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\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff15\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff15\u554f\u306e\u8a2d\u554f\u6307\u793a\u300c\u62c5\u5f53\u6559\u6388\u306b\u8ab2\u984c\u63d0\u51fa\u671f\u9650\u306e\u4e00\u9031\u9593\u5ef6\u9577\u3092\u4f9d\u983c\u3059\u308b\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u305b\u3088\u3002\u7406\u7531\u306f\u8155\u306e\u9aa8\u6298\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5165\u9662\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3092\u5206\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8981\u4ef6\u306f\u300c\u2460\u5b9b\u5148\u304c\u62c5\u5f53\u6559\u6388\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u300c\u2461\u76ee\u7684\u304c\u8ab2\u984c\u63d0\u51fa\u671f\u9650\u306e\u5ef6\u9577\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u300c\u2462\u5ef6\u9577\u671f\u9593\u304c\u4e00\u9031\u9593\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u300c\u2463\u7406\u7531\u304c\u8155\u306e\u9aa8\u6298\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u300c\u2464\u4ed8\u968f\u72b6\u6cc1\u304c\u5165\u9662\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u306e\uff15\u70b9\u306b\u5206\u96e2\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u3092\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u6587\u306b\u8a70\u3081\u8fbc\u307e\u305a\u3001\u72b6\u6cc1\u8aac\u660e\u3068\u4f9d\u983c\u306e\u4e8c\u6bb5\u968e\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\u306e\u8a2d\u554f\u6307\u793a\u300c\u99c5\u306e\u6848\u5185\u4fc2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6e2f\u306b\uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff13\uff10\u307e\u3067\u306b\u7740\u304f\u65b9\u6cd5\u3092\u3001\u5217\u8eca\u540d\u3001\u51fa\u767a\u6642\u523b\u3001\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u3001\u7279\u6025\u5238\u306e\u8cfc\u5165\u3092\u542b\u3081\u3066\u8aac\u660e\u305b\u3088\u300d\u3092\u5206\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8981\u4ef6\u306f\u300c\u2460\u6848\u5185\u4fc2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u300d\u300c\u2461\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3068\u5230\u7740\u5236\u9650\u6642\u523b\uff08Airport \/ by 14:30\uff09\u300d\u300c\u2462\u5229\u7528\u3059\u308b\u5217\u8eca\u540d\u300d\u300c\u2463\u767a\u8eca\u6642\u523b\u300d\u300c\u2464\u540c\u3058\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u3067\u306e\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u300d\u300c\u2465\u7279\u6025\u5238\u306e\u8cfc\u5165\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u300d\u306b\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306b\u5206\u7bc0\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u6f0f\u308c\u304c\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u62db\u304f\u69cb\u9020\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u6307\u793a\u3092\u6700\u5c0f\u5358\u4f4d\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3078\u3068\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306b\u5206\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff12. \u5236\u7d04\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u512a\u5148\u9806\u4f4d\u3065\u3051\u3068\u60c5\u5831\u968e\u5c64\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

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\u60c5\u5831\u968e\u5c64\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u62bd\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8981\u4ef6\u7fa4\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u4e3b\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u306a\u3059\u300c\u7a76\u6975\u306e\u4f1d\u9054\u4e8b\u9805\uff08Primary Assertion\uff09\u300d\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4f9d\u983c\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u4f9d\u983c\u884c\u70ba\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3001\u53cd\u8ad6\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6307\u6458\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3053\u308c\u306b\u8a72\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u6210\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u300c\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8ad6\u62e0\uff08Direct Ground\uff09\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c\u4ed8\u5e2f\u7684\u5236\u7d04\uff08Peripheral Constraints\uff09\u300d\u3092\u526f\u6b21\u8981\u7d20\u3068\u3057\u3066\u968e\u5c64\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e2d\u6838\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u7bc0\uff08\u72ec\u7acb\u7bc0\uff09\u306b\u3001\u526f\u6b21\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3078\u3068\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u5b8c\u4e86\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\uff12. \u767a\u8a71\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027\u3068\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\uff08\u4f7f\u7528\u57df\uff09\u306e\u540c\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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\uff12.\uff11. \u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u30fb\u6a29\u529b\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u5206\u6790\u3068\u6587\u4f53\u5ea7\u6a19\u306e\u7279\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u82f1\u8a9e\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u6bd4\u3079\u3066\u656c\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u4e4f\u3057\u304f\u3001\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8aa4\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u570f\u306e\u5b66\u8853\u30fb\u516c\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\uff08social distance\uff09\u3068\u6a29\u529b\u683c\u5dee\uff08power asymmetry\uff09\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u4f7f\u3044\u5206\u3051\u304c\u8ab2\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u304c\u6559\u6388\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u4f9d\u983c\u3092\u884c\u3046\u5834\u5408\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u9593\u306b\u306f\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u7acb\u5834\u306e\u975e\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u8868\u73fe\uff08I want you to… \/ Please extend…\uff09\u306f\u5c0a\u5927\u306a\u8981\u6c42\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u3089\u308c\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u5931\u6557\uff08pragmatic failure\uff09\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3002\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u99c5\u306e\u6848\u5185\u4fc2\u304c\u4e57\u5ba2\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u3067\u306f\u3001\u904e\u5ea6\u306a\u3078\u308a\u304f\u3060\u308a\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u660e\u77ad\u304b\u3064\u793c\u7bc0\u3092\u4fdd\u3063\u305f\u516c\u7684\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u9593\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027\u3092\u300c\u89aa\u758e\u300d\u300c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u300d\u300c\u516c\u79c1\u300d\u306e\u4e09\u8ef8\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b\u6587\u4f53\u5ea7\u6a19\u7a7a\u9593\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3065\u3051\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5ea7\u6a19\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u8a00\u8a9e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u5c0e\u51fa\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u4f53\u5ea7\u6a19\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u306b\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u767a\u8a71\u8005\uff08\u81ea\u5df1\u306e\u5f79\u5272\uff09\u3068\u805e\u304d\u624b\uff08\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u5f79\u5272\uff09\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u5b66\u751f\u3068\u6559\u54e1\u300d\u300c\u99c5\u4fc2\u54e1\u3068\u4e57\u5ba2\u300d\u300c\u6279\u8a55\u5bb6\u3068\u4e00\u822c\u8aad\u8005\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u304c\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027\u3092\u300c\u6a29\u529b\u683c\u5dee\u306e\u6709\u7121\uff08\u4e0a\u4e0b\u95a2\u4fc2\uff09\u300d\u300c\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\uff08\u89aa\u5bc6\u304b\u758e\u9060\u304b\uff09\u300d\u300c\u5834\u9762\u306e\u516c\u7684\u6027\u8cea\uff08\u516c\u7684\u6587\u66f8\u304b\u79c1\u7684\u5bfe\u8a71\u304b\uff09\u300d\u306e\u4e09\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u7167\u3089\u3057\u3066\u8a55\u4fa1\u3057\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u3092\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u6c34\u6e96\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u3092\u8a31\u5bb9\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6587\uff08\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u3001\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u3001\u9593\u63a5\u7591\u554f\u6587\u7b49\uff09\u3068\u6392\u9664\u3059\u3079\u304d\u8868\u73fe\uff08\u77ed\u7e2e\u5f62\u3001\u53e3\u8a9e\u30b9\u30e9\u30f3\u30b0\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u547d\u4ee4\u6587\u7b49\uff09\u306e\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u3092\u753b\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u5b66\u751f\u304b\u3089\u6559\u6388\u3078\u306e\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\uff08\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff15\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff15\u554f\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6587\u4f53\u5ea7\u6a19\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6a29\u529b\u683c\u5dee\u306f\u300c\u4e0a\u300d\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u306f\u300c\u758e\u9060\u30fb\u516c\u7684\u300d\u3001\u5834\u9762\u306f\u300c\u516c\u5f0f\u306a\u66f8\u7c21\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6700\u3082\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u5ea6\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u3001\u77ed\u7e2e\u5f62\uff08I’m \/ don’t\uff09\u306e\u539f\u5247\u7981\u6b62\u3001\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u4f9d\u983c\u69cb\u6587\uff08I would be extremely grateful if you could…\uff09\u306e\u63a1\u7528\u304c\u7fa9\u52d9\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u99c5\u306e\u6848\u5185\u4fc2\u304b\u3089\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u3078\u306e\u53e3\u982d\u30fb\u66f8\u9762\u6848\u5185\uff08\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6587\u4f53\u5ea7\u6a19\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6a29\u529b\u683c\u5dee\u306f\u300c\u5bfe\u7b49\u300d\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u306f\u300c\u516c\u7684\u300d\u3001\u5834\u9762\u306f\u300c\u5b9f\u52d9\u7684\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u904e\u5ea6\u306e\u5351\u5c48\u3055\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u660e\u77ad\u6027\u3068\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u3092\u6700\u512a\u5148\u3068\u3059\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u30fb\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\uff08You should take… \/ Please be sure to purchase…\uff09\u304c\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u8a55\u8ad6\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\uff08\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6587\u4f53\u5ea7\u6a19\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6a29\u529b\u683c\u5dee\u306f\u5b58\u5728\u305b\u305a\u3001\u5834\u9762\u306f\u300c\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u306e\u904e\u5ea6\u306a\u8868\u51fa\u3092\u6291\u5236\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u975e\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\uff08The argument is logically flawed because… \/ This discrepancy demonstrates that…\uff09\u304c\u9078\u629e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u6559\u6388\u3078\u306e\u4f9d\u983c\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u5192\u982d\u3067\u3001\u89aa\u3057\u307f\u3092\u8fbc\u3081\u308b\u610f\u56f3\u304b\u3089 “Hi Professor! How are you doing? I need more time for my essay because I broke my arm.” \u3068\u66f8\u304d\u51fa\u3059\u51e6\u7406\u306f\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u7834\u7dbb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u306f\u3001\u53cb\u4eba\u9593\u3067\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b\u6975\u3081\u3066\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u306a\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u4e0a\u4e0b\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u3042\u308b\u516c\u7684\u5834\u9762\u306b\u6301\u3061\u8fbc\u3093\u3067\u304a\u308a\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u914d\u616e\u3092\u6b20\u304f\u3002\u6587\u4f53\u5ea7\u6a19\u306e\u5206\u6790\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001\u516c\u5f0f\u306a\u656c\u79f0\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u5b9b\u5148\uff08Dear Professor [Family Name],\uff09\u3001\u4e01\u5be7\u306a\u72b6\u6cc1\u5831\u544a\uff08I am writing to respectfully inform you that I have unfortunately sustained a fracture to my arm…\uff09\u3078\u3068\u5168\u9762\u7684\u306b\u66f8\u304d\u63db\u3048\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u6587\u4f53\u5ea7\u6a19\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u8df5\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff12. \u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u8a9e\u5f59\u9078\u629e\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u5f62\u5f0f\u306e\u7d71\u5236<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u4f53\u5ea7\u6a19\u304c\u5b9a\u307e\u3063\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\u3084\u6587\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u3079\u304d\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u611f\u899a\u7684\u306a\u5224\u65ad\u306b\u983c\u308b\u3068\u6587\u4f53\u306e\u4e0d\u7d71\u4e00\uff08register clash\uff09\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u6975\u5ea6\u306b\u5f62\u5f0f\u5f35\u3063\u305f\u8a9e\u5f59\u3068\u53e3\u8a9e\u7684\u306a\u53e5\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u6df7\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u54c1\u683c\u3068\u8aac\u5f97\u529b\u304c\u640d\u306a\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u306a\u6587\u4f53\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30f3\u30b0\u30ed\u30b5\u30af\u30bd\u30f3\u7cfb\u306e\u5358\u7d14\u52d5\u8a5e\u3084\u53e5\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08get, buy, ask for, fix\uff09\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u30fb\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u8a9e\u7cfb\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u5b66\u8853\u8a9e\u5f59\uff08obtain, purchase, request, resolve\uff09\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u50be\u5411\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u80fd\u52d5\u614b\u306b\u3088\u308b\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8a00\u53ca\u3088\u308a\u3082\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u3084\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u304c\u597d\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3002\u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3057\u305f\u8a9e\u5f59\u4f53\u7cfb\u3092\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u3066\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u5236\u529b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a9e\u5f59\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u7d71\u5236\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4f1d\u3048\u305f\u3044\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u300c\u983c\u3080\u300d\u300c\u9045\u308c\u308b\u300d\u300c\u58ca\u308c\u308b\u300d\u300c\u8cb7\u3046\u300d\u7b49\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u8907\u6570\u306e\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\u7fa4\u3092\u60f3\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u6587\u4f53\u5ea7\u6a19\u306e\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u6c34\u6e96\u3068\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3001\u8a9e\u7fa4\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u9069\u5207\u306a\u4f7f\u7528\u57df\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u5f59\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u53e3\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u3001\u4fd7\u8a9e\u3001\u77ed\u7e2e\u5f62\u306f\u9ad8\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u9078\u629e\u3057\u305f\u8a9e\u5f59\u304c\u524d\u5f8c\u306e\u8a9e\u3068\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u5171\u8d77\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08collocation\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u6587\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u9055\u548c\u611f\u3084\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u6469\u64e6\u304c\u751f\u3058\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u300c\u671f\u9650\u3092\u5ef6\u3070\u3059\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u306a “push back the deadline” \u3084 “give me more time” \u3092\u9000\u3051\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30fb\u516c\u7684\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b “extend the deadline by one week” \u307e\u305f\u306f “grant an extension of one week” \u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u300c\u7279\u6025\u5238\u3092\u8cb7\u3046\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6307\u793a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u306a “buy an express ticket” \u3082\u8a31\u5bb9\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u516c\u7684\u6848\u5185\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3088\u308a\u54c1\u683c\u306e\u3042\u308b “purchase a limited express surcharge ticket” \u3084 “ensure that you obtain an express ticket beforehand” \u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u6848\u5185\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u6027\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u300c\u8a08\u7b97\u304c\u9593\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6307\u6458\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u306a “The calculation is totally wrong” \u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6279\u5224\u306b\u3075\u3055\u308f\u3057\u3044 “The numerical reasoning is fundamentally flawed” \u3084 “The conclusion does not follow from the premise” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8a9e\u5f59\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u6559\u6388\u3078\u306e\u4f9d\u983c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 “I am writing to request an extension, and I want this because my arm is broken, so fix the date ASAP.” \u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u885d\u7a81\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u524d\u534a\u306e “I am writing to request an extension” \u306f\u9069\u5207\u306a\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u5ea6\u3092\u4fdd\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5f8c\u534a\u306e “I want this” \u3084 “ASAP” \u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u6587\u5185\u3067\u6587\u4f53\u304c\u5d29\u58ca\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7d71\u5236\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001”I am writing to request an extension on my term paper. Due to a sudden fracture in my arm, I am currently hospitalized and unable to type. Therefore, I would be most grateful if you could allow me to submit it one week later.” \u3068\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u305f\u9ad8\u6b21\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u3078\u7d71\u4e00\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6587\u8108\u306b\u5373\u3057\u305f\u8a9e\u5f59\u9078\u629e\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u5f62\u5f0f\u306e\u7d71\u5236\u6280\u8853\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13. \u6642\u9593\u7684\u30fb\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u6642\u523b\u307e\u3067\u306b\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u306b\u5230\u7740\u3059\u308b\u7d4c\u8def\u3084\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u304b\u3089\u672a\u6765\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u7d99\u8d77\u9806\u5e8f\u306a\u3069\u3001\u6642\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u306a\u5236\u7d04\u304c\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u7d61\u307f\u5408\u3046\u8ab2\u984c\u304c\u983b\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\u306e\u6642\u523b\u8868\u8aad\u89e3\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u6848\u5185\u6587\u4f5c\u6210\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9f\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u3068\u3082\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u6642\u5236\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3078\u3068\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5199\u50cf\uff08\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\uff09\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u6307\u793a\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u5b9f\u7528\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7834\u7dbb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6642\u9593\u7684\u30fb\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u8aa4\u308a\u306a\u304f\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u843d\u3068\u3057\u8fbc\u3080\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff11. \u6642\u523b\u8868\u30fb\u7a7a\u9593\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7167\u5408\u3068\u7d4c\u8def\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6642\u523b\u8868\u3084\u5730\u56f3\u304b\u3089\u6700\u9069\u306a\u89e3\u7b54\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\u4f5c\u696d\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u529b\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u51e6\u7406\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u306e\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u306e\u51fa\u984c\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300c\u7a7a\u6e2f\u306b\uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff13\uff10\u307e\u3067\u306b\u5230\u7740\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u6642\u9593\u5236\u7d04\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u305f\u3002\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5217\u8eca\u306e\u30c0\u30a4\u30e4\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u666e\u901a\u5217\u8eca Local 250 \u306e\u76f4\u901a\u904b\u8ee2\u3067\u306f\u7a7a\u6e2f\u7740\u304c\uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff13\uff15\u3068\u306a\u308a\u5236\u9650\u6642\u523b\u3092\uff15\u5206\u8d85\u904e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u7279\u6025\u5217\u8eca Express 12 \u3082\uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff14\uff10\u7740\u3067\u3042\u308a\u9593\u306b\u5408\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u901a\u306e\u8a98\u60d1\u3092\u9000\u3051\u3001\u9014\u4e2d\u306e Central Station \u3067\u5148\u884c\u306e\u7279\u6025 Express 11\uff08\uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff10\uff15\u767a\u3001\u7a7a\u6e2f\uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff12\uff15\u7740\uff09\u3078\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8907\u5408\u7d4c\u8def\u306e\u307f\u304c\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u6b63\u89e3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u300c\u540c\u3058\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u53cd\u5bfe\u5074\u3067\u306e\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u300d\u300c\u7279\u6025\u5238\u306e\u4e8b\u524d\u8cfc\u5165\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u30fb\u624b\u7d9a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6574\u5408\u7684\u306b\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u307e\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u9053\u7b4b\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u7d44\u307f\u7acb\u3066\u308b\u898f\u5f8b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6642\u7a7a\u9593\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u51e6\u7406\u3057\u7d4c\u8def\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u9054\u6210\u3059\u3079\u304d\u6700\u7d42\u76ee\u6a19\uff08Goal\uff09\u3068\u5883\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\uff08Deadline \/ Boundary conditions\uff09\u3092\u6570\u7406\u7684\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff13\uff10\u7740\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30c7\u30c3\u30c9\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u304c\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff08\u5404\u5217\u8eca\u306e\u904b\u884c\u30c0\u30a4\u30e4\uff09\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u6bb5\u3067\u76ee\u6a19\u304c\u9054\u6210\u53ef\u80fd\u304b\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u9054\u6210\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u3084\u8fc2\u56de\u3092\u542b\u3080\u8907\u5408\u7684\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u30b7\u30df\u30e5\u30ec\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3057\u3001\u5883\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7d4c\u8def\u306b\u4ed8\u968f\u3059\u308b\u624b\u7d9a\u7684\u8981\u4ef6\uff08\u4e57\u63db\u99c5\u3001\u756a\u7dda\u3001\u5207\u7b26\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u6848\u5185\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u8a00\u53ca\u3059\u3079\u304d\u5fc5\u9808\u4e8b\u9805\u306e\u9806\u5e8f\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\u306e\u904b\u884c\u30c0\u30a4\u30e4\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fbLocal 250: Central Station \uff11\uff13\uff1a\uff14\uff10\u7740\uff08\uff13\u756a\u7dda\uff09\uff0f\uff11\uff13\uff1a\uff14\uff15\u767a\uff08\uff13\u756a\u7dda\uff09 \u2192 Airport \uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff13\uff15\u7740<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fbExpress 11: Central Station \uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff10\uff15\u767a\uff08\uff14\u756a\u7dda\uff09 \u2192 Airport \uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff12\uff15\u7740<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fbExpress 12: Central Station \uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff11\uff10\u7740\uff08\uff14\u756a\u7dda\uff09\uff0f\uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff12\uff10\u767a\uff08\uff14\u756a\u7dda\uff09 \u2192 Airport \uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff14\uff10\u7740<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76f4\u901a\u3059\u308b Local 250 \u3067\u306f\u9593\u306b\u5408\u308f\u305a\u3001Central Station \u3067\uff14\u756a\u7dda\u306b\u79fb\u52d5\u3057\u3066 Express 11 \u306b\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u308b\u7d4c\u8def\u306e\u307f\u304c\uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff12\uff15\u306b\u5230\u7740\u3057\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u4e57\u63db\u99c5\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002Local 250 \u306f\uff13\u756a\u7dda\u306b\u5230\u7740\u3057\u3001Express 11 \u306f\uff14\u756a\u7dda\u304b\u3089\u51fa\u767a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u300c\u540c\u3058\u30d7\u30e9\u30c3\u30c8\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u53cd\u5bfe\u5074\uff08across the same platform\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7269\u7406\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308a\u3001\u968e\u6bb5\u3084\u6539\u672d\u3092\u7d4c\u7531\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5229\u4fbf\u6027\u3092\u6848\u5185\u306b\u542b\u3081\u308b\u3079\u304d\u4ed8\u52a0\u4fa1\u5024\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u624b\u7d9a\u7684\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7279\u6025\u5217\u8eca\uff08Express\uff09\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4e57\u8eca\u5238\u306e\u307b\u304b\u306b\u7279\u6025\u5238\uff08Express surcharge ticket\uff09\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u99c5\u54e1\u3068\u3057\u3066\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u306b\u3053\u306e\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u6020\u3089\u305b\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u3001\u300c\u51fa\u767a\u524d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e57\u63db\u524d\u306b\u7279\u6025\u5238\u3092\u8cfc\u5165\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fc5\u9808\u6307\u793a\u4e8b\u9805\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u30c0\u30a4\u30e4\u306e\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u7d42\u7740\u6642\u523b\u306e\u307f\u3092\u898b\u3066\u300cLocal 250 \u306b\u4e57\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u306a\u3057\u3067\u5feb\u9069\u306b\u884c\u3051\u307e\u3059\u300d\u3068\u6848\u5185\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff13\uff10\u307e\u3067\u306b\u5230\u7740\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d76\u5bfe\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3057\u305f\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8a2d\u554f\u304c\u8ab2\u3057\u305f\u5236\u9650\u6642\u9593\u3092\uff15\u5206\u3067\u3082\u8d85\u904e\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u6848\u5185\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5b9f\u7528\u6027\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5931\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u5fe0\u5b9f\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u76f4\u901a\u3092\u65ad\u5ff5\u3057\u3066 Central Station \u3067\u306e\u7279\u6025\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u3092\u6307\u793a\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u6210\u3078\u3068\u629c\u672c\u7684\u306b\u4fee\u6b63\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6642\u7a7a\u9593\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304b\u3089\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u51e6\u7406\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff12. \u6642\u9593\u306e\u524d\u982d\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u4f4d\u7f6e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7d4c\u8def\u3084\u6642\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u5909\u63db\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3084\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u9078\u629e\u3092\u8aa4\u308b\u3068\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u6b6a\u3093\u3067\u4f1d\u9054\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u671f\u9650\u3092\u8868\u3059 “by” \u3068\u7d99\u7d9a\u3092\u8868\u3059 “until” \u306e\u6df7\u540c\u3001\u5230\u7740\u3092\u8868\u3059 “at” \u3068\u7d4c\u7531\u3092\u8868\u3059 “via” \u306e\u4f7f\u3044\u5206\u3051\u3001\u540c\u3058\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u3067\u306e\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u3092\u8868\u3059\u7a7a\u9593\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u904b\u7528\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u52d5\u4f5c\u304c\u9023\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u751f\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u6587\u3092\u5358\u306b\u4e26\u5217\u3059\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6642\u9593\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u3092\u793a\u3059\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\uff08First, Then, After that\uff09\u3084\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\uff08Before boarding\uff09\u3092\u99c6\u4f7f\u3057\u3066\u3001\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u304c\u8ff7\u308f\u305a\u306b\u5b9f\u884c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u9053\u7b4b\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6642\u7a7a\u9593\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5404\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u751f\u8d77\u6642\u70b9\u3068\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593\u3092\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u3001\u9069\u5207\u306a\u6642\u9593\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\uff08by 14:30 \/ at 13:40 \/ in 20 minutes \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u308b\u3002\u671f\u9650\u306b\u306f by \u3092\u7528\u3044\u3001\u7d99\u7d9a\u306b\u306f until \u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5cfb\u5225\u3092\u53b3\u683c\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u79fb\u52d5\u3068\u4f4d\u7f6e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8868\u3059\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\uff08on the opposite side of \/ across from \/ at Platform 4 \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u3001\u7269\u7406\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u306e\u30a4\u30e1\u30fc\u30b8\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u300c\u4e57\u8eca \u2192 \u5230\u7740 \u2192 \u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048 \u2192 \u5207\u7b26\u8cfc\u5165 \u2192 \u5230\u7740\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6642\u9593\u7684\u7dda\u5f62\u9806\u5e8f\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u3066\u7bc0\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u3068\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u53ef\u8aad\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u300c\uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff13\uff10\u307e\u3067\u306b\u7a7a\u6e2f\u306b\u7740\u304f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u3059\u308b\u3002”until 14:30″ \u306f\u305d\u306e\u6642\u523b\u307e\u3067\u5230\u7740\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u306a\u610f\u5473\u306b\u306a\u308b\u305f\u3081\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u671f\u9650\u3092\u793a\u3059\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066 “reach the airport by 14:30” \u307e\u305f\u306f “arrive at the airport no later than 14:30” \u3068\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u300c\uff13\u756a\u7dda\u306b\u7740\u3044\u3066\uff14\u756a\u7dda\u306b\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7a7a\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u3059\u308b\u3002”When you arrive at Platform 3 on Local 250, you should cross over to Platform 4 on the other side of the same platform” \u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u30d7\u30e9\u30c3\u30c8\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30e0\u4e0a\u3067\u306e\u5e73\u9762\u79fb\u52d5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u300c\u7279\u6025\u5238\u3092\u8cb7\u308f\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7fa9\u52d9\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u9069\u5207\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307f\u3001”Please remember that you must purchase an express surcharge ticket before boarding Express 11″ \u3068\u6ce8\u610f\u559a\u8d77\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u6848\u5185\u3092 “You ride Local 250 and go to Central Station and take Express 11 until 14:30 and buy ticket” \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u7c97\u96d1\u306a and \u3067\u63a5\u7d9a\u3057\u305f\u5358\u6587\u306e\u7f85\u5217\u3067\u6e08\u307e\u305b\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u6027\u304c\u6b20\u5982\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u4f4e\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u514d\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001”To arrive at the airport by 14:30, you should first take the Local 250 departing at 13:40 and get off at Central Station at 13:40. There, simply cross to Platform 4 on the same platform to transfer to the Express 11 departing at 14:05. Please be sure to purchase an express surcharge ticket before boarding; this train will get you to the airport at 14:25, well before your deadline.” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8ac7\u8a71\u3078\u3068\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6642\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u3068\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u843d\u3068\u3057\u8fbc\u3080\u5b9f\u8df5\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14. \u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u3068\u53cd\u8ad6\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u5316<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8b70\u8ad6\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6b20\u9665\uff08logical fallacy\uff09\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3001\u6570\u5024\u3084\u53cd\u4f8b\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u305d\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u306f\u3001\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u7279\u6709\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u601d\u8003\u529b\u3092\u6700\u3082\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u554f\u3046\u5f62\u5f0f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306b\u76f4\u611f\u7684\u306b\u9055\u548c\u611f\u3092\u899a\u3048\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u3069\u3053\u306b\u98db\u8e8d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u53cd\u99c1\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5178\u578b\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u898b\u629c\u304d\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u8ad6\u99c1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u5316\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff11. \u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u540c\u5b9a\u3068\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5206\u985e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u308a\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u307e\u305a\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u300c\u524d\u63d0\uff08Premise\uff09\u300d\u3068\u300c\u7d50\u8ad6\uff08Conclusion\uff09\u300d\u306b\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u9593\u306b\u6a2a\u305f\u308f\u308b\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u98db\u8e8d\uff08gap\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff11\uff09\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6210\u4eba\u306e\uff19\uff18\uff05\u304c\u82b8\u8853\u6620\u753b\u3092\u597d\u307f\u3001\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u306e\uff17\uff10\uff05\u304c\u559c\u5287\u3092\u597d\u3080\u3002\u6620\u753b\u9928\u306e\u89b3\u5ba2\u306f\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u304c\uff16\uff12\uff05\u3001\u6210\u4eba\u304c\uff13\uff18\uff05\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6700\u3082\u4eba\u6c17\u306e\u3042\u308b\u6620\u753b\u306f\u82b8\u8853\u6620\u753b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8b70\u8ad6\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306f\u3001\u5404\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9078\u597d\u7387\uff08percentage within a subgroup\uff09\u3092\u3001\u89b3\u5ba2\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u652f\u6301\u6570\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5168\u4f53\u6bd4\u7387\uff08proportion of the total audience\uff09\u3068\u77ed\u7d61\u3055\u305b\u305f\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u540c\u554f\uff08\uff12\uff09\u306e\u300c\u8db3\u306e\u306a\u3044\u751f\u304d\u7269\u306f\u86c7\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u751f\u304d\u7269\u306b\u306f\u8db3\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3053\u308c\u306f\u86c7\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u63a8\u8ad6\u306f\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u5f8c\u4ef6\u80af\u5b9a\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\uff08fallacy of affirming the consequent\uff09\u300d\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5168\u79f0\u547d\u984c\u306e\u9006\u306e\u8aa4\u7528\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u898b\u629c\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306e\u5206\u985e\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u300c\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u524d\u63d0\u300d\u3068\u300c\u5c0e\u304d\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7d50\u8ad6\u300d\u306b\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5206\u7bc0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e Therefore \u3084 Thus \u306e\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u547d\u984c\u304c\u7d50\u8ad6\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u304b\u3089\u7d50\u8ad6\u3078\u306e\u63a8\u8ad6\u904e\u7a0b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3084\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u98db\u8e8d\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u90e8\u5206\u96c6\u5408\u306e\u5272\u5408\u3068\u5168\u4f53\u6570\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u300d\u300c\u76f8\u95a2\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u300d\u300c\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u300d\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u306b\u8a72\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u6279\u5224\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u53cd\u8a3c\u306e\u5f62\u614b\uff08\u6570\u5024\u7684\u518d\u8a08\u7b97\u304b\u3001\u53cd\u4f8b\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u304b\uff09\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff11\uff09\u306e\u6bd4\u7387\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u300c\u6210\u4eba\u6bd4\u7387\uff13\uff18\uff05\u3001\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u6bd4\u7387\uff16\uff12\uff05\u300d\u300c\u6210\u4eba\u5185\u3067\u306e\u82b8\u8853\u6620\u753b\u9078\u597d\u7387\uff19\uff18\uff05\u300d\u300c\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u5185\u3067\u306e\u559c\u5287\u9078\u597d\u7387\uff17\uff10\uff05\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7d50\u8ad6\u306f\u300c\u82b8\u8853\u6620\u753b\u304c\u5168\u4f53\u3067\u6700\u3082\u4eba\u6c17\u304c\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u672c\u8cea\u306f\u3001\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u306e\u4eba\u53e3\u898f\u6a21\uff08\uff16\uff12\uff05\uff09\u304c\u6210\u4eba\u306e\u898f\u6a21\uff08\uff13\uff18\uff05\uff09\u3092\u5927\u304d\u304f\u4e0a\u56de\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3001\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u5185\u306e\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c6\u30fc\u30b8\u306e\u307f\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u305f\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u53cd\u8a3c\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u306f\u300c\u5168\u4f53\u6bd4\u7387\u306e\u7b97\u51fa\u300d\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff12\uff09\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u524d\u63d0\u306f\u300c\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u86c7\u306f\u8db3\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044\uff08All snakes are legless.