded in producing an acoustic sequence that conformed strictly to the musical score.&#8221; \u3068\u5287\u8a55\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u5197\u9577\u306a\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\uff09\u306f\u3001&#8221;She played the music.&#8221; \u3068\u8a00\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u5f7c\u5973\u306e\u6f14\u594f\u306b\u306f\u60c5\u7dd2\u3082\u6280\u8853\u3082\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u697d\u8b5c\u901a\u308a\u306b\u97f3\u3092\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u306b\u904e\u304e\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9177\u8a55\u3092\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u3084\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7570\u69d8\u3055\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u4f1a\u8a71\u5236\u5fa1\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u8df5\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff14. \u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u6587\u8108\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u306e\u4e8c\u91cd\u691c\u8a3c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u80af\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3088\u3046\u3068\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3088\u3046\u3068\u7121\u6761\u4ef6\u306b\u771f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff08Presupposition\uff09\u300d\u3092\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u767a\u751f\u3055\u305b\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3053\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u771f\u7406\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u3084\u9ad8\u6b21\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7121\u52b9\u5316\uff08\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\uff1aCancellation\uff09\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8106\u3055\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3068\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u306e\u4e8c\u91cd\u691c\u8a3c\u3092\u884c\u3046\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u8986\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff14.\uff11. \u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u30fb\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\u304b\u3089\u306e\u80cc\u666f\u547d\u984c\u306e\u81ea\u52d5\u62bd\u51fa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a00\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\uff08\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\uff09\u3084\u6587\u69cb\u9020\uff08\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\uff09\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u306b\u3001\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\uff08\u8a00\u660e\uff09\u3068\u306f\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u80cc\u666f\u547d\u984c\u3092\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u767a\u751f\u3055\u305b\u308b\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u306a\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u88dc\u6587\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u6027\u3092\u7121\u6761\u4ef6\u306b\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u300c\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u8ff0\u8a9e\uff08regret, know, realize, be aware\uff09\u300d\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u300c\u72b6\u614b\u5909\u5316\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08stop, start, continue, fail\uff09\u300d\u3001\u5b58\u5728\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u300c\u9650\u5b9a\u8a18\u8ff0\uff08the X, possessive nouns\uff09\u300d\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7d99\u7d9a\u3084\u518d\u767a\u3092\u793a\u3059\u300c\u53cd\u5fa9\u8a5e\uff08again, too, another\uff09\u300d\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\u304b\u3089\u80cc\u666f\u547d\u984c\u3092\u81ea\u52d5\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u6587\u306e\u8a00\u660e\u3068\u5206\u96e2\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3068\u80cc\u666f\u547d\u984c\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u4e2d\u306b\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aJohn stopped drinking. \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;stop&#8221;\uff09\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u5f62\uff08John didn&#8217;t stop drinking.\uff09\u306b\u5909\u63db\u3059\u308b\u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3057\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u6587\u3068\u5426\u5b9a\u6587\u306e\u4e21\u65b9\u3067\u4e0d\u5909\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\uff08John used to drink.\uff09\u3092\u5224\u5225\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4e0d\u5909\u547d\u984c\u3092\u300c\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u4e86\u89e3\uff08\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u8a00\u660e\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u73fe\u5728\u98f2\u9152\u3092\u3084\u3081\u305f\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\uff09\u3068\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff08\u8a00\u660e\uff09\u300d\u3068\u300c\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u6700\u521d\u304b\u3089\u5f53\u7136\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7591\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\uff08\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u300d\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u533a\u5225\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3067\u5de7\u5999\u306b\u4ed5\u7d44\u307e\u308c\u305f\u300c\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u300d\u3084\u300c\u8a00\u660e\u3068\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7f60\u306b\u9665\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u304b\u3089\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u6587\u8108\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u70b9\uff084.2 \u53c2\u7167\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u78ba\u5b9a\u3068\u305b\u305a\u3001\u5e38\u306b\u6587\u8108\u306e\u6700\u7d42\u691c\u8a3c\u3092\u7d4c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u3068\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u306e\u5883\u754c\u9818\u57df\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;Professor Evans regrets that he disclosed the confidential research data to the press.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u8ff0\u8a9e &#8220;regret&#8221; \u306e\u5b58\u5728\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6559\u6388\u304c\u5f8c\u6094\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306e\u8a00\u660e\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u3001\u300c\u6559\u6388\u306f\u6a5f\u5bc6\u7814\u7a76\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u30e1\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u306b\u6f0f\u6d29\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u81ea\u52d5\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;When did the company stop exploiting its overseas workers?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8cea\u554f\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u72b6\u614b\u5909\u5316\u52d5\u8a5e &#8220;stop&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u56de\u7b54\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u300c\u305d\u306e\u4f1a\u793e\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u6d77\u5916\u52b4\u50cd\u8005\u3092\u643e\u53d6\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u306b\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3055\u305b\u308b\u69cb\u9020\uff08\u4e8c\u91cd\u8cea\u554f\u306e\u7f60\uff09\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;The present King of France is bald.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6709\u540d\u306a\u9650\u5b9a\u8a18\u8ff0\u306e\u4f8b\u3067\u306f\u3001&#8221;The present King of France&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u300c\u73fe\u5728\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306b\u306f\u56fd\u738b\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b58\u5728\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u81ea\u52d5\u767a\u751f\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;Mary failed the bar exam again.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u53cd\u5fa9\u8a5e &#8220;again&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u4e0d\u5408\u683c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u660e\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3001\u300c\u30e1\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u3082\u53f8\u6cd5\u8a66\u9a13\u306b\u4e0d\u5408\u683c\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\u304b\u3089\u80cc\u666f\u547d\u984c\u3092\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3067\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u7372\u5f97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff14.\uff12. \u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u30fb\u4e2d\u7acb\u5316\u691c\u77e5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u6027\u8cea\u306f\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u542b\u610f\uff08Entailment\uff09\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308a\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u3084\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6253\u3061\u6d88\u3057\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u8106\u3055\uff08Defeasibility\uff09\u300d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u306b\u767a\u751f\u3057\u305f\u524d\u63d0\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u305d\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u771f\u5b9f\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u4fe1\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3084\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u507d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3059\u300c\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u8868\u73fe\uff08Cancellation Markers\uff09\u300d\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aif any, if at all, or so he claims, not that&#8230;\uff09\u304c\u4ed8\u52a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u7121\u52b9\u5316\uff08\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\uff09\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e2d\u7acb\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3068\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u306e\u52d5\u614b\u3092\u4e8c\u91cd\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u62bd\u51fa\u3068\u885d\u7a81\u691c\u8a3c\u306e\u4e8c\u6bb5\u968e\u51e6\u7406\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u8a5e\u304b\u3089\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u306b\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u80cc\u666f\u547d\u984c&nbsp;$P_{pre}$\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u5f7c\u306b\u306f\u5b50\u4f9b\u304c\u3044\u308b\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u7bc0\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a&#8230;if indeed he has any children\uff09\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u524d\u63d0&nbsp;$P_{pre}$&nbsp;\u304c\u7121\u52b9\u5316\uff08\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\uff09\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\u300d\u304b\u3089\u300c\u672a\u78ba\u5b9a\u30fb\u7591\u5ff5\u30fb\u507d\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u300d\u3078\u3068\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u4fee\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u4e8c\u91cd\u691c\u8a3c\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u6839\u62e0\u306f\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u571f\u53f0\uff08\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u304c\u8986\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3059\u3067\u306b\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306f\u305a\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u300c\u672c\u6587\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3067\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u8aa4\u8aad\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u304c\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306b\u9060\u56de\u3057\u306a\u76ae\u8089\u3084\u633f\u5165\u7bc0\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6587\u8108\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u591a\u89d2\u7684\u306b\u5206\u6790\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;John doesn&#8217;t know that Mary passed the exam, because she actually failed.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u7ae0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u524d\u534a\u306e &#8220;know&#8221; \u304b\u3089\u306f\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u306b\u300c\u30e1\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u304c\u5408\u683c\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e &#8220;because she actually failed&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u660e\u793a\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u7bc0\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7121\u52b9\u5316\uff08\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\uff09\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e8c\u91cd\u691c\u8a3c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u30e1\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u306f\u8a66\u9a13\u306b\u843d\u3061\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u771f\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u300c\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u8aa4\u8a8d\u72b6\u614b\u300d\u304c\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;If Paul ever stops drinking, his family will be relieved.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6761\u4ef6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001&#8221;stop&#8221; \u304b\u3089\u751f\u3058\u308b\u300c\u30dd\u30fc\u30eb\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u98f2\u9152\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u304c &#8220;If Paul ever&#8230;&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u306a\u4eee\u5b9a\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u771f\u507d\u5024\u304c\u4e2d\u7acb\u5316\uff08\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\uff09\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;The politician has realized his ethical responsibility\u2014or so his public relations team claims.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u672b\u5c3e\u306e &#8220;or so his public relations team claims&#8221;\uff08\u5e83\u5831\u30c1\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u305d\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\uff09\u306f\u3001&#8221;realize&#8221; \u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u304c\u9053\u7fa9\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u81ea\u899a\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u3057\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u30dd\u30fc\u30ba\u30fb\u4e3b\u5f35\u306b\u904e\u304e\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u304c\u672a\u78ba\u5b9a\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u3078\u3068\u4fee\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;She regrets quitting her job, assuming she actually quit.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;assuming she actually quit&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u633f\u5165\u7bc0\u306f\u3001&#8221;regret&#8221; \u304b\u3089\u306e\u300c\u9000\u8077\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u3057\u3001\u96e2\u8077\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u7591\u308f\u3057\u3044\u4eee\u5b9a\u3078\u3068\u30c0\u30a6\u30f3\u30b0\u30ec\u30fc\u30c9\u3055\u305b\u308b\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u5165\u8a66\u3067\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u6587] \u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3068\u6587\u8108\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u306e\u52d5\u614b\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3059\u308b\u904b\u7528\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff15. \u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\uff08Self-repair\uff09\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3068\u8a71\u8005\u672c\u97f3\u306e\u5206\u96e2\u540c\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306a\u5bfe\u8a71\u3084\u30b9\u30d4\u30fc\u30c1\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u4e00\u5ea6\u53e3\u306b\u3057\u305f\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u8a00\u3044\u76f4\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u88dc\u8db3\u30fb\u64a4\u56de\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u73fe\u8c61\u3092\u300c\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\uff08Self-repair\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4f1a\u8a71\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff08Trouble Source\uff09\u3068\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff08Repair\uff09\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3057\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u300c\u65b9\u5411\u6027\uff08\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\uff09\u300d\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u306a\u300c\u672c\u97f3\u300d\u3068\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u914d\u616e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u300c\u5efa\u524d\u300d\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u5206\u96e2\u30fb\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff15.\uff11. \u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\u3068\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\u306e\u5dee\u5206\u89e3\u6790\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a8d\u77e5\u88dc\u6b63\u306e\u8ffd\u8de1<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u8a00\u3044\u76f4\u3059\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u53e3\u306e\u3059\u3079\u308a\u3084\u6587\u6cd5\u30a8\u30e9\u30fc\u306e\u4fee\u6b63\uff08Performance Error\uff09\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u304c\u767a\u3057\u305f\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff1aTrouble Source\uff09\u304c\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u9069\u6574\u6027\u3001\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u306e\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u300c\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u3001\u3088\u308a\u671b\u307e\u3057\u3044\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff1aRepair\uff09\u3078\u3068\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306b\u4fee\u6b63\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3092\u544a\u3052\u308b\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aor rather, I mean, that is to say, well&#8230;\uff09\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\u3068\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306e\u52d5\u614b\u3092\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\u3068\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u601d\u8003\u5909\u9077\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u306e\u88dc\u7372\u3068\u610f\u5473\u5185\u5bb9\u306e\u5dee\u5206\u8a08\u7b97\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u4e2d\u306b\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aor rather, let me rephrase that\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u300c\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff08\u5143\u306e\u767a\u8a71\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u300c\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff08\u4fee\u6b63\u5f8c\u306e\u767a\u8a71\uff09\u300d\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u5dee\u5206\uff08\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u5897\u52a0\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3001\u5f37\u5ea6\u304c\u5f37\u307e\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3001\u904e\u6fc0\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u64a4\u56de\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304b\uff09\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u306a\u305c\u4fee\u6b63\u3092\u884c\u308f\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u5206\u6790\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u3057\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306a\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u3055\u3089\u306b\u4fee\u5fa9\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4e8c\u91cd\u4fee\u6b63\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u66f8\u304d\u8a00\u8449\u3084\u63a8\u6572\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306f\u8457\u8005\u30fb\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306b\u8a08\u7b97\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u6f14\u51fa\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51e6\u7406\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u8005\u3084\u30b9\u30d4\u30fc\u30c1\u4e3b\u4f53\u306e\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u52d5\u63fa\u3084\u914d\u616e\u306e\u8ecc\u8de1\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;I will meet you at five\u2014or rather, make that five thirty.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff085\u6642\uff09\u304b\u3089\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff085\u6642\u534a\uff09\u3078\u306e\u5909\u66f4\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u30b9\u30b1\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u53b3\u3057\u3055\u306b\u6c17\u3065\u304d\u3001\u4e88\u5b9a\u3092\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306b\u4e0a\u65b9\u4fee\u6b63\u3057\u305f\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u4f59\u88d5\u306e\u7121\u3055\u3092\u9732\u51fa\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;He was unhappy with the result\u2014or should I say, completely furious.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fee\u5fa9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5143\u306e\u8868\u73fe\uff08unhappy\uff09\u3092\u3088\u308a\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u8868\u73fe\uff08furious\uff09\u3078\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u76f4\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u5f7c\u306e\u6012\u308a\u306e\u6fc0\u3057\u3055\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u306f\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a8d\u8b58\u306e\u88dc\u6b63\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;I think the project is a success\u2014well, at least a partial one.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u76f4\u3057\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u5ea6\u6253\u3061\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u300c\u5168\u822c\u7684\u306a\u6210\u529f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u300c\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u306a\u6210\u529f\u300d\u3078\u3068\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u4e0b\u65b9\u4fee\u6b63\uff08\u64a4\u56de\uff09\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u884c\u304d\u904e\u304e\u3092\u8b66\u6212\u3057\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3059\u308b\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u8a55\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c &#8220;This phenomenon is universal\u2014or rather, common in Western societies.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u4e0d\u5f53\u306a\u4e00\u822c\u5316\uff08universal\uff09\u3092\u81ea\u3089\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u64a4\u56de\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u9069\u7528\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u9650\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u53b3\u5bc6\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u3068\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8aa0\u5b9f\u306a\u614b\u5ea6\u304c\u8aad\u307f\u53d6\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\u3068\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u306a\u8a8d\u77e5\u30fb\u614b\u5ea6\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff15.\uff12. \u4e0a\u65b9\u30fb\u4e0b\u65b9\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u304c\u793a\u3059\u672c\u97f3\u3068\u5efa\u524d\u306e\u4e8c\u5c64\u89e3\u8aad<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\uff08Self-repair\uff09\u306b\u306f\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u300c\u65b9\u5411\u6027\uff08\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\uff09\u300d\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u5f37\u3081\u308b\u300c\u4e0a\u65b9\u4fee\u6b63\u300d\u3001\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u5f31\u3081\u308b\u300c\u4e0b\u65b9\u4fee\u6b63\u300d\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u524d\u8a00\u3092\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u3059\u308b\u300c\u64a4\u56de\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u3069\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u3078\u4fee\u6b63\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff08\u6700\u521d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\uff09\u306b\u6f0f\u308c\u51fa\u305f\u300c\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u306e\u672c\u97f3\u300d\u3068\u3001\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff08\u4fee\u6b63\u5f8c\u306e\u767a\u8a71\uff09\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u305f\u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u914d\u616e\u30fb\u5efa\u524d\u300d\u306e\u4e8c\u5c64\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u6587\u8108\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u672c\u97f3\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u3068\u672c\u97f3\u30fb\u5efa\u524d\u306e\u5206\u96e2\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u3084\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\uff08\u4e0a\u65b9\u30fb\u4e0b\u65b9\u30fb\u64a4\u56de\uff09\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u524d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\uff08\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff09\u304c\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u76f4\u611f\u7684\u306a\u300c\u672c\u97f3\u3084\u611f\u60c5\u306e\u81ea\u767d\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u5f8c\u306e\u767a\u8a71\uff08\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff09\u304c\u63a8\u6572\u3092\u7d4c\u305f\u300c\u5efa\u524d\u3084\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u9069\u6574\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u672c\u97f3\u3092\u96a0\u853d\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u6587\u8108\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3092\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u3080\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u308f\u3056\u3068\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u767a\u8a00\uff08\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff09\u3092\u3057\u3066\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u4fee\u6b63\uff08\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff09\u3057\u3066\u307f\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u3064\u3051\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u300c\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u8a98\u5c0e\uff08\u308f\u3056\u3068\u3089\u3057\u3044\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\uff09\u300d\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u6587\u8108\u304c\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u8a00\u3044\u76f4\u3057\u306a\u306e\u304b\u6f14\u51fa\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u898b\u6975\u3081\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u767b\u5834\u4eba\u7269\u3084\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u300c\u3046\u3063\u304b\u308a\u6f0f\u308c\u305f\u672c\u5fc3\u300d\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f5c\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;I never want to see him again\u2014I mean, we just need some space for a while.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4fee\u5fa9\u6e90\uff08\u4e8c\u5ea6\u3068\u4f1a\u3044\u305f\u304f\u306a\u3044\uff09\u304b\u3089\u4fee\u5fa9\u8a9e\uff08\u8ddd\u96e2\u3092\u7f6e\u304d\u305f\u3044\uff09\u3078\u306e\u4e0b\u65b9\u4fee\u6b63\u306f\u3001\u524d\u8005\u304c\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u7206\u767a\u3057\u305f\u611f\u60c5\uff08\u672c\u97f3\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5f8c\u8005\u304c\u7406\u6027\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u623b\u3057\u305f\u914d\u616e\uff08\u5efa\u524d\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u9732\u5448\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;She is a mediocre manager\u2014well, let me be fair, she manages her budget well.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fee\u6b63\u306f\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\uff08mediocre\uff09\u306b\u6f0f\u308c\u305f\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u6279\u5224\u7684\u672c\u5fc3\u3068\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u8a00\u3044\u76f4\u3057\u306b\u3088\u308b\u516c\u6b63\u3055\u306e\u53d6\u308a\u7e55\u3044\uff08\u5efa\u524d\uff09\u306e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;It was a complete disaster\u2014or perhaps just a minor setback.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0b\u65b9\u4fee\u6b63\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u614b\u306e\u6df1\u523b\u3055\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u672c\u97f3\u306e\u6050\u6016\uff08disaster\uff09\u3092\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u3092\u5b89\u5fc3\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u300c\u8efd\u5fae\u306a\u5f8c\u9000\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u305f\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u845b\u85e4\u3092\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;We expect a massive profit this quarter\u2014or at least, we hope to break even.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4fee\u6b63\u306f\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306e\u5f37\u6c17\u306a\u898b\u901a\u3057\uff08\u672c\u97f3\u306e\u91ce\u5fc3\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30cf\u30bf\u30ea\uff09\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u73fe\u5b9f\u7684\u306a\u6570\u5024\uff08\u640d\u76ca\u5206\u5c90\uff09\u3078\u3068\u7e2e\u5c0f\u3057\u305f\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u4e0d\u5b89\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u672c\u97f3\u3068\u5efa\u524d\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff16. \u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\uff08Discourse Markers\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u59ff\u52e2\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u8ee2\u63db\u306e\u7279\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u6587\u4e2d\u3084\u6587\u982d\u306b\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u308b &#8220;well&#8221;, &#8220;actually&#8221;, &#8220;honestly&#8221;, &#8220;you know&#8221;, &#8220;frankly&#8221; \u306a\u3069\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u610f\u5473\u306e\u306a\u3044\u300c\u3064\u306a\u304e\u8a00\u8449\u300d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u300c\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\uff08Discourse Markers\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3001\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306b\u306f\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u305d\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u62b1\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u306a\u5fc3\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3084\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5bfe\u8a71\u76f8\u624b\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027\u3092\u793a\u3059\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u30a4\u30f3\u30b8\u30b1\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff16.\uff11. \u60c5\u5831\u65b0\u65e7\u30fb\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u30fb\u614b\u5ea6\u8868\u660e\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30b8\u30b1\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u5206\u6790<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\uff08Discourse Markers\uff09\u306f\u3001\u4f1a\u8a71\u3084\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u300c\u30ca\u30d3\u30b2\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u88c5\u7f6e\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u306f\u4e3b\u306b\u4e09\u3064\u306e\u8ef8\u306b\u5206\u985e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u4e88\u60f3\u3092\u88cf\u5207\u308b\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3059\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u65b0\u65e7\u8ef8\uff08actually, in fact\uff09\u300d\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u306e\u96e2\u8131\u3084\u4fdd\u7559\u3092\u793a\u3059\u300c\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u8ef8\uff08well, anyway, by the way\uff09\u300d\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u771f\u5b9f\u6027\u3084\u914d\u616e\u306e\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u793a\u3059\u300c\u614b\u5ea6\u8868\u660e\u8ef8\uff08honestly, frankly, you know\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30b8\u30b1\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u5206\u6790\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u76f4\u8a33\u306e\u307f\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3068\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u3084\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5931\u308f\u308c\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u8ee2\u63db\u70b9\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3059\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u304b\u3089\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3084\u6587\u8108\u7684\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u8ef8\u5224\u5b9a\u3068\u6587\u8108\u6574\u5408\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e2d\u306b\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aactually, well\uff09\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u4e09\u3064\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u8ef8\uff08\u60c5\u5831\u65b0\u65e7\u30fb\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u30fb\u614b\u5ea6\u8868\u660e\uff09\u306e\u3069\u3053\u306b\u4f5c\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u4e88\u544a\u3059\u308b\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u5c55\u958b\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aactually \u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u52d8\u9055\u3044\u306e\u8a02\u6b63\u3001well \u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u975e\u597d\u9069\u306a\u5fdc\u7b54\uff09\u3092\u4e88\u6e2c\u3057\u3001\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u7d71\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\uff08\u4f8b\uff1awell\uff09\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u6587\u8108\u3084\u767a\u58f0\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u300c\u627f\u8afe\u306e\u8e8a\u8e87\u300d\u300c\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u4e88\u5146\u300d\u300c\u8003\u3048\u8fbc\u307f\u300d\u300c\u8ae6\u3081\u300d\u306a\u3069\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u8868\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u672c\u4f53\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u305b\u3066\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u300c\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u300d\u3084\u300c\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u66f2\u304c\u308a\u89d2\u300d\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6349\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;Did you enjoy the movie?&#8221; B: &#8220;Well, the special effects were good.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5192\u982d\u306e &#8220;Well&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u5373\u5ea7\u306e\u80af\u5b9a\uff08Yes\uff09\u3092\u8e8a\u8e87\u3057\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u300c\u5168\u4f53\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u697d\u3057\u3081\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff08\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u306a\u5fdc\u7b54\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u4e88\u544a\u3059\u308b\u30af\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\uff08\u6587\u8108\u8ee2\u63db\u30fb\u8e8a\u8e87\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u52d5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;I thought he was a doctor, but actually he is an architect.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;actually&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a33\u8a9e\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u3084\u5148\u884c\u6587\u8108\u304c\u62b1\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u524d\u63d0\uff08Given\uff09\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3057\u3001\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\uff08New\uff09\u3092\u5bfe\u6bd4\u7684\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;Frankly speaking, your plan is entirely impractical.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;Frankly&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u306e\u914d\u616e\u3092\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u9664\u3057\u3001\u904e\u9177\u3060\u304c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u771f\u5b9f\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u30e1\u30bf\u614b\u5ea6\uff08\u59ff\u52e2\u8868\u660e\uff09\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;You know, we should probably start preparing for the worst.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;You know&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u78ba\u8a8d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u805e\u304d\u624b\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u89aa\u5bc6\u3055\u3084\u5171\u6709\u306e\u57fa\u76e4\u3092\u4eee\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4e0d\u5409\u306a\u63d0\u6848\u3078\u306e\u62b5\u6297\u611f\u3092\u548c\u3089\u3052\u308b\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u9670\u306b\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u30e1\u30bf\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3084\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u7372\u5f97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff16.\uff12. \u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30cd\u30b9\u3068\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u306e\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u6e2c\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u767a\u8a00\u3092\u884c\u3046\u969b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u72ed\u3081\u305f\u308a\u3001\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9f\u3055\u3092\u8868\u660e\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u4fee\u8f9e\u3092\u300c\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\uff08Hedging\uff1a\u751f\u3051\u57a3\u3092\u4f5c\u308b\uff1d\u8cac\u4efb\u306e\u56de\u907f\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aI think, sort of, presumably, as far as I know\uff09\u3002\u9006\u306b\u3001\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u306e\u30af\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u6255\u3044\u3001\u7387\u76f4\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u4fee\u8f9e\u3092\u300c\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30cd\u30b9\uff08Frankness\uff09\u300d\uff08\u4f8b\uff1ahonestly, frankly, to be blunt\uff09\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30e1\u30bf\u767a\u8a71\u614b\u5ea6\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u3084\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3069\u306e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u306e\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3084\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u62b1\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6570\u7406\u7684\u306b\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30e1\u30bf\u767a\u8a71\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u3068\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30cd\u30b9\u306e\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u691c\u51fa\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aseem to, appears that, to some extent\uff09\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30cd\u30b9\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aundoubtedly, clearly, frankly\uff09\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\u306e\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\uff08\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9f\u30fb\u9650\u5b9a\u7684 vs \u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u78ba\u4fe1\u30fb\u7387\u76f4\uff09\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u88dc\u6b63\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u300c\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u5bb9\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u300c\u614e\u91cd\u306a\u63a8\u6e2c\u30fb\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u610f\u898b\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u5bb9\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\uff08Hedging\uff09\u304c\u591a\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u81ea\u4fe1\u306e\u7121\u3055\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u306a\u53b3\u5bc6\u6027\u3068\u53cd\u8a3c\u3078\u306e\u914d\u616e\uff08\u8b19\u865a\u3055\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u57f7\u7b46\u898f\u7bc4\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u306e\u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u30eb\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u3001\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u306e\u6301\u3064\u610f\u5473\u5408\u3044\uff08\u78ba\u4fe1\u306e\u4f4e\u3055\u304b\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8aa0\u5b9f\u3055\u304b\uff09\u3092\u8abf\u6574\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u8a00\u3044\u904e\u304e\uff08\u8a87\u5f35\uff09\u300d\u3084\u300c\u4e0d\u5f53\u306a\u9650\u5b9a\u300d\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6253\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: &#8220;As far as I am aware, the data appears to suggest a minor correlation.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;As far as I am aware&#8221; \u3084 &#8220;appears to suggest&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u591a\u91cd\u306e\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\uff08Hedging\uff09\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u3053\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u904e\u5ea6\u306a\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u8ca0\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3057\u3001\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u63a8\u6e2c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;To be completely blunt, the project has failed.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;To be completely blunt&#8221; \u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u614b\u306e\u60b2\u60e8\u3055\u3092\u76f4\u8996\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u914d\u616e\uff08\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\uff09\u3092\u6368\u3066\u53bb\u308a\u3001\u7387\u76f4\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\uff08Frankness\uff09\u3092\u7a81\u304d\u3064\u3051\u308b\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u65ad\u56fa\u3068\u3057\u305f\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;He is, in a sense, the brain of this organization.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;in a sense&#8221;\uff08\u3042\u308b\u610f\u5473\u3067\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u306f\u3001\u300c\u8133\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6bd4\u55a9\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u904e\u5270\u306a\u5f37\u3055\u3092\u548c\u3089\u3052\u3001\u9069\u7528\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u9650\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;Undoubtedly, this is the most significant discovery of the century.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;Undoubtedly&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30cd\u30b9\uff0f\u78ba\u4fe1\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u3053\u306e\u547d\u984c\u306e\u771f\u5b9f\u6027\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066100%\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u3068\u78ba\u4fe1\u3092\u62b1\u3044\u3066\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u3084\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30cd\u30b9\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30e1\u30bf\u767a\u8a71\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306b\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3068\u5883\u754c\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7cbe\u9ac4:\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u4e56\u96e2\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u771f\u610f\u62bd\u51fa\u3068\u767a\u8a71\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u518d\u7de8\u6210<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u8a66\u9a13\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u306f\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u771f\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u76ee\u7684\u304c\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfe\u7acb\u30fb\u96e2\u8131\u3059\u308b\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u4e56\u96e2\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3092\u52d5\u54e1\u3057\u3066\u6df1\u5c64\u306e\u771f\u610f\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5927\u5b66\u5074\u306e\u63a1\u70b9\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\uff08\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u7b54\u6848\uff09\u3078\u3068\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306b\u4fee\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u8ad6\u3001\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u6f14\u7b97\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u6a5f\u69cb\u3092\u5305\u62ec\u7684\u306b\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u9ad8\u96e3\u5ea6\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3084\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u306a\u8a2d\u554f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u8ff7\u3044\u306a\u304f\u552f\u4e00\u7121\u4e8c\u306e\u6b63\u89e3\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u7cbe\u9ac4\u306e\u904b\u7528\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5230\u9054\u76ee\u6a19\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u524d\u63d0\u80fd\u529b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8003\u7a76\u5c64\u307e\u3067\u306e\u5168\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u304c\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u306b\u6574\u7406\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u89e3\u4f53\u304b\u3089\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306e\u63a8\u8ad6\u307e\u3067\u304c\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u8d77\u52d5\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5c64\u3067\u6271\u3046\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u5f8b\u5bfe\u7acb\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u771f\u610f\u8a08\u7b97\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u5bfe\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u591a\u91cd\u542b\u610f\u306e\u89e3\u6790\u3001\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u7b54\u6848\u3078\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306b\u7ffb\u8a33\u30fb\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u6226\u624b\u9806\u306e4\u6975\u610f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u53d7\u7fd2\u8005\u304c\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u300c\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u300d\u3084\u300c\u611f\u899a\u7684\u306a\u8981\u7d04\u300d\u3092\u8131\u3057\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u89e3\u6cd5\u3092\u7b54\u6848\u4e0a\u3067\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u518d\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u6975\u610f\u3092\u4fee\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u8b58\u5225]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6587\u4f53\u3084\u767a\u8a71\u8868\u73fe\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u5fc3\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3084\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u790e\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u5fc3\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u306e\u5206\u96e2\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M23-\u8a9e\u7528]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u3068\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u914d\u7f6e\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M18-\u8a9e\u7528]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u500b\u5225 M01-\u7cbe\u9ac4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2514 \u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u3001\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u7b54\u6848\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u6280\u6cd5\u3078\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u500b\u5225 M04-\u7cbe\u9ac4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2514 \u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u65e7\u65b0\u914d\u7f6e\u3068\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u771f\u610f\u62bd\u51fa\u624b\u9806\u306e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11. \u8868\u5c64\u7684\u547d\u984c\u3068\u6df1\u5c64\u610f\u56f3\u304c\u76f4\u5f8b\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u771f\u610f\u8a08\u7b97<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u9577\u6587\u8aad\u89e3\u3084\u8a18\u8ff0\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u3084\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u5426\u5b9a\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u9006\u306b\u8b19\u905c\u3084\u8b1d\u7f6a\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u843d\u3061\u5ea6\u3092\u5f3e\u52be\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u547d\u984c\u3068\u6df1\u5c64\u610f\u56f3\u304c\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfe\u7acb\uff08\u76f4\u5f8b\u5bfe\u7acb\uff09\u3059\u308b\u6587\u7ae0\u304c\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5bfe\u7acb\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u771f\u610f\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff11.\uff11. \u72b6\u6cc1\u7684\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u3068\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u306e\u62bd\u51fa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u76f4\u5f8b\u5bfe\u7acb\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b69\u306f\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u72b6\u6cc1\uff08\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\uff09\u3068\u3001\u51fa\u529b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u610f\u5473\uff08Literal Meaning\uff09\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u3042\u308b\u300c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u300d\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4eba\u306f\u306a\u305c\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3068\u771f\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u660e\u304c\u6301\u3064\u5358\u8abf\u3055\u3092\u6392\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u3068\u306e\u5287\u7684\u306a\u30b3\u30f3\u30c8\u30e9\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6df1\u3044\u5370\u8c61\u3001\u51b7\u5fb9\u306a\u6279\u5224\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u76ae\u8089\u306a\u5171\u611f\u3092\u60f9\u8d77\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3068\u72b6\u6cc1\u7684\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u306e\u5217\u6319\u3068\u547d\u984c\u5024\u306e\u7167\u5408\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u72b6\u6cc1\u30fb\u4e8b\u5b9f\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u4e8b\u696d\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u5931\u6557\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u7834\u7dbb\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u4e0d\u8aa0\u5b9f\u306a\u884c\u52d5\uff09\u3092\u7b87\u6761\u66f8\u304d\u3067\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u30fb\u8a18\u8ff0\u306e\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u547d\u984c\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u7d20\u6674\u3089\u3057\u3044\u6210\u679c\u3060\u3001\u5b8c\u74a7\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u3060\u3001\u8aa0\u5b9f\u306a\u5bfe\u5fdc\u306b\u611f\u8b1d\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u771f\u507d\u5024\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u77db\u76fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u89e3\u8aad\u306e\u8d77\u70b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u3082\u3057\u3053\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u3092\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u3068\u3057\u3066\u691c\u51fa\u3067\u304d\u305a\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u300c\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u300d\u53d7\u5bb9\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8aa4\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8\u548c\u8a33\u3084\u5185\u5bb9\u8aac\u660e\u554f\u984c\u3067\u5168\u6ec5\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u9632\u3050\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u304c\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u306a\u76ae\u8089\u306e\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u306b\u7559\u307e\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u8a3c\u62e0\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u304c\u56f0\u96e3\u306b\u306a\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5e38\u306b\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u65e8\u3084\u5bfe\u8a71\u306e\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u62c5\u4fdd\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u89e3\u6790\u306e\u6700\u4e0a\u4f4d\u306b\u4f5c\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: \u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u554f\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u30c6\u30af\u30ce\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u4f9d\u5b58\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u308b\u4e2d\u3067 &#8220;Our seamless, frictionless digital lives have rendered us infinitely wiser and more profoundly human.