\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u89b3\u5bdf\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306f\u300c\u3053\u306e\u751f\u7269\u306f\u8db3\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044\uff08This creature is legless.\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7d50\u8ad6\u306f\u300c\u3053\u306e\u751f\u7269\u306f\u86c7\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08Therefore, this creature is a snake.\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u672c\u8cea\u306f\u3001\u547d\u984c\u300cA\u306a\u3089\u3070B\u300d\u304c\u771f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u305d\u306e\u9006\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300cB\u306a\u3089\u3070A\u300d\u3082\u771f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3057\u305f\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u53cd\u8a3c\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u306f\u300c\u8db3\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044\u304c\u86c7\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u751f\u7269\uff08\u53cd\u4f8b\uff09\u300d\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u76f8\u95a2\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u30a2\u30a4\u30b9\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u58f2\u4e0a\u304c\u5897\u3048\u308b\u3068\u6c34\u96e3\u4e8b\u6545\u304c\u5897\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u30a2\u30a4\u30b9\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u6442\u53d6\u304c\u6c34\u96e3\u4e8b\u6545\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8b70\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u672c\u8cea\u306f\u300c\u590f\u5b63\u306e\u6c17\u6e29\u4e0a\u6607\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u4ea4\u7d61\u5909\u6570\uff08confounding variable\uff09\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3057\u3001\u5171\u8d77\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u540c\u4e00\u8996\u3057\u305f\u70b9\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u53cd\u8a3c\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u306f\u300c\u5171\u901a\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u306e\u6307\u6458\u300d\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u6620\u753b\u9928\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u300c\u6620\u753b\u9928\u306b\u6765\u308b\u5ba2\u306e\u597d\u307f\u306f\u4eba\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\u82b8\u8853\u6620\u753b\u304c\u4e00\u756a\u3068\u306f\u8a00\u3048\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u611f\u899a\u7684\u306b\u53cd\u8ad6\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u306a\u53cd\u99c1\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u53cd\u8ad6\u306f\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6570\u5024\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u4e00\u5207\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6349\u3048\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6bd4\u7387\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u89b3\u5ba2\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u5360\u3081\u308b\u5272\u5408\u3092\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u559c\u5287\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff08\u7d04\uff14\uff13.\uff14\uff05\uff09\u304c\u82b8\u8853\u6620\u753b\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff08\u7d04\uff13\uff17.\uff12\uff05\uff09\u3092\u4e0a\u56de\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306b\u5206\u985e\u30fb\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff12. \u6570\u5024\u7684\u518d\u69cb\u6210\u3068\u53cd\u4f8b\u63d0\u793a\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7d44\u307f\u7acb\u3066\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6570\u5024\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u8ad6\u7834\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u63d0\u793a \u2192 \u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u6570\u5024\u306e\u7b97\u51fa\u30fb\u5bfe\u6bd4 \u2192 \u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u4e0d\u5f53\u6027\u306e\u6307\u6458\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u3068\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u8ad6\u7834\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u306e\u5bb9\u8a8d \u2192 \u547d\u984c\u306e\u9006\u306e\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u306e\u6307\u6458 \u2192 \u53cd\u4f8b\uff08counterexample\uff09\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u306b\u3088\u308b\u53cd\u8a3c\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u80cc\u7406\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u3068\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u5b9a\u578b\u69cb\u6587\u3068\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8a66\u9a13\u6642\u9593\u5185\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8ff7\u3044\u306a\u304f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8ad6\u8a3c\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u53cd\u99c1\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u91dd\u3092\u300c\u6570\u5024\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a3c\u660e\uff08Mathematical Refutation\uff09\u300d\u304b\u300c\u53cd\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a3c\u660e\uff08Refutation by Counterexample\uff09\u300d\u304b\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u4e09\u6bb5\u69cb\u6210\uff08\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u306e\u660e\u793a \u2192 \u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0\u306e\u5c55\u958b \u2192 \u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u518d\u5426\u5b9a\uff09\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5404\u6bb5\u968e\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u5b9a\u578b\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\uff08However, In fact, For instance, Therefore\uff09\u3068\u7d71\u8a9e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u6570\u5024\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\uff08\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff11\uff09\uff09\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u7b2c\uff11\u6bb5\u968e\uff08\u6307\u6458\uff09\uff1a”The argument is flawed because it fails to consider the difference in group sizes.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u7b2c\uff12\u6bb5\u968e\uff08\u7b97\u51fa\uff09\uff1a”While 98% of adults prefer art films, adults make up only 38% of the audience, which equals about 37.2% of the total. In contrast, 70% of minors prefer comedies, and since minors represent 62%, they account for about 43.4% of the total audience.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u7b2c\uff13\u6bb5\u968e\uff08\u7d50\u8ad6\uff09\uff1a”Therefore, comedy films are actually supported by a larger portion of the total audience than art films.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\uff08\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff12\uff09\uff09\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u7b2c\uff11\u6bb5\u968e\uff08\u6307\u6458\uff09\uff1a”The reasoning is logically invalid because having no legs is a necessary characteristic of snakes, but not a sufficient one.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u7b2c\uff12\u6bb5\u968e\uff08\u53cd\u4f8b\uff09\uff1a”There are other creatures that lack legs but are not snakes; for example, an earthworm or a legless lizard has no legs.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u7b2c\uff13\u6bb5\u968e\uff08\u7d50\u8ad6\uff09\uff1a”Thus, the mere absence of legs does not prove that the creature is a snake.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u4ea4\u7d61\u5909\u6570\u306b\u3088\u308b\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u7b2c\uff11\u6bb5\u968e\uff08\u6307\u6458\uff09\uff1a”The conclusion falsely assumes a direct causal link between two variables that merely correlate.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u7b2c\uff12\u6bb5\u968e\uff08\u8981\u56e0\uff09\uff1a”Both events are likely driven by a common underlying factor; specifically, higher summer temperatures increase both ice cream sales and swimming activities.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u7b2c\uff13\u6bb5\u968e\uff08\u7d50\u8ad6\uff09\uff1a”Hence, the correlation does not justify the claim that one causes the other.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u53cd\u4f8b\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b “The argument is wrong because I know some legless animals like fish and whales.” \u3068\u5358\u6587\u3067\u6e08\u307e\u305b\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3092\u6b20\u304f\u3002\u53cd\u8a3c\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u547d\u984c\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7834\u7dbb\uff08\u9006\u306f\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u771f\u306a\u3089\u305a\uff09\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001”The argument commits a logical fallacy because while all snakes are legless, not all legless creatures are snakes. For instance, an earthworm has no legs, yet it is obviously not a snake. Therefore, one cannot conclude that a creature is a snake simply because it lacks legs.” \u3068\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u9023\u9396\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u8ad6\u7834\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15. \u6848\u5185\u30fb\u6307\u793a\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u968e\u5c64\u3068\u53d7\u76ca\u8005\u8996\u70b9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5b9f\u52d9\u7684\u306a\u6848\u5185\u6587\u3084\u6307\u793a\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u304c\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u6f2b\u7136\u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u308b\u5074\uff08\u53d7\u76ca\u8005\u30fb\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u7b49\uff09\u306e\u8996\u70b9\u306b\u7acb\u3063\u3066\u3001\u884c\u52d5\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3092\u76f4\u89b3\u7684\u304b\u3064\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u6848\u5185\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u9806\u5e8f\u304c\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u9806\u5e8f\u3068\u9006\u884c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5fc5\u9808\u306e\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u304c\u672b\u5c3e\u306b\u8ffd\u3044\u3084\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5b9f\u7528\u7684\u306a\u6587\u7ae0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u304c\u640d\u306a\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u53d7\u76ca\u8005\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306b\u5408\u308f\u305b\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u968e\u5c64\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u3068\u3001\u6307\u793a\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u6027\u3092\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u306e\u6280\u8853\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff11. \u53d7\u76ca\u8005\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u305f\u7dda\u5f62\u60c5\u5831\u914d\u5217<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6848\u5185\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u5931\u6557\u306f\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u306b\u6574\u7406\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u53d7\u3051\u624b\u304c\u3069\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u3069\u306e\u9806\u5e8f\u3067\u53d6\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u304c\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u5224\u65ad\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u99c5\u3067\u306e\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u6848\u5185\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u306f\u300c\u2460\u307e\u305a\u4f55\u306b\u4e57\u308b\u304b\u300d\u300c\u2461\u3069\u3053\u3067\u964d\u308a\u308b\u304b\u300d\u300c\u2462\u3069\u3053\u3078\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u308b\u304b\u300d\u300c\u2463\u4f55\u3092\u7528\u610f\u3059\u3079\u304d\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a8d\u77e5\u306e\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u3066\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u671f\u5f85\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u306e\u982d\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u30e0\u306b\u51fa\u529b\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u306e\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u79fb\u52d5\u3068\u610f\u601d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u3066\u518d\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u7dda\u5f62\u914d\u5217\uff08linear arrangement\uff09\u3092\u63a1\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u9806\u5e8f\u6027\u304c\u5d29\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u306f\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u4f55\u5ea6\u3082\u884c\u304d\u6765\u3057\u3066\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u518d\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5f37\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53d7\u76ca\u8005\u8996\u70b9\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u914d\u5217\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u53d7\u76ca\u8005\u304c\u9054\u6210\u3059\u3079\u304d\u6700\u7d42\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3068\u5236\u9650\u6642\u9593\u3092\u5192\u982d\u6587\uff08\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e3b\u7bc0\uff09\u3067\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u76ee\u6a19\u3092\u5171\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u51fa\u767a\u304b\u3089\u5230\u7740\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u7269\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u6642\u9593\u7684\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u8981\u7d20\u306b\u5206\u89e3\u3057\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u306e\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u306b\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u9806\u5e8f\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5404\u884c\u52d5\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u90e8\u306b\u9806\u5e8f\u3092\u793a\u3059\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\uff08First, Next, At the station, Once you arrive \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u9593\u306e\u9077\u79fb\u3092\u6848\u5185\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u7a7a\u6e2f\u3078\u306e\u79fb\u52d5\u6848\u5185\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7dda\u5f62\u914d\u5217\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\uff11\uff08\u76ee\u6a19\u8a2d\u5b9a\uff09\uff1a”To reach the airport by 14:30, please follow these instructions.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\uff12\uff08\u6700\u521d\u306e\u4e57\u8eca\uff09\uff1a”First, take the Local 250 departing from this station at 13:40.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\uff13\uff08\u964d\u8eca\u3068\u4e57\u63db\uff09\uff1a”Get off at Central Station at 13:40, where you should cross directly to Platform 4 on the other side of the same platform.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\uff14\uff08\u7279\u6025\u3078\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\uff09\uff1a”There, board the Express 11 leaving at 14:05, which will bring you to the airport at 14:25.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u3067\u306e\u6587\u732e\u8907\u5199\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7dda\u5f62\u914d\u5217\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u2460\u691c\u7d22\u7aef\u672b\u3067\u306e\u6240\u8535\u7279\u5b9a \u2192 \u2461\u7533\u8acb\u66f8\u306e\u8a18\u5165 \u2192 \u2462\u30ab\u30a6\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u3078\u306e\u63d0\u51fa\u3068\u8a31\u53ef \u2192 \u2463\u6307\u5b9a\u7aef\u672b\u3067\u306e\u8907\u5199\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5229\u7528\u8005\u306e\u52d5\u7dda\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u5404\u6587\u3092\u914d\u5217\u3057\u3001\u4e8b\u524d\u306e\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u306a\u3057\u306b\u8907\u5199\u6a5f\u3078\u5411\u304b\u3046\u8aa4\u308a\u3092\u672a\u7136\u306b\u9632\u3050\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u30aa\u30f3\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u8a66\u9a13\u306e\u53d7\u9a13\u624b\u9806\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7dda\u5f62\u914d\u5217\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u2460\u958b\u59cb\uff11\uff15\u5206\u524d\u306e\u30ed\u30b0\u30a4\u30f3 \u2192 \u2461\u672c\u4eba\u78ba\u8a8d\u66f8\u985e\u306e\u30ab\u30e1\u30e9\u63d0\u793a \u2192 \u2462\u30de\u30a4\u30af\u3068\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8 \u2192 \u2463\u8a66\u9a13\u958b\u59cb\u30dc\u30bf\u30f3\u306e\u62bc\u4e0b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6642\u9593\u7d4c\u904e\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u3066\u6307\u793a\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u3001\u53d7\u691c\u8005\u306e\u4e0d\u5b89\u3092\u4f4e\u6e1b\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u6848\u5185\u6587\u306e\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u601d\u3044\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b “By the way, you need an express ticket for the train, and you must reach the airport by 14:30, but first get on Local 250.” \u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u306f\u3001\u8a8d\u77e5\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7121\u8996\u3057\u305f\u7834\u7dbb\u3057\u305f\u6848\u5185\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u6642\u9593\u7684\u30fb\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u4f9d\u5b58\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u76ee\u6a19\u3092\u6587\u982d\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u3001\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u9806\u5e8f\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u3066\u4e00\u6587\u4e00\u52d5\u4f5c\u306e\u539f\u5247\u3067\u518d\u914d\u5217\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u53d7\u76ca\u8005\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u52d5\u7dda\u306b\u6574\u5408\u3057\u305f\u7dda\u5f62\u60c5\u5831\u914d\u5217\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff12. \u6307\u793a\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u6027\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u914d\u7f6e\u3068\u5f37\u8abf\u6280\u6cd5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6848\u5185\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9805\u3084\u5fc5\u9808\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u7279\u6025\u5238\u306e\u8cfc\u5165\u3001\u4e57\u63db\u756a\u7dda\u7b49\uff09\u304c\u4ed6\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u57cb\u3082\u308c\u3066\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u4e8b\u614b\u3092\u9632\u6b62\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u7d71\u8a9e\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3001\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u6307\u793a\u4e8b\u9805\u3092\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u547d\u4ee4\u6587\u3084\u5f37\u3081\u306e\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08must \/ be required to\uff09\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u8aac\u660e\u3092\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u3084\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u3078\u3068\u683c\u4e0b\u3052\u3059\u308b\u30b3\u30f3\u30c8\u30e9\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6709\u52b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u300cPlease note that…\u300d\u300cPlease be sure to…\u300d\u300cIt is essential to…\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u6ce8\u610f\u559a\u8d77\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u304d\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u6d3b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u6761\u4ef6\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u8b66\u6212\u6c34\u6e96\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u793a\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u6027\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u8a2d\u8a08\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6848\u5185\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u76ee\u7684\u9054\u6210\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u300c\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u5fc5\u9808\u6761\u4ef6\uff08Critical Requirements\uff09\u300d\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7279\u6025\u5238\u306e\u4e8b\u524d\u8cfc\u5165\u3084\u4e57\u63db\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u78ba\u8a8d\u304c\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5fc5\u9808\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u62c5\u3046\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u559a\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u6a19\u8b58\uff08Please ensure that \/ Please remember that \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u6587\u982d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6307\u793a\u306e\u7406\u7531\u3084\u30e1\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8\uff08\u300c\u8eca\u5185\u3067\u306f\u8cb7\u3048\u306a\u3044\u300d\u300c\u540c\u3058\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u3060\u304b\u3089\u79fb\u52d5\u304c\u65e9\u3044\u300d\u7b49\uff09\u3092\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u7c21\u6f54\u306b\u4ed8\u52a0\u3057\u3001\u6307\u793a\u306e\u8aac\u5f97\u529b\u3092\u88dc\u5f37\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u7279\u6025\u5238\u306e\u8cfc\u5165\u6307\u793a\u3092\u969b\u7acb\u305f\u305b\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002”Please remember that boarding the Express 11 requires a limited express surcharge ticket. You should purchase this ticket at the station before boarding to avoid unnecessary delays.” \u6ce8\u610f\u559a\u8d77\u69cb\u6587\u3068\u76ee\u7684\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u5229\u4fbf\u6027\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002”The transfer is exceptionally convenient: Platform 4 is located on the opposite side of the very same platform where you arrive, so there is no need to navigate stairs or change levels with your luggage.” \u30b3\u30ed\u30f3\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u540c\u683c\u5c55\u958b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u306e\u4e0d\u5b89\u3092\u89e3\u6d88\u3059\u308b\u8a73\u7d30\u304c\u5f37\u8abf\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u6700\u7d42\u5230\u7740\u6642\u523b\u306e\u4f59\u88d5\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002”This connection ensures that you will arrive at the airport at 14:25, which gives you five minutes to spare before your 14:30 deadline.” \u5236\u9650\u6642\u523b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u30de\u30fc\u30b8\u30f3\u3092\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u3067\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u3001\u5b89\u5fc3\u611f\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u7279\u6025\u5238\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3092 “Express 11 is fast and you buy express ticket if you want” \u3068\u66d6\u6627\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u5fc5\u9808\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u4efb\u610f\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5371\u967a\u3092\u5b55\u3080\u3002\u660e\u78ba\u5316\u6280\u6cd5\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001”Please be advised that an express surcharge ticket is strictly required for the Express 11; you must obtain one at the ticket counter prior to boarding.” \u3068\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u793a\u3059\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u526f\u8a5e\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u518d\u69cb\u6210\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6848\u5185\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5fc5\u9808\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5f37\u8abf\u3068\u660e\u78ba\u5316\u306e\u624b\u6cd5\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16. \u4f9d\u983c\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5ea6\u3068\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8ab2\u984c\u63d0\u51fa\u671f\u9650\u306e\u5ef6\u9577\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u5834\u5408\uff08\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff15\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff15\u554f\uff09\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u8ca0\u62c5\u3084\u4e0d\u5229\u76ca\u3092\u8ab2\u3059\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u3084\u6642\u9593\u3092\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3059\u308b\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u300c\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fb5\u5bb3\u884c\u70ba\uff08Face-Threatening Act: FTA\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3073\u3001\u4fb5\u5bb3\u306e\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\u304c\u5927\u304d\u3051\u308c\u3070\u5927\u304d\u3044\u307b\u3069\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u88dc\u511f\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u4e01\u5be7\u3055\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u5de5\u592b\uff08politeness strategies\uff09\u3092\u539a\u304f\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5ea6\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u8a55\u4fa1\u3057\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u656c\u610f\u3068\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff11. \u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5ea6\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u3068\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u30fb\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4f9d\u983c\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u9078\u629e\u3092\u300cPlease \u3092\u3064\u3051\u308c\u3070\u4e01\u5be7\u306b\u306a\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u521d\u6b69\u7684\u306a\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u8aa4\u89e3\u3092\u62db\u304f\u3002Brown \u3068 Levinson \u306e\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u62d2\u7d76\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u3092\u6b8b\u3055\u306a\u3044\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u547d\u4ee4\u6587\u306b Please \u3092\u4ed8\u52a0\u3057\u305f\u8868\u73fe\uff08Please extend the deadline.\uff09\u306f\u3001\u4f9d\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u9818\u57df\u306b\u8e0f\u307f\u8fbc\u3080\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u8981\u6c42\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6559\u6388\u3068\u5b66\u751f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u975e\u5bfe\u79f0\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u4e0d\u656c\u3068\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u3089\u308c\u304b\u306d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fb5\u5bb3\u306e\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\u306f\u3001\u300c\u8981\u6c42\u306e\u91cd\u3055\uff08\u6570\u65e5\u306e\u9045\u308c\u304b\u6570\u9031\u9593\u306e\u9045\u308c\u304b\uff09\u300d\u300c\u76f8\u624b\u3068\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u683c\u5dee\uff08\u6a29\u529b\u5dee\uff09\u300d\u300c\u76f8\u624b\u3068\u306e\u758e\u9060\u3055\uff08\u89aa\u758e\u95a2\u4fc2\uff09\u300d\u306e\u4e09\u3064\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u7a4d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a08\u7b97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u63d0\u51fa\u671f\u9650\u306e\u4e00\u9031\u9593\u5ef6\u9577\u3068\u3044\u3046\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u8981\u6c42\u3092\u3001\u76ee\u4e0a\u306e\u6559\u54e1\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u884c\u3046\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6700\u5927\u9650\u306e\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u30fb\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u3092\u300c\u4eee\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u6253\u8a3a\u300d\u3078\u3068\u5f8c\u9000\u3055\u305b\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u9593\u63a5\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u30fb\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4f9d\u983c\u5185\u5bb9\u304c\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u5f37\u3044\u308b\u6642\u9593\u7684\u30fb\u52b4\u529b\u7684\u8ca0\u62c5\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u3002\u671f\u9650\u5ef6\u9577\u306f\u6559\u54e1\u306e\u63a1\u70b9\u30b9\u30b1\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u4e71\u3059\u8ca0\u62c5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u767a\u8a71\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u9593\u306e\u6a29\u529b\u5dee\u3068\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u3092\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u6027\u3092\u76f8\u6bba\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u7de9\u885d\u6750\uff08linguistic buffers\uff09\u300d\u306e\u539a\u307f\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u4f9d\u983c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb\uff08would \/ could\uff09\u3001\u601d\u8003\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08wonder \/ hope\uff09\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7406\u7531\u306e\u5148\u884c\u958b\u793a\u3092\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u305f\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u9593\u63a5\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u8efd\u5fae\u306a\u4f9d\u983c\uff08\u8cc7\u6599\u306e\u9001\u4ed8\u78ba\u8a8d\u7b49\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070 “Could you please confirm if you have received the file?” \u7a0b\u5ea6\u3067\u8db3\u308a\u308b\u304c\u3001\u671f\u9650\u5ef6\u9577\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u4fb5\u5bb3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001”I was wondering if it might be possible for me to request a one-week extension…” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u91cd\u4e09\u91cd\u306e\u8ddd\u96e2\u5316\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u601d\u3092\u6700\u5927\u9650\u306b\u5c0a\u91cd\u3059\u308b\u914d\u616e\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3002”I fully understand that this request may disrupt your grading schedule, and I sincerely apologize for any inconvenience caused.” \u3068\u3001\u4fb5\u5bb3\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u81ea\u3089\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3057\u3066\u8b1d\u7f6a\u3092\u5148\u884c\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u4e0d\u5feb\u611f\u3092\u4e88\u9632\u7684\u306b\u4f4e\u6e1b\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u7dca\u6025\u6027\u3068\u4e0d\u53ef\u6297\u529b\u6027\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u63d0\u793a\u3002”Had it not been for this unforeseen accident, I would certainly have submitted the paper on time.” \u3068\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u672c\u6765\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u611f\u306e\u5f37\u3055\u3092\u8868\u660e\u3057\u3001\u6020\u60f0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9045\u5ef6\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u6559\u6388\u3078\u306e\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u3067 “Please give me one more week to finish my essay because I am in hospital.” \u3068\u66f8\u304f\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u547d\u4ee4\u6587\u3067\u5f37\u884c\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u6975\u3081\u3066\u7a1a\u62d9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002Please \u306f\u8981\u6c42\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u6027\u3092\u7de9\u548c\u3059\u308b\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6c7a\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001”Under these unfortunate circumstances, I would be deeply grateful if you could consider granting me a one-week extension on the submission deadline.” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6a29\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u59d4\u306d\u308b\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u9593\u63a5\u69cb\u6587\u3078\u3068\u6607\u83ef\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5ea6\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u30fb\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3068\u9593\u63a5\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u904b\u7528\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff12. \u7406\u7531\u306e\u5148\u884c\u63d0\u793a\u3068\u4e0d\u53ef\u6297\u529b\u6027\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8ad6\u8a3c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4f9d\u983c\u3092\u884c\u3046\u969b\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u3044\u304d\u306a\u308a\u5207\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u3068\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u8b66\u6212\u5fc3\u3092\u523a\u6fc0\u3057\u62d2\u7d76\u3092\u8a98\u767a\u3057\u3084\u3059\u3044\u3002\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u6d17\u7df4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u69cb\u6210\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u306b\u5148\u7acb\u3061\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8981\u6c42\u3092\u884c\u308f\u3056\u308b\u3092\u5f97\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u300c\u6b63\u5f53\u306a\u7406\u7531\u300d\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u304b\u3064\u4e0d\u53ef\u6297\u529b\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff15\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff15\u554f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u8155\u306e\u9aa8\u6298\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5165\u9662\u300d\u306f\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u6020\u6162\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u4e88\u671f\u305b\u306c\u7269\u7406\u7684\u969c\u5bb3\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u671f\u9650\u901a\u308a\u306e\u57f7\u7b46\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u660e\u767d\u306a\u8a3c\u62e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u72b6\u6cc1\u3092\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u306a\u540c\u60c5\u3092\u4e5e\u3046\u5f62\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u5831\u544a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u524d\u7f6e\u304d\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u4f9d\u983c\u306b\u79fb\u884c\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7406\u7531\u306e\u5148\u884c\u63d0\u793a\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u624b\u7d19\u30fb\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u5192\u982d\u3067\u6328\u62f6\u3068\u81ea\u5df1\u8b58\u5225\uff08\u540d\u524d\u3001\u53d7\u8b1b\u30af\u30e9\u30b9\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u8a3c\u756a\u53f7\uff09\u3092\u7c21\u6f54\u306b\u884c\u3044\u3001\u9023\u7d61\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e8b\u6545\u3084\u75c5\u6c17\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6297\u529b\u7684\u4e8b\u614b\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3092\u3001\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u304b\u3064\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u533b\u7642\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5831\u544a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u904e\u5ea6\u306a\u60c5\u7dd2\u7684\u8a87\u5f35\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u8a3a\u65ad\u7d50\u679c\u3084\u5165\u9662\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u6de1\u3005\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u304c\u57f7\u7b46\u6d3b\u52d5\u306b\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u969c\u5bb3\uff08\u30bf\u30a4\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u3084\u7b46\u8a18\u306e\u4e0d\u80fd\uff09\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300c\u671f\u9650\u306e\u5ef6\u9577\u306e\u8981\u8acb\u300d\u3078\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u63a5\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u533b\u7642\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u958b\u793a\u3002”I am writing to inform you that I was involved in an accident last weekend, which resulted in a severe bone fracture in my right arm. Consequently, I have been hospitalized and am currently undergoing treatment.” \u611f\u60c5\u3092\u4ea4\u3048\u305a\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u57f7\u7b46\u4e0d\u80fd\u72b6\u614b\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3002”Due to the physical immobilization of my arm and the medical restrictions imposed by my physicians, I am temporarily unable to use a computer or write by hand.” \u6020\u6162\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u7269\u7406\u7684\u30fb\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u5236\u7d04\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u4e8b\u524d\u306e\u52aa\u529b\u3068\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u8a00\u53ca\u3002”I have already completed the preliminary research and drafted an outline; however, the unexpected hospitalization has prevented me from finalizing the essay.” \u7740\u624b\u6e08\u307f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u771f\u9762\u76ee\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u7d44\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u3001\u5fc3\u8a3c\u3092\u826f\u597d\u306b\u4fdd\u3064\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u7406\u7531\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 “I broke my arm so I am sad and in hospital, so please help me” \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u306f\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u54e1\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u9023\u7d61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001”Owing to an unexpected accident, I sustained a serious fracture to my arm and was admitted to the hospital. As this medical condition severely limits my ability to complete the required typing, I would be most appreciative if you could grant me a brief extension of one week.” \u3068\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u304b\u3089\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f9d\u983c\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\u69cb\u6210\u3078\u6539\u3081\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u6297\u529b\u7684\u7406\u7531\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u4f9d\u983c\u6587\u8108\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17. \u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u30fb\u6570\u5024\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304b\u3089\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff15\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\u306e\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u9762\u7a4d\u3068\u4eba\u53e3\u52d5\u614b\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u56f3\u8868\u8aad\u89e3\u3084\u3001\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff11\uff09\u306e\u6620\u753b\u9928\u89b3\u5ba2\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u56f3\u8868\u3084\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6570\u5024\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u89e3\u304d\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u6563\u6587\u3078\u3068\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u304c\u5897\u52a0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5358\u306b\u6570\u5024\u3092\u62fe\u3044\u4e0a\u3052\u3066 “The number is 62%” \u3068\u7f85\u5217\u3059\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u8ad6\u8ff0\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6570\u5024\u9593\u306e\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u5272\u5408\u306e\u63a8\u79fb\u3001\u76f8\u95a2\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u80cc\u5f8c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u610f\u5473\u3092\u89e3\u91c8\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u547d\u984c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u3084\u8868\u304b\u3089\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u308b\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8a00\u8aac\u3078\u3068\u5909\u63db\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17.\uff11. \u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u50be\u5411\u6027\u30fb\u5bfe\u6bd4\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306e\u9078\u629e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6570\u5024\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u306f\u3001\u500b\u3005\u306e\u5b64\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u6570\u5024\u3092\u8ffd\u3046\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6570\u5024\u7fa4\u304c\u63cf\u304f\u300c\u50be\u5411\uff08Trend\uff09\u300d\u3084\u300c\u5bfe\u6bd4\uff08Contrast\uff09\u300d\u3092\u6349\u3048\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u30fb\u526f\u8a5e\u3092\u9078\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6570\u5024\u306e\u5897\u5927\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u5358\u306b “increase” \u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001”increase exponentially” \u3084 “surge steadily” \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5909\u5316\u306e\u901f\u5ea6\u3068\u69d8\u614b\u3092\u7684\u78ba\u306a\u526f\u8a5e\u3067\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u9593\u306e\u5dee\u7570\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001”X outnumbers Y by a wide margin” \u3084 “X accounts for the vast majority of the total” \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u6570\u91cf\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u8ff0\u8a9e\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u52d5\u54e1\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u56f3\u8868\u306e\u8ef8\u3001\u5358\u4f4d\u3001\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6570\u5024\u304c\u300c\u7d76\u5bfe\u6570\uff08absolute numbers\uff09\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u300c\u69cb\u6210\u6bd4\u7387\uff08proportions \/ percentages\uff09\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u300c\u5909\u5316\u7387\uff08growth rates\uff09\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8b58\u5225\u3092\u8aa4\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5272\u5408\u306e\u5dee\u3092\u4eba\u6570\u306e\u5dee\u3068\u6df7\u540c\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u62db\u304f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u969b\u7acb\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6975\u5024\uff08\u6700\u5927\u5024\u30fb\u6700\u5c0f\u5024\uff09\u3001\u6025\u6fc0\u306a\u5909\u5316\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u9855\u8457\u306a\u683c\u5dee\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u8a00\u53ca\u3059\u3079\u304d\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u70b9\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u50be\u5411\u6027\u3092\u63cf\u5199\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u6700\u3082\u3075\u3055\u308f\u3057\u3044\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u3001\u6570\u91cf\u8a5e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u9673\u8ff0\u6587\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u4eba\u53e3\u306e\u5e74\u9f62\u69cb\u6210\u6bd4\u7387\u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3002”The demographic data reveals that young people under the age of twenty-five account for over sixty percent of the total population, indicating a remarkably youthful societal structure.” \u5358\u306b\u6570\u5024\u3092\u4e26\u3079\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001”account for” \u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u69cb\u6210\u6bd4\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u305d\u306e\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3092\u8981\u7d04\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u9762\u7a4d\u3068\u4eba\u53e3\u306e\u30a2\u30f3\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3059\u308b\u3002”Although the continent encompasses a landmass larger than China, the United States, and Europe combined, its demographic density remains unevenly distributed across geographical regions.” \u8907\u5408\u7684\u306a\u9762\u7a4d\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3092 “combined” \u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u5ea6\u306e\u504f\u5728\u3078\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u7e4b\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u652f\u6301\u7387\u306e\u9006\u8ee2\u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3002”While the preference rate for art films within the adult group is exceptionally high at 98%, their total number is far surpassed by minors who favor comedies, owing to the demographic composition of the audience.” \u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u5185\u6bd4\u7387\u3068\u5168\u4f53\u6570\u306e\u4e56\u96e2\u3092 “surpassed” \u3067\u6349\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 “The graph shows 62% minors and 38% adults. 