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u6587\u7ae0\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u8108\u304c\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u6a5f\u5668\u306b\u3088\u308b\u601d\u8003\u529b\u306e\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3068\u4eba\u9593\u6027\u306e\u55aa\u5931\u3092\u8a73\u7d30\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff08\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\uff09\u3092\u6355\u6349\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u3053\u306e &#8220;infinitely wiser and more profoundly human&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u76f4\u5f8b\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u300c\u6fc0\u3057\u3044\u76ae\u8089\u30fb\u5426\u5b9a\uff08\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u5bfe\u8a71\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7d04\u675f\u306e\u6642\u9593\u30922\u6642\u9593\u9045\u308c\u3066\u5230\u7740\u3057\u305f\u4eba\u7269\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u5f85\u305f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u4eba\u7269\u304c &#8220;Thank you so much for your remarkable punctuality; it really shows how deeply you value our partnership.&#8221; \u3068\u58f0\u3092\u304b\u3051\u308b\u5834\u9762\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u30012\u6642\u9593\u306e\u9045\u523b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u3068 &#8220;remarkable punctuality&#8221; &#8220;deeply value&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u611f\u8b1d\u30fb\u8cde\u8cdb\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u304b\u3089\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u304c\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u3001\u4e0d\u6e80\u3068\u975e\u96e3\u306e\u611f\u60c5\u304c\u540c\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u8457\u4f5c\u306e\u6279\u8a55\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u975e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u9177\u8a55\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u8457\u8005\u304c &#8220;I am eternally\u306e \u611f\u8b1d to the reviewer for discovering profound mathematical insights in my paper that I myself was completely unaware of.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u9177\u8a55\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8fd4\u7b54\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u3068\u306e\u77db\u76fe\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30ec\u30d3\u30e5\u30fc\u306e\u4e0d\u5f53\u6027\u3068\u67fb\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u7121\u77e5\u3092\u6652\u3057\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u53cd\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u74b0\u5883\u7834\u58ca\u3092\u9032\u3081\u308b\u653f\u7b56\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u304c &#8220;This forward-looking environmental initiative will preserve our green heritage for centuries to come.&#8221; \u3068\u6f14\u8aac\u3059\u308b\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u68ee\u6797\u4f10\u63a1\u306e\u63a8\u9032\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80cc\u666f\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u3068 &#8220;preserve our green heritage&#8221; 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u304c\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u6b21\u306b\u5b9f\u884c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u306f\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\uff08\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u30fb\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\u30fb\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\uff09\u3092\u7dcf\u52d5\u54e1\u3057\u3066\u3001\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u771f\u610f\u3092\u300c\u771f\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u547d\u984c\u300d\u3078\u3068\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u53cd\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3078\u3068\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5358\u306b\u300c\u76ae\u8089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u6307\u6458\u3059\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u8a18\u8ff0\u7b54\u6848\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4f55\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8449\u3067\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u771f\u610f\u3092\u53cd\u8ee2\u3057\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u7528\u306b\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u3068\u88dc\u91c8\u7d71\u5408\u306e\u4e8c\u91cd\u51e6\u7406\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u547d\u984c&nbsp;$P$\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u5316\u306f\u4eba\u9593\u3092\u8ce2\u304f\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3092\u3001\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u53cd\u5bfe\u547d\u984c&nbsp;$\\neg P$\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u5316\u306f\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u601d\u8003\u529b\u3092\u596a\u3044\u611a\u304b\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3078\u3068\u53cd\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u306a\u305c\u8457\u8005\u304c\u8868\u5c64\u8868\u73fe&nbsp;$P$&nbsp;\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u610f\u56f3\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u6587\u660e\u306e\u9032\u6b69\u3092\u8b33\u3046\u4e16\u9593\u306e\u76f2\u4fe1\u3092\u5632\u7b11\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\uff09\u3092\u88dc\u5b8c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u53cd\u8ee2\u3055\u308c\u305f\u771f\u610f&nbsp;$\\neg P$&nbsp;\u3068\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u7d50\u5408\u3057\u3001\u300c\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u301c\u3068\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u301c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u614b\u3092\u5f37\u304f\u6279\u5224\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u5f0f\u3067\u89e3\u7b54\u3092\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u624b\u9806\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u8a2d\u554f\uff08\u300c\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8\u306e\u771f\u610f\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u305b\u3088\u300d\u300c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u88dc\u91c8\u3057\u3066\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u3088\u300d\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u8a33\u3067\u3082\u5358\u306a\u308b\u8981\u7d04\u3067\u3082\u306a\u3044\u300c\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6df1\u5c64\u610f\u5473\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u300d\u304c\u63a1\u70b9\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6020\u308a\u3001\u5358\u306b\u8868\u5c64\u306e\u8a33\uff08\u300c\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u3092\u3088\u308a\u8ce2\u304f\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u300d\uff09\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u70b9\u6570\u306f\u30bc\u30ed\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u53cd\u8ee2\u306e\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\u3092\u904e\u5270\u306b\u3057\u3059\u304e\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u53e3\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u904e\u6fc0\u306a\u601d\u60f3\u307e\u3067\u52dd\u624b\u306b\u88dc\u8db3\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u300c\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u884c\u304d\u904e\u304e\uff08\u904e\u5270\u88dc\u91c8\uff09\u300d\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5e38\u306b\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u4e2d\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u306b\u5236\u7d04\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: \u5148\u8ff0\u306e &#8220;Our seamless&#8230; digital lives have rendered us infinitely wiser&#8230;&#8221; \u306e\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8\u8aac\u660e\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u53cd\u8ee2\u30fb\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8868\u5c64\u8a33\u300c\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u751f\u6d3b\u304c\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u3092\u3088\u308a\u8ce2\u304f\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3092\u7834\u68c4\u3057\u3001\u53cd\u8ee2\u547d\u984c\u300c\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u6280\u8853\u3078\u306e\u904e\u5ea6\u306a\u4f9d\u5b58\u304c\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u6df1\u3044\u601d\u8003\u529b\u3092\u596a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3092\u5c0e\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u4fee\u8f9e\u52b9\u679c\uff08\u76f2\u4fe1\u306e\u5632\u7b11\uff09\u3092\u7d50\u5408\u3057\u3001\u300c\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u6280\u8853\u306e\u666e\u53ca\u306b\u3088\u308a\u4eba\u9593\u304c\u8ce2\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e16\u9593\u306e\u932f\u899a\u3092\u76ae\u8089\u308a\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u76f4\u611f\u7684\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u6d88\u8cbb\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u601d\u8003\u529b\u3068\u4eba\u9593\u6027\u304c\u8457\u3057\u304f\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u614b\u3078\u306e\u6279\u5224\u3002\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b8c\u74a7\u306a\u8a18\u8ff0\u7b54\u6848\u3078\u3068\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u9045\u523b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b &#8220;Thank you so much for your remarkable punctuality&#8230;&#8221; \u306e\u771f\u610f\u8aac\u660e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u53cd\u8ee2\u547d\u984c\u300c\u5927\u5e45\u306a\u9045\u523b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6fc0\u3057\u3044\u6012\u308a\u3068\u5446\u308c\u300d\u3092\u5c0e\u304d\u3001\u300c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306a\u611f\u8b1d\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u5927\u5e45\u306a\u9045\u523b\u3068\u4e0d\u8aa0\u5b9f\u306a\u614b\u5ea6\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u3044\u6012\u308a\u3068\u6279\u5224\u3092\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002\u300d\u3068\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u9177\u8a55\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b &#8220;I am eternally grateful&#8230;&#8221; \u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u8457\u8005\u304c\u67fb\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u6279\u8a55\u3092\u611f\u8b1d\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8aa4\u8aad\u3092\u53cd\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u3001\u300c\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306b\u611f\u8b1d\u306e\u610f\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u67fb\u8aad\u8005\u304c\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u305b\u305a\u4e0d\u5f53\u306a\u9177\u8a55\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u7121\u77e5\u3055\u3068\u6ed1\u7a3d\u3055\u3092\u76ae\u8089\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002\u300d\u3068\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u3092\u5b8c\u4e86\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u74b0\u5883\u7834\u58ca\u653f\u7b56\u3078\u306e &#8220;This forward-looking environmental initiative&#8230;&#8221; \u306e\u771f\u610f\u62bd\u51fa\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u672a\u6765\u5fd7\u5411\u306e\u74b0\u5883\u4fdd\u8b77\u653f\u7b56\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76f4\u8a33\u3092\u5f3e\u304d\u3001\u300c\u74b0\u5883\u4fdd\u8b77\u3092\u8b33\u3046\u30b9\u30ed\u30fc\u30ac\u30f3\u306e\u88cf\u3067\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u81ea\u7136\u7834\u58ca\u3092\u63a8\u9032\u3059\u308b\u653f\u7b56\u306e\u6b3a\u779e\u6027\u3068\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u507d\u5584\u3092\u92ed\u304f\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002\u300d\u3068\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u518d\u69cb\u9020\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u5f8b\u5bfe\u7acb\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304b\u3089\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u771f\u610f\u3092\u53cd\u8ee2\u30fb\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u3059\u308b\u6975\u610f\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff12. \u8907\u96d1\u306a\u4f1a\u8a71\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u591a\u91cd\u542b\u610f\u3068\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u5bfe\u4eba\u4ea4\u6e09\u306e\u89e3\u6790<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96e3\u95a2\u79c1\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u6176\u61c9\u30fb\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u7b49\uff09\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u5f0f\u554f\u984c\u3084\u56fd\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u4f1a\u8a71\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e8c\u4eba\u306e\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u4ea4\u63db\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u3001\u4e92\u3044\u306e\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u5b88\u308a\u3064\u3064\u4e3b\u5c0e\u6a29\u3092\u63e1\u308d\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u300c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u5bfe\u4eba\u4ea4\u6e09\u300d\u304c\u63cf\u304b\u308c\u305f\u5bfe\u8a71\u6587\u304c\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\u306e\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\u3084\u591a\u91cd\u542b\u610f\u306e\u91cd\u306a\u308a\u3092\u89e3\u6790\u3057\u3001\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u88cf\u3067\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u99c6\u3051\u5f15\u304d\u3092\u89e3\u304d\u660e\u304b\u3059\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff12.\uff11. \u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\u306e\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\uff08Dispreferred Response\uff09\u306e\u591a\u5c64\u89e3\u6790<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5bfe\u8a71\u5206\u6790\uff08Conversation Analysis\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3042\u308b\u767a\u8a71\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8cea\u554f\u3001\u62db\u5f85\u3001\u63d0\u6848\uff09\u304c\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30fb\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u306b\u6700\u3082\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5fdc\u7b54\uff08Preferred Response\uff1a\u76f4\u3061\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u56de\u7b54\u3001\u7121\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u627f\u8afe\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u5bfe\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5fdc\u7b54\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3057\u3001\u8e8a\u8e87\u3001\u7406\u7531\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u8cea\u554f\u8fd4\u3057\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u300c\u597d\u307e\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5fdc\u7b54\uff08Dispreferred Response\uff09\u300d\u3092\u51fa\u529b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u306e\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u7a4f\u3084\u304b\u3055\u306e\u88cf\u3067\u300c\u62d2\u7d76\u300d\u300c\u4e0d\u6e80\u300d\u300c\u4e3b\u5c0e\u6a29\u306e\u596a\u53d6\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u69cb\u9020\u5909\u5316\u304c\u8d77\u304d\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u77e5\u308b\u5408\u56f3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\u306e\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\u304b\u3089\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u597d\u9069\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u4e88\u6e2c\u3068\u9055\u53cd\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u691c\u51fa\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u767a\u8a71\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u3053\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306e\u30ea\u30fc\u30c0\u30fc\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u304f\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304b\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u6700\u3082\u597d\u307e\u308c\u308b\u7b2c2\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u7121\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u627f\u8afe\uff1a\u559c\u3093\u3067\u304a\u53d7\u3051\u3057\u307e\u3059\uff09\u3092\u4e88\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u7b2c2\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u307b\u304b\u306b\u9069\u4efb\u306e\u5148\u751f\u306f\u3044\u3089\u3063\u3057\u3083\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff09\u304c\u3001\u671f\u5f85\u3092\u88cf\u5207\u308b\u300c\u597d\u307e\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5fdc\u7b54\uff08\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u554f\u3044\u8fd4\u3057\uff09\u300d\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u62d2\u7d76\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3064\u3064\u3001\u5f15\u304d\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3078\u306e\u5f37\u3044\u62b5\u6297\u611f\u3068\u4ed6\u8005\u3078\u306e\u62bc\u3057\u4ed8\u3051\u3092\u6697\u9ed9\u306b\u753b\u7b56\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u4ea4\u6e09\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u89e3\u6790\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u4f1a\u8a71\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304c\u300c\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u610f\u5473\u300d\u3068\u300c\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u751f\u3058\u308b\u771f\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\u300d\u3092\u5de7\u5999\u306b\u5bfe\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u3066\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u53d7\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u300c\u5acc\u3060\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u30bb\u30ea\u30d5\u3092\u300c\u627f\u8afe\u300d\u3084\u300c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u8cea\u554f\u300d\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u5931\u70b9\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u591a\u7fa9\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3069\u306e\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\u306e\u578b\u304c\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u304c\u8907\u96d1\u5316\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u3092\u5e83\u7bc4\u56f2\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3057\u3066\u5224\u5b9a\u3092\u88dc\u6b63\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: A: &#8220;Would you mind presenting our team&#8217;s proposal at tomorrow&#8217;s executive meeting?&#8221; B: &#8220;Well, isn&#8217;t that usually the responsibility of the project director?&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001A\u306e\u4f9d\u983c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u597d\u307e\u308c\u308b\u5fdc\u7b54\uff08&#8221;Sure, I&#8217;d be happy to.&#8221;\uff09\u306f\u51fa\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002B\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\u306f &#8220;Well&#8221;\uff08\u8e8a\u8e87\uff09\u3067\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u3001\u5f79\u5272\u306e\u6240\u5728\u3092\u554f\u3044\u8fd4\u3059\u300c\u597d\u307e\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5fdc\u7b54\uff08\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u89e3\u6790\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001B\u306f\u76f4\u63a5\u62d2\u7d76\u3057\u3066\u6469\u64e6\u3092\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3064\u3064\u3001\u300c\u8cac\u4efb\u306f\u30c7\u30a3\u30ec\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u3042\u308bA\u306b\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u7a81\u304d\u3064\u3051\u3066\u4f9d\u983c\u3092\u7a81\u3063\u3071\u306d\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u300c\u4ea4\u6e09\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\u300d\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: A: &#8220;How about we sign the contract by the end of this week?&#8221; B: &#8220;Our legal counsel has just raised a few technical questions regarding Clause 4.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3084\u308a\u53d6\u308a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u63d0\u6848\u3078\u306e\u5373\u5ea7\u306e\u627f\u8afe\u3068\u3044\u3046\u671f\u5f85\u306f\u9055\u53cd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6cd5\u7684\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\uff08Dispreferred\uff09\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001B\u306f\u4eca\u9031\u672b\u306e\u5951\u7d04\u3092\u62d2\u5426\u3057\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306a\u308b\u4ea4\u6e09\u306e\u7336\u4e88\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u304c\u89e3\u8aad\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: A: &#8220;Do you think my new novel has literary merit?&#8221; B: &#8220;The cover design is certainly very eye-catching and modern.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001B\u306f\u4f5c\u54c1\u306e\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u4fa1\u5024\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6838\u5fc3\u306e\u554f\u3044\uff08Preferred\uff09\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u56de\u907f\u3057\u3001\u88c5\u4e01\u306b\u8a00\u53ca\u3059\u308b\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u304b\u3089\u3001\u300c\u4f5c\u54c1\u306e\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u4fa1\u5024\u306f\u7686\u7121\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6279\u8a55\u3092\u96a0\u853d\u3057\u305f\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u306e\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\u304c\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: A: &#8220;Are you free to help me move out this Sunday?&#8221; B: &#8220;Sunday is my only day to catch up on sleep after working eighty hours this week.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fdc\u7b54\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u66dc\u65e5\u306b\u624b\u4f1d\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u679c\uff08No\uff09\u3068\u3001\u6975\u5ea6\u306e\u75b2\u52b4\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001A\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3053\u308c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u624b\u4f1d\u3044\u306e\u8981\u6c42\u3092\u8ae6\u3081\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\u306e\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\u3092\u6307\u6a19\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u88cf\u306b\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff12.\uff12. \u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u30d1\u30ef\u30fc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u78ba\u4fdd\u306e\u99c6\u3051\u5f15\u304d\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u7279\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5bfe\u8a71\u8005\u540c\u58eb\u306f\u3001\u5e38\u306b\u4e92\u3044\u306e\u300c\u6a29\u529b\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08Power\uff09\u300d\u3068\u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u300d\u3092\u610f\u8b58\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u4ea4\u6e09\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3002\u7279\u306b\u3001\u76ee\u4e0b\u306e\u8005\u304c\u76ee\u4e0a\u306e\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u7570\u8b70\u3092\u5531\u3048\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3084\u3001\u4ea4\u6e09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u512a\u4f4d\u306b\u7acb\u3068\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u767a\u8a00\u304c\u62d2\u7d76\u3055\u308c\u305f\u308a\u975e\u96e3\u3055\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3057\u305f\u969b\u306b\u9003\u3052\u8fbc\u3081\u308b\u300c\u907f\u96e3\u8def\uff08Escape Route\uff09\u300d\u3092\u6587\u6cd5\u30fb\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u78ba\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u30d1\u30ef\u30fc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u78ba\u4fdd\u306e\u99c6\u3051\u5f15\u304d\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u8ddd\u96e2\u611f\u306e\u6f14\u51fa\u3068\u6761\u4ef6\u4ed8\u3051\u306e\u5206\u6790\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u8005\u9593\u306e\u672c\u6765\u306e\u30d1\u30ef\u30fc\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u4e0a\u53f8\u3068\u90e8\u4e0b\u3001\u6559\u6388\u3068\u5b66\u751f\u3001\u8cb7\u3044\u624b\u3068\u58f2\u308a\u624b\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u5c0e\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u78ba\u4fdd\u306e\u4fee\u8f9e\uff08\u4f8b\uff1aI may be mistaken, but&#8230; \/ If I recall correctly&#8230; \/ That depends on&#8230;\uff09\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4fee\u8f9e\u304c\u300c\u3082\u3057\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u6307\u6458\u304c\u9593\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u308a\u76f8\u624b\u3092\u6012\u3089\u305b\u305f\u308a\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300e\u5358\u306a\u308b\u52d8\u9055\u3044\u3060\u3063\u305f\u300f\u3068\u64a4\u56de\u3067\u304d\u308b\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u300d\u3092\u78ba\u4fdd\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u76ee\u4e0a\u306e\u8005\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u7a81\u304d\u3064\u3051\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u5bfe\u4eba\u99c6\u3051\u5f15\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u5165\u8a66\u6587\u7ae0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5bfe\u8a71\u304c\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u65e5\u5e38\u4f1a\u8a71\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u4f53\u9762\u304c\u4ea4\u932f\u3059\u308b\u30ea\u30a2\u30eb\u306a\u5bfe\u4eba\u4ea4\u6e09\u300d\u3092\u63cf\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u78ba\u4fdd\u306e\u4fee\u8f9e\u3092\u898b\u629c\u3051\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u672c\u6c17\u3067\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u30dd\u30fc\u30ba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u307f\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3060\u3051\u306a\u306e\u304b\u306e\u533a\u5225\u304c\u3064\u304b\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u306e\u78ba\u4fdd\u304c\u3042\u307e\u308a\u306b\u5de7\u5999\u3067\u3001\u76f8\u624b\uff08\u5bfe\u8a71\u8005\uff09\u81ea\u4f53\u3082\u305d\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u306b\u6c17\u3065\u304b\u305a\u306b\u4f1a\u8a71\u304c\u565b\u307f\u5408\u308f\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308b\u4e8b\u4f8b\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306f\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u8005\u9593\u306e\u8aa4\u89e3\u306e\u767a\u751f\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u6587\u8108\u3068\u3057\u3066\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: \u90e8\u4e0b\u304c\u4e0a\u53f8\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u305f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u9593\u9055\u3044\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3059\u308b\u5834\u9762\u3067 &#8220;If I am reading this chart correctly, which I very well might not be, the Q3 figures seem to be slightly inverted.&#8221; \u3068\u767a\u8a71\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5192\u982d\u306e &#8220;which I very well might not be&#8221;\uff08\u9593\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304c\uff09\u306f\u3001\u4e0a\u53f8\u306e\u30d7\u30e9\u30a4\u30c9\u3092\u50b7\u3064\u3051\u305a\u3001\u4e07\u4e00\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u52d8\u9055\u3044\u3060\u3063\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3082\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u554f\u308f\u308c\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u306e\u300c\u907f\u96e3\u8def\uff08Escape Route\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4fee\u8f9e\u3092\u8131\u304e\u6368\u3066\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u90e8\u4e0b\u304c\u4e0a\u53f8\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u8aa4\u308a\u3092\u78ba\u4fe1\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u771f\u306e\u4ea4\u6e09\u884c\u52d5\u304c\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u53d6\u5f15\u5148\u3068\u306e\u4fa1\u683c\u4ea4\u6e09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u62c5\u5f53\u8005\u304c &#8220;Our management would theoretically be open to a discount, provided that your order volume is doubled.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3002\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5 &#8220;would&#8221; \u3084 &#8220;theoretically&#8221; \u306f\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5358\u306b\u5024\u5f15\u304d\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u6ce8\u6587\u91cf\u306e\u500d\u5897\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u98f2\u3080\u5834\u5408\u306e\u307f\u5024\u5f15\u304d\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u4e3b\u5c0e\u6a29\u3092\u63e1\u3089\u305b\u306a\u3044\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u300c\u6761\u4ef6\u4ed8\u304d\u99c6\u3051\u5f15\u304d\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;I&#8217;m probably just being paranoid, but hasn&#8217;t this clause been altered since the last draft?&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;probably just being paranoid&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u81ea\u8650\u7684\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u904e\u5270\u53cd\u5fdc\u3068\u3057\u3066\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u3092\u78ba\u4fdd\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4e0d\u5f53\u306a\u5951\u7d04\u66f8\u306e\u6539\u3056\u3093\u3092\u548e\u3081\u308b\u92ed\u3044\u8a70\u554f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u52d5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;Correct me if I&#8217;m wrong, but didn&#8217;t you promise to finalize this project by last Friday?&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u524d\u7f6e\u304d\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u6a29\u5229\uff08\u907f\u96e3\u8def\uff09\u3092\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u306e\u88c5\u3044\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u306f\u7d04\u675f\u306e\u4e0d\u5c65\u884c\u3092\u4e00\u5207\u306e\u9003\u3052\u9053\u306a\u304f\u7cfe\u5f3e\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u3044\u300c\u8a70\u554f\u300d\u306e\u99c6\u3051\u5f15\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u308c\u30894\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u306a\u30d1\u30ef\u30fc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u78ba\u4fdd\u306e\u4fee\u8f9e\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u5bfe\u4eba\u99c6\u3051\u5f15\u304d\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u7372\u5f97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff13. \u8ad6\u6587\u30fb\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u540c\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3084\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u9732\u9aa8\u306b\u5ba3\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u300c\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\uff08Presupposition\uff09\u300d\u3092\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u571f\u53f0\u306b\u6577\u304d\u8a70\u3081\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u3092\u300c\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\uff08Hedging\uff09\u300d\u3084\u300c\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30cd\u30b9\uff08Frankness\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u3067\u7e4a\u7d30\u306b\u30b3\u30f3\u30c8\u30ed\u30fc\u30eb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u9670\u306b\u6f5c\u3080\u4e0d\u554f\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u300c\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u300d\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff13.\uff11. \u5f62\u5f0f\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u80cc\u5f8c\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u4e0d\u554f\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\uff08\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u306e\u540c\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u8a00\u660e\uff08Assertion\uff09\u300d\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u306e\u304c\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u51fa\u767a\u70b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300c\u7591\u3046\u4f59\u5730\u306e\u306a\u3044\u81ea\u660e\u306e\u7406\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7f6e\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u4e0d\u554f\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\uff08\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3084\u4e16\u754c\u89b3\u3092\u3001\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u8ff0\u8a9e\u3001\u9650\u5b9a\u8a18\u8ff0\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6587\u7ae0\u5185\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u3080\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u8aad\u89e3\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u300c\u57fa\u76e4\u300d\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u305b\u305a\u306b\u8868\u5c64\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u307f\u3092\u8ffd\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u3067\u300c\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u5f53\u7136\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8003\u3048\u306f\u4f55\u304b\u300d\u3068\u554f\u308f\u308c\u305f\u969b\u306b\u5bfe\u51e6\u4e0d\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f62\u5f0f\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u80cc\u5f8c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u547d\u984c\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u5206\u89e3\u3068\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u6587\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u8853\u306e\u9032\u6b69\u304c\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u4eba\u9593\u6027\u306e\u55aa\u5931\u3092\u9632\u6b62\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u300c\u771f\u300d\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u547d\u984c\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u8853\u306e\u9032\u6b69\u306f\u4eba\u9593\u6027\u3092\u55aa\u5931\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0f\u4eba\u9593\u6027\u306f\u4fdd\u6301\u3059\u3079\u304d\u4fa1\u5024\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\uff08\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u8853\u306e\u9032\u6b69\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4eba\u9593\u6027\u306e\u55aa\u5931\u3092\u9632\u6b62\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3057\u3066\u3082\u306a\u304a\u4e0d\u5909\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u547d\u984c\u3092\u5207\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e0d\u554f\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\uff08\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u8a18\u8ff0\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u300c\u301c\u3068\u79c1\u306f\u8003\u3048\u308b\u300d\u3068\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u300c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u6839\u672c\u7684\u306a\u4e16\u754c\u89b3\u30fb\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0\u300d\u3092\u7b54\u6848\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u304c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u672c\u6587\u306e\u5207\u308a\u8cbc\u308a\u7b54\u6848\u3057\u304b\u4f5c\u6210\u3067\u304d\u305a\u3001\u4e0d\u5408\u683c\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u63a8\u8ad6\u304c\u3042\u307e\u308a\u306b\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3059\u304e\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u547d\u984c\u3078\u3068\u98db\u8e8d\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5e38\u306b\u672c\u6587\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\uff08\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u69cb\u9020\uff09\u306b\u30a2\u30f3\u30ab\u30fc\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: \u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c &#8220;We must actively resist the algorithms that dictate our cultural preferences.&#8221; \u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u6587\u7ae0\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u80cc\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306a\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300c\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306e\u6587\u5316\u7684\u55dc\u597d\u3092\u652f\u914d\u30fb\u8a98\u5c0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u306a\u55dc\u597d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306f\u5b88\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u4fa1\u5024\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08\u4fa1\u5024\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u91cd\u306e\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u4e0d\u554f\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6577\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4eba\u9593\u89b3\uff08\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u652f\u914d\u3078\u306e\u5371\u60e7\u3068\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u3078\u306e\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff09\u304c\u6d6e\u304d\u5f6b\u308a\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;The extinction of obscure indigenous languages is an irreplaceable loss to human cognitive diversity.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8a00\u660e\u306f\u300c\u6d88\u6ec5\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u306a\u640d\u5931\u3060\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u80cc\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u300c\u5404\u8a00\u8a9e\u306f\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e16\u754c\u89b3\u3092\u4f53\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u8a9e\u76f8\u5bfe\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u306a\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u306a\u305c\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d88\u6ec5\u3092\u5358\u306a\u308b\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u6e1b\u5c11\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300c\u4eba\u985e\u306e\u640d\u5931\u300d\u3068\u6349\u3048\u308b\u306e\u304b\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u304c\u89e3\u660e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;It is time to abandon the illusion that economic growth can be infinitely sustained on a finite planet.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001&#8221;abandon the illusion&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u524d\u63d0\u8a98\u767a\u69cb\u9020\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u7121\u9650\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u6210\u9577\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u306f\u6210\u9577\u306e\u5e7b\u60f3\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u304c\u78ba\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;Rereinstating the traditional humanities curriculum is essential to curing the intellectual shallowing of modern universities.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e0d\u554f\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\u306f\u3001\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u306e\u5927\u5b66\u306f\u77e5\u7684\u306b\u6d45\u8584\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u75c5\u7406\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3001\u300c\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u306b\u306f\u77e5\u6027\u3092\u6df1\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u52b9\u80fd\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u4e8c\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u80cc\u5f8c\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u7372\u5f97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff13.\uff12. \u7b46\u8005\u306e\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\uff08Hedging\/Frankness\uff09\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u4e3b\u5f35\u5883\u754c\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u304c\u300c100%\u78ba\u5b9f\u306a\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u771f\u7406\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u300c\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u4e0b\u3067\u306e\u307f\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u3064\u306e\u614e\u91cd\u306a\u63a8\u6e2c\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u5883\u754c\u7dda\uff08Boundaries of Claim\uff09\u300d\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u554f\u984c\u30fb\u8a18\u8ff0\u554f\u984c\u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u3067\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u5dee\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u3001&#8221;undoubtedly&#8221;, &#8220;clearly&#8221; \u306a\u3069\u306e\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30cd\u30b9\u30fb\u78ba\u4fe1\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u7d76\u5bfe\u6027\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f &#8220;appears to&#8221;, &#8220;to some extent&#8221;, &#8220;presumably&#8221; \u306a\u3069\u306e\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u9069\u7528\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u30fb\u5f31\u3081\uff08Hedging\uff09\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u6307\u6a19\u306e\u6355\u6349\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u5f37\u5ea6\u306e\u9650\u5b9a\u8a08\u7b97\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u6587\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u6307\u6a19\uff08\u78ba\u4fe1\u8868\u73fe vs \u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u8868\u73fe\uff09\u3092\u5168\u6570\u6355\u6349\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u300c\u9069\u7528\u7bc4\u56f2\u300d\u300c\u4f8b\u5916\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u300d\u300c\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u306e\u9650\u754c\u300d\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u753b\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u300c\u65ad\u5b9a\uff08\u301c\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09\u300d\u3068\u8a87\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u904e\u5270\u4e3b\u5f35\uff08Overstatement\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u8a18\u8ff0\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u300c\u301c\u306e\u50be\u5411\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3068\u614e\u91cd\u306b\u63a8\u6e2c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9650\u5b9a\u4ed8\u304d\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u5883\u754c\u3092\u7b54\u6848\u306b\u53cd\u6620\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6700\u5927\u306e\u7f60\u304c\u300c\u672c\u6587\u306e\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u614e\u91cd\u306b\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\uff08\u301c\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff09\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u3001\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3067\u306f\u65ad\u5b9a\uff08\u301c\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09\u306b\u5909\u3048\u3066\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u3092\u5d4c\u3081\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70b9\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u6307\u6a19\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5883\u754c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3092\u884c\u308f\u306a\u3044\u53d7\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u7f60\u306b100%\u5f15\u3063\u304b\u304b\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u53cd\u8a9e\u3084\u76ae\u8089\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\uff083.1 \u53c2\u7167\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306f\u5358\u7d14\u306a\u5f31\u3081\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u771f\u610f\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u3092\u512a\u5148\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u306e\u9650\u754c\u52b9\u7528\u5224\u5b9a\u3068\u9023\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: \u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c &#8220;The data appears to suggest, at least in Western industrial contexts, that social media usage may contribute to an increased sense of isolation among adolescents.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u306b\u306f &#8220;appears to suggest&#8221;, &#8220;at least in&#8230;&#8221;, &#8220;may contribute&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e09\u91cd\u306e\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u304c\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u306f\u300c\u6b27\u7c73\u306e\u7523\u696d\u793e\u4f1a\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u82e5\u8005\u306e\u5b64\u72ec\u611f\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u4e00\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u614e\u91cd\u306a\u793a\u5506\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306b\u300cSNS\u306f\u82e5\u8005\u306e\u5b64\u72ec\u611f\u3092\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u3067\u5897\u5927\u3055\u305b\u308b\u539f\u56e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306e\u904e\u5270\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u306e\u65ad\u5b9a\u5316\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: &#8220;Undoubtedly, the collapse of biodiversity poses an immediate, existential threat to human civilization.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001&#8221;Undoubtedly&#8221;, &#8220;existential threat&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30cd\u30b9\u30fb\u7d76\u5bfe\u5316\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u4e00\u5207\u306e\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u3092\u7834\u68c4\u3057\u3001100%\u306e\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3067\u300c\u4eba\u985e\u306e\u5b58\u4ea1\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u308b\u7dca\u6025\u306e\u8105\u5a01\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u5883\u754c\u3092\u6700\u5927\u5f37\u5ea6\u306b\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: &#8220;One could cautiously hypothesize that early language acquisition is, to a degree, facilitated by musical training.&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;cautiously hypothesize&#8221; \u3084 &#8220;to a degree&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u306f\u3001\u97f3\u697d\u8a13\u7df4\u3068\u8a00\u8a9e\u7372\u5f97\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u78ba\u5b9f\u306a\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u4e00\u5b9a\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\u4fc3\u9032\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u63a7\u3048\u3081\u306a\u4eee\u8aac\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u5883\u754c\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;It would be overly simplistic to attribute the political polarization solely to economic inequality, though it remains a significant factor.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u304c\u8981\u56e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u3064\u3064\uff08&#8221;significant factor&#8221;\uff09\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff08&#8221;solely&#8221;\uff09\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3001\u7cbe\u7dfb\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u5883\u754c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u308c\u30894\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u547d\u984c\u614b\u5ea6\u304b\u3089\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u8aad\u89e3\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff14. \u5165\u8a66\u8a18\u8ff0\u7b54\u6848\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u88dc\u91c8\u3068\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u306e\u6975\u610f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u6771\u5927\u30fb\u4eac\u5927\u30fb\u4e00\u6a4b\u30fb\u65e9\u6176\u7b49\uff09\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u8a18\u8ff0\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6700\u7d42\u30b4\u30fc\u30eb\u306f\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304b\u3089\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3001\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u524d\u63d0\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u53cd\u8ee2\u3055\u308c\u305f\u771f\u610f\u3092\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u304c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u63a1\u70b9\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u300c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u3067\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u7b54\u6848\u300d\u3078\u3068\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u6210\u679c\u3092\u6f0f\u308c\u306a\u304f\u7b54\u6848\u3078\u3068\u53cd\u6620\u3055\u305b\u308b\u88dc\u91c8\u30fb\u518d\u7de8\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff14.