70% minors like comedy and 98% adults like art.” \u3068\u6570\u5024\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u66f8\u304d\u5199\u3059\u3060\u3051\u306e\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u5206\u6790\u7684\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u9806\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001”According to the survey data, minors constitute a significant majority of the audience at 62%, whereas adults represent only 38%. Consequently, even though adults show a higher percentage of preference for art films, the absolute number of comedy supporters is considerably larger.” \u3068\u3001\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u898f\u6a21\u306e\u5dee\u304c\u7d50\u679c\u306b\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u6587\u7ae0\u3078\u3068\u6607\u83ef\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6570\u5024\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304b\u3089\u50be\u5411\u6027\u3068\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u51e6\u7406\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17.\uff12. \u76f8\u95a2\u95a2\u4fc2\u304b\u3089\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3078\u306e\u98db\u8e8d\u3092\u9632\u3050\u614e\u91cd\u306a\u8a00\u660e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7d71\u8a08\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3084\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u3092\u89e3\u91c8\u3057\u3066\u610f\u898b\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3092\u884c\u3046\u969b\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u304c\u72af\u3059\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u308a\u306f\u3001\u300c\u76f8\u95a2\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08Correlation\uff09\u300d\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u304b\u3089\u76f4\u3061\u306b\u300c\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08Causation\uff09\u300d\u3092\u65ad\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u304c\u540c\u6642\u306b\u5897\u5927\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u4e00\u65b9\u304c\u4ed6\u65b9\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u306f\u9650\u3089\u305a\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u5171\u901a\u8981\u56e0\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u306e\u8ad6\u8ff0\u8a66\u9a13\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u8a3c\u62e0\u3068\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u9593\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u98db\u8e8d\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6975\u3081\u3066\u614e\u91cd\u306a\u614b\u5ea6\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002”The data proves that A causes B” \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u77ed\u7d61\u7684\u306a\u65ad\u5b9a\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001”The strong correlation suggests that A may play a significant role in B, although other variables must also be taken into account” \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3001\u8a3c\u62e0\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3092\u308f\u304d\u307e\u3048\u305f\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8868\u73fe\uff08hedging\uff09\u3092\u99c6\u4f7f\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u614e\u91cd\u306a\u8ad6\u8a3c\u6587\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u76f4\u63a5\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u753b\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u63a8\u6e2c\u3084\u89e3\u91c8\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u90e8\u5206\u3068\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5207\u308a\u96e2\u3059\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f8\u95a2\u95a2\u4fc2\u304b\u3089\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u63a8\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u65ad\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08prove, determine, cause\uff09\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u3092\u63a7\u3048\u3001\u793a\u5506\u3084\u84cb\u7136\u6027\u3092\u8868\u3059\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08indicate, suggest, correlate with, tend to\uff09\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3092\u8abf\u6574\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08may, might, could\uff09\u3084\u526f\u8a5e\uff08likely, plausibly, partially\uff09\u3092\u9069\u5207\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307f\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u98db\u8e8d\u306e\u306a\u3044\u77e5\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u660e\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u4eba\u53e3\u5897\u52a0\u3068\u7d4c\u6e08\u767a\u5c55\u306e\u76f8\u95a2\u3092\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3002”The demographic expansion observed in developing regions correlates positively with economic dynamism, suggesting that a growing workforce can contribute to industrial productivity.” \u56e0\u679c\u3092\u65ad\u5b9a\u305b\u305a\u3001”correlates positively with” \u3068 “can contribute to” \u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u6280\u8853\u5c0e\u5165\u3068\u96c7\u7528\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8003\u5bdf\u3059\u308b\u3002”While the widespread adoption of automation coincides with a decline in routine manufacturing jobs, this correlation does not necessarily demonstrate that technology itself is the sole cause of structural unemployment.” “coincides with” \u3067\u5171\u8d77\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3001”does not necessarily demonstrate” \u3067\u77ed\u7d61\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u9000\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u6c34\u6e96\u3068\u5065\u5eb7\u72b6\u614b\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u3002”Higher educational attainment is strongly associated with improved life expectancy, which may be partially explained by better access to health information and preventive healthcare.” “associated with” \u3068 “partially explained by” \u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8907\u5408\u7684\u8981\u56e0\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u3092\u898b\u3066 “The data proves that having a larger land area makes a country economically wealthier.” \u3068\u65ad\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u601d\u8003\u529b\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9762\u7a4d\u306e\u5e83\u3055\u3068\u5bcc\u306e\u9593\u306b\u306f\u5358\u7d14\u306a\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u5b58\u5728\u305b\u305a\u3001\u8cc7\u6e90\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u52d5\u614b\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u7121\u6570\u306e\u5909\u6570\u304c\u4ecb\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u624b\u9806\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001”Although geographic scale provides potential advantages in natural resources, the evidence indicates that physical territory alone does not guarantee economic prosperity, as institutional quality and human capital remain equally decisive factors.” \u3068\u591a\u9762\u7684\u306a\u5909\u6570\u306b\u914d\u616e\u3057\u305f\u614e\u91cd\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u614e\u91cd\u304b\u3064\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u5f62\u6210\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18. \u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u5236\u9650\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u8b58\u5225\u3068\u69cb\u6587\u9078\u629e\u306e\u5236\u7d04<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306e\u8a2d\u554f\u306b\u306f\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u6307\u793a\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u301c\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u300c\u301c\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305a\u306b\u300d\u300c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u63cf\u5199\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u5236\u9650\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u304c\u983b\u7e41\u306b\u76db\u308a\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u306f\u3001\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u304c\u5b89\u6613\u306a\u5b9a\u578b\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u9003\u3052\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u9632\u304e\u3001\u771f\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u904b\u7528\u529b\u3092\u8a66\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306b\u8a2d\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff17\u554f\u306e\u753b\u50cf\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u63cf\u5199\uff08description\uff09\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u81ea\u5206\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u4f55\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8ad6\u305c\u3088\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6307\u793a\u3084\u3001\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\u306e\u300c\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b8c\u7d50\u3057\u305f\u82f1\u6587\u3067\u8aac\u660e\u305b\u3088\uff08\u5358\u8a9e\u306e\u7f85\u5217\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u6307\u793a\u306f\u3001\u9055\u53cd\u3057\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u306b\u96f6\u70b9\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u6e1b\u70b9\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u30fb\u5236\u9650\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8b58\u5225\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u9075\u5b88\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u9078\u629e\u306e\u898f\u5f8b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18.\uff11. \u8a2d\u554f\u4e2d\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u5236\u7d04\u30fb\u9664\u5916\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u691c\u51fa\u3068\u4e0d\u9069\u683c\u7b54\u6848\u306e\u6392\u9664<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8a2d\u554f\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3060\u969b\u306b\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u8981\u6c42\u4e8b\u9805\u3070\u304b\u308a\u306b\u6ce8\u610f\u304c\u5411\u304b\u3044\u3001\u300c\u7981\u6b62\u4e8b\u9805\u300d\u3092\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306f\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u6545\u306b\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308b\u3002\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u6307\u793a\u6587\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b “without…”, “do not merely…”, “excluding…”, “other than…” \u306a\u3069\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u63a1\u70b9\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6392\u9664\u6761\u4ef6\uff08exclusionary criteria\uff09\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u300c\u63cf\u5199\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u610f\u5473\u3092\u8ad6\u305c\u3088\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6307\u793a\u304c\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u753b\u50cf\u306b\u63cf\u304b\u308c\u305f\u58c1\u753b\u3084\u4f5c\u696d\u54e1\u306e\u59ff\u3092\u3069\u308c\u307b\u3069\u7f8e\u3057\u304f\u8a73\u7d30\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u3067\u63cf\u5199\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u305d\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u304c\u8c61\u5fb4\u3059\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u82b8\u8853\u306e\u4fdd\u5b58\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u6d88\u53bb\u3001\u6587\u5316\u306e\u7834\u58ca\u7b49\uff09\u3078\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u304c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u8981\u6c42\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u5224\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6307\u793a\u6587\u5185\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u6f0f\u308c\u306a\u304f\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7b54\u6848\u304c\u4e0d\u9069\u683c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u4e8b\u524d\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5426\u5b9a\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u5426\u5b9a\u8f9e\uff08not, never, no\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u9664\u5916\u3092\u8868\u3059\u8a9e\u5f59\uff08without, except, avoid, instead of, rather than, other than\uff09\u3092\u3059\u3079\u3066\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u5f37\u8abf\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u4ed8\u3059\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5404\u5426\u5b9a\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u7981\u6b62\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u884c\u70ba\uff08\u300c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u5916\u898b\u306e\u63cf\u5199\u300d\u300c\u7b87\u6761\u66f8\u304d\u3067\u306e\u89e3\u7b54\u300d\u300c\u5c02\u9580\u7528\u8a9e\u306e\u7121\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3067\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u300d\u7b49\uff09\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u304c\u69cb\u60f3\u3057\u305f\u7b54\u6848\u306e\u9aa8\u5b50\u3092\u3053\u306e\u7981\u6b62\u4e8b\u9805\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3068\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3001\u4e0d\u9069\u683c\u306a\u5185\u5bb9\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3092\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff17\u554f\u306e\u753b\u50cf\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9664\u5916\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6307\u793a\u6587\u300cDo not merely describe the picture; explain what it means to you.\u300d\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u300c\u2460\u7d75\u306e\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u63cf\u5199\u3060\u3051\u3067\u7d42\u308f\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300d\u300c\u2461\u81ea\u5df1\u306e\u5185\u9762\u7684\u30fb\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u89e3\u91c8\uff08\u82b8\u8853\u3068\u52b4\u50cd\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u6d88\u53bb\u7b49\uff09\u3092\u542b\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5fc5\u9808\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u91cd\u306e\u5883\u754c\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6307\u793a\u6587\u300cExplain in complete sentences.\u300d\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u8a18\u53f7\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a08\u7b97\u5f0f\uff08\\(98% \\times 38%\\) \u7b49\uff09\u306e\u307f\u3092\u7b54\u6848\u7528\u7d19\u306b\u66f8\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3084\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u6b20\u304f\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u307f\u306e\u89e3\u7b54\u304c\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6570\u5f0f\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u5b57\u6570\u3084\u6587\u6570\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u9664\u5916\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300cWrite a paragraph of around 80 words without using bullet points.\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6307\u793a\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7b87\u6761\u66f8\u304d\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u7981\u6b62\u3068\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u5185\u3067\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u5236\u9650\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u306e\u753b\u50cf\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4f5c\u696d\u54e1\u304c\u58c1\u306e\u843d\u66f8\u304d\u3092\u6d88\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u753b\u50cf\u3092\u898b\u3066 “In this picture, there is a man who is wearing a uniform and cleaning a painted wall with a brush. The wall is dirty.” \u3068\u5ef6\u3005\u3068\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u63cf\u5199\u3092\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u6307\u793a\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7121\u8996\u3057\u305f\u4e0d\u9069\u683c\u7b54\u6848\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u9806\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001\u63cf\u5199\u306f\u5192\u982d\u306e\uff11\u6587\u7a0b\u5ea6\u306b\u5727\u7e2e\u3057\u3001\u76f4\u3061\u306b “To me, this image symbolizes the perpetual tension between ephemeral street art and institutional efforts to sanitize public spaces, suggesting that society often erases creative dissent in the name of order.” \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8c61\u5fb4\u7684\u30fb\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u3078\u3068\u79fb\u884c\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u4e0d\u9069\u683c\u306a\u69cb\u6210\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18.\uff12. \u5236\u9650\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u9006\u624b\u306b\u53d6\u3063\u305f\u8ad6\u8a3c\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u5426\u5b9a\u3084\u5236\u9650\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u907f\u3051\u308b\u3079\u304d\u843d\u3068\u3057\u7a74\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u7b54\u6848\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u3092\u969b\u7acb\u305f\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u8df3\u8e8d\u53f0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6d3b\u7528\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u300cA\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305aB\u3092\u8ad6\u305c\u3088\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6307\u793a\u306f\u3001\u300cA\uff08\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u89b3\u5bdf\uff09\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u8d85\u8d8a\u3057\u305fB\uff08\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u6d1e\u5bdf\uff09\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8ad6\u8ff0\u6587\u306e\u6a19\u6e96\u69cb\u6210\uff08\u5bfe\u6bd4\u30fb\u6b62\u63da\u306e\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\uff09\u3092\u7b46\u8005\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6307\u793a\u3092\u69cb\u9020\u5316\u306e\u6307\u91dd\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6349\u3048\u3001\u524d\u534a\u3067\u6562\u3048\u3066\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u8c61\uff08\u63cf\u5199\u3084\u901a\u8aac\uff09\u306b\u7c21\u6f54\u306b\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u3001\u5f8c\u534a\u3067\u305d\u308c\u3092\u9006\u63a5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u9bae\u3084\u304b\u306b\u53cd\u8ee2\u30fb\u6df1\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u63a1\u70b9\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8a2d\u554f\u8981\u6c42\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u30a2\u30d4\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5236\u9650\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6d3b\u7528\u3057\u305f\u8ad6\u8a3c\u8a2d\u8a08\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u7981\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff08A\uff09\u300d\u3068\u300c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff08B\uff09\u300d\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u8ef8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8b72\u6b69\u306e\u69cb\u6587\uff08While it is true that A, it ultimately represents B \/ Although on the surface the image depicts A, it actually signifies B\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3001A\u304b\u3089B\u3078\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8ee2\u63db\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f8c\u534a\u306eB\u306e\u9818\u57df\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u5341\u5206\u306a\u8ad6\u62e0\u3068\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3092\u96c6\u4e2d\u3055\u305b\u3001\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u8b70\u8ad6\u304c\u7b54\u6848\u306e\u904e\u534a\u3092\u5360\u3081\u308b\u914d\u5206\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u753b\u50cf\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002”While the photograph ostensibly depicts a mundane municipal task of cleaning public infrastructure, it fundamentally portrays the suppression of creative expression under the guise of urban order.” \u63cf\u5199\u3092\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\u306b\u5c01\u3058\u8fbc\u3081\u3001\u8c61\u5fb4\u7684\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3067\u6253\u3061\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6307\u6458\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002”Although the percentage of adult viewers preferring art films appears overwhelmingly high, this relative figure obscures the more decisive absolute metric of the total audience share.” \u8868\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c6\u30fc\u30b8\u3068\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u5b9f\u6570\u3092\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u9006\u624b\u306b\u53d6\u3063\u305f\u610f\u898b\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3002”Restricting our focus to immediate economic profitability fails to capture the true value of education; rather, its profoundest contribution lies in cultivating critical civic agency.” \u5358\u306a\u308b\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u9000\u3051\u3001\u5e02\u6c11\u7684\u6210\u719f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9ad8\u6b21\u306e\u4fa1\u5024\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u753b\u50cf\u3092\u898b\u3066\u3001\u5916\u9762\u306e\u63cf\u5199\u3092\u4e00\u5207\u66f8\u304b\u305a\u306b\u3044\u304d\u306a\u308a “This means art is suppressed.” \u3068\u3060\u3051\u66f8\u304f\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6\u306f\u5408\u3063\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3082\u8aac\u5f97\u529b\u306b\u6b20\u3051\u308b\u3002\u5236\u9650\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6d3b\u304b\u3059\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001”At first glance, one might perceive merely a worker cleaning a wall; however, beneath this ordinary surface lies a powerful metaphor for how established authorities systematically erase historical voices. By scrubbing away the ancient drawings, the figure unwittingly participates in the deletion of collective cultural memory.” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u89b3\u5bdf\u304b\u3089\u89e3\u91c8\u3078\u306e\u79fb\u884c\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u601d\u8003\u306e\u6df1\u3055\u3092\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u306b\u8a3c\u660e\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u5236\u9650\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u306a\u5f37\u307f\u3078\u3068\u5909\u63db\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u8a2d\u8a08\u306e\u624b\u6cd5\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19. \u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6bb5\u843d\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u4e8b\u524d\u8a2d\u8a08<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8a66\u9a13\u6642\u9593\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u66f8\u304d\u306a\u304c\u3089\u6b21\u306e\u6587\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u884c\u304d\u5f53\u305f\u308a\u3070\u3063\u305f\u308a\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3092\u3068\u308b\u3068\u3001\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u7834\u7dbb\u3057\u3001\u6587\u3068\u6587\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u304c\u9014\u5207\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u6761\u4ef6\u304c\u6700\u5f8c\u306b\u62bc\u3057\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u6b6a\u306a\u7b54\u6848\u304c\u751f\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6587\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u51fa\u3059\u524d\u306b\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u300c\u9aa8\u683c\uff08Outline\uff09\u300d\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3057\u3001\u3069\u306e\u6587\u3067\u3069\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6d88\u5316\u3057\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u63a5\u7d9a\u6a19\u8b58\u3084\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u6587\u9593\u3092\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5236\u9650\u6642\u9593\u5185\u3067\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u6e80\u70b9\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u4e8b\u524d\u8a2d\u8a08\u6280\u8853\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19.\uff11. \u5358\u4e00\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u9aa8\u683c\uff08T-E-C\u69cb\u9020\uff09\u306e\u4e8b\u524d\u69cb\u7bc9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u30fb\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306f\u3001\u901a\u5e38\uff18\uff10\u301c\uff11\uff10\uff10\u8a9e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u306e\u5358\u4e00\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\uff08single paragraph\uff09\u3067\u5b8c\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u77ed\u3044\u5206\u91cf\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u6027\u3092\u6210\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u4e3b\u984c\u6587\uff08Topic Sentence: T\uff09 \u2192 \u5c55\u958b\u30fb\u8ad6\u62e0\uff08Elaboration \/ Evidence: E\uff09 \u2192 \u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\uff08Concluding Sentence: C\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u306a\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u9075\u5b88\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u601d\u3044\u3064\u304f\u307e\u307e\u306b\u6587\u3092\u9023\u306d\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u7b2c\uff11\u6587\u3067\u8a2d\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u76f4\u63a5\u306e\u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u7acb\u5834\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3057\u3001\u7d9a\u304f\uff12\u301c\uff13\u6587\u3067\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u7406\u7531\u3084\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u3001\u6700\u7d42\u6587\u3067\u8ad6\u70b9\u3092\u4e00\u6bb5\u9ad8\u3044\u8996\u5ea7\u304b\u3089\u7dcf\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u8a2d\u8a08\u3092\u3001\u30e1\u30e2\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u3066\u304a\u304f\u898f\u5f8b\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5358\u4e00\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u3092\u4e8b\u524d\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u30b3\u30a2\u3068\u306a\u308b\u56de\u7b54\u3092\u4e00\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u984c\u6587\uff08T\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8981\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6587\u304c\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u7f85\u91dd\u76e4\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u652f\u3048\u308b\uff12\u70b9\u7a0b\u5ea6\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u8a3c\u62e0\u30fb\u6570\u5024\u30fb\u624b\u9806\u3092\u652f\u6301\u6587\uff08E\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7b87\u6761\u66f8\u304d\u3067\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8a2d\u554f\u306e\u6307\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u306f\u4e3b\u306b\u3053\u306e\u652f\u6301\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u6d88\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\u304b\u3089\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u7dcf\u62ec\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\uff08C\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a2d\u8a08\u3057\u3001\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u81ea\u5df1\u5b8c\u7d50\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff11\uff09\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u89e3\u8aac\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u4e8b\u524d\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fbT\uff08\u4e3b\u5f35\uff09\uff1aThe reasoning in the scenario is fundamentally flawed because it confuses relative subgroup percentages with absolute audience proportions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fbE1\uff08\u6210\u4eba\uff09\uff1aAlthough 98% of adults prefer art films, adults constitute only 38% of the total, resulting in roughly 37.2% of the overall audience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fbE2\uff08\u672a\u6210\u5e74\uff09\uff1aIn contrast, while only 70% of minors favor comedies, they account for 62% of all visitors, which amounts to about 43.4%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fbC\uff08\u7d50\u8ad6\uff09\uff1aConsequently, comedies actually attract a substantially larger total number of viewers, invalidating the claim that art films are the most popular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff15\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff15\u554f\u306e\u4f9d\u983c\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u4e8b\u524d\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fbT\uff08\u76ee\u7684\uff09\uff1aI am writing to respectfully request a one-week extension on the deadline for my term paper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fbE1\uff08\u72b6\u6cc1\uff09\uff1aLate last week, I was involved in an accident that resulted in a serious bone fracture in my right arm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fbE2\uff08\u5236\u7d04\uff09\uff1aAs I am currently hospitalized and physically unable to type, I cannot complete the essay by the original date.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fbC\uff08\u7d50\u3073\uff09\uff1aI would be immensely grateful if you could permit me to submit the assignment by next Friday, and I apologize for any inconvenience caused.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff17\u554f\u306e\u753b\u50cf\u89e3\u91c8\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u4e8b\u524d\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fbT\uff08\u8c61\u5fb4\uff09\uff1aTo me, this evocative image illustrates the profound conflict between grassroots artistic expression and institutional sanitation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fbE1\uff08\u5bfe\u6bd4\uff09\uff1aWhile the painted figures on the wall represent human history and emotional vulnerability, the masked worker washing them away embodies the mechanical enforcement of urban order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fbE2\uff08\u6df1\u5c64\uff09\uff1aThis visual juxtaposition demonstrates how modern societies often prioritize sterile cleanliness over creative divergence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fbC\uff08\u666e\u904d\uff09\uff1aUltimately, the picture reminds us that true cultural vitality cannot survive if every unconventional mark is systematically erased.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u4e8b\u524d\u8a2d\u8a08\u3092\u884c\u308f\u305a\u306b\u66f8\u304d\u59cb\u3081\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306f\u300c\u8155\u304c\u75db\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a71\u304b\u3089\u5165\u308a\u3001\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u300c\u75c5\u9662\u306e\u98df\u4e8b\u304c\u7f8e\u5473\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8131\u7dda\u3092\u631f\u307f\u3001\u6700\u5f8c\u306b\u614c\u3066\u3066\u300c\u3060\u304b\u3089\u5ef6\u3070\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u300d\u3068\u66f8\u304f\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u529b\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3068\u5224\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002T-E-C\u306e\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306b\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u306b\u601d\u8003\u3092\u3042\u3066\u306f\u3081\u3001\u8131\u7dda\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u773c\u3068\u8ad6\u62e0\u306e\u307f\u3067\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5bc6\u5ea6\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u6bb5\u843d\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u4e8b\u524d\u306b\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19.\uff12. \u6587\u9593\u7d50\u675f\u6027\uff08Cohesion\uff09\u3092\u62c5\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u6a19\u8b58\u3068\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6226\u7565\u7684\u914d\u7f6e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u9aa8\u683c\u304c\u6574\u3063\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u6587\u3068\u6587\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u304c\u7c97\u96d1\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306f\u6587\u3068\u6587\u306e\u9593\u3067\u601d\u8003\u306e\u4e2d\u65ad\u3092\u4f59\u5100\u306a\u304f\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\uff08cohesion\uff09\u306f\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u526f\u8a5e\uff08however, consequently, furthermore \u7b49\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u660e\u793a\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\uff08this, these\uff09\u3084\u51a0\u8a5e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u7684\u78ba\u306a\u5f15\u304d\u7d99\u304e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u9054\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u524d\u306e\u6587\u306e\u672b\u5c3e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u6587\u306e\u5192\u982d\u3067\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u5b9a\u51a0\u8a5e\u4ed8\u304d\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u6b62\u3081\u308b\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d7\u3051\u6e21\u3057\uff08Given-New Contract\uff09\u300d\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u3093\u3067\u304a\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u6fb1\u307f\u306a\u304f\u6d41\u308c\u308b\u660e\u6670\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u9593\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u9023\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u6587\u306e\u9593\u3067\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u9806\u63a5\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u4ed8\u52a0\u3001\u4f8b\u793a\uff09\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u4e88\u544a\u3059\u308b\u9069\u5207\u306a\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\uff08In contrast, As a result, Specifically \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306e\u5192\u982d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u6587\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u304c\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\uff08This finding, These challenges\uff09\u3084\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6ed1\u3089\u304b\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u7d99\u304c\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002”The city council abruptly eliminated the municipal recycling subsidies. As a consequence of this short-sighted decision, the volume of untreated waste entering local landfills increased by forty percent within six months.” \u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c\u88dc\u52a9\u91d1\u5ec3\u6b62\u300d\u304c\u3001\u6b21\u6587\u5192\u982d\u3067 “As a consequence of this short-sighted decision” \u3068\u7d50\u675f\u3055\u308c\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u3068\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u76f4\u7d50\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u5bfe\u6bd4\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002”Classical physical models presuppose that matter behaves in a strictly deterministic fashion. At the subatomic level, however, quantum mechanics reveals that physical reality is inherently probabilistic.” \u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u6b21\u6587\u3067 “however” \u3092\u631f\u3093\u3067\u300c\u78ba\u7387\u8ad6\u300d\u3092\u5bfe\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e\u5834\u6240\u53e5\uff08At the subatomic level\uff09\u304c\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u6587\u8108\u67a0\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u4f8b\u793a\u30fb\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002”The global semiconductor shortage severely disrupted various consumer industries. Most notably, automobile manufacturers were forced to suspend assembly lines due to the absence of microcontrollers.” \u524d\u6587\u306e\u5e83\u7bc4\u306a\u7523\u696d\u5371\u6a5f\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3001\u6b21\u6587\u3067 “Most notably” \u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u81ea\u52d5\u8eca\u7523\u696d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6700\u3082\u9855\u8457\u306a\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3078\u3068\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u6587\u3068\u6587\u3092\u5358\u306b “I broke my arm. I am in hospital. I cannot write. Please extend the deadline.” \u3068\u5358\u6587\u3067\u4e26\u3079\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u5c0f\u5b66\u751f\u306e\u4f5c\u6587\u306e\u57df\u3092\u51fa\u305a\u3001\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u306e\u7b54\u6848\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4e0d\u9069\u683c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001”Last weekend, I unfortunately fractured my right arm in an unexpected accident. Due to this severe injury, I am currently hospitalized and completely unable to type. Consequently, it has become impossible for me to complete the term paper by the designated date.” \u3068\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u3092 “this severe injury” \u3067\u53d7\u3051\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e “Consequently” \u3067\u7d50\u8ad6\u3078\u7e4b\u3050\u7d50\u675f\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6587\u9593\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u62c5\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u3068\u7167\u5fdc\u306e\u6226\u7565\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6280\u8853\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u57fa\u790e M18] \u2514 \u6587\u9593\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u6271\u3046\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6307\u793a\u8a9e\u3001\u4ee3\u7528\u3001\u7701\u7565\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7d71\u4e00\u4f53\u3078\u3068\u7de8\u307f\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u6a5f\u5e8f\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u6271\u3063\u305f\u6587\u9593\u7d50\u675f\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306e\u57f7\u7b46\u5b9f\u52d9\u3078\u3068\u76f4\u63a5\u9069\u7528\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u9593\u306e\u610f\u5473\u7684\u9023\u9396\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u8a72\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u57fa\u790e M20] \u2514 \u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u306e\u985e\u578b\uff08\u554f\u984c\u89e3\u6c7a\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u7d50\u679c\u7b49\uff09\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f T-E-C \u69cb\u9020\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u53cd\u99c1\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u904b\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u8a72\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u57fa\u790e M27] \u2514 \u8981\u7d04\u3068\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u5727\u7e2e\u3092\u6271\u3046\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8a2d\u554f\u306e\u6307\u793a\u6587\u304b\u3089\u4f59\u5206\u306a\u4fee\u98fe\u3092\u524a\u304e\u843d\u3068\u3057\u3001\u5fc5\u9808\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u547d\u984c\u306e\u307f\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u77ed\u8a9e\u6570\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u51dd\u7e2e\u3059\u308b\u51e6\u7406\u306f\u3001\u8981\u7d04\u306e\u62bd\u51fa\u6280\u6cd5\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5171\u901a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u5316\u3068\u4e2d\u5fc3\u547d\u984c\u306e\u9078\u5b9a\u3092\u6271\u3046\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u8a72\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u7406\uff1a\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u4f1d\u9054\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5c0e\u51fa\u3068\u8ad6\u8a3c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\uff11\u5c64\uff3b\u8996\u5ea7\uff3d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8a2d\u554f\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5206\u89e3\u3068\u6587\u4f53\u5ea7\u6a19\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u3092\u5b8c\u4e86\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u7b2c\uff12\u5c64\uff3b\u539f\u7406\uff3d\u3067\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u8108\u7684\u8981\u8acb\u3092\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7684\u30fb\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u539f\u7406\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u3078\u3068\u6607\u83ef\u3055\u305b\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3001\u8868\u73fe\u5c0e\u51fa\u306e\u4e2d\u6838\u7684\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u3092\u300c\u6587\u6cd5\u306e\u6e1b\u70b9\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5b89\u5168\u306a\u6587\u306e\u7d99\u304e\u63a5\u304e\u300d\u3068\u6349\u3048\u308b\u5b88\u308a\u306e\u59ff\u52e2\u3067\u306f\u3001\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aac\u5f97\u529b\u3068\u6d17\u7df4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6587\u4f53\u3092\u9054\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\u304c\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3068\u304d\u3001\u306a\u305c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u9078\u3070\u308c\u3001\u306a\u305c\u80fd\u52d5\u614b\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u304c\u9078\u629e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u306a\u305c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u5fc5\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u80cc\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u30fb\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u539f\u7406\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u5230\u9054\u76ee\u6a19\u306f\u3001\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u5354\u8abf\u306e\u539f\u7406\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u898f\u5247\u3001\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u6027\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u6761\u4ef6\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u305f\u6700\u9069\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u8ad6\u8a3c\u6587\u8108\u3092\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u51fa\u3067\u304d\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u78ba\u7acb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7d71\u8a9e\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5206\u6790\u529b\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u610f\u5473\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u9069\u5207\u6027\u3092\u62c5\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u8aac\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u9078\u629e\u3001\u30b0\u30e9\u30a4\u30b9\u306e\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u683c\u7387\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u60c5\u5831\u5bc6\u5ea6\u306e\u8abf\u6574\u3001\u30d5\u30a7\u30a4\u30b9\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3092\u7de9\u548c\u3059\u308b\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u9593\u63a5\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u3001\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u3068\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8a00\u8aac\u306e\u5f62\u6210\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u8cab\u304f\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u306e\u904b\u7528\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8b70\u8ad6\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u78ba\u8a8d\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u300c\u306a\u305c\u305d\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ad6\u8a3c\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3092\u4f34\u3063\u3066\u8a18\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6587\u8108\u306e\u8981\u8acb\u3068\u8a00\u8a9e\u5f62\u5f0f\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3001\u521d\u898b\u306e\u96e3\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3082\u30d6\u30ec\u306e\u306a\u3044\u78ba\u4fe1\u306b\u6e80\u3061\u305f\u89e3\u7b54\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306e\u63a8\u9032\u529b\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cd5\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u4f53\u7cfb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3001\u7fa9\u52d9\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u8868\u3059\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08must, should, would, could, may \u7b49\uff09\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u3068\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u5316\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8a3c\u62e0\u6027\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u8abf\u6574\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167\uff1a[\u57fa\u790e M09]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u614b\u3068\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u9023\u52d5\u539f\u7406<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u80fd\u52d5\u614b\u3068\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u306e\u9078\u629e\u304c\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u5165\u308c\u66ff\u3048\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6587\u982d\u306e\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\uff08\u4e3b\u984c\uff09\u3068\u6587\u672b\u306e\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\uff08\u7126\u70b9\uff09\u306e\u914d\u7f6e\u3092\u6700\u9069\u5316\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u5831\u544a\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u3092\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u652f\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167\uff1a[\u57fa\u790e M08]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11. \u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u9069\u5207\u6027\u3092\u62c5\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u8aac\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u9078\u629e\u539f\u7406<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u6027\u8cea\uff08\u65ad\u5b9a\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u63a8\u6e2c\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u53cd\u8ad6\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u4ed8\u304d\u306e\u63d0\u6848\u306a\u306e\u304b\uff09\u3092\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u544a\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u53e5\u3092\u8a00\u8aac\u6a19\u8b58\uff08discourse markers\uff09\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30fb\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u6587\u7ae0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u9078\u629e\u304c\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3065\u3051\u308b\u3002\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u5831\u544a\u3068\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u5224\u65ad\u306e\u5883\u754c\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u5c04\u7a0b\u3092\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306b\u5236\u5fa1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u9078\u629e\u306e\u539f\u7406\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff11. \u547d\u984c\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u6a19\u793a\u3059\u308b\u30a8\u30d3\u30c7\u30f3\u30b7\u30e3\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u78ba\u7acb<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u82f1\u6587\u306f\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u304b\u3001\u610f\u898b\u3092\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u304b\u306e\u4e8c\u8005\u629e\u4e00\u300d\u3068\u5e73\u9762\u7684\u306b\u6349\u3048\u3089\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8ad6\u8aac\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\u304c\u300c\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u691c\u8a3c\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u78ba\u5b9f\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u300c\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u9ad8\u3044\u84cb\u7136\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3064\u4eee\u8aac\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300c\u4ed6\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a00\u53ca\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4f1d\u805e\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u8a3c\u62e0\u6027\uff08evidentiality\uff09\u3092\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u3080\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u63a8\u6e2c\u3092 “It is an undeniable fact that…” \u3068\u65ad\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u9006\u306b\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092 “It seems that…” \u3068\u904e\u5ea6\u306b\u5f31\u3081\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8ad6\u8a3c\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u8cc7\u8cea\u3092\u7591\u308f\u305b\u308b\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u6b20\u9665\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u8a3c\u62e0\u6027\u306e\u6c34\u6e96\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u8aac\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a3c\u62e0\u6027\u3092\u9069\u5207\u306b\u6a19\u793a\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\u3092\u652f\u3048\u308b\u8ad6\u62e0\u306e\u6027\u8cea\uff08\u76f4\u63a5\u89b3\u6e2c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3001\u6570\u7406\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u901a\u5ff5\uff09\u3092\u5206\u985e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a3c\u62e0\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u6a19\u8b58\uff08epistemic markers\uff09\u3092\u9078\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8a08\u7b97\u3084\u691c\u8a3c\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u306b\u306f “The evidence demonstrates that…” \u3084 “It necessarily follows that…” \u3092\u3001\u5f37\u3044\u84cb\u7136\u6027\u306b\u306f “It is highly probable that…” \u3092\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306e\u63d0\u8d77\u306b\u306f “The data suggests that…” \u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u6cd5\u6027\uff08modality\uff09\u3068\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u77db\u76fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff11\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6bd4\u7387\u518d\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002”The mathematical recalculation clearly demonstrates that comedies are supported by 43.4% of the total audience, which inevitably disproves the initial conclusion.” “demonstrates” \u3068 “inevitably” \u304c\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3001\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u63a8\u6e2c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u6570\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u78ba\u5b9f\u6027\u304c\u6a19\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff17\u554f\u306e\u753b\u50cf\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u3002”Rather than presenting a purely decorative mural, the photograph plausibly indicates an ongoing societal effort to erase controversial artistic dissent.” “plausibly indicates” \u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u84cb\u7136\u6027\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3001\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u72ec\u65ad\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8aa0\u5b9f\u3055\u3092\u4fdd\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff15\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff15\u554f\u306e\u4f9d\u983c\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u533b\u5e2b\u306e\u8a3a\u65ad\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002”According to my attending physician’s official assessment, the complete immobilization of my fractured arm is medically required for at least two weeks.” “According to…” \u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u60c5\u5831\u6e90\u3092\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u6a29\u5a01\u306b\u5e30\u5c5e\u3055\u305b\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u8a3c\u62e0\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306a\u50be\u5411\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 “The survey proves that all young people definitely hate watching art films.” \u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8a00\u8aac\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7834\u7dbb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30a2\u30f3\u30b1\u30fc\u30c8\u8abf\u67fb\u306f\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u50be\u5411\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5168\u79f0\u547d\u984c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u300c\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u8a3c\u660e\u300d\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u624b\u9806\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u8a3c\u62e0\u6027\u3092\u518d\u8a55\u4fa1\u3057\u3001”The survey data indicates that a substantial majority of younger viewers tend to prefer comedies over art films, though individual preferences vary.” \u3068\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u5c04\u7a0b\u306b\u898b\u5408\u3063\u305f\u614e\u91cd\u306a\u6a19\u8b58\u3078\u3068\u8a02\u6b63\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u8a3c\u62e0\u6027\u306e\u6c34\u6e96\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u8a00\u8aac\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u9078\u629e\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u547d\u984c\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff12. \u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3092\u518d\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u30e1\u30bf\u8a00\u8aac\u7684\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u904b\u7528<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u90e8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3092\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306b\u4e88\u544a\u3059\u308b\u8868\u73fe\uff08metadiscourse markers\uff09\u306f\u3001\u9577\u5927\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u53ef\u8aad\u6027\u3092\u98db\u8e8d\u7684\u306b\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u300c\u7387\u76f4\u306b\u8a00\u3048\u3070\uff08To be frank\uff09\u300d\u300c\u3088\u308a\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u306f\uff08More precisely\uff09\u300d\u300c\u5927\u5c40\u7684\u306b\u898b\u308c\u3070\uff08Broadly speaking\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3092\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u505c\u6b62\u3057\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u304b\u3089\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u6307\u793a\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u3002\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30e1\u30bf\u8a00\u8aac\u7684\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u6226\u7565\u7684\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u5236\u5fa1\u3067\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u77e5\u6027\u3092\u63a1\u70b9\u8005\u306b\u30a2\u30d4\u30fc\u30eb\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u624b\u6bb5\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30e1\u30bf\u8a00\u8aac\u7684\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u904b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u601d\u8003\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08\u5b9a\u7fa9\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u5316\u3001\u6bd4\u55a9\u306e\u89e3\u8aac\u3001\u8996\u70b9\u306e\u8ee2\u63db\u3001\u91cd\u8981\u8ad6\u70b9\u306e\u8981\u7d04\uff09\u3092\u884c\u304a\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u81ea\u899a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u64cd\u4f5c\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u5b9a\u578b\u7684\u306a\u30e1\u30bf\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u719f\u8a9e\uff08To put it another way, In a broader context, Strictly speaking \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u6587\u982d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u633f\u5165\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\u306e\u53d7\u5bb9\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u6bd4\u55a9\u7684\u753b\u50cf\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8996\u70b9\u8ee2\u63db\u3002”Broadly speaking, the image addresses the tension between creative liberty and civic regulation; more specifically, it questions whether urban aesthetics should be unilaterally dictated by the state.” \u5168\u4f53\u50cf\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u304b\u3089\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8ad6\u70b9\u3078\u306e\u7126\u70b9\u5316\u304c\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30e1\u30bf\u6a19\u8b58\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6574\u7136\u3068\u9042\u884c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6307\u6458\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u5316\u3002”The argument relies on an elementary statistical confusion; to put it more precisely, it conflates a relative preference within a subgroup with an absolute majority across the entire population.” \u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u6307\u6458\u304b\u3089\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3078\u306e\u6df1\u5316\u304c\u30e1\u30bf\u6a19\u8b58\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u6559\u6388\u3078\u306e\u4f9d\u983c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e8b\u60c5\u8aac\u660e\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u3002”I am currently unable to perform basic daily tasks, let alone type an extensive academic paper; in short, my immediate physical condition completely precludes any sustained writing.” \u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u56f0\u96e3\u306e\u5217\u6319\u304b\u3089\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3078\u306e\u96c6\u7d04\u304c “in short” \u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u9054\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u969b\u306b “My personal opinion which I think is that the picture is bad” \u3068\u5197\u9577\u304b\u3064\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u30e1\u30bf\u8a00\u8aac\u306e\u672a\u719f\u3055\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001”From a sociopolitical standpoint, this visual representation can be interpreted as an incisive critique of ideological conformity.” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30e1\u30bf\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u5206\u6790\u306e\u8996\u5ea7\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u3068\u6607\u83ef\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u30e1\u30bf\u8a00\u8aac\u7684\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u8b70\u8ad6\u6587\u8108\u306e\u518d\u898f\u5b9a\u6280\u8853\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12. \u5354\u8abf\u306e\u539f\u7406\u3068\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u683c\u7387\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u60c5\u5831\u91cf\u306e\u6700\u9069\u5316<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8a00\u8a9e\u54f2\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30dd\u30fc\u30eb\u30fb\u30b0\u30e9\u30a4\u30b9\u306e\u300c\u5354\u8abf\u306e\u539f\u7406\uff08Cooperative Principle\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u306a\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u304c\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u898f\u5247\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u7406\u8ad6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u56db\u3064\u306e\u683c\u7387\uff08\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u7387\u30fb\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u7387\u30fb\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u683c\u7387\u30fb\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u7387\uff09\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u5e38\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u307f\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u6307\u91dd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u904e\u5270\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u30c0\u30e9\u30c0\u30e9\u3068\u66f8\u304d\u9023\u306d\u305f\u308a\u3001\u6307\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u7701\u7565\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u8a8d\u77e5\u7684\u8ca0\u8377\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3001\u4f1d\u9054\u306e\u5931\u6557\u3092\u62db\u304f\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u56db\u3064\u306e\u683c\u7387\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u60c5\u5831\u91cf\u3092\u6700\u9069\u5316\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff11. \u91cf\u306e\u683c\u7387\u3068\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u683c\u7387\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u300c\u306a\u308b\u3079\u304f\u591a\u304f\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u3092\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u65b9\u304c\u8a55\u4fa1\u304c\u9ad8\u304f\u306a\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u601d\u3044\u8fbc\u307f\u306f\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30b0\u30e9\u30a4\u30b9\u306e\u300c\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u7387\uff08Maxim of Quantity\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u63d0\u4f9b\u305b\u3088\uff08\u5fc5\u8981\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u306a\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547d\u3058\u3001\u300c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u683c\u7387\uff08Maxim of Relation\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u300c\u8b70\u8ad6\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u307f\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3088\u300d\u3068\u547d\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\u306e\u99c5\u306e\u6848\u5185\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3078\u306e\u5230\u7740\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u4f53\u8abf\u3084\u5929\u6c17\u306e\u611f\u60f3\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u52a0\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u683c\u7387\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u9055\u53cd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u6307\u6458\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6620\u753b\u9928\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3084\u6620\u753b\u7523\u696d\u3078\u306e\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u306a\u601d\u3044\u5165\u308c\u3092\u8a9e\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u66d6\u6627\u306b\u3059\u308b\u4e0d\u8981\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8a2d\u554f\u306e\u554f\u3044\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u5bc4\u4e0e\u3057\u306a\u3044\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u51b7\u5fb9\u306b\u524a\u304e\u843d\u3068\u3059\u5224\u65ad\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e\u3092\u884c\u3046\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u306b\u76db\u308a\u8fbc\u3082\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u500b\u3005\u306e\u6587\u30fb\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u306e\u300c\u554f\u3044\uff08Prompt\uff09\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u8ad6\u62e0\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u306e\u8981\u6c42\u304b\u3089\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u6d3e\u751f\u3057\u306a\u3044\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u3001\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u80cc\u666f\u63cf\u5199\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u8a9e\u6570\u7a3c\u304e\u306e\u4fee\u98fe\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u3059\u3079\u3066\u6392\u9664\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u5165\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5fc5\u8981\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u307f\u3067\u8a9e\u6570\u5236\u9650\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u305b\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3001\u500b\u3005\u306e\u6587\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u9ad8\u5bc6\u5ea6\u5316\uff08\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u3084\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u306e\u6d3b\u7528\uff09\u3057\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u5bc6\u5ea6\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u7c21\u6f54\u306a\u6563\u6587\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u7d14\u5316\u3002\u6848\u5185\u4fc2\u306e\u767a\u8a71\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300c\u79c1\u306f\u3053\u306e\u99c5\u3067\uff15\u5e74\u9593\u50cd\u3044\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u300d\u3084\u300c\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u5929\u6c17\u304c\u826f\u304f\u3066\u65c5\u884c\u65e5\u548c\u3067\u3059\u306d\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u793e\u4ea4\u8f9e\u4ee4\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u4e57\u63db\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u3001\u767a\u8eca\u6642\u523b\u3001\u7279\u6025\u5238\u306e\u8cfc\u5165\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3078\uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff13\uff10\u307e\u3067\u306b\u7740\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u30d7\u30ed\u7406\u300d\u306e\u307f\u306b\u6587\u3092\u96c6\u4e2d\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff15\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff15\u554f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u7d14\u5316\u3002\u6559\u6388\u3078\u306e\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u5165\u9662\u5148\u306e\u75c5\u9662\u306e\u770b\u8b77\u5e2b\u304c\u89aa\u5207\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u4ed8\u5e2f\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u524a\u304e\u843d\u3068\u3057\u3001\u300c\u53d7\u50b7\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u300d\u300c\u8a3a\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6cbb\u7652\u898b\u8fbc\u307f\u300d\u300c\u4e00\u9031\u9593\u306e\u5ef6\u9577\u8981\u8acb\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u516c\u7684\u9023\u7d61\u306b\u5fc5\u9808\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u307f\u3067\u6bb5\u843d\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff11\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u7d14\u5316\u3002\u300c\u79c1\u306f\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u306b\u30b3\u30e1\u30c7\u30a3\u6620\u753b\u306e\u65b9\u304c\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u597d\u60aa\u3092\u4e00\u5207\u8a9e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u300c\uff13\uff18\uff05\u00d7\uff19\uff18\uff05\uff1d\uff13\uff17.\uff12\uff05\u300d\u300c\uff16\uff12\uff05\u00d7\uff17\uff10\uff05\uff1d\uff14\uff13.\uff14\uff05\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u6bd4\u8f03\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u307f\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3092\u96c6\u4e2d\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u6307\u5b9a\u8a9e\u6570\u306b\u9054\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6050\u308c\u3066 “The train is very nice and modern and fast and good, so you will like it very much.” \u3068\u5185\u5bb9\u306e\u5e0c\u8584\u306a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3092\u7f85\u5217\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u7387\u304a\u3088\u3073\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u683c\u7387\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u660e\u767d\u306a\u9055\u53cd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7121\u610f\u5473\u306a\u6c34\u5897\u3057\u306f\u63a1\u70b9\u8005\u306b\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u898b\u629c\u304b\u308c\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u601d\u8003\u529b\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53b3\u3057\u304f\u6e1b\u70b9\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u624b\u9806\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001\u7121\u99c4\u306a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3092\u524a\u308b\u4ee3\u308f\u308a\u306b\u3001”Taking this specific connection allows a seamless transfer on the same platform, thereby minimizing transit stress while guaranteeing arrival before your deadline.” \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u306e\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u4ed8\u52a0\u3057\u3066\u8a9e\u6570\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u91cf\u306e\u683c\u7387\u3068\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u683c\u7387\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u8a18\u8ff0\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e\u624b\u9806\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff12. \u8cea\u306e\u683c\u7387\u3068\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u7387\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u660e\u6670\u5316<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u30b0\u30e9\u30a4\u30b9\u306e\u300c\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u7387\uff08Maxim of Quality\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u300c\u507d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3084\u3001\u5341\u5206\u306a\u8a3c\u62e0\u3092\u6b20\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u306a\u300d\u3068\u547d\u3058\u3001\u300c\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u7387\uff08Maxim of Manner\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u300c\u66d6\u6627\u3055\u3084\u591a\u7fa9\u6027\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u7c21\u6f54\u304b\u3064\u79e9\u5e8f\u7acb\u3066\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u3088\u300d\u3068\u547d\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u610f\u5473\u304c\u4e8c\u901a\u308a\u306b\u53d6\u308c\u308b\u66d6\u6627\u306a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u914d\u7f6e\u3084\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u9806\u5e8f\u304c\u524d\u5f8c\u3059\u308b\u6df7\u4e71\u3057\u305f\u53d9\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u7387\u306b\u9055\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304b\u306a\u3044\u52dd\u624b\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u634f\u9020\u306f\u3001\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u7387\u306e\u9055\u53cd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u660e\u6670\u3067\u79e9\u5e8f\u7acb\u3063\u305f\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u306e\u898f\u5f8b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3092\u660e\u6670\u5316\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\uff08it, they, this \u7b49\uff09\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5bfe\u8c61\u304c\u4e00\u610f\u306b\u5b9a\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u8907\u6570\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u7af6\u5408\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3078\u3068\u7f6e\u304d\u63db\u3048\u308b\uff08\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u7387\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e00\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u8907\u6570\u306e\u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\u3092\u8a70\u3081\u8fbc\u3080\u3053\u3068\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u76f4\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3067\u304d\u308b\u9577\u3055\u306b\u6587\u3092\u5236\u5fa1\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3084\u4e8b\u5b9f\u95a2\u4fc2\u304b\u3089\u98db\u8e8d\u3057\u305f\u8a18\u8ff0\u304c\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3092\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u8a3c\u62e0\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304b\u306a\u3044\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u6c7a\u3081\u3064\u3051\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\uff08\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u7387\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u591a\u7fa9\u6027\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u305f\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u7d71\u5236\u3002”When the Local 250 arrives at Platform 3, the passengers can see the Express 11 on Platform 4. It is fast.” \u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001”It” \u304c\u3069\u3061\u3089\u306e\u5217\u8eca\u3092\u6307\u3059\u306e\u304b\u66d6\u6627\u306b\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3092\u9632\u3050\u305f\u3081\u3001”The latter train provides a much faster service” \u3068\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u9806\u5e8f\u3092\u6574\u3048\u305f\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u7d71\u5236\u3002\u300c\uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff12\uff15\u306b\u7740\u304f\u304b\u3089 Express 11 \u306b\u4e57\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b Central Station \u3067\u964d\u308a\u3066\u7279\u6025\u5238\u3092\u8cb7\u3046\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9006\u9806\u306e\u601d\u8003\u3092\u3001\u300cCentral Station \u3067\u4e0b\u8eca \u2192 \u7279\u6025\u5238\u8cfc\u5165 \u2192 Express 11 \u4e57\u8eca \u2192 \uff11\uff14\uff1a\uff12\uff15\u7740\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6642\u9593\u7684\u7dda\u5f62\u9806\u5e8f\u3078\u3068\u66f8\u304d\u76f4\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u5f15\u7528\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8cea\u306e\u7d71\u5236\u3002\u300c\u5927\u534a\u306e\u4eba\u304c\u30b3\u30e1\u30c7\u30a3\u3092\u597d\u3080\u300d\u3068\u5927\u96d1\u628a\u306b\u66f8\u304f\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u306e\uff17\uff10\uff05\u304c\u30b3\u30e1\u30c7\u30a3\u3092\u597d\u3080\u300d\u3068\u63d0\u793a\u8cc7\u6599\u306e\u6570\u5024\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5f15\u7528\u3057\u3001\u8a3c\u62e0\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u305f\u8a00\u660e\u3092\u5fb9\u5e95\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6307\u6458\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 “The author wrote this because he is stupid and does not know math.” \u3068\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u306b\u6279\u5224\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u7387\uff08\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0\u306e\u6b20\u5982\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u7387\uff08\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u660e\u6670\u6027\u306e\u6b20\u5982\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7834\u7dbb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001”The reasoning contains a formal mathematical error: it overlooks the fact that a smaller percentage of a significantly larger population can yield a higher absolute number than a larger percentage of a smaller population.” \u3068\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u30fb\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u306a\u69d8\u614b\u3067\u8aa4\u308a\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8cea\u306e\u683c\u7387\u3068\u69d8\u614b\u306e\u683c\u7387\u306b\u88cf\u6253\u3061\u3055\u308c\u305f\u660e\u6670\u306a\u8ad6\u8a3c\u6587\u306e\u4f5c\u6210\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13. \u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u30fb\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30c6\u30b8\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4f9d\u983c\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u69cb\u7bc9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4f9d\u983c\u3001\u8b1d\u7f6a\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u5bfe\u4eba\u7684\u306b\u6469\u64e6\u3092\u751f\u307f\u3084\u3059\u3044\u8a00\u8a9e\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u9042\u884c\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u3079\u304d\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u554f\u984c\u306f\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u4e2d\u6838\u7684\u8ab2\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff15\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff15\u554f\u306e\u6559\u6388\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8ab2\u984c\u5ef6\u9577\u4f9d\u983c\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u63a1\u70b9\u306e\u6210\u5426\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3065\u3051\u305f\u3002\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u8ca0\u62c5\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3057\u3001\u65ad\u308b\u81ea\u7531\u3092\u6b8b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3082\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u7aae\u72b6\u3068\u8aa0\u610f\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u6226\u7565\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff11. \u30cd\u30ac\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u975e\u5f37\u5236\u6027\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8a00\u8a9e\u4eba\u985e\u5b66\u8005\u30d6\u30e9\u30a6\u30f3\u3068\u30ec\u30f4\u30a3\u30f3\u30bd\u30f3\u304c\u63d0\u5531\u3057\u305f\u300c\u30cd\u30ac\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\uff08Negative Politeness\uff09\u300d\u3068\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u9818\u57df\u3092\u4fb5\u72af\u305b\u305a\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u306a\u884c\u52d5\u306e\u6a29\u5229\uff08negative face\uff09\u3092\u5c0a\u91cd\u3059\u308b\u914d\u616e\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u6226\u7565\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u304c\u6559\u6388\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u4f9d\u983c\u3092\u884c\u3046\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u306e\u306f\u300c\u975e\u5f37\u5236\u6027\uff08non-coerciveness\uff09\u300d\u306e\u78ba\u7acb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u79c1\u306e\u8981\u6c42\u3092\u65ad\u3063\u3066\u3082\u69cb\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u300d\u300c\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u8cb4\u91cd\u306a\u6642\u9593\u3092\u596a\u3063\u3066\u7533\u3057\u8a33\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u59ff\u52e2\u3092\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u307e\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092\u5b9f\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u304c\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb\uff08I would appreciate it…\uff09\u3001\u9032\u884c\u76f8\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4e00\u6642\u6027\u306e\u5f37\u8abf\uff08I was wondering…\uff09\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6a29\u306e\u59d4\u8b72\uff08if your schedule permits \/ if you find it acceptable\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8981\u6c42\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u304c\u53d7\u8afe\u3059\u308b\u4e16\u754c\u3092\u4eee\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6a5f\u5e8f\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u975e\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u306a\u4f9d\u983c\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4f9d\u983c\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08ask, request\uff09\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3057\u3001\u53d7\u8afe\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u81ea\u3089\u304c\u611f\u3058\u308b\u611f\u8b1d\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u69cb\u6587\uff08I would be grateful \/ It would be an immense help\uff09\u3092\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u3002\u611f\u8b1d\u306e\u5148\u53d6\u308a\u306f\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u3092\u62bc\u3057\u3064\u3051\u306a\u3044\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u6226\u7565\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e if \u306b\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u3092\u4ed8\u52a0\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u90fd\u5408\u3084\u88c1\u91cf\u3092\u5c0b\u306d\u308b\u8868\u73fe\uff08if it is not too much trouble \/ if circumstances allow\uff09\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u8907\u5408\u3055\u305b\u3001\u300c\u4eee\u306b\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u5927\u5909\u3042\u308a\u304c\u305f\u304f\u5b58\u3058\u307e\u3059\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u91cd\u306e\u8ddd\u96e2\u5316\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u6700\u3082\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u304b\u3064\u6d17\u7df4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u975e\u5f37\u5236\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u3002”I would be deeply grateful if you could kindly consider granting me a one-week extension on the submission deadline.” \u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb “would be grateful” \u3068\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e “could consider” \u304c\u547c\u5fdc\u3057\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5f37\u5236\u529b\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6d88\u53bb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u601d\u8003\u306e\u52d5\u614b\u3092\u958b\u793a\u3059\u308b\u904e\u53bb\u9032\u884c\u5f62\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u3002”I was wondering if it might be possible for me to submit the term paper a few days later than scheduled.” \u904e\u53bb\u9032\u884c\u5f62 “was wondering” \u304c\u3001\u9858\u671b\u3092\u73fe\u5728\u9032\u884c\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a\u4e8b\u9805\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5fc3\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u751f\u3058\u305f\u63a7\u3048\u3081\u306a\u554f\u3044\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u591a\u5fd9\u3055\u306b\u914d\u616e\u3059\u308b\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u3002”If your current schedule permits, I would be most appreciative of any additional time you might be able to afford me.” \u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u304c\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u30b9\u30b1\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u6700\u512a\u5148\u4e8b\u9805\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u6559\u6388\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066 “I want to submit my essay next week. Please accept this.” \u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7121\u8996\u3057\u305f\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002Please \u304c\u4ed8\u3044\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6975\u3081\u3066\u7121\u793c\u306a\u97ff\u304d\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u6b32\u6c42\uff08want\uff09\u3092\u6d88\u53bb\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001”In light of my current medical circumstances, I would like to respectfully inquire whether it might be feasible to grant a brief extension of one week for my submission.” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u8afe\u5426\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u88c1\u91cf\u3092\u59d4\u306d\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u3068\u6839\u672c\u7684\u306b\u8ee2\u63db\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u30cd\u30ac\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u975e\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u306a\u4f9d\u983c\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff12. \u8b1d\u7f6a\u30fb\u611f\u8b1d\u30fb\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\u63d0\u793a\u306e\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4f9d\u983c\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u300c\u304a\u9858\u3044\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u76f8\u624b\u306b\u8ca0\u62c5\u3092\u304b\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u524d\u306e\u300c\u8b1d\u7f6a\uff08Apology\uff09\u300d\u3001\u53d7\u8afe\u306e\u6709\u7121\u306b\u95a2\u308f\u3089\u305a\u6642\u9593\u3092\u5272\u3044\u3066\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u304f\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u524d\u306e\u300c\u611f\u8b1d\uff08Gratitude\uff09\u300d\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u8ca0\u62c5\u3092\u8efd\u6e1b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u300c\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\u30fb\u8aa0\u610f\u306e\u63d0\u793a\uff08Mitigating Offer\uff09\u300d\u3092\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u306b\u9023\u52d5\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u306e\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u304c\u63c3\u3063\u3066\u521d\u3081\u3066\u3001\u30d3\u30b8\u30cd\u30b9\u3084\u5b66\u8853\u306e\u5834\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u53d7\u5bb9\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u4f9d\u983c\u6587\u66f8\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u306e\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4f9d\u983c\u3092\u5207\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u76f4\u524d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u6b63\u898f\u306e\u4e88\u5b9a\u3092\u72c2\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8b1d\u7f6a\uff08I sincerely apologize for the inconvenience this may cause\uff09\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u75c5\u6c17\u3084\u4e8b\u6545\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6297\u529b\u306e\u7406\u7531\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3059\u308b\u7528\u610f\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u73fe\u72b6\u3067\u5b8c\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u63d0\u51fa\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u7b49\u306e\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\uff08I can provide a medical certificate \/ I have attached my preliminary draft\uff09\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u7d50\u3073\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4e0d\u624b\u969b\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u304f\u308c\u308b\u76f8\u624b\u3078\u306e\u4e8b\u524d\u306e\u611f\u8b1d\uff08Thank you very much for your time and kind consideration\uff09\u3092\u660e\u8a18\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff15\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff15\u554f\u306e\u4f9d\u983c\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u8b1d\u7f6a\uff1a “I deeply regret that I am forced to make this request and sincerely apologize for disrupting your grading schedule.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u8aa0\u610f\u306e\u63d0\u793a\uff1a “I have already compiled the outline and main arguments, which I would be pleased to forward to you immediately to demonstrate my progress.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u611f\u8b1d\uff1a “Thank you very much for your understanding and for considering my situation during this difficult time.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u696d\u52d9\u4e0a\u306e\u7d0d\u671f\u5ef6\u9577\u4f9d\u983c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u8b1d\u7f6a\uff1a “We deeply apologize for the delay caused by unexpected supply chain bottlenecks.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\uff1a “To minimize your operational impact, we can deliver the first batch of components by tomorrow morning.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u611f\u8b1d\uff1a “We greatly appreciate your continued patience and partnership as we resolve this issue.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u63a8\u85a6\u72b6\u57f7\u7b46\u306e\u4f9d\u983c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u914d\u616e\uff1a “I recognize that this is an exceptionally busy time of the semester for you.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u88dc\u52a9\u8cc7\u6599\u306e\u63d0\u793a\uff1a “To facilitate your evaluation, I have attached my updated curriculum vitae and personal statement.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u611f\u8b1d\uff1a “I would be immensely thankful for your support and guidance in this application process.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u7d50\u3073\u3092\u5358\u306b “Thank you. Bye.” \u3067\u7d42\u308f\u3089\u305b\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u516c\u7684\u6587\u66f8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u7d42\u7d50\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u6b20\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u306e\u539f\u5247\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001”I sincerely apologize for the inconvenience my sudden injury has caused to your schedule. Attached please find my preliminary outline for your review. Thank you very much for your patience, guidance, and generous consideration of my request. Sincerely, [Name]” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u8b1d\u7f6a\u3001\u8aa0\u610f\u3001\u611f\u8b1d\u3092\u9699\u9593\u306a\u304f\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u66f8\u7c21\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u54c1\u683c\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u4f9d\u983c\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8b1d\u7f6a\u30fb\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\u30fb\u611f\u8b1d\u306e\u6709\u6a5f\u7684\u9023\u52d5\u304c\u9054\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14. \u5f62\u5f0f\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u53d7\u52d5\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u5831\u544a\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u8ad6<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30fb\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u6587\u7ae0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u4e3b\u89b3\u3092\u524d\u9762\u306b\u51fa\u3057\u3059\u304e\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8aac\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8aac\u5f97\u529b\u3092\u8457\u3057\u304f\u6e1b\u6bba\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u79c1\u306f\u301c\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u3092\u591a\u7528\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u6587\u4f53\u898f\u5f8b\uff08academic discourse conventions\uff09\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u8a3c\u62e0\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3084\u8ad6\u7406\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u8981\u8acb\u3059\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u69cb\u6587\uff08It is … that\uff09\u3001\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\uff08It can be observed that…\uff09\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u52d5\u4f5c\u3092\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u8868\u73fe\uff08nominalization\uff09\u3092\u6226\u7565\u7684\u306b\u52d5\u54e1\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u610f\u898b\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u8a00\u8aac\u3078\u3068\u6607\u83ef\u3055\u305b\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u8ad6\u7684\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff11. \u975e\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u53d7\u52d5\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u3088\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u6e90\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u3068\u6a29\u5a01\u3065\u3051<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u300c\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u301c\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f1d\u805e\u3084\u3001\u300c\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u304c\u301c\u3068\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u80fd\u52d5\u614b\u3067 “People say that…” \u3084 “They believe that…” \u3068\u66f8\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u6587\u4f53\u3092\u8457\u3057\u304f\u5e7c\u7a1a\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5b66\u8853\u82f1\u8a9e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u4e0d\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u8005\u3092\u6d88\u53bb\u3057\u3001\u547d\u984c\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306e\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3092\u524d\u9762\u306b\u62bc\u3057\u51fa\u3059\u975e\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u53d7\u52d5\u69cb\u6587\uff08It is widely accepted that… \/ It has been demonstrated that…\uff09\u304c\u597d\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u6e90\u306f\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u500b\u4eba\u304b\u3089\u300c\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u5171\u6709\u8ca1\u7523\u300d\u3078\u3068\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3001\u8a00\u660e\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u6a29\u5a01\u304c\u4ed8\u4e0e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u304b\u3089\u500b\u4eba\u3092\u9000\u3051\u3001\u547d\u984c\u3092\u6587\u672b\u306e\u7126\u70b9\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u5b89\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u6a5f\u5e8f\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u975e\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u53d7\u52d5\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u5c0e\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u304c\u8ff0\u3079\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e3b\u5f35\u304c\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u601d\u3044\u3064\u304d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u3084\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5408\u610f\u306b\u652f\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u547d\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u80fd\u52d5\u614b\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\uff08We, People, Researchers\uff09\u3092\u6d88\u53bb\u3057\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u8a9e It \u3068\u5831\u544a\u30fb\u601d\u8003\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\uff08is argued, is recognized, has been shown\uff09\u3092\u9aa8\u683c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e that \u306b\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u7bc0\u5185\u306b\u4e2d\u6838\u7684\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u547d\u984c\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u9673\u8ff0\u6587\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u8a00\u8a9e\u7372\u5f97\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u901a\u8aac\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3002”It was long assumed that language acquisition was purely a product of environmental conditioning; however, subsequent empirical evidence dismantled this view.” “It was long assumed that…” \u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u8ab0\u304b\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u5b66\u754c\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u652f\u914d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u901a\u8aac\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5ba2\u89b3\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u52d5\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5408\u610f\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3002”It is widely recognized among environmental scientists that sea level rise poses an existential threat to low-lying coastal regions.” \u5b66\u8853\u7684\u5408\u610f\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u304c\u53d7\u52d5\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6a29\u5a01\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u5236\u5ea6\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3002”It cannot be overstated that the preservation of judicial independence is indispensable to democratic governance.” \u4e8c\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u3068\u53d7\u52d5\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u7d76\u5bfe\u6027\u304c\u6975\u5927\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u969b\u306b “I believe that the movie theater manager is wrong because my calculation shows different numbers.” \u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u79c1\u7684\u306a\u53e3\u8ad6\u306e\u6587\u4f53\u306b\u5815\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u975e\u4eba\u79f0\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001”It is readily evident from the numerical data that the manager’s conclusion is erroneous; as can be demonstrated by a basic calculation, comedies command a significantly larger overall audience share.” \u3068\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u5f62\u5f0f\u3078\u3068\u66f8\u304d\u76f4\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u975e\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u53d7\u52d5\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8a00\u8aac\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u624b\u6cd5\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff12. \u540d\u8a5e\u5316\uff08Nominalization\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308b\u547d\u984c\u306e\u51dd\u7e2e\u3068\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8ad6\u8a3c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7bc0\uff08S + V\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b\u52d5\u4f5c\u3084\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3078\u3068\u5727\u7e2e\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u64cd\u4f5c\u3092\u300c\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\uff08nominalization\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070 “Because the population aged rapidly, the economy declined” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8907\u6587\u3092\u3001”The rapid aging of the population caused economic decline” \u3078\u3068\u5909\u63db\u3059\u308b\u64cd\u4f5c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u300c\u6642\u9593\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u79fb\u308d\u3046\u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\u300d\u304b\u3089\u300c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u691c\u8a3c\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u56fa\u5b9a\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6982\u5ff5\u300d\u3078\u3068\u8ee2\u63db\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5b66\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u304c\u591a\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u30b3\u30f3\u30d1\u30af\u30c8\u306b\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u9593\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08lead to, result in, reflect, undermine\uff09\u3067\u63a5\u7d9a\u3067\u304d\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6587\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3092\u98db\u8e8d\u7684\u306b\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u306e\u6280\u8853\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3057\u8ad6\u8a3c\u6587\u3078\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u3080\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u3084\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7bc0\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4e2d\u6838\u3068\u306a\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u30fb\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3092\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u6d3e\u751f\u540d\u8a5e\uff08aging, decline, implementation, absence \u7b49\uff09\u3078\u3068\u54c1\u8a5e\u8ee2\u63db\u3057\u3001\u5143\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3084\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3092\u6240\u6709\u683c\u3084\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\uff08of, by\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u3078\u518d\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3084\u76f8\u95a2\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8868\u3059\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08cause, facilitate, prevent, correlate with \u7b49\uff09\u3067\u76f4\u7d50\u3057\u3001\u7c21\u6f54\u304b\u3064\u91cd\u539a\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u6587\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u6620\u753b\u9928\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6307\u6458\u3092\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u51dd\u7e2e\u3059\u308b\u3002”The manager’s failure to distinguish between subgroup preference and overall audience proportion undermines the validity of the conclusion.” \u7bc0\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305a\u306b\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u4e3b\u8a9e “The manager’s failure…” \u3068\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e “undermines” \u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u6279\u5224\u304c\u51dd\u7e2e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u74b0\u5883\u7834\u58ca\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u3092\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002”The rapid expansion of urban infrastructure resulted in the fragmentation of natural wildlife corridors.” \u8907\u6587\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305a\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u53e5\u304c “resulted in” \u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u7d50\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u653f\u7b56\u306e\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002”The absence of an enforceable verification mechanism explains the ultimate collapse of the disarmament treaty.” \u7406\u7531\u7bc0\u3092\u4f7f\u308f\u305a\u3001”The absence of…” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u8aac\u660e\u306e\u8d77\u70b9\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff12\uff09\u306e\u53cd\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 “Snakes don’t have legs, but some other animals also don’t have legs, so you cannot say it is a snake” \u3068\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3067\u30c0\u30e9\u30c0\u30e9\u3068\u6587\u3092\u7e4b\u3050\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u77e5\u7684\u306a\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3092\u6b20\u304f\u3002\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001”The lack of legs in an organism does not serve as conclusive proof of its classification as a snake, because leglessness is a characteristic shared by diverse biological species, including earthworms.” \u3068\u3001\u73fe\u8c61\u3092\u6982\u5ff5\uff08leglessness\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u3057\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u7814\u304e\u6f84\u307e\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u99c6\u4f7f\u3057\u305f\u9ad8\u5bc6\u5ea6\u306a\u5ba2\u89b3\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15. \u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u9006\u8ee2\u3092\u9632\u3050\u63a5\u7d9a\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u4e8b\u8c61\u7d99\u8d77\u306e\u8ad6\u7406<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8ad6\u8a3c\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6700\u3082\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u8aa4\u308a\u306f\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u9006\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u3066\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u300c\u301c\u3060\u304b\u3089\u300d\u300c\u301c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u52a9\u8a5e\u306e\u66d6\u6627\u3055\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u305a\u3089\u308c\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e “result from” \u3068 “result in” \u3092\u6df7\u540c\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001”lead to” \u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u7f6e\u3044\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u30df\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u601d\u8003\u529b\u306e\u6839\u672c\u3092\u7591\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u3001\u6642\u9593\u306e\u77e2\uff08arrow of time\uff09\u3068\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u306a\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3092\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u8aa4\u308a\u306a\u304f\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u30fb\u63a5\u7d9a\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff11. \u56e0\u679c\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u8b58\u5225<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u8a9e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u306f\u3001\u300c\u4e3b\u8a9e\uff1d\u539f\u56e0 \u2192 \u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\uff1d\u7d50\u679c\u300d\u3068\u306a\u308b\u9806\u65b9\u5411\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08lead to, cause, result in, bring about, trigger, precipitate\uff09\u3068\u3001\u300c\u4e3b\u8a9e\uff1d\u7d50\u679c \u2192 \u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\uff1d\u539f\u56e0\u300d\u3068\u306a\u308b\u9006\u65b9\u5411\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08result from, stem from, originate in, be attributed to, be caused by\uff09\u306b\u4e8c\u5206\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u3092\u6df7\u540c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u6b63\u8ca0\u3092\u53cd\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u7b49\u3057\u3044\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u304b\u3089\u7d50\u679c\u3078\u306e\u30d9\u30af\u30c8\u30eb\u3092\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u304c\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u7f6e\u3044\u305f\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u300c\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u305f\u5074\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u300c\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5074\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u5e38\u306b\u76e3\u8996\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u81ea\u5df1\u898f\u5f8b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56e0\u679c\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u3092\u7d44\u307f\u7acb\u3066\u308b\u524d\u306b\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u3046\u3061\u300c\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304c\u6642\u9593\u7684\u306b\u5148\u884c\u3057\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\uff08Cause\uff09\u300d\u3068\u300c\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304c\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u751f\u3058\u305f\u304b\uff08Effect\uff09\u300d\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u304c\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u636e\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u304c Cause \u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b Effect \u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c Cause \u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u9806\u65b9\u5411\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08result in \/ lead to \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c Effect \u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u9006\u65b9\u5411\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08result from \/ stem from \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u3066\u6587\u3092\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u9806\u65b9\u5411\u52d5\u8a5e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\uff08Cause \u2192 Effect\uff09\u3002”The abrupt increase in benchmark interest rates resulted in a severe liquidity contraction across domestic financial markets.” \u539f\u56e0\uff08\u5229\u4e0a\u3052\uff09\u304c\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7d50\u679c\uff08\u6d41\u52d5\u6027\u5371\u6a5f\uff09\u304c\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u9006\u65b9\u5411\u52d5\u8a5e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\uff08Effect \u2190 Cause\uff09\u3002”The severe liquidity contraction across domestic financial markets stemmed from the abrupt increase in benchmark interest rates.” \u7d50\u679c\uff08\u6d41\u52d5\u6027\u5371\u6a5f\uff09\u304c\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u5229\u4e0a\u3052\uff09\u304c\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e from \u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u5e30\u5c5e\u3092\u8868\u3059\u69cb\u6587\uff08Effect is attributed to Cause\uff09\u3002”The remarkable decline in infant mortality can be attributed to the widespread implementation of clean water infrastructure.” \u7d50\u679c\u304c\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u304c attributed to \u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff11\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 “The large number of comedy fans resulted from the small adult population.” \u3068\u66f8\u304f\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6210\u4eba\u306e\u5c11\u306a\u3055\u304c\u30b3\u30e1\u30c7\u30a3\u30d5\u30a1\u30f3\u306e\u591a\u3055\u3092\u300c\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u305f\u300d\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u624b\u9806\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u518d\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3001”The numerical superiority of comedy fans stems from the fact that minors comprise the overwhelming majority of the total cinema audience.” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u69cb\u6210\u306e\u6bd4\u7387\u304b\u3089\u5e30\u7d50\u304c\u6d3e\u751f\u3059\u308b\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u904b\u7528\u57fa\u6e96\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff12. \u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u7d99\u6642\u7684\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u904b\u7528<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8907\u6570\u306e\u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\u304c\u9023\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u751f\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u6848\u5185\u6587\u3084\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u89e3\u8aac\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u524d\u5f8c\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u66d6\u6627\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5358\u306b “and” \u3067\u6587\u3092\u7e4b\u3050\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u8c61\u304c\u540c\u6642\u306b\u8d77\u304d\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3001\u9806\u6b21\u8d77\u304d\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u524d\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u304c\u5b8c\u4e86\u3057\u3066\u304b\u3089\u6b21\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\u304c\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u306f\u5224\u5225\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6642\u9593\u306e\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u306a\u7d4c\u904e\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001”subsequently”, “prior to”, “following”, “thereafter” \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u7a7a\u9593\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6642\u9593\u8ef8\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7d71\u5236\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u3079\u304d\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u30fb\u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\u3092\u767a\u751f\u9806\u306b\u30bf\u30a4\u30e0\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u4e0a\u306b\u4e26\u3079\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e8b\u8c61\u3068\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u9593\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u90e8\u5206\u306b\u3001\u6642\u9593\u5dee\u306e\u6027\u8cea\uff08\u76f4\u5f8c\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u4e00\u5b9a\u6642\u9593\u5f8c\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u5b8c\u4e86\u5f8c\u306a\u306e\u304b\uff09\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u540c\u6642\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070 “simultaneously \/ while”\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070 “immediately following \/ shortly thereafter”\u3001\u5148\u884c\u5b8c\u4e86\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070 “having done \/ once S has done” \u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u901a\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u304c\u8a18\u8ff0\u306e\u9806\u5e8f\u901a\u308a\u306b\u884c\u52d5\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3001\u6642\u9593\u7684\u306a\u77db\u76fe\u304c\u751f\u3058\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\u306e\u6848\u5185\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u306e\u7d71\u5236\u3002”Upon arriving at Central Station on the Local 250, you should immediately cross to Platform 4 on the same platform; thereafter, you can board the Express 11, provided that you have secured an express ticket prior to departure.” “Upon arriving”, “thereafter”, “prior to departure” \u304c\u5b8c\u74a7\u306a\u6642\u9593\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u5b9f\u9a13\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u306e\u7d71\u5236\u3002”The chemical solution was heated to ninety degrees Celsius for thirty minutes; subsequently, it was allowed to cool slowly to room temperature prior to chromatographic analysis.” \u5404\u5de5\u7a0b\u306e\u524d\u5f8c\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u6a19\u8b58\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u56fa\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u653f\u7b56\u5c55\u958b\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u306e\u7d71\u5236\u3002”Following the widespread industrial strikes of 1920, the government enacted protective labor legislation; however, these safeguards were systematically eroded in subsequent decades.” \u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306e\u9577\u671f\u7684\u306a\u63a8\u79fb\u304c\u660e\u77ad\u306b\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u99c5\u306e\u6848\u5185\u3067 “You buy ticket and you take train and get off and take another train” \u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306e\u65e5\u8a18\u3068\u540c\u7b49\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5b9f\u7528\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u4f53\u3092\u306a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u6a19\u8b58\u3092\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u3093\u3067\u3001”First, take the Local 250 to Central Station. Immediately after getting off, cross the platform to Platform 4, where the Express 11 will be waiting. Please ensure that you have purchased an express surcharge ticket beforehand.” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u884c\u52d5\u306e\u7bc0\u76ee\u304c\u660e\u5feb\u306a\u30d7\u30ed\u306e\u6848\u5185\u306b\u4ed5\u4e0a\u3052\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u7d99\u6642\u7684\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u8ac7\u8a71\u6a19\u8b58\u306e\u904b\u7528\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16. \u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u3068\u5e30\u7d50\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6642\u5236\u30fb\u6cd5\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u3068\u4e8b\u5b9f\u6027<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6761\u4ef6\u6587\uff08Conditional Sentences\uff09\u3092\u904b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u304c\u76f4\u8aac\u6cd5\uff08Indicative\uff09\u3068\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\uff08Subjunctive\uff09\u306e\u5883\u754c\u3092\u898b\u5931\u3044\u3001\u6642\u5236\u3068\u6cd5\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u3092\u4e71\u3059\u30df\u30b9\u3092\u72af\u3059\u3002\u73fe\u5b9f\u306b\u8d77\u3053\u308a\u3046\u308b\u672a\u6765\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u4eee\u5b9a\u4e16\u754c\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u53cd\u5b9f\u4eee\u60f3\u3092\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u6027\uff08Factuality\uff09\u300d\u306e\u5224\u5b9a\u304c\u66d6\u6627\u306a\u307e\u307e\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u4f5c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3068\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u9593\u3067\u6cd5\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u9078\u629e\u304c\u885d\u7a81\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u62db\u304f\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u6027\u306e\u4e09\u6bb5\u968e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u3068\u5e30\u7d50\u7bc0\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u62c5\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u898f\u5247\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff11. \u4e8b\u5b9f\u6027\u306e\u4e09\u6bb5\u968e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u6cd5\u306e\u9078\u629e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6761\u4ef6\u6587\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u8c61\u304c\u73fe\u5b9f\u4e16\u754c\u3068\u3069\u306e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u6027\u306e\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\uff08degree of factuality\uff09\u300d\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u3001\u4e09\u3064\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u5206\u985e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u30aa\u30fc\u30d7\u30f3\u6761\u4ef6\uff08Open Conditional: \u5b9f\u73fe\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5927\uff09: \u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u672a\u6765\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u3046\u308b\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u5f62\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306f will \/ can \/ must \u7b49\u306e\u73fe\u5728\u5f62\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u3068\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u7684\u73fe\u5728\uff08Counterfactual Present: \u73fe\u5728\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\uff0f\u5b9f\u73fe\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6975\u5c0f\uff09: \u73fe\u5728\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u672a\u6765\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5b9f\u73fe\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u56f0\u96e3\u306a\u4eee\u60f3\u3002\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\uff08were \/ did\uff09\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306f would \/ could \/ might \uff0b \u539f\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u3068\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u7684\u904e\u53bb\uff08Counterfactual Past: \u904e\u53bb\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\uff09: \u904e\u53bb\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u751f\u8d77\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u4e8b\u614b\u306e\u53cd\u7701\u30fb\u63a8\u8ad6\u3002\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86\u5f62\uff08had done\uff09\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306f would \/ could \/ might \uff0b have done \u3092\u3068\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u4e09\u3064\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u5883\u754c\u3092\u610f\u8b58\u3057\u3001\u6587\u8108\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u6027\u306e\u6c34\u6e96\u3068\u7d71\u8a9e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u4e00\u81f4\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cd5\u306e\u9078\u629e\u3092\u5224\u5b9a\u30fb\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u60f3\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6761\u4ef6\u304c\u300c\u73fe\u5b9f\u306b\u8d77\u3053\u308a\u3046\u308b\u672a\u6765\u306e\u3053\u3068\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u300c\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u300c\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u6587\u8108\u304b\u3089\u5224\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u9078\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u7bc0\u5185\u90e8\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u5f62\u614b\uff08\u73fe\u5728\u5f62\uff0f\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\uff0f\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86\u5f62\uff09\u3092\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6642\u3084\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u8868\u3059\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0\u5185\u3067\u306f\u3001\u672a\u6765\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3082 will \u3092\u7528\u3044\u305a\u73fe\u5728\u5f62\u306b\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u898f\u5247\u3092\u9075\u5b88\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u6642\u5236\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08will vs. would \/ can vs. could\uff09\u3092\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306b\u9078\u629e\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3068\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u9593\u3067\u6cd5\u306e\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u30aa\u30fc\u30d7\u30f3\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u9069\u7528\uff08\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff09\u3002”If you transfer to the Express 11 at Central Station, you will comfortably reach the airport by 14:25.” \u73fe\u5b9f\u306b\u5b9f\u884c\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u7d4c\u8def\u6848\u5185\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u5f62 “transfer”\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306f “will reach” \u306e\u30aa\u30fc\u30d7\u30f3\u6761\u4ef6\u304c\u6b63\u683c\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067 would \u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3068\u300c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304c\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u542b\u610f\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u7684\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u9069\u7528\uff08\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff12\uff09\uff09\u3002”If this creature were indeed a snake, it would necessarily possess the anatomical features unique to reptiles.” \u76ee\u306e\u524d\u306e\u672a\u5206\u985e\u306e\u751f\u7269\u304c\u86c7\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eee\u8aac\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb “were” \u3068 “would possess” \u3092\u547c\u5fdc\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9f\u7684\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u9069\u7528\uff08\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff15\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff15\u554f\uff09\u3002”If I had not sustained this unfortunate fracture, I would have submitted the complete manuscript on the scheduled date.” \u904e\u53bb\u306e\u4e8b\u6545\u3068\u3044\u3046\u78ba\u5b9a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306b\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u4eee\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86 “had not sustained”\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306f “would have submitted” \u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u306e\u6848\u5185\u6587\u3067 “If you took Express 11, you would arrive at 14:25” \u3068\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3067\u66f8\u304f\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb\u306f\u300c\u73fe\u5b9f\u306b\u306f\u8d77\u3053\u308a\u305d\u3046\u3082\u306a\u3044\u4e8b\u614b\u300d\u3092\u542b\u610f\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u99c5\u54e1\u304c\u4e57\u5ba2\u306b\u3053\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u3068\u3001\u300c\u307e\u3042\u3001\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304c\u3001\u4eee\u306b\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u305f\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3089\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6975\u3081\u3066\u4e0d\u89aa\u5207\u304b\u3064\u5947\u5999\u306a\u30cb\u30e5\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u4fc3\u3059\u6848\u5185\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u8aac\u6cd5\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066 “If you take Express 11, you will arrive…” \u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u6027\u306e\u6c34\u6e96\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u6761\u4ef6\u6587\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u9069\u5408\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff12. \u6df7\u5408\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\uff08Mixed Conditionals\uff09\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u6574\u5408\u6027<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6761\u4ef6\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u3068\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3067\u6642\u9593\u67a0\u304c\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u300c\u6df7\u5408\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u300d\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\uff08\u6761\u4ef6\uff09\u300d\u304c\u300c\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u72b6\u614b\uff08\u7d50\u679c\uff09\u300d\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300c\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u6052\u5e38\u7684\u6027\u8cea\uff08\u6761\u4ef6\uff09\u300d\u304c\u300c\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u884c\u52d5\uff08\u7d50\u679c\uff09\u300d\u3092\u5236\u7d04\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3053\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u73fe\u308c\u308b\u3002\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff15\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff15\u554f\u306e\u4f9d\u983c\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u4e8b\u6545\u306b\u906d\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u57f7\u7b46\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u8108\u306f\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u3068\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u7d50\u3076\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u4ea4\u5dee\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6642\u9593\u7684\u306a\u305a\u308c\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u7d71\u8a9e\u5316\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u601d\u8003\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u3055\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6df7\u5408\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3092\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u306a\u308b\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u751f\u8d77\u6642\u70b9\uff08\u904e\u53bb\u304b\u73fe\u5728\u304b\uff09\u3068\u3001\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u751f\u3058\u308b\u4e8b\u614b\u306e\u6210\u7acb\u6642\u70b9\uff08\u904e\u53bb\u304b\u73fe\u5728\u304b\uff09\u3092\u500b\u5225\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u306b\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86\u5f62\uff08If S had done\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306b\u306f\u300cwould \/ could \uff0b \u539f\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\u300d\u3092\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306b\u5b8c\u4e86\u5f62\uff08have done\uff09\u3092\u7f6e\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u73fe\u5728\u306b\u5c5e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u6a19\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306b “now” \u3084 “currently”\u3001”at present” \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u6642\u9593\u526f\u8a5e\u3092\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u6642\u5236\u306e\u6df7\u5728\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u3002”If the surgical team had not intervened so decisively yesterday, the patient would not be alive today.” \u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u306f\u6628\u65e5\u306e\u624b\u8853\uff08\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86 had not intervened\uff09\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306f\u4eca\u65e5\u306e\u751f\u5b58\uff08would not be alive today\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u304c\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff15\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff15\u554f\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3002”If I had not broken my arm last weekend, I would not be facing this acute difficulty in completing my essay at present.” \u904e\u53bb\u306e\u9aa8\u6298\u3068\u3044\u3046\u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\u304c\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u57f7\u7b46\u4e0d\u80fd\u3068\u3044\u3046\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u9069\u683c\u306b\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3068\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u3002”If the chief diplomat were not such a skilled negotiator, the treaty would have collapsed during the preliminary talks last month.” \u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u306f\u4eba\u7269\u306e\u6052\u5e38\u7684\u8cc7\u8cea\uff08were not\uff09\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306f\u5148\u6708\u306e\u4ea4\u6e09\u6c7a\u88c2\u306e\u56de\u907f\uff08would have collapsed\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8cc7\u8cea\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u304c\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u9632\u3044\u3060\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u6df7\u5408\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306b\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b “would have been” \u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u8aa4\u308a\u304c\u983b\u767a\u3059\u308b\u3002”If I had taken the medicine yesterday, I would have been fine now.” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u306f\u3001now \u3068\u3044\u3046\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u526f\u8a5e\u3068 would have been \u3068\u3044\u3046\u904e\u53bb\u5b8c\u4e86\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u304c\u885d\u7a81\u3057\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3002\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u5b8c\u4e86\u5f62\u3092\u89e3\u9664\u3057\u3066 “I would be fine now.” \u3068\u539f\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\u306b\u6539\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u884c\u70ba\u304c\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u6574\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6642\u9593\u67a0\u306e\u7570\u306a\u308b\u4e8b\u8c61\u3092\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u6df7\u5408\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u904b\u7528\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17. \u6570\u5024\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3068\u6570\u91cf\u8a5e\u30fb\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u904b\u7528<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff11\uff09\u306e\u300c\u6620\u753b\u9928\u306e\u89b3\u5ba2\u6bd4\u7387\u300d\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u7d71\u8a08\u6570\u5024\u3092\u5f15\u7528\u30fb\u518d\u8a08\u7b97\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u8a2d\u554f\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6570\u91cf\u8a5e\uff08quantifiers\uff09\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868\u73fe\uff08comparatives\uff09\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u904b\u7528\u304c\u5408\u5426\u3092\u5206\u3051\u308b\u3002\u65e5\u5e38\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u300c\u591a\u3044\u300d\u300c\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u66d6\u6627\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c6\u30fc\u30b8\u3001\u6bd4\u7387\u3001\u500d\u6570\u3001\u5dee\u5206\u3092\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u53b3\u5bc6\u3055\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u4f53\u7cfb\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17.\uff11. \u69cb\u6210\u6bd4\u30fb\u5b9f\u6570\u30fb\u500d\u6570\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u6570\u91cf\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u4f53\u7cfb<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6570\u91cf\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u6700\u3082\u983b\u7e41\u306b\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u30df\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u9078\u629e\u30df\u30b9\u3068\u6570\u91cf\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u306a\u914d\u7f6e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u301c\uff05\u3092\u5360\u3081\u308b\u300d\u300c\u301c\u306e\u5272\u5408\u3067\u300d\u300c\u301c\u500d\u306b\u9054\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u69cb\u6210\u6bd4\u3092\u8868\u3059\u69cb\u6587: “account for X% of…”, “constitute X% of…”, “make up X% of…”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u5272\u5408\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u8868\u3059\u540d\u8a5e: “proportion”, “percentage”, “share”, “ratio”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u500d\u6570\u3092\u8868\u3059\u69cb\u6587: “X times as large\/many as Y”, “X times the number\/size of Y”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30fb\u5dee\u5206\u3092\u8868\u3059\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e: “by a margin of…”, “surpass Y by X%”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u4f7f\u3044\u5206\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u6570\u7406\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3092\u66d6\u6627\u3055\u306e\u306a\u3044\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u3078\u3068\u5909\u63db\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6570\u91cf\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u3079\u304d\u6570\u5024\u304c\u300c\u5272\u5408\uff08Rate \/ Proportion\uff09\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u300c\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u6570\u91cf\uff08Absolute Number \/ Count\uff09\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5272\u5408\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306f “account for” \u3084 “percentage of” \u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u3001\u6570\u91cf\u306e\u5927\u5c0f\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306f “outnumber”\uff08\u6570\u3067\u4e0a\u56de\u308b\uff09\u3084 “exceed” \u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6570\u7406\u7684\u518d\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6570\u5024\u3092\u4e3b\u8a9e\u307e\u305f\u306f\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306b\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u307f\u3001\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u5c0e\u51fa\u904e\u7a0b\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u6620\u753b\u9928\u306e\u89b3\u5ba2\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u518d\u8a08\u7b97\u3068\u63d0\u793a\uff08\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff09\u3002”According to the provided statistics, adults represent 38% of the total attendance, with 98% of them preferring art films; this group therefore corresponds to approximately 37.2% of the entire cinema audience.” \u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c6\u30fc\u30b8\u306e\u4e57\u7b97\u904e\u7a0b\u304c “represents”, “with”, “corresponds to” \u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u89b3\u5ba2\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u3068\u63d0\u793a\u3002”Conversely, minors constitute the remaining 62% of the visitors, and since 70% of them favor comedies, comedy enthusiasts in this demographic represent roughly 43.4% of all moviegoers.” \u69cb\u6210\u6bd4\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u304b\u3089\u5168\u4f53\u5272\u5408\u306e\u7b97\u51fa\u3078\u306e\u9053\u7b4b\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u6a19\u8b58\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306a\u6570\u91cf\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3002”Comparing these two figures reveals that comedy supporters (43.4%) outnumber art film supporters (37.2%) by a margin of more than six percentage points across the whole audience.” “outnumber” \u3068 “by a margin of” \u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u96c6\u56e3\u9593\u306e\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u683c\u5dee\u304c\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u660e\u78ba\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u6570\u5024\u6bd4\u8f03\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 “Art films is 98% so it is bigger than comedy 70%.” \u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u6975\u3081\u3066\u5e7c\u7a1a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3070\u304b\u308a\u304b\u3001\u5206\u6bcd\u306e\u9055\u3044\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7121\u8996\u3057\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u9732\u5448\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6570\u91cf\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u4f53\u7cfb\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001”Although the preference rate for art films within the adult demographic (98%) is nominally higher than that for comedies among minors (70%), this comparison is mathematically deceptive because it ignores the significant disparity in the overall population sizes of the two groups.” \u3068\u3001\u6bd4\u7387\u306e\u8868\u9762\u7684\u306a\u9ad8\u4f4e\u3068\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u76f8\u9055\u3092\u7cbe\u7dfb\u306a\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u69cb\u6210\u6bd4\u3068\u5b9f\u6570\u3092\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u6570\u91cf\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u904b\u7528\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17.\uff12. \u6bd4\u8f03\u7d1a\u30fb\u6700\u4e0a\u7d1a\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u6027<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6570\u91cf\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u57fa\u306b\u3057\u3066\u300c\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304c\u3088\u308a\u4eba\u6c17\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u300d\u300c\u4f55\u304c\u6700\u5927\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\u969b\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u7d1a\u3068\u6700\u4e0a\u7d1a\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u6e80\u305f\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4e8c\u8005\u9593\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6700\u4e0a\u7d1a\uff08most\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u4e0a\u30fb\u6587\u6cd5\u4e0a\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u7d1a\uff08more\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u300c\u4f55\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3066\u300d\u3088\u308a\u5927\u304d\u3044\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\uff08than \u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\uff09\u3092\u7701\u7565\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u8a00\u660e\u304c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u7d50\u679c\u304b\u3089\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u5c0e\u304d\u51fa\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u904b\u7528\u6280\u8853\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u304c\u300c\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\uff08\u6620\u753b\u306e\u4e8c\u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u30eb\uff09\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u300c\u4e09\u3064\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u540c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u7d1a\u304b\u6700\u4e0a\u7d1a\u304b\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5bfe\u7acb\u9805\uff08than that of… \/ compared to…\uff09\u3092\u6b20\u843d\u3055\u305b\u305a\u306b\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e that \u3084 those \u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u3092\u4e00\u81f4\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u301c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\u306f\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u68c4\u5374\u3078\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u63a5\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u4e8c\u8005\u9593\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u7d1a\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u5c0e\u51fa\u3002”Consequently, the total proportion of viewers who prefer comedies is demonstrably higher than that of viewers who prefer art films.” \u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u57fa\u6e96 “than that of…” \u304c\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e that \u304c proportion \u3092\u6307\u3057\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u6700\u4e0a\u7d1a\u306e\u4e0d\u5f53\u6027\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3002”Thus, the manager cannot logically claim that art films are the most popular genre in the cinema, since they fail to secure even a plurality of the overall audience.” \u6700\u4e0a\u7d1a\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u3001\u591a\u6570\u6d3e\uff08plurality\uff09\u306e\u7372\u5f97\u5931\u6557\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u6bd4\u7387\u3068\u6bcd\u6570\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002”A smaller percentage applied to a sufficiently large population frequently produces a larger absolute quantity than a higher percentage applied to a small population.” \u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306a\u6bd4\u8f03\u547d\u984c\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u500b\u5225\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u7d50\u8ad6\u90e8\u3067 “So art film is not number one.” \u3068\u3060\u3051\u66f8\u304f\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u306f\u3044\u308b\u304c\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u5f62\u3092\u306a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u624b\u9806\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u6bd4\u8f03\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3001”Therefore, the assertion that art films represent the most popular genre among the cinema’s clientele is entirely unfounded, as the data conclusively shows that a larger segment of the total audience prefers comedies.” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u68c4\u5374\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u305f\u683c\u8abf\u9ad8\u3044\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u306e\u6280\u8853\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18. \u53cd\u8ad6\u30fb\u8a02\u6b63\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u5171\u6709\u3068\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u5316<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u8005\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u8aa4\u89e3\u3092\u8a02\u6b63\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u8a00\u8aac\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u300c\u982d\u3054\u306a\u3057\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u300d\u306f\u8aac\u5f97\u529b\u3092\u6b20\u304f\u3002\u512a\u308c\u305f\u53cd\u8ad6\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u300c\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u6b63\u3057\u3055\uff08\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u300d\u3092\u307e\u305a\u8a8d\u3081\u3066\u5171\u6709\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e0a\u3067\u76f8\u624b\u304c\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u8981\u56e0\u300d\u306b\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u306a\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u5f53\u3066\u3066\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u8986\u3059\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u3068\u308b\u3002\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6307\u6458\u8a2d\u554f\u306f\u3001\u307e\u3055\u306b\u3053\u306e\u53cd\u8ad6\u306e\u6280\u6cd5\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u9006\u624b\u306b\u53d6\u3063\u3066\u81ea\u8aac\u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u53cd\u99c1\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18.\uff11. \u76f8\u624b\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u5bb9\u8a8d\u3068\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u627f\u8a8d\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u6a5f\u80fd<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u306a\u53cd\u8ad6\u3092\u884c\u3046\u305f\u3081\u306e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b69\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u300c\u771f\u5b9f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u90e8\u5206\u300d\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5207\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306b\u627f\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092\u300c\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u627f\u8a8d\uff08qualified concession\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3059\u3079\u3066\u30c7\u30bf\u30e9\u30e1\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u6c7a\u3081\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3068\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u304c\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u306a\u53cd\u767a\u306b\u898b\u3048\u3001\u8aac\u5f97\u529b\u3092\u5931\u3046\u3002\u300c\u6210\u4eba\u306e\uff19\uff18\uff05\u304c\u82b8\u8853\u6620\u753b\u3092\u597d\u3080\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u300c\u86c7\u306b\u8db3\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u771f\u5b9f\u6027\u3092\u307e\u305a\u80af\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u81ea\u3089\u304c\u516c\u5e73\u306a\u89b3\u5bdf\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u300c\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304b\u3089\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u306f\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u98db\u8e8d\u3092\u7a81\u304f\u69cb\u6210\u3092\u63a1\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u627f\u8a8d\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6279\u5224\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e89\u3046\u4f59\u5730\u306e\u306a\u3044\u524d\u63d0\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u627f\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u8b72\u6b69\u69cb\u6587\uff08It is undoubtedly true that… \/ To be sure, … \/ Granted that…\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u627f\u8a8d\u304c\u300c\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5883\u754c\u7dda\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u672c\u683c\u7684\u306a\u53cd\u99c1\u3078\u306e\u4f0f\u7dda\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff11\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u627f\u8a8d\u3002”To be sure, an overwhelming majority of adult patrons\u2014specifically, ninety-eight percent\u2014expressed a preference for art films.” \u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u6570\u5024\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u53cd\u8ad6\u3092\u958b\u59cb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff12\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u627f\u8a8d\u3002”It is universally acknowledged in biological classification that all snakes are indeed creatures that lack limbs.” \u86c7\u304c\u7121\u8db3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u627f\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u3078\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u3002”Admittedly, within the confines of each individual age group, the respective percentages of preference appear decisive.” \u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u5185\u3067\u306e\u6bd4\u7387\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u3053\u3068\u81ea\u4f53\u306f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8a8d\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u53cd\u8ad6\u306e\u5192\u982d\u3067\u3044\u304d\u306a\u308a “The statement is completely wrong and makes no sense.” \u3068\u5168\u5426\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u5165\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aac\u5f97\u529b\u306b\u6b20\u3051\u308b\u3002\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u627f\u8a8d\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001”While it is undeniable that the vast majority of adult viewers favor art films, this observation alone does not validate the conclusion regarding the entire audience.” \u3068\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u306e\u89b3\u5bdf\u306e\u6b63\u3057\u3055\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u3092\u7a81\u304f\u77e5\u7684\u306a\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3092\u3068\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u627f\u8a8d\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u8aac\u5f97\u7684\u306a\u53cd\u8ad6\u306e\u5c0e\u5165\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff18.\uff12. \u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u5316\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6458\u51fa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u627f\u8a8d\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u306b\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u3079\u304d\u306f\u3001\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u771f\u306e\u4e89\u70b9\u300d\u3092\u6d6e\u304d\u5f6b\u308a\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u6975\u3081\u3066\u6709\u52b9\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304c\u3001”not A but B”\uff08A\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304fB\u3060\uff09\u3084\u5206\u88c2\u6587\uff08It is B that…\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u300c\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u5316\uff08exclusive focusing\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u72af\u3057\u305f\u8005\u306f\u3001\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306b\u9593\u9055\u3063\u305f\u5909\u6570A\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u53cd\u99c1\u8005\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306eA\u3092\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306b\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u5909\u6570B\u3092\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8981\u56e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8aad\u8005\u306e\u76ee\u524d\u306b\u7a81\u304d\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u5bfe\u6bd4\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u98db\u8e8d\u304c\u8ab0\u306e\u76ee\u306b\u3082\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306a\u5f62\u3067\u9732\u5448\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u5316\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u767a\u751f\u6e90\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u6ce8\u76ee\u70b9\uff08A: \u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u5185\u6bd4\u7387\u3001\u7121\u8db3\u6027\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3001\u672c\u6765\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u3079\u304d\u300c\u771f\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8981\u56e0\uff08B: \u5168\u4f53\u4eba\u53e3\u306b\u5360\u3081\u308b\u5b9f\u6570\u3001\u86c7\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u7279\u5fb4\uff09\u300d\u3092\u5bfe\u6bd4\u7684\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001”not because of A, but because of B” \u3084 “not A, but rather B” \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u4e21\u8005\u3092\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u7d71\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001B\u3053\u305d\u304c\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u5de6\u53f3\u3059\u308b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6253\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u5e30\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u6bd4\u7387\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u5316\u3002”The primary popularity of a movie genre is determined not by the internal percentage within a demographic subgroup, but by the aggregate number of supporters across the entire population.” “not by A, but by B” \u304c\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u3092\u76f4\u6483\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u86c7\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u5316\u3002”The conclusion fails because having no legs is merely a necessary condition for being a snake, not a sufficient one; what definitively identifies a snake is a complex combination of unique anatomical traits.” “not a sufficient one” \u3068\u7591\u4f3c\u5206\u88c2\u6587 “what definitively identifies…” \u304c\u9023\u52d5\u3057\u3066\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u5f53\u3066\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u53cd\u4f8b\u306e\u5c0e\u5165\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u5316\u3002”The presence of leglessness in a creature does not automatically signify that it is a snake; on the contrary, it may simply indicate that the organism belongs to other legless categories, such as worms or legless lizards.” “does not signify A; on the contrary, it indicates B” \u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5bfe\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u5bfe\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6307\u6458\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 “The calculation is bad and minor people are more so comedy is more.” \u3068\u5e73\u5766\u306b\u66f8\u304f\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u4f55\u304c\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u4f55\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u306e\u304b\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u304c\u4e0d\u660e\u77ad\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u5316\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001”The critical error lies not in the arithmetic of the percentages themselves, but rather in the failure to weight those percentages against the relative sizes of the two constituent groups.” \u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u672c\u8cea\uff08\u30a6\u30a7\u30a4\u30c8\u4ed8\u3051\u306e\u6b20\u5982\uff09\u3092\u5287\u7684\u306b\u6d6e\u304d\u5f6b\u308a\u306b\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u5316\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u99c6\u4f7f\u3057\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6458\u51fa\u6280\u8853\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19. \u8a9e\u5f59\u9078\u629e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6587\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3068\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u5236\u7d04<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u8cea\u3092\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3065\u3051\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u500b\u3005\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u9069\u5207\u306b\u7d50\u5408\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\uff08\u9023\u8a9e\u95a2\u4fc2\uff09\u300d\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u3055\u3068\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u304c\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u6587\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3069\u308c\u307b\u3069\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u304c\u512a\u308c\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001”make a decision” \u3068\u8a00\u3046\u3079\u304d\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3067 “do a decision” \u3068\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u8ff0\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u7a81\u7136\u53e3\u8a9e\u7684\u306a “kids” \u3084 “a lot of” \u304c\u9854\u3092\u51fa\u305b\u3070\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u306f\u8457\u3057\u304f\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u306e\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4fe1\u983c\u3092\u52dd\u3061\u5f97\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u904b\u7528\u306e\u898f\u5f8b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19.\uff11. \u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u7167\u5408\u3068\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u76f4\u8a33\u306e\u6392\u9664<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u767a\u60f3\u304b\u3089\u82f1\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\uff11\u5bfe\uff11\u3067\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3068\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u306f\u8aac\u660e\u304c\u3064\u304b\u306a\u3044\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u82f1\u8a9e\uff08unnatural English\uff09\u304c\u5927\u91cf\u306b\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u671f\u9650\u3092\u5ef6\u9577\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3092 “expand the deadline” \u3068\u3057\u305f\u308a\uff08\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f extend\uff09\u3001\u300c\u898f\u5247\u3092\u5b88\u308b\u300d\u3092 “keep the rule” \u3068\u3057\u305f\u308a\uff08\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f adhere to \/ observe\uff09\u3001\u300c\u88ab\u5bb3\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u300d\u3092 “receive damage” \u3068\u3057\u305f\u308a\uff08\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f suffer \/ sustain damage\uff09\u3059\u308b\u8aa4\u308a\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3068\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u9593\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u306b\u57f9\u308f\u308c\u305f\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u304d\u306e\u898f\u5f8b\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7d50\u5408\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8f9e\u66f8\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6a5f\u80fd\u7684\u306a\u9023\u8a9e\u30d6\u30ed\u30c3\u30af\u3068\u3057\u3066\u904b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u7fd2\u6163\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u4e3b\u8a9e\u307e\u305f\u306f\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u969b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u6700\u3082\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u5171\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08de-lexical verbs \u3084\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u52d5\u8a5e\uff09\u3092\u60f3\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3092\u4e0b\u3059\uff1dmake\/reach a decision\u300d\u300c\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u5b9f\u65bd\u3059\u308b\uff1dconduct\/carry out research\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u5bfe\u5fdc\u306e\u78ba\u8a8d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3084\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u526f\u8a5e\u3092\u9078\u3076\u969b\u3001\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3084\u69d8\u614b\u3092\u8868\u3059\u8a9e\u5f59\u304c\u305d\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u304f\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u88ab\u5bb3\uff1dsevere \/ heavy damage\uff08\u2717 big damage\uff09\u300d\u300c\u5927\u5e45\u306b\u5897\u52a0\u3059\u308b\uff1dincrease significantly \/ dramatically\uff08\u2717 increase strongly\uff09\u300d\u7b49\u306e\u7167\u5408\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u8a33\u306e\u9055\u548c\u611f\u3092\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3088\u308a\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u306a\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u5b9a\u578b\u8868\u73fe\u3078\u3068\u5dee\u3057\u66ff\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u533b\u7642\u30fb\u4e8b\u6545\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3002”sustain a serious fracture”\uff08\u91cd\u5ea6\u306e\u9aa8\u6298\u3092\u8ca0\u3046\uff09\u3001”undergo an intensive surgical procedure”\uff08\u96c6\u4e2d\u624b\u8853\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\uff09\u3001”make a full recovery”\uff08\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u56de\u5fa9\u3092\u9042\u3052\u308b\uff09\u3002\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3082\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u76f4\u8a33\uff08receive a broken bone \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u6392\u3057\u305f\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u9023\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3002”draw a definitive conclusion”\uff08\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\uff09\u3001”corroborate an empirical hypothesis”\uff08\u5b9f\u8a3c\u7684\u4eee\u8aac\u3092\u88cf\u4ed8\u3051\u308b\uff09\u3001”identify a logical fallacy”\uff08\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u4ea4\u901a\u6848\u5185\u30fb\u5b9f\u52d9\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3002”transfer smoothly to another line”\uff08\u5186\u6ed1\u306b\u4ed6\u7dda\u3078\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u308b\uff09\u3001”purchase an express surcharge ticket”\uff08\u7279\u6025\u5238\u3092\u8cfc\u5165\u3059\u308b\uff09\u3001”reach the terminal on schedule”\uff08\u5b9a\u523b\u901a\u308a\u306b\u7d42\u70b9\u306b\u7740\u304f\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff15\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff15\u554f\u306e\u4f9d\u983c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 “I got a broken arm and I want to push my paper’s end-day” \u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u6975\u3081\u3066\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u76f4\u8a33\u306e\u96c6\u7a4d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u7167\u5408\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001”I sustained a severe bone fracture in my arm, and I would like to request an extension of the submission deadline for my term paper.” \u3068\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c “sustain a fracture”, “request an extension of the deadline” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9023\u8a9e\u30d6\u30ed\u30c3\u30af\u3078\u3068\u7f6e\u63db\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u30b3\u30ed\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u7167\u5408\u306b\u3088\u308b\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u69cb\u7bc9\u624b\u9806\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff19.\uff12. \u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u5ea6\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u5747\u8cea\u6027\u306e\u7dad\u6301<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u30fb\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u304c\u4e71\u9ad8\u4e0b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u300c\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u885d\u7a81\uff08register clash\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3001\u63a1\u70b9\u8005\u306b\u5f37\u3044\u9055\u548c\u611f\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u3002\u5192\u982d\u3067 “Furthermore, the institutional framework…” \u3068\u683c\u8abf\u9ad8\u304f\u59cb\u3081\u305f\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u6587\u672b\u3067 “…is totally crazy and makes folks angry” \u3068\u5d29\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6587\u7ae0\u306f\u3001\u6587\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u7d71\u5236\u529b\u3092\u6b20\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u306a\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u53e3\u8a9e\u7684\u306a\u7565\u8a9e\u3001\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u306a\u8a87\u5f35\u8a9e\u3001\u591a\u7fa9\u7684\u3067\u66d6\u6627\u306a\u57fa\u672c\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30fb\u516c\u5f0f\u306a\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u306b\u3075\u3055\u308f\u3057\u3044\u5747\u8cea\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff08homogeneous lexical density\uff09\u3092\u6700\u521d\u304b\u3089\u6700\u5f8c\u307e\u3067\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u5747\u8cea\u6027\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u7d42\u3048\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u3092\u300c\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u5ea6\u300d\u306e\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u30b9\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u53e3\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\uff08kids, guys, a lot of, stuff, things, pretty good \u7b49\uff09\u3001\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u53e5\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08look into, find out, set up \u7b49\uff09\u3001\u77ed\u7e2e\u5f62\uff08can’t, wouldn’t, it’s \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u540c\u7fa9\u8a9e\uff08children, individuals, numerous, materials, examine, discover, establish, cannot, would not, it is \u7b49\uff09\u3078\u3068\u7f6e\u63db\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30c8\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u6700\u521d\u306e\u4e00\u8a9e\u304b\u3089\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u4e00\u8a9e\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u307e\u3067\u3001\u5747\u4e00\u306a\u516c\u7684\u30fb\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u54c1\u683c\u3092\u4fdd\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u6570\u91cf\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u5316\u3002”a lot of problems” \u3092\u9000\u3051\u3001”numerous complex challenges” \u3084 “a multitude of obstacles” \u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u601d\u8003\u30fb\u767a\u8a00\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u5316\u3002”The writer says that…” \u3092\u9000\u3051\u3001\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066 “The author contends that…”, “The researcher demonstrates that…”, “The critic posits that…” \u3092\u4f7f\u3044\u5206\u3051\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u539f\u56e0\u30fb\u7406\u7531\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u54c1\u683c\u5316\u3002”Because of bad things…” \u3092\u9000\u3051\u3001”Due to adverse circumstances…”, “Owing to unforeseen logistical complications…” \u3078\u3068\u6607\u83ef\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff11\uff09\u306e\u89e3\u7b54\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 “The cinema boss did some bad math, so his idea is pretty stupid.” \u3068\u66f8\u304f\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u77e5\u7684\u306a\u8a55\u4fa1\u306b\u5024\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u30b9\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3057\u3001”The cinema manager’s reasoning is mathematically invalid, as his conclusion relies upon an oversimplified interpretation of the statistical data.” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u54c1\u683c\u306e\u3042\u308b\u5747\u8cea\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\u4f53\u7cfb\u3078\u3068\u5168\u9762\u7684\u306b\u6d44\u5316\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u901a\u3058\u305f\u6587\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3068\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u5747\u8cea\u6027\u306e\u7dad\u6301\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff10. \u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\uff08\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u304b\u3089\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u3078\uff09\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u6587\u9593\u7d50\u675f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u6587\u304c\u4e26\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u306a\u305c\u304b\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u8aad\u307f\u3065\u3089\u304f\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u304e\u3053\u3061\u306a\u304f\u611f\u3058\u3089\u308c\u308b\u73fe\u8c61\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306e\u6839\u5e95\u306b\u3042\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\uff08Information Structure\uff09\u300d\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u300c\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\uff08Given Information\uff09\u304b\u3089\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\uff08New Information\uff09\u3078\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u666e\u904d\u7684\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u306e\u4e71\u308c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8aad\u8005\u304c\u65e2\u306b\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u6587\u982d\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u3067\u65b0\u3057\u304f\u4f1d\u3048\u305f\u3044\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u6587\u672b\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u60c5\u5831\u914d\u5206\u306e\u539f\u5247\u3092\u5b88\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u6587\u3068\u6587\u306f\u5438\u3044\u4ed8\u304f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6ed1\u3089\u304b\u306b\u9023\u7d50\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u529b\u5b66\u3092\u5236\u5fa1\u3057\u3001\u7f8e\u3057\u3044\u6587\u9593\u7d50\u675f\uff08inter-sentential cohesion\uff09\u3092\u5b9f\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6280\u8853\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff10.