\uff11. \u82f1\u6587\u306e\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u547d\u984c\u30fb\u542b\u610f\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u88dc\u5b8c\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u548c\u8a33\u3084\u5185\u5bb9\u8aac\u660e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3060\u3051\u3092\u76f4\u8a33\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u610f\u5473\u304c\u901a\u3058\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u30fb\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u771f\u610f\u304c\u5168\u304f\u4f1d\u308f\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u73fe\u8c61\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u6587\u8108\u4f9d\u5b58\u7684\u300c\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u547d\u984c\uff08Unstated Proposition\uff09\u300d\u3084\u300c\u4f1a\u8a71\u542b\u610f\u300d\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8a18\u8ff0\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u8a33\u306b\u7559\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u6f14\u7e79\u3055\u308c\u305f\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u300c\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u88dc\u91c8\uff08Explicitly\u88dc\u5b8c\uff09\u300d\u3057\u3066\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u88dc\u5b8c\u3057\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u8981\u7d20\u62bd\u51fa\u3068\u88dc\u91c8\u5408\u6210\u306e\u4e8c\u6bb5\u968e\u51e6\u7406\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8a72\u5f53\u7b87\u6240\u306e\u300c\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u547d\u984c\u8981\u7d20&nbsp;$A$\u300d\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6f14\u7b97\uff08\u683c\u5f8b\u306e\u88dc\u5b8c\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u3001\u5e30\u7d50\u306e\u6f14\u7e79\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5c0e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u88dc\u5b8c\u8981\u7d20&nbsp;$B$\u300d\u3092\u660e\u793a\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8981\u7d20&nbsp;$A$\uff08\u76f4\u8a33\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u306b\u8981\u7d20&nbsp;$B$\uff08\u6587\u8108\u7684\u88dc\u91c8\uff09\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u7d50\u5408\u3057\u3001\u300c$A$&nbsp;\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u5c64\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f&nbsp;$B$&nbsp;\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u30fb\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u5f0f\u3067\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306e\u306a\u3044\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u5408\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u88dc\u5b8c\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u63a1\u70b9\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u76f4\u8a33\uff1d\u90e8\u5206\u70b9\uff0830-50%\uff09\u300d\u300c\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u306e\u542b\u610f\u30fb\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u88dc\u91c8\u3057\u305f\u8a33\uff1d\u6e80\u70b9\uff08100%\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u683c\u5dee\u304c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u306a\u76f4\u8a33\u306f\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u300c\u6587\u8108\u304c\u8aad\u3081\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u672c\u6587\u306b\u6839\u62e0\u306e\u306a\u3044\u81ea\u8aac\u3084\u904e\u5270\u306a\u80cc\u666f\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u7b54\u6848\u306b\u76db\u308a\u8fbc\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u300c\u86c7\u8db3\uff08\u904e\u5270\u88dc\u5b8c\uff09\u300d\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u88dc\u5b8c\u8981\u7d20&nbsp;$B$&nbsp;\u306f\u3001\u5fc5\u305a\u672c\u6587\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u3089\u6f14\u7e79\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8a18\u8ff0\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u7cbe\u5ea6\u7ba1\u7406\u3092\u62c5\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: \u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u548c\u8a33\u30fb\u8aac\u660e\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001&#8221;He is the last person I would expect to preach about environmental ethics.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8\u304c\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8868\u5c64\u8a33&nbsp;$A$&nbsp;\u306f\u300c\u5f7c\u306f\u79c1\u304c\u74b0\u5883\u502b\u7406\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8aac\u6559\u3059\u308b\u3068\u4e88\u60f3\u3059\u308b\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u4eba\u7269\u3060\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u88dc\u5b8c\u8981\u7d20&nbsp;$B$&nbsp;\u306f\u300c&#8221;the last person to do&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6163\u7fd2\u7684\u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u6700\u4e0a\u7d1a\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u304c\u6700\u3082\u74b0\u5883\u7834\u58ca\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u8aac\u6559\u3059\u308b\u8cc7\u683c\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u300c\u5f7c\u306f\u65e5\u9803\u304b\u3089\u74b0\u5883\u7834\u58ca\u3092\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u74b0\u5883\u502b\u7406\u3092\u8aac\u304f\u8cc7\u683c\u306a\u3069\u6700\u3082\u306a\u3044\u4eba\u7269\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3002\u300d\u3068\u88dc\u5b8c\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u6e80\u70b9\u7b54\u6848\u304c\u5408\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u4eac\u90fd\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u8aac\u660e\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u4e2d\u306e &#8220;I see you&#8217;ve brought your usual enthusiasm to this project.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8\u304c\u554f\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u76f4\u8a33&nbsp;$A$&nbsp;\u306f\u300c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u304c\u3053\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306b\u3044\u3064\u3082\u306e\u60c5\u71b1\u3092\u6301\u3061\u8fbc\u3093\u3060\u306e\u304c\u5206\u304b\u308a\u307e\u3059\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u304c\u5168\u304f\u7121\u6c17\u529b\u3067\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u88dc\u5b8c\u8981\u7d20&nbsp;$B$&nbsp;\u306f\u300c\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u76ae\u8089\uff08\u3044\u3064\u3082\u306e\u7121\u6c17\u529b\u3055\u3078\u306e\u5446\u308c\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u88dc\u5b8c\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u76f8\u624b\u304c\u76f8\u5909\u308f\u3089\u305a\u5168\u304f\u3084\u308b\u6c17\u3092\u898b\u305b\u305a\u975e\u5354\u529b\u7684\u306a\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306b\u300e\u60c5\u71b1\u300f\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7121\u6c17\u529b\u3055\u3092\u76ae\u8089\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002\u300d\u3068\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u4e00\u6a4b\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u8aac\u660e\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3001&#8221;The silence from the management was louder than any formal announcement.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002\u76f4\u8a33&nbsp;$A$\u300c\u7d4c\u55b6\u9663\u304b\u3089\u306e\u6c88\u9ed9\u306f\u516c\u5f0f\u767a\u8868\u3088\u308a\u3082\u5927\u304d\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u88dc\u5b8c\u8981\u7d20&nbsp;$B$\u300c\u6c88\u9ed9\uff08\u7b54\u3048\u3092\u51fa\u3055\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\uff09\u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u3001\u4e0d\u90fd\u5408\u306a\u771f\u5b9f\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f37\u70c8\u306a\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3092\u88dc\u5b8c\u3057\u3001\u300c\u7d4c\u55b6\u9663\u304c\u4e0d\u7965\u4e8b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6c88\u9ed9\u3092\u5b88\u308a\u7d9a\u3051\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3001\u304b\u3048\u3063\u3066\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u3068\u4e0d\u90fd\u5408\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306b\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u8a3c\u62e0\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3002\u300d\u3068\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: &#8220;She possesses all the qualifications for the position except the ability to perform the job.&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u771f\u610f\u8aac\u660e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u8a33&nbsp;$A$\u300c\u5f7c\u5973\u306f\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u884c\u3046\u80fd\u529b\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u8cc7\u683c\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u306b\u3001\u88dc\u5b8c\u8981\u7d20&nbsp;$B$\u300c\u8cc7\u683c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u5f0f\u9762\u306f\u6574\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u5b9f\u52d9\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u6b20\u5982\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76ae\u8089\u306a\u6279\u5224\u300d\u3092\u7d50\u5408\u3057\u3001\u300c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306a\u8cc7\u683c\u3084\u7d4c\u6b74\u306f\u6e80\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u809d\u5fc3\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u52d9\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6b20\u5982\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u51b7\u5fb9\u306a\u8a55\u4fa1\u3002\u300d\u3068\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u5408\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u547d\u984c\u3084\u542b\u610f\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u88dc\u5b8c\u3057\u3001\u5b8c\u74a7\u306a\u89e3\u91c8\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff14.\uff12. \u63a1\u70b9\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u7b54\u6848\u518d\u7de8\u6210<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u88dc\u5b8c\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u96e3\u95a2\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u300c\u5927\u5b66\u5074\u306e\u63a1\u70b9\u57fa\u6e96\uff08Marking Scheme\uff09\u300d\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u3068\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u63a1\u70b9\u5b98\u306f\u3001\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306e\u611f\u6027\u3084\u6d41\u9e97\u306a\u6587\u7ae0\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u8981\u7d20\u2460\u3001\u8981\u7d20\u2461\u3001\u8981\u7d20\u2462\uff09\u304c\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3084\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u63a5\u7d9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u300d\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u63a1\u70b9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u63a1\u70b9\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u3068\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u8981\u7d20\u5206\u89e3\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u9aa8\u683c\u3078\u306e\u6d41\u3057\u8fbc\u307f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98061\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u51fa\u984c\u306e\u8a2d\u554f\u8981\u6c42\uff08\u300c\u306a\u305c\u304b\uff1d\u7406\u7531\u300d\u300c\u3069\u3046\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304b\uff1d\u540c\u8a00\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u300d\u300c\u771f\u610f\u306f\u4f55\u304b\uff1d\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u53cd\u8ee2\u300d\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u9aa8\u683c\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u301c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\u3067\u3001\u301c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u614b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u301c\u3068\u76ae\u8089\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff09\u3092\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98062\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u672c\u6587\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u304b\u3089\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5fc5\u8981\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u3001\u300c\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u539f\u56e0\uff0b\u7d50\u679c\uff09\u300d\u300c\u5bfe\u6bd4\u306e\u8981\u7d20\uff08A\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304fB\uff09\u300d\u300c\u88dc\u91c8\u306e\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u8868\u5c64\uff0b\u6df1\u5c64\uff09\u300d\u3078\u3068\u5206\u985e\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u98063\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6307\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5b57\u6570\u5236\u9650\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a60-80\u5b57\u3001100-120\u5b57\uff09\u306b\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3066\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u512a\u5148\u9806\u4f4d\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\uff08\u301c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u301c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u301c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e00\u6e1b\u70b9\u3082\u306a\u3044\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3078\u3068\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u624b\u9806\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306f\u3001\u3069\u308c\u307b\u3069\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u771f\u610f\u304c\u982d\u3067\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u7834\u7dbb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5fc5\u9808\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u6b20\u843d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u63a1\u70b9\u5b98\u306f\u70b9\u6570\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u611f\u899a\u7684\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u8aad\u307f\u306b\u304f\u3044\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u58ca\u6ec5\u7684\u306a\u6e1b\u70b9\u3092\u62db\u304f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u6570\u5236\u9650\u304c\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u5834\u5408\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a30\u5b57\u4ee5\u5185\uff09\u3001\u6df1\u5c64\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u89e3\u8aac\u3092\u524a\u308a\u3001\u6838\u5fc3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u53cd\u8ee2\u547d\u984c\u306e\u307f\u3092\u51dd\u7e2e\u3057\u3066\u8a18\u8ff0\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5b57\u6570\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u67d4\u8edf\u306a\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u5727\u7e2e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u672c\u30ab\u30ea\u30ad\u30e5\u30e9\u30e0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6a19\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8a00\u8a9e\u64cd\u4f5c\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u5b8c\u6210\u300d\u3092\u7d50\u5b9f\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b1: \u6176\u61c9\u7fa9\u587e\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u8a2d\u554f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8 &#8220;His generous offer was nothing more than a golden cage.&#8221; \u306e\u771f\u610f\u309280\u5b57\u4ee5\u5185\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3067\u8aac\u660e\u305b\u3088\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u554f\u984c\u304c\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8a2d\u554f\u8981\u6c42: \u300c\u3069\u3046\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304b\uff08\u771f\u610f\u306e\u88dc\u91c8\uff09\u300d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8981\u7d20\u62bd\u51fa:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8868\u5c64\u00a0$A$: \u89aa\u5207\u306a\u7533\u3057\u51fa\uff08generous offer\uff09\u3001\u91d1\u306e\u9ce5\u7c60\uff08golden cage\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6df1\u5c64\u00a0$B$\u00a0(\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u5e30\u7d50): \u4e00\u898b\u9b45\u529b\u7684\u3060\u304c\u81ea\u7531\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u596a\u3046\u62d8\u675f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7b54\u6848\u518d\u7de8\u6210 (75\u5b57):\u300c\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306b\u306f\u9b45\u529b\u7684\u306a\u652f\u63f4\u306e\u7533\u3057\u51fa\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u3068\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u596a\u3044\u3001\u9003\u3052\u51fa\u305b\u306a\u3044\u72b6\u6cc1\u306b\u675f\u7e1b\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u6b3a\u779e\u7684\u306a\u7f60\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3002\u300d\u3053\u306e\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\uff08\u9b45\u529b vs \u62d8\u675f\uff09\u3068\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u771f\u610f\uff08\u6b3a\u779e\uff09\u304c\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f75\u5b57\u3067\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6e80\u70b9\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b2: \u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u306e80\u5b57\u6307\u5b9a\u8aac\u660e\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3001\u300c\u7b46\u8005\u304c &#8220;The silence was deafening.&#8221; \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u7406\u7531\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u305b\u3088\u300d\u304c\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8a2d\u554f\u8981\u6c42: \u300c\u306a\u305c\u304b\uff08\u7406\u7531\u8aac\u660e\uff09\u300d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8981\u7d20\u62bd\u51fa:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8: \u91cd\u5927\u306a\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u5168\u54e1\u304c\u8fd4\u7b54\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3066\u9ed9\u308a\u8fbc\u3093\u3060<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u5473: \u8ab0\u3082\u304c\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u3056\u308b\u3092\u5f97\u306a\u3044\u6c17\u307e\u305a\u3044\u6c88\u9ed9\u306e\u5f37\u70c8\u3055<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7b54\u6848\u518d\u7de8\u6210 (78\u5b57):\u300c\u5168\u54e1\u304c\u4e0d\u7965\u4e8b\u3078\u306e\u8ffd\u6c42\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u4e00\u5207\u306e\u5f01\u660e\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305a\u9ed9\u308a\u8fbc\u3093\u3060\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6c88\u731b\u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u8cac\u4efb\u3068\u904e\u3061\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5f37\u70c8\u306b\u969b\u7acb\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3002\u300d\u7406\u7531\u8aac\u660e\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\uff08\u301c\u304b\u3089\uff09\u306b\u3001\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\uff08\u4e0d\u7965\u4e8b\u3078\u306e\u8ffd\u53ca\uff09\u3068\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u88dc\u91c8\uff08\u6c88\u9ed9\u306e\u5f37\u8abf\uff09\u304c\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3001\u5b8c\u74a7\u306a\u7b54\u6848\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b3: \u4eac\u90fd\u5927\u5b66\u306e100\u5b57\u6307\u5b9a\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8\u8a33\u30fb\u8aac\u660e\u3067\u3001&#8221;You can always count on him to fail when success is most critically needed.&#8221; \u304c\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8a2d\u554f\u8981\u6c42: \u300c\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u6587\u8108\u3092\u8e0f\u307e\u3048\u3066\u8aac\u660e\u305b\u3088\u300d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8981\u7d20\u62bd\u51fa:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8868\u5c64\u00a0$A$: \u6210\u529f\u304c\u6700\u3082\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u6642\u306b\u5f7c\u304c\u5931\u6557\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5e38\u306b\u5f53\u3066\u306b\u3067\u304d\u308b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6df1\u5c64\u00a0$B$: \u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u306e\u9ad8\u3055\u3092\u8868\u3059 &#8220;count on&#8221; \u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u53cd\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u5834\u9762\u3067\u5fc5\u305a\u5931\u6557\u3059\u308b\u5f7c\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u7121\u80fd\u3055\u3078\u306e\u8ae6\u3081\u3068\u7d76\u671b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7b54\u6848\u518d\u7de8\u6210 (95\u5b57):\u300c\u300e\u983c\u308a\u306b\u306a\u308b\u300f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u53cd\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u7528\u3044\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u5c40\u9762\u306b\u9650\u3063\u3066\u5fc5\u305a\u671f\u5f85\u3092\u88cf\u5207\u308a\u5931\u6557\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7d76\u5bfe\u306b\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u4efb\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u7121\u80fd\u306a\u4eba\u7269\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u5446\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002\u300d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b4: \u4e00\u6a4b\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u8a18\u8ff0\u554f\u984c\uff08120\u5b57\u6307\u5b9a\uff09\u3067\u3001\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8a2d\u554f\u8981\u6c42: \u300c\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u8981\u65e8\u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u305b\u3088\u300d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7b54\u6848\u518d\u7de8\u6210 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class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5b9f\u8df5\u77e5\u306e\u691c\u8a3c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u6f14\u7fd2\u306f\u3001\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb M05 \u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4fee\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u300c\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u8ad6\u3068\u6587\u8108\u4f9d\u5b58\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u4f53\u7cfb\u300d\u306e\u5168\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u304c\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\u5165\u8a66\u306e\u6700\u9ad8\u96e3\u5ea6\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u8a2d\u554f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u304b\u306b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u304b\u3064\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u4f5c\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u8df5\u7a7a\u9593\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u65e7\u5e1d\u5927\u3001\u6771\u4eac\u79d1\u5b66\u5927\u3001\u4e00\u6a4b\u5927\u3001\u65e9\u6176\u7b49\uff09\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u8a66\u9a13\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u76f4\u8a33\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u5230\u5e95\u5230\u9054\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u6df1\u5c64\u306b\u6f5c\u3080\u975e\u8a00\u660e\u547d\u984c\u3084\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u7279\u5b9a\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u88dc\u91c8\u3057\u305f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u7b54\u6848\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u672c\u6f14\u7fd2\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b4\u3064\u306e\u5927\u554f\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u306b\u3088\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u529b\u306e\u6e1b\u8870\u3001\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5fdc\u7b54\u304b\u3089\u306e\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u6f14\u7e79\u3001\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30a2\u30a4\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u8aac\u660e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u6700\u524d\u7dda\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5224\u65ad\u5834\u9762\u3092\u7db2\u7f85\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53d7\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u6b63\u8aa4\u3092\u52d8\u3067\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u672c\u6587\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u611f\u899a\u7684\u306b\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u6d45\u8584\u306a\u89e3\u7b54\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6392\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5404\u5927\u554f\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u306b\u3042\u305f\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3001\u307e\u305a\u767a\u8a71\u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u8005\u9593\u306e\u30d1\u30ef\u30fc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u547d\u984c\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u73fe\u5b9f\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u30b0\u30e9\u30a4\u30b9\u306e\u5354\u8abf\u539f\u5247\u3084\u30b5\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u5206\u985e\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u771f\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u6570\u7406\u7684\u306a\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3067\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u8a18\u8ff0\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5c0e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u51fa\u984c\u8005\u306e\u63a1\u70b9\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\uff08\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\uff09\u3078\u3068\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5fc5\u9808\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u6f14\u7fd2\u3092\u901a\u904e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u53d7\u7fd2\u8005\u306f\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u8005\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u6df1\u5c64\u3067\u4f5c\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u30a4\u30f3\u30b8\u30b1\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u64cd\u4f5c\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u89e3\u91c8\u8005\u3078\u3068\u9032\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u4f5c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u7b54\u6848\u304c\u3001\u611f\u899a\u7684\u306a\u300c\u8a33\u300d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7406\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u88cf\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u63fa\u308b\u304e\u306a\u3044\u300c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u5168\u554f\u306e\u89e3\u8aac\u3092\u719f\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u89e3\u6cd5\u306e\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u51fa\u984c\u5206\u6790<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u51fa\u984c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3068\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u51fa\u984c\u5f62\u5f0f:\u8a18\u8ff0\u5f0f\uff08\u548c\u8a33\u30fb\u5185\u5bb9\u8aac\u660e\u30fb\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u771f\u610f\u306e\u88dc\u91c8\u8aac\u660e\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5ba2\u89b3\u5f0f\uff08\u547d\u984c\u8ad6\u7406\u7167\u5408\u30fb\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u9078\u629e\uff09\u306e\u6df7\u5408\u5f62\u5f0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6:\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2606\u96e3\u95a2 \u301c \u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u96e3\u95a2\u4e0a\u4f4d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5206\u91cf:\u5927\u554f4\u5927\u554f\u30fb\u5c0f\u554f\u8a0812\u554f\u30fb\u5236\u9650\u6642\u959360\u5206<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u8981\u6c42\u5ea6:\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u3044\uff08\u8868\u5c64\u76f4\u8a33\u3067\u306f\u5168\u554f\u5931\u70b9\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u9020\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u4e56\u96e2\u5ea6:\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u3044\uff08\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5bfe\u7acb\u30fb\u4e8c\u91cd\u542b\u610f\u3092\u591a\u7528\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u983b\u51fa\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u4f1a\u8a71\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\u3068\u5bfe\u4eba\u99c6\u3051\u5f15\u304d\u306e\u89e3\u8aad<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2192 \u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4e01\u5be7\u3055\u3084\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u304b\u3089\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u8a00\u53ca\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\u3092\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u51fa\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a2\u30a4\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc\u3068\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u771f\u610f\u62bd\u51fa<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2192 \u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u904e\u9177\u306a\u6279\u5224\u3092\u884c\u3046\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u3068\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u304b\u3089\u771f\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\uff08\u4e0d\u554f\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\uff09\u3068\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u5883\u754c\u306e\u7279\u5b9a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2192 \u7b46\u8005\u304c\u6700\u521d\u304b\u3089\u5f53\u7136\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6577\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u7b49\u3067\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u9069\u7528\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5dee\u304c\u3064\u304f\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6f14\u7fd2\u554f\u984c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u554f\u984c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a66\u9a13\u6642\u9593: 60\u5206 \/ \u6e80\u70b9: 100\u70b9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7b2c\uff11\u554f(25\u70b9)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6b21\u306e\u5bfe\u8a71\u6587\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u3001\u4e0b\u306e\u554f\u3044\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u3088\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Context:<\/strong>&nbsp;Professor Henderson, a senior authority in economics, is discussing a research draft with Julia, a junior researcher.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Prof. Henderson:<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8220;I&#8217;ve reviewed your draft on market anomalies, Julia. It is certainly&#8230; an ambitious undertaking. You\u2019ve managed to cite almost every major publication from the last decade.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Julia:<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8220;Thank you, Professor. I spent months compiling those references to make sure the foundation was solid.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Prof. Henderson:<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8220;Indeed. However, I was wondering if it might be a worthwhile exercise for you to consider whether the primary argument in Chapter 2 actually requires such an extensive catalog of secondary sources, or if perhaps a more rigorous, independent analytical framework might serve your core thesis better.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Julia:<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8220;Oh, do you think I relied too much on existing literature?&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Prof. Henderson:<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8220;Far be it from me to dictate your methodology, Julia. But if I were in your position, I would be somewhat concerned that the reader might lose sight of your original contribution amidst the overwhelming consensus of others.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u554f1<\/strong>&nbsp;\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8 &#8220;Iwas wondering if it might be a worthwhile exercise for you to consider&#8230;&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30d8\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc\u30bd\u30f3\u6559\u6388\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\uff08Illocutionary Force\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3092\u3001\u6b21\u306e(A)\u301c(D)\u304b\u30891\u3064\u9078\u3079\u3002[7\u70b9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(A) \u30b8\u30e5\u30ea\u30a2\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u3092\u79f0\u8cdb\u3057\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u6587\u732e\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u63a1\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u63a8\u5968\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(B) \u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306a\u4e01\u5be7\u3055\u3092\u4fdd\u3061\u3064\u3064\u3001\u7b2c2\u7ae0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4ed6\u8005\u6587\u732e\u3078\u306e\u904e\u5ea6\u306a\u4f9d\u5b58\u3092\u6279\u5224\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u524d\u306e\u5206\u6790\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3078\u4fee\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5f37\u304f\u4fc3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(C) \u30b8\u30e5\u30ea\u30a2\u306e\u5206\u6790\u624b\u6cd5\u306b\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u306a\u6b20\u9665\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u5148\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u3055\u3089\u306b\u5e83\u3052\u308b\u3088\u3046\u6307\u5c0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(D) \u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u6307\u5c0e\u6a29\u9650\u3092\u653e\u68c4\u3057\u3001\u30b8\u30e5\u30ea\u30a2\u304c\u81ea\u7531\u306a\u624b\u6cd5\u3067\u8ad6\u6587\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5bb9\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u554f2<\/strong>&nbsp;\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8 &#8220;Far be it from me to dictate your methodology, Julia. But if I were in your position&#8230;&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30d8\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc\u30bd\u30f3\u6559\u6388\u304c\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u78ba\u4fdd\u306e\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u3001\u6559\u6388\u3068\u30b8\u30e5\u30ea\u30a2\u306e\u30d1\u30ef\u30fc\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff09\u306b\u89e6\u308c\u3064\u3064\u300180\u5b57\u4ee5\u5185\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3067\u8aac\u660e\u305b\u3088\u3002[18\u70b9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7b2c\uff12\u554f(25\u70b9)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6b21\u306e\u5bfe\u8a71\u6587\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u3001\u4e0b\u306e\u554f\u3044\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u3088\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Context:<\/strong>&nbsp;Mark is trying to persuade his colleague, Sarah, to take the lead on a high-risk, time-consuming project.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mark:<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8220;Sarah, the board is looking for someone to head the new international expansion project. It\u2019s a massive opportunity for career advancement, and you&#8217;re the most qualified person in our department.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sarah:<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8220;Well, Mark, I&#8217;m flattered that you think so highly of my qualifications. But isn&#8217;t Arthur currently the designated senior strategist for international markets?&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mark:<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8220;Arthur is tied up with the domestic restructuring. Besides, this project needs your specific expertise.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sarah:<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8220;I see. As much as I would love to step up and embrace such a challenging role, our team is already working eighty hours a week to meet the Q4 product launch deadline, and my doctor has recently issued a stern warning regarding my elevated stress levels.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u554f1<\/strong>&nbsp;\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8 &#8220;But isn&#8217;t Arthur currently the designated senior strategist for international markets?&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30b5\u30e9\u304c\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\uff08Adjacency Pair\uff09\u306e\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\uff08Dispreferred Response\uff09\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u3001\u6b21\u306e(A)\u301c(D)\u304b\u30891\u3064\u9078\u3079\u3002[7\u70b9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(A) \u30a2\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306e\u5f79\u8077\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u7d14\u7c8b\u306a\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u78ba\u8a8d\u3092\u884c\u3044\u3001\u5f7c\u304c\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u30ea\u30fc\u30c0\u30fc\u306b\u9069\u4efb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u79f0\u8cdb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(B) \u30de\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u63d0\u6848\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u53d7\u8afe\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u30a2\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306e\u62c5\u5f53\u9818\u57df\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u3078\u306e\u4f9d\u983c\u3092\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u727d\u5236\u30fb\u62d2\u7d76\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(C) \u30de\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u63a8\u85a6\u306b\u6df1\u304f\u611f\u8b1d\u3057\u3001\u30a2\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u3068\u5171\u540c\u3067\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u3092\u7387\u3044\u308b\u610f\u5411\u3092\u8868\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(D) \u56fd\u5185\u518d\u7de8\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a2\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306e\u6020\u6162\u3092\u544a\u767a\u3057\u3001\u5f7c\u3092\u5f79\u8077\u304b\u3089\u89e3\u4efb\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u554f2<\/strong>&nbsp;\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8 &#8220;As much as I would love to step up&#8230; my doctor has recently issued a stern warning&#8230;&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30b5\u30e9\u306e\u300c\u8fc2\u8a00\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\uff08Evasive Refusal\uff09\u300d\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u3001\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u610f\u6b32\u3068\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u306b\u89e6\u308c\u3064\u3064\u300190\u5b57\u4ee5\u5185\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3067\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u305b\u3088\u3002[18\u70b9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7b2c\uff13\u554f(25\u70b9)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6b21\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u3001\u4e0b\u306e\u554f\u3044\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u3088\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The modern obsession with &#8220;disruptive innovation&#8221; in higher education has promised to democratize learning and render traditional academic institutions obsolete. We are endlessly assured by Silicon Valley visionaries that replacing lecture halls with AI-driven algorithms and bite-sized online modules will inevitably yield a generation of unprecedentedly sophisticated thinkers. What a triumphant triumph of educational philosophy we are witnessing! By stripping away the burdensome necessity of deep reading, sustained contemplation, and face-to-face\u306e \u897f\u6d0b\u7684\u306a\u5e7e\u591a\u306e\u8a66\u7df4, we have successfully created a learning environment where complex historical and philosophical debates can be comfortably digested in thirty-second video clips between social media notifications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u554f1<\/strong>&nbsp;\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8 &#8220;What a triumphant triumph of educational philosophy we are witnessing!&#8221; \u306e\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u306e\u771f\u610f\uff08\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u5473\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3092\u3001\u6b21\u306e(A)\u301c(D)\u304b\u30891\u3064\u9078\u3079\u3002[7\u70b9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(A) \u30b7\u30ea\u30b3\u30f3\u30d0\u30ec\u30fc\u306e\u6280\u8853\u9769\u65b0\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u304c\u771f\u306b\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u3082\u512a\u308c\u305f\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3078\u306e\u5fc3\u304b\u3089\u306e\u795d\u798f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(B) \u30aa\u30f3\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u6559\u80b2\u306e\u666e\u53ca\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u304c\u624b\u8efd\u306b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u6df1\u304f\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3078\u306e\u611f\u9298\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(C) \u30c6\u30af\u30ce\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6559\u80b2\u306e\u52b9\u7387\u5316\u3092\u8b33\u3046\u4e16\u9593\u306e\u98a8\u6f6e\u3092\u3042\u304b\u3089\u3055\u307e\u306b\u76ae\u8089\u308a\u3001\u624b\u8efd\u3055\u3068\u5f15\u304d\u63db\u3048\u306b\u6df1\u3044\u601d\u8003\u3084\u8aad\u66f8\u3092\u5207\u308a\u6368\u3066\u305f\u73fe\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u306e\u60e8\u72b6\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6fc0\u3057\u3044\u8511\u79f0\u3068\u6279\u5224\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(D) AI\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u304c\u6301\u3064\u512a\u308c\u305f\u6559\u80b2\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u3064\u3064\u3082\u3001\u5bfe\u9762\u6388\u696d\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3092\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u306b\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u63a7\u3048\u3081\u306a\u63d0\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u554f2<\/strong>&nbsp;\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8 &#8220;By stripping away the burdensome necessity of deep reading&#8230; complex historical and philosophical debates can be comfortably digested in thirty-second video clips&#8230;&#8221; \u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\uff08\u30a2\u30a4\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u771f\u306e\u60e8\u72b6\u3068\u6559\u80b2\u6279\u5224\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u3001100\u5b57\u4ee5\u5185\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3067\u88dc\u91c8\u3057\u3066\u8aac\u660e\u305b\u3088\u3002[18\u70b9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7b2c\uff14\u554f(25\u70b9)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6b21\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u3001\u4e0b\u306e\u554f\u3044\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u3088\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It would be overly simplistic to argue that the pervasive sense of alienation in contemporary urban societies is solely the byproduct of digital technology, though it undeniably accelerates the phenomenon. We must, however, stop acting under the comfortable delusion that increasing virtual connectivity automatically heals the human need for genuine communal belonging. The corporate proponents of social media platforms continue to market their products as universal bridges over human solitude\u2014assuming, of course, that an infinitely multiplying network of digital contacts can be equated with meaningful human relationships. Until we critically re-examine this uncritical faith in virtual interaction, our social policies will continue to treat the symptoms of loneliness while ignoring its structural causes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u554f1<\/strong>&nbsp;\u672c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u300c\u4e0d\u554f\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\uff08\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6577\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u306e\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6700\u3082\u9069\u5207\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3092\u3001\u6b21\u306e(A)\u301c(D)\u304b\u30891\u3064\u9078\u3079\u3002[7\u70b9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(A) \u300c\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u6280\u8853\u306f\u5b64\u72ec\u611f\u3092\u89e3\u6d88\u3059\u308b\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c\u4eee\u60f3\u7a7a\u9593\u306e\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u306f\u672c\u7269\u306e\u4eba\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u540c\u7b49\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(B) \u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u90fd\u5e02\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u306f\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u758e\u5916\u611f\u304c\u5145\u6e80\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c\u4eee\u60f3\u7684\u306a\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u306e\u5897\u5927\u306f\u771f\u306e\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u3078\u306e\u6b32\u6c42\u3092\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u306f\u7652\u3084\u3055\u306a\u3044\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(C) \u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b64\u7acb\u306e\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u306f\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c\u30bd\u30fc\u30b7\u30e3\u30eb\u30e1\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u4f01\u696d\u306f\u502b\u7406\u7684\u306b\u793e\u4f1a\u3078\u8ca2\u732e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(D) \u300c\u90fd\u5e02\u306e\u758e\u5916\u611f\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u89e3\u6c7a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u5b64\u72ec\u306f\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u306a\u6c17\u306e\u6301\u3061\u3088\u3046\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u554f2<\/strong>&nbsp;\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8 &#8220;The corporate proponents of social media platforms continue to market their products as universal bridges over human solitude\u2014assuming, of course, that an infinitely multiplying network of digital contacts can be equated with meaningful human relationships.&#8221; \u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u300c\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\uff08\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u9650\u5b9a\uff09\u300d\u3084\u300c\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u300d\u3092\u6349\u3048\u3066\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u3092\u3001110\u5b57\u4ee5\u5185\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3067\u8981\u7d04\u305b\u3088\u3002[18\u70b9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7b2c\uff11\u554f \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u6226\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u51fa\u984c\u610f\u56f3:\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306e\u6e1b\u8870\u8a08\u7b97\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u78ba\u4fdd\u306e\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u8aad\u89e3\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u691c\u8a3c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6:\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2606\uff08\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u6a19\u6e96\u301c\u4e0a\u4f4d\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593:13\u5206\uff08\u554f1: 3\u5206\u3001\u554f2: 10\u5206\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6559\u6388\uff08Henderson\uff09\u3068\u82e5\u624b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff08Julia\uff09\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u8349\u7a3f\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u6307\u5c0e\u5bfe\u8a71\u3002\u6559\u6388\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9ad8\u6a29\u529b\uff08Power\uff09\u30fb\u76ee\u4e0a\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3068\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u6307\u5c0e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb1:\u521d\u52d5\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2192 \u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8 &#8220;I was wondering if it might be a worthwhile exercise for you to consider&#8230;&#8221; \u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3002\u904e\u53bb\u9032\u884c\u5f62 &#8220;was wondering&#8221;\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5 &#8220;might be&#8221;\u3001\u4e8c\u91cd\u306e\u63a7\u3048\u3081\u306a\u8868\u73fe\uff08&#8221;worthwhile exercise&#8221;, &#8220;consider&#8221;\uff09\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u304c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u63d0\u6848\u300d\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u300c\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u6e1b\u8870\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u6307\u5c0e\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u300d\u304b\u3092\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb2:\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5224\u65ad\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc(\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593:90\u79d2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6559\u6388\u306e\u8a00\u8449: \u7b2c2\u7ae0\u3067\u5148\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u30ab\u30bf\u30ed\u30b0\u5316\uff08\u5f15\u7528\u306e\u591a\u7528\uff09\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u81ea\u524d\u306e\u5206\u6790\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u304c\u6b20\u5982\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u69cb\u9020: \u6559\u6388\u306fJulia\u306e\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\uff08Positive\/Negative Face\uff09\u3092\u5c0a\u91cd\u3057\u3001\u62bc\u3057\u4ed8\u3051\u304c\u307e\u3057\u3055\u3092\u6392\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u6e1b\u8870\uff08Hedging\/Past Continuous\/Subjunctive\uff09\u3092\u591a\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7d50\u8ad6: \u767a\u8a71\u5185\u529b\u306f\u300c\u4ed6\u8005\u6587\u732e\u3078\u306e\u904e\u5ea6\u306a\u4f9d\u5b58\u306e\u6279\u5224\u3068\u3001\u81ea\u524d\u306e\u5206\u6790\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3078\u306e\u4fee\u6b63\u306e\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u4fc3\u3057\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5224\u65ad\u624b\u9806\u30ed\u30b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;certainly&#8230; an ambitious undertaking&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6559\u6388\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b &#8220;ambitious&#8221; \u304c\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e &#8220;cite almost every major publication&#8221; \u3068\u7d50\u5408\u3057\u3066\u300c\u5148\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u5358\u306a\u308b\u7f85\u5217\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76ae\u8089\u306a\u904e\u5270\u3055\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6355\u6349\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6559\u6388\u306e\u4e8c\u5ea6\u76ee\u306e\u767a\u8a71 &#8220;Far be it from me to dictate&#8230;&#8221;\uff08\u6307\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3064\u3082\u308a\u306f\u6bdb\u982d\u306a\u3044\u304c\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u7f6e\u304d\uff08\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u78ba\u4fdd\u306e\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\uff09\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6a29\u529b\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u6559\u6388\uff1e\u5b66\u751f\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u6559\u6388\u304c\u3042\u3048\u3066\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff08&#8221;Rewrite Chapter 2!