\uff11. \u65e2\u77e5\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u3068\u65b0\u898f\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u6587\u672b\u7126\u70b9\u5316<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u8133\u306f\u3001\u65e2\u77e5\u306e\u8db3\u5834\uff08Anchor\uff09\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304b\u3089\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a2d\u8a08\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u3067\u65e2\u306b\u8a00\u53ca\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8981\u7d20\u3084\u8aad\u8005\u3068\u306e\u5171\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\u304c\u6587\u982d\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff08Theme\uff09\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u3067\u521d\u3081\u3066\u958b\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u91cd\u8981\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u8ff0\u90e8\u304b\u3089\u6587\u672b\uff08Rheme \/ Focus\uff09\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304c\u6700\u3082\u81ea\u7136\u3067\u529b\u5f37\u3044\u8a9e\u9806\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u300c\u6587\u672b\u7126\u70b9\u306e\u539f\u5247\uff08Principle of End-Focus\uff09\u300d\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3001\u5510\u7a81\u306a\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u636e\u3048\u3001\u65e2\u77e5\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u6587\u672b\u306b\u8ffd\u3044\u3084\u308b\u3068\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u304c\u9006\u6d41\u3057\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u904e\u5ea6\u306a\u8a8d\u77e5\u8ca0\u8377\u3092\u5f37\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u306e\u914d\u7f6e\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u306e\u9078\u629e\u306f\u3001\u307e\u3055\u306b\u3053\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u3092\u6700\u9069\u5316\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6700\u9069\u5316\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u6587\u306e\u672b\u5c3e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4f55\u304c\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304b\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u3092\u7d44\u307f\u7acb\u3066\u308b\u969b\u3001\u524d\u6587\u306e\u672b\u5c3e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u3001\u6b21\u6587\u306e\u5192\u982d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u300d\u300c\u5b9a\u51a0\u8a5e\u4ed8\u304d\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u300d\u300c\u6307\u793a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08this \/ these\uff09\u300d\u306e\u5f62\u3067\u53d7\u3051\u6b62\u3081\u3001\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6587\u982d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6b21\u6587\u306e\u8ff0\u90e8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u60c5\u5831\uff08\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\uff09\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u3001\u6587\u672b\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066\u7126\u70b9\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u300c\u524d\u6587\u306e\u6587\u672b \u2192 \u6b21\u6587\u306e\u6587\u982d\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u30d0\u30c8\u30f3\u30bf\u30c3\u30c1\u3092\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u306b\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5186\u6ed1\u306a\u9023\u9396\u3002”The international research team synthesized an unprecedented organic polymer. This revolutionary material exhibits extraordinary resistance to extreme thermal stress.” \u7b2c\uff11\u6587\u306e\u6587\u672b\u3067\u5c0e\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f “an unprecedented organic polymer”\uff08\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\uff09\u304c\u3001\u7b2c\uff12\u6587\u306e\u6587\u982d\u3067 “This revolutionary material”\uff08\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u6b62\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3001\u6587\u672b\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u7269\u6027\uff08\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\uff09\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u3092\u6d3b\u7528\u3057\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u6700\u9069\u5316\u3002”The municipal assembly proposed a radical urban transit plan last month. The controversial initiative was immediately challenged by local environmental coalitions.” \u7b2c\uff12\u6587\u3092\u80fd\u52d5\u614b\u306b\u3057\u3066 “Local environmental coalitions challenged the controversial initiative” \u3068\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5510\u7a81\u306a\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u6587\u982d\u306b\u6765\u3066\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u304c\u4e71\u308c\u308b\u3002\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u3066\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u636e\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u7f8e\u3057\u3044\u7d50\u675f\u304c\u7dad\u6301\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u6620\u753b\u9928\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u6307\u6458\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u9023\u9396\u3002”The argument overlooks the disparity in population sizes between the two groups. This demographic imbalance fundamentally distorts the overall distribution of movie preferences.” \u524d\u6587\u306e\u672b\u5c3e\u306b\u3042\u308b “disparity in population sizes” \u304c\u3001\u6b21\u6587\u306e\u6587\u982d\u3067 “This demographic imbalance” \u3068\u3057\u3066\u8981\u7d04\u30fb\u7d99\u627f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a”The university built a new library. An anonymous donor funded it.” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u6587\u306e\u4e26\u3073\u306f\u3001\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u3068\u3082\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u4e0a\u304e\u3053\u3061\u306a\u3044\u3002\u7b2c\uff12\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e “An anonymous donor” \u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6587\u672b\u306e “it” \u306f\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u51fa\u305f\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u304c\u9006\u884c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u624b\u9806\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u7b2c\uff12\u6587\u3092\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u306b\u5909\u63db\u3057\u3001”The university built a new library. It was generously funded by an anonymous donor.” \u3068\u518d\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\uff08It\uff09\u304b\u3089\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\uff08by an anonymous donor\uff09\u3078\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u6d41\u308c\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u65e2\u77e5\u60c5\u5831\u304b\u3089\u65b0\u898f\u60c5\u5831\u3078\u306e\u914d\u7f6e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6587\u9593\u7d50\u675f\u306e\u5f62\u6210\u624b\u9806\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff10.\uff12. \u5012\u7f6e\u3068\u5206\u88c2\u6587\u3092\u6d3b\u7528\u3057\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u914d\u5217\u306e\u5f37\u5236\u5236\u5fa1<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u8a9e\u9806\uff08SVO\uff09\u3067\u306f\u300c\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u304b\u3089\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u3078\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6d41\u308c\u3092\u3069\u3046\u3057\u3066\u3082\u9054\u6210\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u306f\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u64cd\u4f5c\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u8a9e\u9806\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u306b\u518d\u914d\u5217\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\uff11\u5c64\u3067\u6271\u3063\u305f\u5834\u6240\u53e5\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u5012\u7f6e\uff08Here lies… \/ On the platform stood…\uff09\u3084\u3001\u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587\uff08It is … that\uff09\u306f\u3001\u307e\u3055\u306b\u3053\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u8981\u8acb\u306b\u5fdc\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u88c5\u7f6e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u524d\u6587\u306e\u5834\u6240\u3084\u72b6\u6cc1\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u6b62\u3081\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u6587\u982d\u306b\u5f15\u3063\u5f35\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u9577\u3044\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u6587\u672b\u306b\u56de\u3059\uff08\u6587\u672b\u91cd\u5fc3\u306e\u539f\u5247\uff1aPrinciple of End-Weight\uff09\u3002\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u969b\u7acb\u305f\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5206\u88c2\u6587\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u5207\u308a\u96e2\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u300c\u5358\u306a\u308b\u5f37\u8abf\u300d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u3092\u5236\u5fa1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6280\u8853\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u904b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u8996\u70b9\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7279\u6b8a\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u60c5\u5831\u914d\u5217\u3092\u5236\u5fa1\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4f1d\u3048\u305f\u3044\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u304c\u6975\u5ea6\u306b\u9577\u304f\u91cd\u3044\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8ff0\u90e8\u304c\u77ed\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8a9e\u9806\u306e\u4e0d\u5747\u8861\uff08\u982d\u3067\u3063\u304b\u3061\u306e\u69cb\u9020\uff09\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u524d\u6587\u3068\u76f4\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u3084\u88dc\u8a9e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u6587\u982d\u306b\u524d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u5012\u7f6e\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u91cd\u3044\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u6587\u672b\u3078\u79fb\u52d5\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u7684\u306a\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u5275\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306f\u3001It is … that \u69cb\u6587\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u524d\u63d0\uff08that \u7bc0\uff09\u304b\u3089\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\uff08\u7126\u70b9\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff09\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\u5834\u6240\u53e5\u524d\u7f6e\u5012\u7f6e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u9023\u7d50\u3002”The old station has four main platforms. On Platform 4 waits the Express 11, which will take you directly to the terminal.” \u524d\u6587\u306e platforms \u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3001”On Platform 4″ \u3068\u3044\u3046\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u6587\u982d\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u3001\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5217\u8eca\u540d\u3092\u6587\u672b\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\u88dc\u8a9e\u524d\u7f6e\u5012\u7f6e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u9023\u7d50\u3002”Many factors contributed to the archaeological triumph. Especially crucial was the discovery of the subterranean chamber, which contained undisturbed artifacts.” \u524d\u6587\u306e\u300c\u8981\u56e0\u300d\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3001”Especially crucial” \u3092\u6587\u982d\u306b\u7f6e\u3044\u3066\u524d\u6587\u3068\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u3092\u56f3\u308a\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u767a\u898b\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u6587\u672b\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\u5f37\u8abf\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u3088\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u7126\u70b9\u306e\u5206\u96e2\u3002”Many people believe that technological automation primarily destroys jobs. However, it is the quality of human adaptability that determines the ultimate economic outcome.” \u524d\u63d0\uff08\u4f55\u304c\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u304b\uff09\u3092 that \u7bc0\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u3001\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\uff08\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u9069\u5fdc\u529b\uff09\u3092\u7126\u70b9\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u629c\u3044\u3066\u969b\u7acb\u305f\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u99c5\u306e\u6848\u5185\u3067 “You arrive at Platform 3. The Express 11 is on Platform 4. It goes to the airport.” \u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u306f\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u304c\u3076\u3064\u5207\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u60c5\u5831\u914d\u5217\u306e\u6280\u8853\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001”You will first arrive at Platform 3. Directly opposite your arrival track, on Platform 4, stands the Express 11, which will bring you to the airport well before your deadline.” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u5834\u6240\u53e5\u524d\u7f6e\u5012\u7f6e\u3092\u6d3b\u7528\u3057\u3066\u8996\u7dda\u3092\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u53cd\u5bfe\u5074\u3078\u3068\u6ed1\u3089\u304b\u306b\u8a98\u5c0e\u3059\u308b\u82f1\u6587\u3078\u3068\u6607\u83ef\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u518d\u914d\u5217\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u5236\u5fa1\u6280\u8853\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff11. \u8ac7\u8a71\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u7d71\u5fa1\u3059\u308b\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u3068\u652f\u6301\u6587\u306e\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u9023\u9396<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306e\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306a\u4ed5\u4e0a\u304c\u308a\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3065\u3051\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u8cab\u304f\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u63a8\u9032\u529b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u512a\u308c\u305f\u6bb5\u843d\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5404\u6587\u304c\u5b64\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u7b2c\uff11\u6587\u306e\u300c\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\uff08Topic Sentence\uff09\u300d\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u305f\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u7d04\u675f\u3092\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u300c\u652f\u6301\u6587\uff08Supporting Sentences\uff09\u300d\u304c\u4e00\u6bb5\u305a\u3064\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u3057\u3001\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\u300c\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u9023\u9396\uff08deductive chain\uff09\u300d\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3002\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u30fb\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u539f\u7406\u3092\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u4e2d\u3078\u3068\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3001\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u306e\u63a1\u70b9\u8005\u3092\u5538\u3089\u305b\u308b\u5b8c\u74a7\u306a\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u8ad6\u8a3c\u6280\u8853\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff11.\uff11. \u4e3b\u984c\u6587\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u7bc4\u56f2\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u5b9a\u7fa9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u7b2c\uff11\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u306e\u4f7f\u547d\u306f\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u660e\u5feb\u306b\u5ba3\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6bb5\u843d\u304c\u300c\u3069\u3053\u304b\u3089\u3069\u3053\u307e\u3067\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u308b\u306e\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5883\u754c\uff08boundary\uff09\u3092\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u304c\u66d6\u6627\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5e83\u3059\u304e\u308b\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u542b\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u652f\u6301\u6587\u304c\u62e1\u6563\u3057\u3001\u4f55\u3092\u8a00\u3044\u305f\u3044\u306e\u304b\u5206\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u6bb5\u843d\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff11\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u6620\u753b\u9928\u306e\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u306f\u9593\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3060\u3051\u66f8\u304f\u306e\u306f\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u90e8\u5206\u96c6\u5408\u5185\u306e\u6bd4\u7387\u3068\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6bd4\u7387\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u9055\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u307e\u3067\u3092\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u306b\u76db\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u652f\u6301\u6587\u3067\u884c\u3046\u3079\u304d\u4f5c\u696d\uff08\u6bd4\u7387\u306e\u518d\u8a08\u7b97\u3068\u5bfe\u6bd4\uff09\u304c\u4e00\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u306e\u554f\u3044\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u76f4\u63a5\u306e\u300c\u7b54\u3048\uff08Core Claim\uff09\u300d\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7b54\u3048\u3092\u652f\u3048\u308b\u300c\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u8ad6\u62e0\u306e\u8981\u7d04\uff08Controlling Idea\uff09\u300d\u3092\u4ed8\u52a0\u3057\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u5831\u544a\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u4f59\u5730\u306e\u3042\u308b\u547d\u984c\u3078\u3068\u4ed5\u7acb\u3066\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u652f\u6301\u6587\u3067\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u3079\u304d\u5185\u5bb9\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u4e00\u6587\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff11\uff09\u306e\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002”The manager’s conclusion that art films are the most popular genre is logically untenable because it conflates a high percentage within a small demographic with an absolute majority across the entire audience.” \u4e3b\u5f35\uff08\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u7dad\u6301\u4e0d\u80fd\uff09\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7406\u7531\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\uff08\u5c0f\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u6bd4\u7387\u3068\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u591a\u6570\u306e\u6df7\u540c\uff09\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff12\uff09\u306e\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002”The assertion that the creature is a snake based solely on its lack of limbs represents a formal logical fallacy, failing to recognize that leglessness is not a characteristic unique to snakes.” \u4e3b\u5f35\uff08\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\uff09\u3068\u8ad6\u62e0\uff08\u7121\u8db3\u6027\u304c\u86c7\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\uff09\u304c\u51dd\u7e2e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff17\u554f\u306e\u753b\u50cf\u554f\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002”This striking visual juxtaposition of an ancient wall painting and a modern sanitation worker fundamentally symbolizes the tragic institutional erasure of spontaneous cultural memory.” \u753b\u50cf\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u306b\u89e6\u308c\u3064\u3064\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u8c61\u5fb4\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u6b21\u306e\u30c6\u30fc\u30de\uff08\u6587\u5316\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u306e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6d88\u53bb\uff09\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5ba3\u8a00\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u3092 “I will talk about the movie theater data today.” \u3068\u66f8\u304f\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u5c0f\u5b66\u751f\u306e\u767a\u8868\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5931\u683c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f55\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b\u304c\u4e00\u5207\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u7d71\u5fa1\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u624b\u9806\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u3068\u8ad6\u62e0\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3057\u305f\u529b\u5f37\u3044\u4e3b\u984c\u6587\u3078\u3068\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8ad6\u8a3c\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3059\u308b\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u624b\u9806\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff11.\uff12. \u652f\u6301\u6587\u7fa4\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u5b8c\u6210\u3068\u7d50\u8a9e\u306e\u6607\u83ef<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u304c\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u652f\u6301\u6587\u7fa4\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u652f\u3048\u308b\u8a3c\u62e0\u3092\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u3067\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u3079\u304d\u304b\u3002\u6700\u3082\u5805\u7262\u306a\u5c55\u958b\u306f\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u304b\u3089\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u8a3c\u62e0\u3078\u3068\u4e0b\u964d\u3057\u3001\u6700\u5f8c\u306b\u305d\u306e\u8a3c\u62e0\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3066\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u300c\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\u3068\u4e0a\u6607\uff08Deductive V-Shape\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u652f\u6301\u6587\uff11\u3067\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3001\u652f\u6301\u6587\uff12\u3067\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3084\u53cd\u4f8b\u3092\u7a81\u304d\u3064\u3051\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\uff08Concluding Sentence\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u306e\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3092\u7d4c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7372\u5f97\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u3088\u308a\u9ad8\u3044\u8996\u5ea7\u304b\u3089\u306e\u6d1e\u5bdf\u300d\u3078\u3068\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u6607\u83ef\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u9023\u9396\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u9023\u9396\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u306e\u300cControlling Idea\u300d\u3092\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u8a3c\u62e0\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u652f\u6301\u6587\uff11\u30fb\uff12\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\uff08\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u63d0\u793a \u2192 \u8a08\u7b97\uff0f\u691c\u8a3c\u306e\u5b9f\u884c\uff09\u3067\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5404\u6587\u3092\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u6587\u304b\u3089\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63a5\u7d9a\u6a19\u8b58\uff08Consequently, In other words, Specifically\uff09\u3067\u7d50\u3076\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u7570\u306a\u308b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\u3067\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u3064\u3064\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u304c\u793a\u5506\u3059\u308b\u3088\u308a\u5e83\u7bc4\u306a\u542b\u610f\uff08\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3001\u5b9f\u8df5\u7684\u6559\u8a13\uff09\u3078\u3068\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u4e00\u6bb5\u5f15\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u3066\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff11\uff09\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u5b8c\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08T\uff09The manager’s argument that art films are the most popular genre is logically fallacious because it evaluates preference within subgroups rather than across the entire audience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08E1\uff09Specifically, while 98% of adults favor art films, adults constitute a mere 38% of the total patronage, meaning this group represents only about 37.2% of all moviegoers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08E2\uff09In contrast, although minors show a lower preference rate of 70% for comedies, their larger population share of 62% translates into approximately 43.4% of the total audience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08C\uff09Consequently, comedies are demonstrably supported by a larger aggregate number of patrons, proving that a high internal percentage within a minority cannot be equated with overall popularity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff16\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff16\u554f\uff08\uff12\uff09\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u5b8c\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08T\uff09The claim that the legless creature must be a snake is invalid because it improperly treats a necessary trait as a sufficient one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08E1\uff09While it is biologically true that all snakes lack legs, the converse\u2014that all legless creatures are snakes\u2014does not logically follow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08E2\uff09For example, common earthworms and certain specialized lizards also lack limbs entirely, yet they belong to completely distinct biological categories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08C\uff09Therefore, observing the mere absence of legs is insufficient to determine an organism’s identity without examining other defining physiological characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff1a\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff14\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\uff17\u554f\uff08\u753b\u50cf\u554f\u984c\uff09\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u5b8c\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08T\uff09To me, this evocative image illustrates the profound conflict between spontaneous artistic expression and the sterile enforcement of public order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08E1\uff09The vibrant figures on the wall represent the raw, uninhibited voice of human creativity speaking directly to the community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08E2\uff09Conversely, the masked worker methodically washing away the paint embodies an institutional system that values clean conformity over emotional authenticity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08C\uff09Ultimately, the picture serves as a poignant warning that a society obsessed with superficial tidiness risks scrubbing away the very soul of its cultural heritage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14\uff1a\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u7d50\u3073\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 “So the answer is comedy, thank you.” \u3068\u30e1\u30e2\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7d42\u308f\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u8ad6\u8ff0\u6587\u306e\u7d42\u7d50\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u653e\u68c4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u305f\u8a08\u7b97\u3084\u53cd\u4f8b\u306e\u6210\u679c\u3092\u7dcf\u62ec\u3057\u3066\u3001”Hence, when evaluated against the total volume of patrons, comedy films clearly command the largest share, rendering the manager’s initial assertion completely groundless.” \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u52dd\u5229\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u529b\u5f37\u3044\u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7de0\u3081\u304f\u304f\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u6587\u304b\u3089\u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u6280\u8853\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u57fa\u790e M19] \u2514 \u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u4e3b\u984c\u6587\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u3092\u6271\u3046\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4e3b\u984c\u6587\u304c\u652f\u6301\u6587\u3092\u7d71\u62ec\u3057\u7d50\u8ad6\u6587\u3078\u3068\u53ce\u675f\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u539f\u7406\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u305f\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u6280\u8853\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u5b9f\u52d9\u3078\u3068\u6607\u83ef\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u984c\u6587\u306e\u7d71\u5fa1\u6a5f\u80fd\u3068\u652f\u6301\u6587\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u898f\u5247\u3092\u6271\u3046\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u8a72\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u57fa\u790e M20] \u2514 \u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b\u306e\u985e\u578b\uff08\u554f\u984c\u89e3\u6c7a\u578b\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u578b\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u7d50\u679c\u578b\uff09\u306e\u4f53\u7cfb\u3092\u6271\u3046\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u99c6\u4f7f\u3057\u305f\u53cd\u8ad6\u30fb\u8a02\u6b63\u306e\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u9023\u9396\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5c55\u958b\u985e\u578b\u3092\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306e\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5177\u73fe\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u53cd\u8a3c\u3068\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u6271\u3046\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u8a72\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u57fa\u790e M29] \u2514 \u81ea\u7531\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u6210\u3068\u8996\u70b9\u63d0\u793a\u3092\u6271\u3046\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u9996\u5c3e\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3001\u53cd\u8ad6\u3092\u5c01\u3058\u8fbc\u3081\u306a\u304c\u3089\u8aac\u5f97\u529b\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u6280\u8853\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u8a2d\u8a08\u3068\u76f4\u63a5\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8003\u7a76\uff1a\u8907\u6570\u5236\u7d04\u4e0b\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8981\u4ef6\u5206\u89e3\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6b20\u9665\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u8907\u6570\u306e\u62d8\u675f\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u304c\u540c\u6642\u306b\u8ab2\u3055\u308c\u308b\u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6307\u793a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6a5f\u5e8f\u3092\u6570\u7406\u7684\u304b\u3064\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u5230\u9054\u76ee\u6a19\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u57fa\u790e\u4f53\u7cfb\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u7fd2\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u6587\u578b\u5224\u5b9a\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u9069\u5207\u6027\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u69cb\u6587\u5909\u63db\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6307\u793a\u8981\u4ef6\u306e\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u5206\u89e3\u3001\u8907\u6570\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3059\u308b\u6848\u5185\u6587\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6bd4\u7387\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u53cd\u8a3c\u8a18\u8ff0\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u8ad6\u7406\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u547d\u984c\u306e\u9006\u30fb\u88cf\u30fb\u5bfe\u5076\u306e\u8b58\u5225\u3001\u5834\u9762\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u8abf\u6574\u3001\u8a9e\u6570\u5236\u7d04\u4e0b\u3067\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u5727\u7e2e\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u6307\u793a\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u82f1\u8a33\u3059\u308b\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u8ab2\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6761\u4ef6\u76f8\u4e92\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3084\u6642\u9593\u7684\u5148\u5f8c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6458\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u6280\u8853\u3092\u8eab\u306b\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\u529b\u306f\u3001\u5f8c\u7d9a\u306e\u7cbe\u9ac4\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u521d\u898b\u306e\u6975\u9650\u7684\u306a\u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u5373\u6642\u7684\u304b\u3064\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306b\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u904b\u7528\u80fd\u529b\u3078\u3068\u767a\u5c55\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u548c\u6587\u82f1\u8a33\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u5909\u63db\u3068\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u78ba\u5b9a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u76f4\u8a33\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3001\u88dc\u8a9e\u3092\u518d\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u6210\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u624b\u9806\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4fee\u98fe\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u91cd\u5c64\u5316\u3092\u89e3\u304d\u307b\u3050\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u4e3b\u8ff0\u95a2\u4fc2\u3078\u3068\u5909\u63db\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u304c\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306e\u8981\u4ef6\u51e6\u7406\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M28]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u8108\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u5224\u5b9a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6587\u982d\u306e\u4e3b\u984c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u6587\u672b\u306e\u7126\u70b9\u5316\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u914d\u7f6e\u898f\u5247\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u614b\u306e\u9078\u629e\u3084\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u904b\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u8a71\u8005\u306e\u4f1d\u9054\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u624b\u9806\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6307\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u72b6\u6cc1\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u9069\u5207\u306a\u656c\u610f\u3084\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u57fa\u76e4\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M01]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11. \u6761\u4ef6\u6307\u5b9a\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4f9d\u983c\u4e8b\u7531\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u968e\u5c64\u5316<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u516c\u5f0f\u306a\u4f9d\u983c\u3084\u4ea4\u6e09\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3059\u308b\u901a\u4fe1\u6587\u306e\u4f5c\u6210\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8981\u6c42\u3068\u305d\u308c\u3092\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3059\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u7531\u306f\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u968e\u5c64\u6027\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u72b6\u6cc1\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u3068\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u8981\u8acb\u304c\u672a\u5206\u5316\u306e\u307e\u307e\u8a18\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u4f1d\u9054\u610f\u56f3\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u304c\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u306b\u904e\u5ea6\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u7684\u8ca0\u62c5\u3092\u8ab2\u3059\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u306a\u3057\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u7531\u3068\u4f9d\u983c\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5206\u96e2\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u671f\u9650\u8a2d\u5b9a\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3078\u3068\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff11. \u72b6\u6cc1\u8aac\u660e\u3068\u4f9d\u983c\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5206\u96e2<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u3078\u306e\u4f9d\u983c\u6587\u306f\u3001\u4e01\u5be7\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\u3092\u91cd\u306d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306e\u307f\u793c\u7bc0\u304c\u4fdd\u305f\u308c\u308b\u3068\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9069\u5207\u6027\u306e\u672c\u8cea\u306f\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u6297\u529b\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u614b\u3068\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u8981\u6c42\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u5cfb\u5225\u3057\u3001\u524d\u8005\u304c\u5f8c\u8005\u3092\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u8981\u8acb\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u73fe\u72b6\u306e\u5831\u544a\u3092\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u8a18\u8ff0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u751f\u3058\u308b\u884c\u52d5\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u7406\u7531\u7bc0\u307e\u305f\u306f\u526f\u8a5e\u53e5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7d50\u5408\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u4f9d\u983c\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u72ec\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u308b\u914d\u7f6e\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u547d\u4ee4\u6587\u3084\u8981\u6c42\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u4e8b\u5b9f\u8aac\u660e\u3068\u6df7\u4ea4\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u614b\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u3092\u640d\u306a\u3044\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u306e\u90fd\u5408\u3092\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u306b\u62bc\u3057\u3064\u3051\u308b\u5370\u8c61\u3092\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u3002\u72b6\u6cc1\u306e\u53d9\u8ff0\u3068\u8981\u8acb\u306e\u8868\u660e\u3092\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u306b\u5206\u65ad\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5a92\u4ecb\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u8a2d\u8a08\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4f9d\u983c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e8b\u7531\u3068\u8981\u8acb\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u30fb\u7d71\u5408\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u614b\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u6642\u5236\u307e\u305f\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u5b8c\u4e86\u5f62\u306e\u5b9a\u5f62\u7bc0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8eab\u4f53\u306e\u8ca0\u50b7\u3001\u4ea4\u901a\u6a5f\u95a2\u306e\u906e\u65ad\u3001\u516c\u5f0f\u65e5\u7a0b\u306e\u5909\u66f4\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u5916\u7684\u8981\u56e0\u304c\u3053\u308c\u306b\u8a72\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e8b\u614b\u304c\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u63a5\u7d9a\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u306e\u4f5c\u70ba\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6020\u6162\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u4f9d\u983c\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08\\(\\text{would, could}\\)\uff09\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306b\u636e\u3048\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u306e\u8afe\u5426\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u3092\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306b\u4fdd\u969c\u3059\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u3078\u7740\u5730\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{I fractured my right arm in a bicycle accident yesterday, which prevents me from typing my research assignment. Consequently, I would be exceedingly grateful if you could grant me a week’s extension on the deadline.}\\)\uff08\u6628\u65e5\u81ea\u8ee2\u8eca\u4e8b\u6545\u3067\u53f3\u8155\u3092\u9aa8\u6298\u3057\u3001\u8ab2\u984c\u306e\u5165\u529b\u4f5c\u696d\u304c\u4e0d\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u5148\u884c\u3055\u305b\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u7336\u4e88\u306e\u8981\u8acb\u3092\u5c0e\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{Due to an unforeseen medical emergency requiring immediate surgical intervention, I am unable to attend the scheduled seminar tomorrow. Would it be possible for me to submit the presentation materials via email instead?