&#8221;\uff09\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\uff08&#8221;if I were in your position&#8221;\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u6307\u5c0e\u306e\u5f37\u6a29\u6027\u3092\u96a0\u853d\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3001\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u6b20\u9665\uff08\u30aa\u30ea\u30b8\u30ca\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u55aa\u5931\uff09\u3092\u6b63\u3055\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u6226\u7565\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u78ba\u5b9a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb3:\u89e3\u7b54\u69cb\u7bc9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u554f1: (B) \u304c\u6b63\u89e3\u3002\u76f4\u8a33\u7684\u306a\u79f0\u8cdb(A)\u3084\u6307\u5c0e\u653e\u68c4(D)\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u554f2: \u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u7d20\u2460\u6559\u6388\u304c\u512a\u4f4d\u306a\u30d1\u30ef\u30fc\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u2461\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u300c\u6307\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3064\u3082\u308a\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u300c\u81ea\u5206\u304c\u541b\u306a\u3089\u300d\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u2462\u4e07\u4e00\u306e\u53cd\u767a\u3084\u6307\u5c0e\u306e\u62bc\u3057\u4ed8\u3051\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6279\u5224\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3059\u308b\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u3092\u78ba\u4fdd\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3001\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u4fee\u6b63\u3092\u8feb\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u309280\u5b57\u4ee5\u5185\u3067\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u7d50\u5408\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f1: (B)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f2: \u6559\u6388\u3068\u3044\u3046\u512a\u4f4d\u306a\u7acb\u5834\u304b\u3089\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3084\u524d\u7f6e\u304d\u3067\u975e\u5f37\u5236\u306e\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u6f14\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u6307\u5c0e\u306e\u62bc\u3057\u4ed8\u3051\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6279\u5224\u3092\u9632\u3050\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u3092\u78ba\u4fdd\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3001\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u4fee\u6b63\u3092\u4fc3\u3059\u610f\u56f3\u3002\uff0879\u5b57\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0: \u6559\u6388\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u6e1b\u8870\uff08\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u30fb\u904e\u53bb\u9032\u884c\u5f62\uff09\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u771f\u610f\u3092\u5f31\u3081\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u4fdd\u3061\u6307\u5c0e\u306e\u5f37\u6a29\u6027\u3092\u96a0\u853d\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u6226\u7565\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002(B)\u306f\u3053\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6e1b\u8870\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u300c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306a\u4e01\u5be7\u3055\u3092\u4fdd\u3061\u3064\u3064\u301c\u5f37\u529b\u306b\u4fc3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u6b63\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(A) &#8220;ambitious undertaking&#8221; \u3084 &#8220;cite almost every publication&#8221; \u3092\u6587\u9762\u901a\u308a\u79f0\u8cdb\u3068\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u308b\u76f4\u8a33\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(C) \u5148\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u3092\u3055\u3089\u306b\u5e83\u3052\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u672c\u6587\u306e\u6587\u8108\uff08\u5f15\u7528\u304c\u591a\u3059\u304e\u3066\u30aa\u30ea\u30b8\u30ca\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u304c\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3068\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(D) &#8220;Far be it from me to dictate&#8221; \u3092\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u6a29\u9650\u306e\u653e\u68c4\u3068\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u308b\u3001\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u89e3\u8aad\u306e\u5931\u6557\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8aa4\u308a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u7740\u773c\u70b9\u3068\u89e3\u6cd5\u306e\u65b9\u91dd\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7740\u773c\u70b9: \u6559\u6388\u306e\u7528\u3044\u308b &#8220;I was wondering&#8230;&#8221;, &#8220;might be&#8221;, &#8220;Far be it from me&#8230;&#8221;, &#8220;if I were in your position&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u591a\u91cd\u306e\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u89e3\u6cd5\u306e\u65b9\u91dd: \u9ad8\u6a29\u529b\u8005\u304c\u7528\u3044\u308b\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u300c\u81ea\u4fe1\u306e\u7121\u3055\u300d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300c\u76f8\u624b\u3078\u306e\u914d\u616e\u3068\u81ea\u5df1\u306e\u9632\u885b\uff08\u907f\u96e3\u8def\u78ba\u4fdd\uff09\u300d\u3092\u4e21\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u305f\u300c\u6e1b\u8870\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6307\u793a\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u3089\u898b\u629c\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u521d\u898b\u30fb\u985e\u984c\u3078\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u521d\u898b\u306e\u5bfe\u8a71\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u76ee\u4e0a\u306e\u4eba\u7269\u304c\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3084\u904e\u53bb\u9032\u884c\u5f62\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u300c\u301c\u3057\u3066\u307f\u308b\u306e\u3082\u4e00\u6848\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u6587\u9762\u901a\u308a\u306e\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u306a\u63d0\u6848\u300d\u3068\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u3089\u305a\u3001\u6587\u8108\u4e0a\u306e\u300c\u6307\u5c0e\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3002\u985e\u4f3c\u69cb\u9020\u306f\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u30fb\u6176\u61c9\u7fa9\u587e\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5bfe\u8a71\u89e3\u8aad\u554f\u984c\u3067\u591a\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u90e8\u5206\u70b9\u3092\u53d6\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6559\u6388\u304c\u512a\u4f4d\u306a\u7acb\u5834\uff08\u30d1\u30ef\u30fc\u95a2\u4fc2\uff09\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08+5\u70b9\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u547d\u4ee4\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u4e01\u5be7\u3055\u30fb\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\uff08\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3084\u524d\u7f6e\u304d\uff09\u306b\u89e6\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08+6\u70b9\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6307\u5c0e\u306e\u62bc\u3057\u4ed8\u3051\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3059\u308b\u907f\u96e3\u8def\uff08\u81ea\u5df1\u9632\u885b\uff09\u3068\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u4fee\u6b63\u8981\u6c42\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08+7\u70b9\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u8aa4\u7b54\u56de\u907f\u3068\u7cbe\u5ea6\u5411\u4e0a\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Far be it from me to&#8230;&#8221;\uff08\u301c\u3059\u308b\u3064\u3082\u308a\u306f\u6bdb\u982d\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b9a\u578b\u53e5\u3092\u3001\u6587\u9762\u901a\u308a\u306e\u300c\u653e\u68c4\u30fb\u4e0d\u5e72\u6e09\u300d\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3002\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3089\u884c\u3046\u6279\u5224\u3084\u5e72\u6e09\u306e\u885d\u6483\u3092\u548c\u3089\u3052\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u300c\u4e88\u9632\u7dda\uff08\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u89e3\u6cd5\u304c\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u6761\u4ef6: \u5bfe\u8a71\u8005\u9593\u306b\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306a\u6a29\u529b\u5dee\uff08\u4e0a\u53f8\/\u90e8\u4e0b\u3001\u6559\u6388\/\u5b66\u751f\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3001\u76ee\u4e0a\u306e\u8005\u304c\u591a\u91cd\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3084\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u985e\u984c: \u6176\u61c9\u7fa9\u587e\u5927\u5b66 \u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u90e8\uff082020\u5e74 \u7b2c3\u554f \u4f1a\u8a71\u6587\u89e3\u8aad\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7b2c\uff12\u554f \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u6226\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u51fa\u984c\u610f\u56f3:\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\u306e\u671f\u5f85\u9055\u53cd\uff08Dispreferred Response\uff09\u306e\u691c\u51fa\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8fc2\u8a00\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u610f\u6b32\u3068\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u691c\u8a3c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6:\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2606\uff08\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u6a19\u6e96\u301c\u4e0a\u4f4d\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593:13\u5206\uff08\u554f1: 3\u5206\u3001\u554f2: 10\u5206\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u540c\u50da\u306eMark\u304c\u3001\u30cf\u30a4\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u306a\u56fd\u969b\u62e1\u5927\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306e\u30ea\u30fc\u30c0\u30fc\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u3088\u3046Sarah\u3092\u8aac\u5f97\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4ea4\u6e09\u5834\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb1:\u521d\u52d5\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2192 \u4e0b\u7dda\u90e81 &#8220;But isn&#8217;t Arthur currently the designated senior strategist&#8230;?&#8221; \u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3002Mark\u306e\u300c\u30ea\u30fc\u30c0\u30fc\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u304f\u308c\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8aac\u5f97\u30fb\u4f9d\u983c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001Sarah\u306f &#8220;Yes&#8221; \u3084 &#8220;No&#8221; \u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5225\u306e\u4eba\u7269\uff08Arthur\uff09\u306e\u5f79\u8077\u3092\u554f\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3059\u7591\u554f\u6587\u3067\u8fd4\u7b54\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb2:\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5224\u65ad\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc(\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593:90\u79d2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u96a3\u63a5\u30da\u30a2\u306e\u671f\u5f85: \u300c\u4f9d\u983c\u30fb\u8aac\u5f97\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6700\u3082\u597d\u307e\u308c\u308b\u5fdc\u7b54\uff08Preferred\uff09\u306f\u300c\u627f\u8afe\uff08Yes\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sarah\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54: \u8cea\u554f\u8fd4\u3057\u306b\u3088\u308b\u56de\u907f\uff08Dispreferred\uff09\u3002\u300c\u30a2\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u304c\u56fd\u969b\u5e02\u5834\u306e\u62c5\u5f53\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u300d\u3068\u554f\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u30a2\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u304c\u9069\u4efb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3001\u4f9d\u983c\u3092\u727d\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8fc2\u8a00\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u69cb\u9020: \u4e0b\u7dda\u90e82\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001Sarah\u306f &#8220;As much as I would love to step up&#8230;&#8221;\uff08\u559c\u3093\u3067\u5f15\u304d\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u3044\u306e\u3060\u304c\uff1d\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u610f\u6b32\u306e\u6f14\u51fa\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3064\u3064\u3001&#8221;our team is working 80 hours&#8221;\uff08\u904e\u5bc6\u52b4\u50cd\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073 &#8220;my doctor&#8217;s stern warning&#8221;\uff08\u533b\u5e2b\u306e\u8b66\u544a\uff1d\u6297\u3044\u304c\u305f\u3044\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\uff09\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7d50\u8ad6: \u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u306f\u610f\u6b32\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u305b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u4fdd\u3061\u3064\u3064\u3001\u533b\u5e2b\u306e\u6307\u793a\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u3088\u308a\u300c\u7269\u7406\u7684\u306b\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u30fb\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306b\u62d2\u7d76\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5224\u65ad\u624b\u9806\u30ed\u30b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e81\u306e\u7591\u554f\u6587\u304c\u3001\u7d14\u7c8b\u306a\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u78ba\u8a8d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u3078\u306e\u4f9d\u983c\u3092\u9038\u3089\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306e\u300c\u727d\u5236\u30fb\u56de\u907f\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e82\u306e &#8220;As much as I would love to&#8230;&#8221; \u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u610f\u6b32\u8868\u660e\u304c\u3001\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u885d\u6483\u3092\u548c\u3089\u3052\u308b\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\uff08\u30af\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;doctor&#8217;s stern warning&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u53cd\u8ad6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u6301\u3061\u51fa\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u304b\u3089\u306e\u3055\u3089\u306a\u308b\u8aac\u5f97\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u5c01\u6bba\u3059\u308b\u8fc2\u8a00\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb3:\u89e3\u7b54\u69cb\u7bc9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u554f1: (B) \u304c\u6b63\u89e3\u3002\u76f4\u8a33\u7684\u306a\u8a55\u4fa1(A)\u3084\u544a\u767a(D)\u3092\u5f3e\u304f\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u554f2: \u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u7d20\u2460\u300c\u5f15\u304d\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u610f\u6b32\u3092\u53e3\u306b\u3057\u3066\u76f8\u624b\u3078\u306e\u914d\u616e\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3001\u2461\u300c\u904e\u5bc6\u52b4\u50cd\u3068\u533b\u5e2b\u306e\u8b66\u544a\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u2462\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u610f\u601d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u3088\u308a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u3066\u62d2\u7d76\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3001\u309290\u5b57\u4ee5\u5185\u3067\u8a18\u8ff0\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f1: (B)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f2: \u6311\u6226\u3078\u306e\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u610f\u6b32\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u306b\u5fdc\u3048\u308b\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u898b\u305b\u3064\u3064\u3001\u30c1\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u904e\u5bc6\u52b4\u50cd\u3068\u533b\u5e2b\u306e\u5fe0\u544a\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6297\u3044\u304c\u305f\u3044\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3001\u3084\u3080\u3092\u5f97\u305a\u8f9e\u9000\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u3067\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u62d2\u7d76\u3092\u5b8c\u4e86\u3055\u305b\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3002\uff0890\u5b57\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f1: \u4f9d\u983c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u76f4\u63a5\u7b54\u3048\u305a\u62c5\u5f53\u8005\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3092\u554f\u3046\u7591\u554f\u6587\u306f\u3001\u4f9d\u983c\u306e\u53d7\u8afe\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3057\u76f8\u624b\u3092\u727d\u5236\u3059\u308b Dispreferred Response \u306e\u5178\u578b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002(B)\u304c\u3053\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f2: \u8fc2\u8a00\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u306f\u300c\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u610f\u6b32\uff08\u3084\u308a\u305f\u3044\uff09\uff0b\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\uff08\u3060\u304c\u72b6\u6cc1\u304c\u8a31\u3055\u306a\u3044\uff09\u300d\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e8c\u5c64\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u8ad6\u7406\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u63a1\u70b9\u57fa\u6e96\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f1 (A) \u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u7591\u554f\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6349\u3048\u3001\u30a2\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u3078\u306e\u79f0\u8cdb\u3068\u8aa4\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u76f4\u8a33\u30a8\u30e9\u30fc\u3002(C) \u627f\u8afe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u300c\u5171\u540c\u3067\u7387\u3044\u308b\u610f\u5411\u300d\u3068\u634f\u9020\u3059\u308b\u8aa4\u308a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u7740\u773c\u70b9\u3068\u89e3\u6cd5\u306e\u65b9\u91dd\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7740\u773c\u70b9: Sarah\u306e &#8220;Well&#8230;&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8e8a\u8e87\u3001\u7591\u554f\u6587\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5fdc\u7b54\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073 &#8220;As much as I would love to&#8230;, but&#8230;&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u9006\u8aac\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u89e3\u6cd5\u306e\u65b9\u91dd: \u300c\u8a98\u3044\u3084\u4f9d\u983c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7406\u7531\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u30fb\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u8cea\u554f\u300d\u306f\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6469\u64e6\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u300c\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u62d2\u7d76\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u7406\u7531\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u521d\u898b\u30fb\u985e\u984c\u3078\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f1a\u8a71\u6587\u3067 &#8220;I&#8217;d love to, but&#8230;&#8221; \u3084 &#8220;Isn&#8217;t someone else&#8230;?&#8221; \u304c\u51fa\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u76f4\u3061\u306b\u5909\u8ee2\u30fb\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u3068\u770b\u7834\u3059\u308b\u3002\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u30fb\u6176\u61c9\u7fa9\u587e\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5bfe\u8a71\u554f\u984c\u3067\u983b\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u90e8\u5206\u70b9\u3092\u53d6\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u300c\u5f15\u304d\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u610f\u6b32\u30fb\u914d\u616e\u306b\u8a00\u53ca\uff08+5\u70b9\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u300c\u904e\u5bc6\u52b4\u50cd\u30fb\u533b\u5e2b\u306e\u5fe0\u544a\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u30fb\u7406\u7531\u306b\u8a00\u53ca\uff08+6\u70b9\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5916\u5728\u7684\u8981\u56e0\u306b\u3088\u308a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3057\u3066\u62d2\u7d76\u3092\u6210\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\uff08+7\u70b9\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u8aa4\u7b54\u56de\u907f\u3068\u7cbe\u5ea6\u5411\u4e0a\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;my doctor has issued a stern warning&#8221; \u3092\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u611a\u75f4\u300d\u3068\u6349\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3002\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u304c\u3053\u308c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u53cd\u8ad6\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u300c\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u58c1\uff08\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u89e3\u6cd5\u304c\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u6761\u4ef6: \u4f9d\u983c\u3084\u8aac\u5f97\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u3092\u4f7f\u308f\u305a\u306b\u300c\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\uff0b\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u300d\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u5fdc\u7b54\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5bfe\u8a71\u5834\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u985e\u984c: \u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66 \u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\uff082021\u5e74 \u7b2c2\u554f \u4f1a\u8a71\u6587\u89e3\u8aad\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7b2c\uff13\u554f \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u6226\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u51fa\u984c\u610f\u56f3:\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\uff08Flouting the Maxim of Quality\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30a2\u30a4\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc\u306e\u691c\u51fa\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u53cd\u8a9e\u304b\u3089\u771f\u306e\u6279\u5224\u5185\u5bb9\u3078\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u30fb\u88dc\u91c8\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u691c\u8a3c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6:\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\uff08\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u30fb\u6771\u5927\u30fb\u4eac\u5927\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593:17\u5206\uff08\u554f1: 3\u5206\u3001\u554f2: 14\u5206\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u7834\u58ca\u7684\u30a4\u30ce\u30d9\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\uff08\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u5316\u30fb\u30aa\u30f3\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u5316\uff09\u300d\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u308b\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u30c6\u30af\u30ce\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u4f9d\u5b58\u306e\u73fe\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6975\u3081\u3066\u6279\u5224\u7684\u306a\u7acb\u5834\u3092\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb1:\u521d\u52d5\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2192 \u4e0b\u7dda\u90e81 &#8220;What a triumphant triumph of educational philosophy we are witnessing!&#8221; \u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3002\u76f4\u8a33\u306f\u300c\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u306a\u3093\u3068\u76ee\u899a\u307e\u3057\u3044\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u306e\u52dd\u5229\u3092\u76ee\u6483\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\uff01\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u611f\u5606\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb2:\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5224\u65ad\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc(\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593:120\u79d2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8: \u7b46\u8005\u306f\u3001\u6df1\u3044\u8aad\u66f8\u3001\u6301\u7d9a\u7684\u306a\u601d\u7d22\u3001\u5bfe\u9762\u3067\u306e\u8a66\u7df4\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u91cd\u8377\u3060\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u300d\u304c\u524a\u304e\u843d\u3068\u3055\u308c\u300130\u79d2\u306e\u52d5\u753b\u30af\u30ea\u30c3\u30d7\u3067\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8a0e\u8ad6\u304c\u6d88\u8cbb\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u73fe\u72b6\u3092\u63cf\u5199\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u306e\u691c\u51fa: 30\u79d2\u52d5\u753b\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5b89\u6613\u306a\u6d88\u8cbb\uff08\u73fe\u5b9f\u30d5\u30a1\u30af\u30c8\u00a0$C$\uff09\u3068\u3001\u300c\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u306e\u52dd\u5229\u300d\uff08\u547d\u984c\u00a0$P$\uff09\u306f\u3042\u304b\u3089\u3055\u307e\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\u306e\u5224\u5b9a: \u7b46\u8005\u306f\u3042\u304b\u3089\u3055\u307e\u306b\u865a\u507d\u30fb\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff08\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\uff09\u3092\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u8a8d\u8b58\u3055\u305b\u3001\u771f\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u610f\u5473\uff08\u30a2\u30a4\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc\uff09\u3092\u4f1d\u9054\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u771f\u610f\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97:\u00a0$\\neg P$\uff1d\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u306e\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u306f\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u6557\u5317\u3067\u3042\u308a\u60e8\u5287\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e82\u306e\u89e3\u6790: &#8220;stripping away the burdensome necessity of deep reading&#8230;&#8221; \u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u624b\u8efd\u3055\u3068\u5f15\u304d\u63db\u3048\u306b\u4eba\u9593\u7684\u601d\u8003\u306e\u6839\u5e79\uff08\u6df1\u3044\u8aad\u66f8\u3068\u601d\u7d22\uff09\u304c\u7834\u58ca\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u73fe\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u306e\u60e8\u72b6\u3092\u6fc0\u3057\u304f\u975e\u96e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5224\u65ad\u624b\u9806\u30ed\u30b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u300c\u30b7\u30ea\u30b3\u30f3\u30d0\u30ec\u30fc\u306e\u30d3\u30b8\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30fc\u3078\u306e\u51b7\u3084\u3084\u304b\u306a\u6279\u5224\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6355\u6349\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;triumphant triumph&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5927\u3052\u3055\u306a\u53cd\u5fa9\u30fb\u904e\u5270\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u611f\u5606\u6587\uff09\u304c\u3001\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\uff08\u30a2\u30a4\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc\uff09\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8b58\u5225\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>30\u79d2\u306e\u52d5\u753b\u3067\u54f2\u5b66\u3084\u6b74\u53f2\u3092\u89e3\u3057\u305f\u6c17\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5b66\u751f\u30fb\u6559\u80b2\u74b0\u5883\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u731b\u70c8\u306a\u5632\u7b11\u3068\u5371\u60e7\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u3068\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb3:\u89e3\u7b54\u69cb\u7bc9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u554f1: (C) \u304c\u6b63\u89e3\u3002\u76f4\u8a33\u7684\u306a\u795d\u798f(A)\u3084\u611f\u9298(B)\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u554f2: \u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u7d20\u2460\u300c\u6df1\u3044\u8aad\u66f8\u3084\u601d\u7d22\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3001\u2461\u300c30\u79d2\u306e\u52d5\u753b\u7b49\u3067\u5b89\u6613\u306b\u5b66\u554f\u3092\u6d88\u8cbb\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u60e8\u72b6\u300d\u3001\u2462\u300c\u52b9\u7387\u5316\u3092\u6559\u80b2\u306e\u52dd\u5229\u3068\u904e\u4fe1\u30fb\u8b33\u6b4c\u3059\u308b\u98a8\u6f6e\u3078\u306e\u75db\u70c8\u306a\u76ae\u8089\u30fb\u6279\u5224\u300d\u3001\u3092100\u5b57\u4ee5\u5185\u3067\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u7d50\u5408\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f1: (C)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f2: \u52b9\u7387\u5316\u3068\u79f0\u3057\u3066\u6df1\u3044\u8aad\u66f8\u3084\u6301\u7d9a\u7684\u601d\u7d22\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u8a66\u7df4\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u77ed\u52d5\u753b\u3067\u5b89\u6613\u306b\u6d88\u8cbb\u3055\u305b\u308b\u73fe\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u306e\u60e8\u72b6\u3092\u3042\u3048\u3066\u300c\u52dd\u5229\u300d\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6d45\u8584\u5316\u3068\u4e16\u9593\u306e\u611a\u304b\u306a\u76f2\u4fe1\u3092\u75db\u70c8\u306b\u76ae\u8089\u308b\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002\uff0899\u5b57\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f1: \u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3067\u300c\u6df1\u3044\u8aad\u66f8\u306e\u6392\u9664\u300d\u3084\u300c30\u79d2\u52d5\u753b\u3067\u306e\u6d88\u8cbb\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6559\u80b2\u306e\u52a3\u5316\u304c\u63cf\u5199\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u300c\u6559\u80b2\u54f2\u5b66\u306e\u52dd\u5229\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u611f\u5606\u6587\u306f100%\u306e\u30a2\u30a4\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002(C)\u304c\u3053\u306e\u76ae\u8089\u3068\u6279\u5224\u306e\u771f\u610f\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6349\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f2: \u5358\u306b\u300c\u52d5\u753b\u3067\u5b66\u3076\u3053\u3068\u306e\u6279\u5224\u300d\u3068\u76f4\u8a33\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u6df1\u3044\u8aad\u66f8\u3068\u601d\u7d22\u306e\u6392\u9664\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u3001\u300c\u3042\u3048\u3066\u52dd\u5229\u3068\u547c\u3076\u4fee\u8f9e\uff08\u76ae\u8089\uff09\u300d\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3066\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6e80\u70b9\u57fa\u6e96\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f1 (A) \u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u611f\u5606\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u308a\u3001\u795d\u798f\u3068\u8aa4\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u76f4\u8a33\u30a8\u30e9\u30fc\u3002(B) \u7b46\u8005\u304c\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u8aa4\u308a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u7740\u773c\u70b9\u3068\u89e3\u6cd5\u306e\u65b9\u91dd\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7740\u773c\u70b9: &#8220;What a triumphant triumph&#8230;!&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5927\u3052\u3055\u306a\u611f\u5606\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e &#8220;burdensome necessity&#8221; &#8220;thirty-second video clips&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5185\u5bb9\u306e\u30ae\u30e3\u30c3\u30d7\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u89e3\u6cd5\u306e\u65b9\u91dd: \u9177\u8a55\u30fb\u52a3\u5316\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u767a\u305b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u5927\u3052\u3055\u306a\u80af\u5b9a\u8868\u73fe\u30fb\u611f\u5606\u6587\u306f\u3001\u4f8b\u5916\u306a\u304f\u300c\u30a2\u30a4\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc\uff08\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u5f8b\u7121\u8996\uff09\u300d\u3068\u5224\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u610f\u5473\uff08\u6279\u5224\u30fb\u60e8\u72b6\u306e\u6307\u6458\uff09\u3078\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u521d\u898b\u30fb\u985e\u984c\u3078\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3067 &#8220;What a wonderful world!&#8221;, &#8220;A masterclass in&#8230;&#8221;, &#8220;An extraordinary achievement&#8221; \u306a\u3069\u306e\u5927\u3052\u3055\u306a\u79f0\u8cdb\u304c\u51fa\u73fe\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5fc5\u305a\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3092\u70b9\u691c\u3057\u3001\u6b20\u9665\u3084\u60e8\u72b6\u304c\u63cf\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u3092\u4f5c\u52d5\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u30fb\u4eac\u90fd\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u554f\u984c\u3067\u983b\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u90e8\u5206\u70b9\u3092\u53d6\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u300c\u6df1\u3044\u8aad\u66f8\u3084\u601d\u7d22\u306e\u6392\u9664\uff0f\u77ed\u52d5\u753b\u3067\u306e\u5b89\u6613\u306a\u6d88\u8cbb\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u73fe\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u306e\u60e8\u72b6\u306b\u8a00\u53ca\uff08+6\u70b9\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u3042\u3048\u3066\u300c\u52dd\u5229\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u30a2\u30a4\u30ed\u30cb\u30fc\uff08\u76ae\u8089\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u8a00\u53ca\uff08+6\u70b9\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u52b9\u7387\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3084\u4e16\u9593\u306e\u76f2\u4fe1\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u6279\u5224\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3066\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\uff08+6\u70b9\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u8aa4\u7b54\u56de\u907f\u3068\u7cbe\u5ea6\u5411\u4e0a\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Burdenshire necessity&#8221; \u3092\u5358\u306a\u308b\u300c\u90aa\u9b54\u306a\u3082\u306e\u300d\u3068\u8a33\u3055\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3002&#8221;necessity&#8221;\uff08\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff09\u306b &#8220;burdensome&#8221;\uff08\u91cd\u8377\u306a\uff09\u3068\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3053\u305d\u304c\u5b66\u3073\u306e\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u8a66\u7df4\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u89e3\u6cd5\u304c\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u6761\u4ef6: \u30c6\u30af\u30ce\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u3084\u73fe\u4ee3\u6587\u5316\u306e\u6d45\u8584\u3055\u3092\u6279\u5224\u3059\u308b\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5927\u3052\u3055\u306a\u80af\u5b9a\u8868\u73fe\u3084\u611f\u5606\u6587\u304c\u633f\u5165\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u985e\u984c: \u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\uff082019\u5e74 \u7b2c1\u554f(A) \u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8\u771f\u610f\u8aac\u660e\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7b2c\uff14\u554f \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u6226\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u51fa\u984c\u610f\u56f3:\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u300c\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\uff08\u4e0d\u554f\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\uff09\u300d\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30d8\u30c3\u30b8\u30fb\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u3092\u6349\u3048\u305f\u4e3b\u5f35\u5883\u754c\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u8981\u7d04\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u691c\u8a3c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6:\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\uff08\u6700\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u30fb\u4e00\u6a4b\u30fb\u6176\u61c9\u30fb\u6771\u5927\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593:17\u5206\uff08\u554f1: 3\u5206\u3001\u554f2: 14\u5206\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u90fd\u5e02\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u758e\u5916\u611f\uff08\u758e\u5916\u30fb\u5b64\u7acb\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3001SNS\u7b49\u306e\u300c\u4eee\u60f3\u7684\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\uff08virtual connectivity\uff09\u300d\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb1:\u521d\u52d5\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2192 \u554f1\u306e\u300c\u4e0d\u554f\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\uff08\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u300d\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3002\u7b2c1\u6587 &#8220;It would be overly simplistic to argue that the pervasive sense of alienation&#8230; is solely the byproduct&#8230;&#8221; \u304a\u3088\u3073\u7b2c2\u6587 &#8220;We must&#8230; stop acting under the comfortable delusion that&#8230;&#8221; \u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb2:\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5224\u65ad\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc(\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593:120\u79d2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8a00\u660e: \u300c\u90fd\u5e02\u306e\u758e\u5916\u611f\u306f\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u6280\u8853\u3060\u3051\u304c\u539f\u56e0\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u300c\u4eee\u60f3\u7684\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u304c\u5897\u3048\u3066\u3082\u5b64\u72ec\u306f\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u306f\u7652\u3084\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u80cc\u5f8c\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u524d\u63d0\uff08\u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u3088\u308b\u62bd\u51fa\uff09:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5426\u5b9a\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8: \u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\uff08\u90fd\u5e02\u758e\u5916\u611f\u306f\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u6280\u8853\u304c\u539f\u56e0\u3060\uff0f\u4eee\u60f3\u306e\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u306f\u5b64\u72ec\u3092\u7652\u3084\u3059\uff09\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u306a\u304a\u6587\u7ae0\u304c\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u3064\u305f\u3081\u306b\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u524d\u63d01: \u73fe\u4ee3\u306e\u90fd\u5e02\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u306f\u300c\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u758e\u5916\u611f\u30fb\u5b64\u7acb\uff08alienation\uff09\u300d\u304c\u8513\u5ef6\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u524d\u63d02: \u73fe\u5728\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u306f\u300c\u4eee\u60f3\u7684\u306a\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u304c\u5897\u3048\u308c\u3070\u4eba\u9593\u306f\u6551\u308f\u308c\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fc3\u5730\u3088\u3044\u5984\u60f3\uff08delusion\uff09\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u884c\u52d5\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7d50\u8ad6 (\u554f1): (B) \u304c\u6b63\u89e3\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e82\u306e\u89e3\u6790: &#8220;The corporate proponents&#8230; continue to market&#8230; assuming, of course, that an infinitely multiplying network&#8230; can be equated with meaningful human relationships.&#8221;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;assuming, of course, that&#8230;&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3002\u4f01\u696d\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306f\u300c\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u306a\u9023\u7d61\u5148\u306e\u5897\u52a0\uff1d\u610f\u5473\u3042\u308b\u4eba\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u5f53\u306a\u540c\u7b49\u8996\uff08\u30a4\u30b3\u30fc\u30eb\u8996\uff09\u306e\u4e0a\u306b\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u3053\u306e\u540c\u7b49\u8996\u3092\u4f01\u696d\u5074\u306e\u300c\u8eab\u52dd\u624b\u306a\u4eee\u5b9a\uff08assumption\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u30fb\u6279\u5224\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5224\u65ad\u624b\u9806\u30ed\u30b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u554f1\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u8a00\u660e\uff08\u4e3b\u5f35\uff09\u3068\u3001\u4e3b\u5f35\u304c\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u3064\u571f\u53f0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u300c\u4e0d\u554f\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\uff08\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u300d\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5206\u96e2\u3002(B)\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u554f2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4f01\u696d\u5074\u304c\u300c\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u5897\u52a0\uff1d\u771f\u306e\u4eba\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u300d\u3068\u4e0d\u5f53\u306b\u540c\u7b49\u8996\u3057\u3066\u88fd\u54c1\u3092\u8ca9\u58f2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3078\u306e\u6279\u5224\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u6838\u5fc3: \u300c\u4eee\u60f3\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u3078\u306e\u7121\u6279\u5224\u306a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3092\u518d\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u306a\u3044\u9650\u308a\u3001\u5b64\u72ec\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u672c\u8cea\uff09\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u8868\u9762\u7684\u5bfe\u51e6\u306b\u7559\u307e\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8b66\u544a\u3092110\u5b57\u3067\u8981\u7d04\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb3:\u89e3\u7b54\u69cb\u7bc9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u554f1: (B) \u304c\u6b63\u89e3\u3002(A)\u306f\u4f01\u696d\u5074\u306e\u5984\u60f3\u3067\u3042\u308a\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002(C)(D)\u306f\u672c\u6587\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u554f2: \u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u7d20\u2460\u300cSNS\u4f01\u696d\u304c\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u306a\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u3092\u771f\u306e\u4eba\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u540c\u7b49\u8996\u3057\u3066\u8ca9\u58f2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3001\u2461\u300c\u3053\u306e\u4eee\u60f3\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u3078\u306e\u7121\u6279\u5224\u306a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3092\u518d\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u3001\u2462\u300c\u3055\u3082\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u5b64\u72ec\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u305f\u8868\u9762\u7684\u5bfe\u7b56\u306b\u7559\u307e\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u61f8\u5ff5\u30fb\u4e3b\u5f35\u300d\u3001\u3092110\u5b57\u4ee5\u5185\u3067\u6574\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f1: (B)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f2: SNS\u4f01\u696d\u306f\u9023\u7d61\u5148\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u3092\u771f\u306e\u4eba\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u540c\u7b49\u8996\u3059\u308b\u4eee\u5b9a\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u88fd\u54c1\u3092\u8ca9\u58f2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4eee\u60f3\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u3078\u306e\u76f2\u4fe1\u3092\u518d\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u306a\u3044\u9650\u308a\u3001\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u306f\u5b64\u72ec\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u305f\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u4e0d\u5168\u5bfe\u7b56\u3092\u7e70\u308a\u304b\u3048\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002\uff08110\u5b57\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f1: (B)\u306f\u672c\u6587\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u524d\u63d0\uff08\u90fd\u5e02\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u758e\u5916\u611f\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3068\u3001\u4eee\u60f3\u7e4b\u304c\u308a\u3078\u306e\u5984\u60f3\u306e\u5b58\u5728\uff09\u3092\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f2: &#8220;assuming, of course, that&#8230;&#8221; \u306e\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u4f01\u696d\u5074\u306e\u300c\u6839\u62e0\u306a\u304d\u4eee\u5b9a\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u305d\u308c\u3092\u300c\u7121\u6279\u5224\u306a\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff08uncritical faith\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6279\u5224\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3066\u8981\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u63a1\u70b9\u57fa\u6e96\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f1 (A) \u4f01\u696d\u5074\u306e\u30de\u30fc\u30b1\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u4e0a\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\uff08\u5984\u60f3\uff09\u3092\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u6df7\u540c\u3059\u308b\u8aa4\u308a\u3002(C) &#8220;solely&#8221; \u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u6c7a\u3081\u3064\u3051\u308b\u8aa4\u308a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u7740\u773c\u70b9\u3068\u89e3\u6cd5\u306e\u65b9\u91dd\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7740\u773c\u70b9: &#8220;comfortable delusion&#8221;\uff08\u5fc3\u5730\u3088\u3044\u5984\u60f3\uff09\u3001&#8221;assuming, of course, that&#8230;&#8221;\uff08\u301c\u3068\u5f53\u7136\u4eee\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\uff09\u3001&#8221;uncritical faith&#8221;\uff08\u7121\u6279\u5224\u306a\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u8a9e\u30fb\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u89e3\u6cd5\u306e\u65b9\u91dd: \u7b46\u8005\u304c &#8220;delusion&#8221; \u3084 &#8220;assuming&#8221; \u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u300c\u4e16\u9593\u3084\u4f01\u696d\u304c\u62b1\u304f\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u524d\u63d0\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u305d\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u7121\u52b9\u5316\uff08\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\uff09\u3057\u3066\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\uff08\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u306e\u8ffd\u53ca\uff09\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u89e3\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u521d\u898b\u30fb\u985e\u984c\u3078\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u3067 &#8220;assuming that&#8230;&#8221;, &#8220;under the illusion that&#8230;&#8221;, &#8220;on the false premise that&#8230;&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u51fa\u73fe\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u5185\u5bb9\u306f100%\u300c\u7b46\u8005\u304c\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4ed6\u8005\u306e\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u524d\u63d0\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3068\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u305b\u3066\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u6a4b\u5927\u5b66\u30fb\u6176\u61c9\u7fa9\u587e\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u8a2d\u554f\u3067\u983b\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u90e8\u5206\u70b9\u3092\u53d6\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u554f2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u300cSNS\u4f01\u696d\u304c\u9023\u7d61\u5148\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u3092\u771f\u306e\u4eba\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u540c\u7b49\u8996\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff08\u4f01\u696d\u5074\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\uff09\u300d\u306b\u8a00\u53ca\uff08+6\u70b9\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u300c\u3053\u306e\u4eee\u60f3\u4ea4\u6d41\u3078\u306e\u76f2\u4fe1\u30fb\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3092\u6279\u5224\u7684\u306b\u518d\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3053\u3068\u300d\u306b\u8a00\u53ca\uff08+6\u70b9\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u300c\u3055\u3082\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u5b64\u72ec\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u305f\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u5bfe\u7b56\u306b\u7559\u307e\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\u300d\u306e\u7d71\u5408\uff08+6\u70b9\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u8aa4\u7b54\u56de\u907f\u3068\u7cbe\u5ea6\u5411\u4e0a\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;assuming, of course, that&#8230;&#8221; \u3092\u300c\u5f53\u7136\u301c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3089\u300d\u3068\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u78ba\u4fe1\u3068\u3057\u3066\u76f4\u8a33\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3002&#8221;of course&#8221; \u306f\u76ae\u8089\uff08\u300c\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u5f53\u7136\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u301c\u3068\u4eee\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u300d\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u305d\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\u306e\u611a\u304b\u3055\u3092\u7a81\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u3010\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3053\u306e\u89e3\u6cd5\u304c\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u6761\u4ef6: \u4f01\u696d\u306e\u30de\u30fc\u30b1\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u3084\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e16\u8ad6\u306e\u98a8\u6f6e\u3092\u6279\u5224\u3059\u308b\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4ed6\u8005\u306e\u4e0d\u5f53\u306a\u4eee\u5b9a\uff08assuming\uff09\u3092\u66b4\u3044\u3066\u81ea\u8aac\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u308b\u6587\u7ae0\u69cb\u9020\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u985e\u984c: \u4e00\u6a4b\u5927\u5b66\uff082022\u5e74 \u7b2c1\u554f \u8981\u7d04\u8a18\u8ff0\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5b66\u7fd2\u8a55\u4fa1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u69cb\u6210<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u914d\u70b9<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u5927\u554f<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u96e3\u95a2\u4e0a\u4f4d<\/td><td>50\u70b9<\/td><td>\u7b2c\uff13\u554f\u3001\u7b2c\uff14\u554f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u96e3\u95a2\u6a19\u6e96<\/td><td>50\u70b9<\/td><td>\u7b2c\uff11\u554f\u3001\u7b2c\uff12\u554f<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u6d3b\u7528<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>\u5f97\u70b9<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u5224\u5b9a<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u63a8\u5968\u30a2\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>85\u70b9\u4ee5\u4e0a<\/td><td>A<\/td><td>\u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u4f53\u7cfb\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5b9a\u7740\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u81ea\u4fe1\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u5fd7\u671b\u6821\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u554f\u6f14\u7fd2\uff08P6\uff09\u3078\u3068\u79fb\u884c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>70\u70b9\u301c84\u70b9<\/td><td>B<\/td><td>\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u6f14\u7b97\u306f\u4f5c\u52d5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u306e\u6e1b\u8870\u8a08\u7b97\u3084\u7b54\u6848\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u518d\u7de8\u6210\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u50c5\u304b\u306a\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u843d\u3068\u3057\u8fbc\u307f\u4e0d\u8db3\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u8a72\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u8003\u7a76\u30fb\u7cbe\u9ac4\u5c64\u306e\u8a18\u4e8b\u3092\u5fa9\u7fd2\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>55\u70b9\u301c69\u70b9<\/td><td>C<\/td><td>\u76f4\u8a33\u306e\u7656\u304c\u629c\u3051\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u901a\u308a\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306b\u5f15\u3063\u5f35\u3089\u308c\u3066\u771f\u610f\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u8a08\u7b97\u3084\u524d\u63d0\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30bb\u30eb\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u539f\u7406\u5c64\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8003\u7a76\u5c64\u306e\u89e3\u6cd5\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u3092\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>55\u70b9\u672a\u6e80<\/td><td>D<\/td><td>\u6587\u8108\u4f9d\u5b58\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u4f53\u7cfb\u304c\u5341\u5206\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u8996\u5ea7\u5c64\u304b\u3089\u8b1b\u7fa9\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u7cbe\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u518d\u6311\u6226\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u89e3\u4f53\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4fee\u5f97\u3057\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u3084\u633f\u5165\u3092\u542b\u3080\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u304b\u3089\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8868\u5c64\u306e\u8a33\u8a9e\u306b\u983c\u3089\u305a\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u3089\u610f\u5473\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u96e3\u95a2\u5927\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u548c\u8a33\u3084\u7a7a\u6240\u88dc\u5145\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u30d6\u30ec\u306e\u306a\u3044\u78ba\u5b9f\u306a\u5f97\u70b9\u529b\u3092\u5b9f\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"swell_btn_cv_data":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,11,12],"tags":[633,621],"class_list":["post-26500","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-strategy","category-waseda","category-keio","tag-high-tier","tag-optimized"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- 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