}\\)\uff08\u4e0d\u53ef\u6297\u529b\u306e\u7dca\u6025\u4e8b\u614b\u3092\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3067\u67a0\u3065\u3051\u3001\u51fa\u5e2d\u4e0d\u80fd\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u4ee3\u66ff\u624b\u6bb5\u306e\u53ef\u5426\u3092\u5c0b\u306d\u308b\u5f62\u5f0f\u3078\u63a5\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{The sudden cancellation of inter-city rail services has stranded me in Nagoya. In light of these circumstances, I was wondering if we might reschedule our consultation to next Monday.}\\)\uff08\u4ea4\u901a\u7db2\u306e\u5bf8\u65ad\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5916\u7684\u4e8b\u614b\u3092\u73fe\u5728\u5b8c\u4e86\u5f62\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u9032\u884c\u5f62\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u5a49\u66f2\u306a\u4f9d\u983c\u6587\u3078\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u79fb\u884c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{Please extend the deadline because I broke my arm and cannot write anything now.}\\) \u2192 \u547d\u4ee4\u6587\u3067\u958b\u59cb\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u306b\u7406\u7531\u3092\u5f8c\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u51e6\u7406\u306f\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306a\u793c\u7bc0\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u3092\u6b20\u304f\u3002\u7406\u7531\u304c\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u306a\u5f01\u89e3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u3089\u308c\u3084\u3059\u304f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u3078\u306e\u914d\u616e\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u614b\u3092\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5148\u884c\u3055\u305b\u3001\\(\\text{I sustained a bone fracture in my right arm yesterday; therefore, I would appreciate it if you could extend the submission deadline.}\\) \u3078\u3068\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u518d\u7de8\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u614b\u306e\u5148\u884c\u63d0\u793a\u3068\u4f9d\u983c\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u5206\u96e2\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u9069\u5207\u6027\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff12. \u671f\u9650\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3068\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\u63d0\u793a\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u5316<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8981\u6c42\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u306b\u53d7\u5bb9\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u7336\u4e88\u306e\u61c7\u9858\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u89e3\u6c7a\u671f\u65e5\u3068\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u4ee3\u66ff\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u81ea\u3089\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u671f\u65e5\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u306a\u3044\u66d6\u6627\u306a\u5ef6\u671f\u8981\u8acb\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u306b\u66f4\u306a\u308b\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0a\u306e\u8ca0\u62c5\u3092\u8ca0\u308f\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5408\u610f\u306e\u6210\u7acb\u3092\u963b\u5bb3\u3059\u308b\u3002\u671f\u9650\u306e\u660e\u793a\u306f\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e \\(\\text{by}\\) \u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u6642\u70b9\u8a2d\u5b9a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u884c\u308f\u308c\u3001\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u306f\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e3b\u6587\u306b\u63a5\u7d9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u81ea\u3089\u304c\u5f15\u304d\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u3079\u304d\u8cac\u4efb\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u3084\u5b8c\u4e86\u76f8\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u660e\u793a\u3057\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u304c\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u4e0b\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u8a2d\u8a08\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u671f\u9650\u3068\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7336\u4e88\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u7d42\u7740\u70b9\u3092\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e \\(\\text{by}\\) \u307e\u305f\u306f\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e \\(\\text{until}\\) \u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5b8c\u4e86\u3059\u3079\u304d\u671f\u65e5\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u7d99\u7d9a\u3059\u3079\u304d\u72b6\u614b\u306a\u306e\u304b\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u671f\u65e5\u307e\u3067\u306b\u81ea\u5df1\u304c\u5b9f\u884c\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u4e2d\u9593\u4f5c\u696d\u3084\u4ee3\u66ff\u63d0\u51fa\u7269\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u307e\u305f\u306f\u80fd\u52d5\u614b\u306b\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u3080\u3002\u8349\u7a3f\u306e\u5148\u884c\u63d0\u51fa\u3084\u96fb\u5b50\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u9001\u4fe1\u304c\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5f53\u305f\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u306e\u627f\u8a8d\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u3092\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u306a\u5ba3\u8a00\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u5408\u610f\u5f62\u6210\u306e\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{I will ensure that the complete report is submitted by next Friday, November 14; in the meantime, I am prepared to provide an outline of my preliminary findings today.}\\)\uff08\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u6700\u7d42\u671f\u65e5\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3001\u4e2d\u9593\u6210\u679c\u7269\u306e\u5373\u6642\u63d0\u4f9b\u3092\u30bb\u30df\u30b3\u30ed\u30f3\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u7b49\u4f4d\u7bc0\u3067\u7d04\u675f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{Should you accept this request, I will submit the revised draft by five o’clock on Monday afternoon, either in person or through the university portal.}\\)\uff08\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u306e\u5012\u7f6e\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u306e\u627f\u8a8d\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3001\u63d0\u51fa\u65b9\u6cd5\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u4ed8\u52a0\u3057\u3066\u78ba\u5b9f\u6027\u3092\u62c5\u4fdd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{Although I cannot deliver the physical portfolio by the original deadline, I can upload the digitized files to the server by midnight tonight.}\\)\uff08\u672c\u6765\u306e\u671f\u65e5\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e0d\u5c65\u884c\u3092\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\u3067\u9650\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u5b9f\u884c\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u4ee3\u66ff\u671f\u65e5\u3092\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u80fd\u52d5\u614b\u3067\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{I hope to submit the paper sometime next week when I feel better.}\\) \u2192 \u6f20\u7136\u3068\u3057\u305f\u6642\u9593\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4f53\u8abf\u56de\u5fa9\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u516c\u5f0f\u306a\u5408\u610f\u5f62\u6210\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u306b\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u6b8b\u3059\u305f\u3081\u3001\u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u3092\u640d\u306a\u3046\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f \\(\\text{I will be fully prepared to submit the completed manuscript by next Wednesday, November 12, regardless of any remaining discomfort.}\\) \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u65e5\u4ed8\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5f0f\u3078\u8a02\u6b63\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u4ed8\u304d\u4f9d\u983c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u671f\u9650\u3068\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7d71\u5fa1\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12. \u8907\u6570\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3059\u308b\u6848\u5185\u6587\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u69cb\u6210<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5236\u7d04\uff08\u5236\u9650\u6642\u523b\u3001\u7d4c\u7531\u5730\u3001\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u898f\u5247\u3001\u8ffd\u52a0\u6599\u91d1\uff09\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u6848\u5185\u6587\u306e\u4f5c\u6210\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u932f\u7d9c\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6587\u8108\u3078\u3068\u7d71\u5408\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u69cb\u6210\u529b\u304c\u554f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u500b\u3005\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u7121\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u5358\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e26\u5217\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u7d4c\u8def\u9078\u629e\u306e\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u59d4\u306d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u6848\u5185\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5b9f\u52b9\u6027\u3092\u5931\u3046\u3002\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u6642\u523b\u3068\u7d4c\u8def\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u7684\u7d71\u5408\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u6761\u4ef6\u5206\u5c90\u3068\u4ed8\u5e2f\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u51e6\u7406\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff11. \u6642\u523b\u30fb\u7d4c\u8def\u30fb\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u4e26\u5217\u7684\u7d71\u5408<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8907\u6570\u306e\u4ea4\u901a\u624b\u6bb5\u3084\u79fb\u52d5\u7d4c\u8def\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u6700\u9069\u89e3\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u7ae0\u3067\u306f\u3001\u500b\u5225\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u5358\u306b\u5217\u6319\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5236\u7d04\u6761\u4ef6\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u9023\u9396\u3092\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u76f4\u901a\u5217\u8eca\u306e\u5230\u7740\u6642\u523b\u304c\u6307\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5236\u9650\u6642\u523b\u3092\u8d85\u904e\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u5217\u8eca\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u62e0\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u3092\u542b\u3080\u4ee3\u66ff\u7d4c\u8def\u304c\u5236\u9650\u6642\u523b\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u7d9a\u304d\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6700\u5584\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u65ad\u5b9a\u7684\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u3084\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u305d\u306e\u9078\u629e\u304c\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u6839\u62e0\uff08\u767a\u8eca\u6642\u523b\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u99c5\u3001\u5230\u7740\u4e88\u5b9a\u6642\u523b\uff09\u3092\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u6642\u9593\u7684\u30fb\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8cc7\u6599\u304b\u3089\u5236\u9650\u6642\u523b\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u76f4\u901a\u4fbf\u306e\u5230\u7740\u4e88\u5b9a\u6642\u523b\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3066\u305d\u306e\u4e0d\u9069\u683c\u6027\u3092\u7acb\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593\u306e\u5dee\u3092\u6570\u5024\u3068\u3057\u3066\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8ad6\u62e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u63a5\u7d9a\u4fbf\u306e\u904b\u884c\u30c0\u30a4\u30e4\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u99c5\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u63a5\u7d9a\u6642\u9593\u3068\u6700\u7d42\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3078\u306e\u5230\u7740\u6642\u523b\u304c\u5236\u9650\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u5145\u8db3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u6700\u9069\u7d4c\u8def\u3092\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62\u307e\u305f\u306f\u63a8\u5968\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3084\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u9023\u7d50\u3057\u3066\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6307\u793a\u3092\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u8907\u5408\u6587\u3078\u3068\u96c6\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{Although Local 250 offers a direct route, it arrives at 14:35, which exceeds your deadline; therefore, you must take Express 11 at 13:40 and change trains at Central Station.}\\)\uff08\u76f4\u901a\u4fbf\u306e\u6642\u523b\u8d85\u904e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6392\u9664\u7406\u7531\u3092\u524d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u4fbf\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u3079\u304d\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u5c0e\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{To reach the airport before 14:30, take the 13:15 rapid service to North Junction, where you can transfer to the airport shuttle departing from the same platform at 13:42.}\\)\uff08\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u793a\u3059\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u6587\u982d\u306b\u914d\u3057\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u99c5\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u540c\u4e00\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5229\u4fbf\u6027\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u95a2\u4fc2\u526f\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3067\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{Taking the direct train will cause you to arrive ten minutes late; consequently, board the 13:30 express and transfer at Terminal Plaza to the express bus arriving at 14:20.}\\)\uff08\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u76f4\u901a\u4fbf\u306e\u9045\u5ef6\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e30\u7d50\u3092\u4e3b\u8a9e\u5316\u3057\u3001\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u7d4c\u8def\u306e\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u3092\u63a5\u7d9a\u526f\u8a5e\u3067\u62c5\u4fdd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{You can take Local 250. It arrives at 14:35. It is too late. Take Express 11 and change at Central Station.}\\) \u2192 \u77ed\u6587\u306e\u7f85\u5217\u306b\u7d42\u59cb\u3057\u3001\u4e8b\u8c61\u9593\u306e\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3084\u6392\u9664\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u660e\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u6848\u5185\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u51dd\u7e2e\u5ea6\u3092\u8457\u3057\u304f\u6b20\u304f\u3002\u8aad\u8005\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u98db\u8e8d\u3092\u57cb\u3081\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u8aa4\u89e3\u3092\u62db\u304f\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f \\(\\text{Since Local 250 arrives at 14:35\u2014five minutes past your required arrival time\u2014you should instead take Express 11 and transfer at Central Station to arrive at 14:25.}\\) \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u56e0\u679c\u3068\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u305f\u69cb\u6587\u3078\u518d\u69cb\u6210\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8907\u6570\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u3068\u6700\u9069\u7d4c\u8def\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u7d71\u5408\u306e\u6280\u8853\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff12. \u6761\u4ef6\u5206\u5c90\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u9078\u629e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6848\u5185\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u4ed8\u52a0\u8981\u4ef6\uff08\u7279\u6025\u5238\u306e\u4e8b\u524d\u8cfc\u5165\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u3067\u306e\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u3001\u904b\u884c\u4f11\u6b62\u6642\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\uff09\u3092\u6307\u793a\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u9069\u7528\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u8aa4\u89e3\u306a\u304f\u9650\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u9078\u629e\u304c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3002\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b \\(\\text{provided that}\\)\u3001\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b \\(\\text{unless}\\)\u3001\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u751f\u8d77\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u6b21\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u4fc3\u3059 \\(\\text{once}\\) \u3084 \\(\\text{as soon as}\\) \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u5f93\u5c5e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u904b\u7528\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u304c\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3079\u304d\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u5951\u6a5f\u304c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5fc5\u9808\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u305d\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u304c\u6709\u52b9\u3068\u306a\u308b\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u753b\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5747\u8861\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u5206\u5c90\u3068\u4ed8\u5e2f\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u5229\u7528\u8005\u304c\u5c65\u884c\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u4ed8\u5e2f\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\uff08\u8ffd\u52a0\u6599\u91d1\u306e\u652f\u6255\u3044\u3084\u5207\u7b26\u306e\u4fdd\u6301\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u5834\u6240\u7684\u30fb\u6642\u9593\u7684\u5883\u754c\u3092\u63a5\u7d9a\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4e57\u8eca\u524d\u306b\u8cfc\u5165\u3059\u3079\u304d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u6642\u306b\u6539\u672d\u3092\u7d4c\u7531\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u5cfb\u5225\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u6307\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6761\u4ef6\u304c\u6e80\u305f\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306b\u751f\u3058\u308b\u4e0d\u5229\u76ca\uff08\u4e57\u8eca\u62d2\u7d76\u3084\u9045\u5ef6\uff09\u3092\u8b66\u544a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f75\u8a18\u3057\u3001\u6307\u793a\u306e\u62d8\u675f\u529b\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{Passengers may transfer to Express 12 at Central Station without changing platforms, provided that they have purchased a supplemental express ticket prior to boarding.}\\)\uff08\u540c\u4e00\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u306e\u5229\u4fbf\u6027\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3064\u3064\u3001\u7279\u6025\u5238\u306e\u4e8b\u524d\u8cfc\u5165\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6761\u4ef6\u3092 \\(\\text{provided that}\\) \u7bc0\u3067\u9650\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{Once you arrive at Platform 3, simply cross to Platform 4 to catch the connecting shuttle, unless severe track maintenance alters the departure gate.}\\)\uff08\u5230\u7740\u5f8c\u306e\u5373\u6642\u884c\u52d5\u3092 \\(\\text{Once}\\) \u3067\u6307\u793a\u3057\u3001\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u4e8b\u614b\u3092 \\(\\text{unless}\\) \u7bc0\u3067\u9664\u5916\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{You are allowed to remain on the same train until South Terminal, in which case an additional distance fare must be settled with the conductor on board.}\\)\uff08\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u3068\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u8907\u5408\u4f53\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u9078\u629e\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{You must buy an express ticket if you want to ride the train, or you cannot go.}\\) \u2192 \u53e3\u8a9e\u7684\u3067\u7c97\u96d1\u306a\u4e8c\u8005\u629e\u4e00\u3092\u7a81\u304d\u3064\u3051\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u516c\u7684\u6848\u5185\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u54c1\u683c\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u53b3\u5bc6\u6027\u3092\u6b20\u304f\u3002\u898f\u5247\u306e\u9069\u7528\u6761\u4ef6\u304c\u66d6\u6627\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4f8b\u5916\u306e\u4f59\u5730\u304c\u4e0d\u660e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f \\(\\text{A supplemental express voucher is required for all passengers boarding Express 11, which must be obtained at the station kiosk before accessing the platform.}\\) \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8981\u4ef6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u5206\u5c90\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6848\u5185\u6587\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u8a18\u8ff0\u529b\u304c\u7fd2\u5f97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13. \u7d71\u8a08\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6bd4\u7387\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7d71\u8a08\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u63a8\u8ad6\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u53cd\u99c1\u3059\u308b\u8ab2\u984c\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u601d\u8003\u529b\u3068\u8a00\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u529b\u306e\u878d\u5408\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c6\u30fc\u30b8\u306e\u5927\u5c0f\u3092\u5b9f\u6570\u306e\u5927\u5c0f\u3068\u77ed\u7d61\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u90e8\u5206\u96c6\u5408\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u5168\u4f53\u96c6\u5408\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3078\u3068\u4e0d\u5f53\u306b\u62e1\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u6570\u5024\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u793a\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u305d\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u6280\u8853\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306b\u9032\u307f\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u6bd4\u7387\u6bd4\u8f03\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u76f8\u9055\u3092\u6271\u3044\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u5b9f\u6570\u63db\u7b97\u306b\u3088\u308b\u53cd\u8a3c\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff11. \u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u5dee\u7570\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u6bd4\u7387\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u6307\u6458<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306a\u6bd4\u7387\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\uff08\u5206\u6bcd\uff09\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u5927\u304d\u3055\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u96c6\u56e3\u9593\u3067\u767e\u5206\u7387\uff08\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c6\u30fc\u30b8\uff09\u306e\u307f\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3066\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u4e0b\u3059\u884c\u70ba\u306f\u3001\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\uff08\u5408\u6210\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u30fb\u57fa\u5e95\u7387\u306e\u7121\u8996\uff09\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3002\u6210\u4eba\u306e \\(38%\\) \u306e\u3046\u3061\u306e \\(98%\\) \u304c\u3042\u308b\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3057\u3001\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u306e \\(62%\\) \u306e\u3046\u3061\u306e \\(70%\\) \u304c\u5225\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u524d\u8005\u306e\u6bd4\u7387\uff08\\(98%\\)\uff09\u304c\u5f8c\u8005\u306e\u6bd4\u7387\uff08\\(70%\\)\uff09\u3092\u4e0a\u56de\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306e\u307f\u3092\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5168\u4eba\u53e3\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u524d\u8005\u306e\u652f\u6301\u8005\u306e\u307b\u3046\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3068\u7d50\u8ad6\u3065\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u7834\u7dbb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u6bd4\u7387\u3092\u4e57\u3058\u305f\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u5272\u5408\u3092\u7b97\u51fa\u3057\u306a\u3044\u9650\u308a\u3001\u5168\u4f53\u96c6\u5408\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u512a\u52a3\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3059\u308b\u82f1\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u6bd4\u91cd\u304c\u8a08\u7b97\u306b\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u636e\u3048\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u7121\u52b9\u6027\u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6bd4\u7387\u6bd4\u8f03\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u8ad6\u8005\u304c\u4f9d\u62e0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u6570\u5024\u6bd4\u8f03\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u3069\u306e\u6bd4\u7387\u3068\u3069\u306e\u6bd4\u7387\u304c\u77ed\u7d61\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u96c6\u56e3\u304c\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u5360\u3081\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u5272\u5408\uff08\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055\uff09\u306e\u9055\u3044\u3092\u6570\u5f0f\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6bd4\u7387\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3001\u5206\u6bcd\u306e\u76f8\u9055\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u96c6\u5408\u304c\u5168\u4f53\u96c6\u5408\u306b\u5360\u3081\u308b\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u6bd4\u7387\u3092\u4e57\u7b97\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7b97\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u306e\u767e\u5206\u7387\u3068\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u5272\u5408\u304c\u9006\u8ee2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u5bfe\u6bd4\u7684\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{The claim erroneously equates a high percentage within a smaller demographic with a larger absolute majority across the entire population.}\\)\uff08\u5c11\u6570\u306e\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9ad8\u3044\u6bd4\u7387\u3092\u3001\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u591a\u6570\u3068\u540c\u4e00\u8996\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u308a\u3092\u7aef\u7684\u306b\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{Although 98% of adult viewers preferred art films, adults constitute only 38% of the total audience, meaning that art film supporters account for approximately 37.2% of all attendees.}\\)\uff08\u6210\u4eba\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u6bd4\u7387\u3092\u4e57\u7b97\u3057\u3066\u5168\u89b3\u5ba2\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u6bd4\u7387\u3092\u5c0e\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u306e \\(98%\\) \u3068\u3044\u3046\u5370\u8c61\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u6570\u5024\u3078\u89e3\u4f53\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{By ignoring the substantial demographic imbalance between the two groups, the argument fails to recognize that 70% of the 62% majority yields a significantly higher overall proportion.}\\)\uff08\u69cb\u6210\u6bd4\u7387\u306e\u4e0d\u5747\u8861\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u305f\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u7a81\u304d\u3001\u591a\u6570\u6d3e\u306e \\(70%\\) \u304c\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u5168\u4f53\u7684\u6bd4\u7387\u306e\u512a\u4f4d\u6027\u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{The conclusion is wrong because 98% is big but the people are few, so comedy is more popular.}\\) \u2192 \u611f\u899a\u7684\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\uff08big, few\uff09\u3092\u4e26\u3079\u3001\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u793a\u3055\u305a\u306b\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u307f\u3092\u65ad\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30fb\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u53cd\u99c1\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u4fa1\u5024\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u63a1\u70b9\u57fa\u6e96\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u306e\u306f\u6570\u5024\u8a08\u7b97\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f \\(\\text{The conclusion is invalid because it overlooks the difference in sample sizes; adult art film enthusiasts represent roughly 37% of the audience, whereas minor comedy enthusiasts represent approximately 43%, making comedy the more widely supported genre.}\\) \u3068\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6570\u5024\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3057\u3066\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u76f8\u9055\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3057\u305f\u6bd4\u7387\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff12. \u5272\u5408\u3068\u7d76\u5bfe\u6570\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u53cd\u8a3c\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u767e\u5206\u7387\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u304b\u3089\u5b9f\u6570\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u5c0e\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u7a81\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u6570\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3057\u3066\u8a08\u7b97\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u8996\u899a\u5316\u3059\u308b\u53cd\u8a3c\u6cd5\uff08\u80cc\u7406\u6cd5\u30fb\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u5316\uff09\u304c\u6709\u52b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7dcf\u4eba\u53e3\u3092 \\(100\\) \u4eba\u307e\u305f\u306f \\(1,000\\) \u4eba\u3068\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3001\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u96c6\u5408\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u4eba\u6570\u304c\u4f55\u4eba\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304b\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8ad6\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u304c\u7b97\u8853\u7684\u306b\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u305f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3084\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u5404\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u306e\u6570\u5024\u3092\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u88dc\u8a9e\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u53d9\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u904b\u7528\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u53cd\u8a3c\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u82f1\u6587\u4f5c\u6210\u306e\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\\(\\text{Assuming a hypothetical total of 100 individuals…}\\) \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u8a08\u7b97\u3092\u5e73\u6613\u306b\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u6e96\u6bcd\u6570\u3092\u4eee\u5b9a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6bcd\u6570\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u5404\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u6570\u3092\u9806\u6b21\u7b97\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3084\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u8a08\u7b97\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305f\u7d76\u5bfe\u6570\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u8005\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u3068\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u8ad6\u99c1\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{Assuming a total audience of 100 people, the adult cohort consists of 38 individuals, of whom approximately 37 prefer art films.}\\)\uff08\\(100\\) \u4eba\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6210\u4eba\u5c64\u306e\u4e2d\u306e\u652f\u6301\u8005\u6570\u3092 \\(37\\) \u4eba\u3068\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{In contrast, the minor cohort comprises 62 individuals, of whom roughly 43 choose comedies, demonstrating that comedy supporters outnumber art film supporters in absolute terms.}\\)\uff08\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u5c64\u306e\u652f\u6301\u8005\u6570\u3092 \\(43\\) \u4eba\u3068\u7b97\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u52d5\u8a5e \\(\\text{outnumber}\\) \u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u5b9f\u6570\u306e\u9006\u8ee2\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{This calculation clearly reveals that a smaller proportion drawn from a substantially larger pool produces a larger headcount than a near-total proportion drawn from a limited pool.}\\)\uff08\u8a08\u7b97\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u3057\u3001\u5927\u304d\u306a\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5c0f\u3055\u306a\u6bd4\u7387\u304c\u3001\u5c0f\u3055\u306a\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5927\u304d\u306a\u6bd4\u7387\u3092\u51cc\u99d5\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u539f\u7406\u3092\u5c0e\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{If we calculate the numbers, 38 times 0.98 is 37.24 and 62 times 0.70 is 43.4, so 43.4 is bigger than 37.24.}\\) \u2192 \u6570\u5f0f\u3092\u5e73\u9762\u7684\u306b\u82f1\u5358\u8a9e\u3078\u7f6e\u304d\u63db\u3048\u305f\u3060\u3051\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306a\u6587\u7ae0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u6b20\u304d\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e0d\u9069\u683c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6570\u7406\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3092\u9069\u5207\u306a\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u306b\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f \\(\\text{When calculated on the basis of 100 total attendees, approximately 37 adults favored art films, whereas more than 43 minors preferred comedies, directly disproving the assertion that art films enjoyed broader patronage.}\\) \u3068\u518d\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6570\u5024\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u53cd\u8a3c\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u6280\u8853\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14. \u5f62\u5f0f\u8ad6\u7406\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9006\u30fb\u88cf\u30fb\u5bfe\u5076\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u53cd\u99c1\u8a18\u8ff0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u547d\u984c\u8ad6\u7406\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6761\u4ef6\u6587\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u9055\u3048\u305f\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3001\u3068\u308a\u308f\u3051\u300c\\(P \\to Q\\)\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u771f\u306a\u308b\u547d\u984c\u304b\u3089\u305d\u306e\u9006\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\\(Q \\to P\\)\u300d\u304c\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u306b\u771f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u63a8\u8ad6\u3059\u308b\u8aa4\u308a\uff08\u5f8c\u4ef6\u80af\u5b9a\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\uff09\u3092\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u82f1\u6587\u3067\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u300c\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u30d8\u30d3\u306b\u306f\u8db3\u304c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u304b\u3089\u300c\u8db3\u306e\u306a\u3044\u52d5\u7269\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u30d8\u30d3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3059\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u904b\u7528\u3057\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u53cd\u4f8b\uff08Counterexample\uff09\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u547d\u984c\u306e\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306b\u9032\u307f\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u9006\u8ee2\u306e\u6a5f\u5e8f\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3057\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u53cd\u4f8b\u63d0\u793a\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8ad6\u99c1\u306e\u5b8c\u6210\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff11. \u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u9006\u8ee2\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u53cd\u4f8b\u63d0\u793a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u5168\u79f0\u547d\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306e\u5305\u542b\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u306a\u77e2\u5370\uff08\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u304b\u3089\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3078\u306e\u63a8\u79fb\uff09\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u3059\u304e\u305a\u3001\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u306a\u7b49\u4fa1\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u300c\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e \\(A\\) \u306f \\(B\\) \u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08\\(A \\subset B\\)\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u660e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3042\u308b\u5bfe\u8c61\u304c \\(A\\) \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f \\(B\\) \u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\\(B\\) \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f \\(A\\) \u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3068\u304d\u3001\u96c6\u5408 \\(B\\) \u306f\u96c6\u5408 \\(A\\) \u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u5305\u542b\u3057\u3046\u308b\u958b\u304b\u308c\u305f\u9818\u57df\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300c\\(B\\) \u3067\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070 \\(A\\) \u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9006\u306e\u63a8\u8ad6\u306f\u3001\\(A\\) \u306e\u5916\u5074\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b \\(B\\) \u306e\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u305f\u77ac\u9593\u306b\u53cd\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3001\\(B\\) \u306e\u5c5e\u6027\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089 \\(A\\) \u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u5b9f\u4f53\uff08\u53cd\u4f8b\uff09\u3092\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u636e\u3048\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u904e\u5ea6\u306e\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u914d\u7f6e\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5f8c\u4ef6\u80af\u5b9a\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u53cd\u99c1\u3059\u308b\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u8ad6\u8005\u304c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u524d\u63d0\u547d\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4f55\u304c\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u3042\u308a\u4f55\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u540c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u8ad6\u8005\u304c\u305d\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u9006\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306e\u307f\u3092\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5143\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4e0d\u5f53\u306b\u65ad\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u5143\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u306f\u5c5e\u3055\u306a\u3044\u53cd\u4f8b\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3001\u547d\u984c\u306e\u6052\u771f\u6027\u3092\u6253\u3061\u7834\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{The argument commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent by confusing a necessary condition with a sufficient one.}\\)\uff08\u5f8c\u4ef6\u80af\u5b9a\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u4e0a\u306e\u8853\u8a9e\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u3092\u7aef\u7684\u306b\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{While it is true that all snakes lack legs, having no legs is merely a characteristic shared by various distinct biological taxa, not a defining feature unique to snakes.}\\)\uff08\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u3064\u3064\u3001\u7121\u8db3\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5c5e\u6027\u304c\u4ed6\u306e\u751f\u7269\u5206\u985e\u7fa4\u306b\u3082\u5171\u6709\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u56fa\u6709\u6027\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{The inference fails because it treats a broad category as though it were entirely coextensive with a single subcategory contained within it.}\\)\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7684\u306a\u4e0a\u4f4d\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u3092\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u4e0b\u4f4d\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u3068\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u5e83\u304c\u308a\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6271\u3063\u305f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u904e\u8aa4\u3092\u6279\u5224\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{This idea is wrong because worms do not have legs either, so not only snakes have no legs.}\\) \u2192 \u53cd\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30df\u30df\u30ba\u3092\u6319\u3052\u3066\u306f\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u5e7c\u7a1a\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6a5f\u5e8f\u304c\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u306b\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u77e5\u7684\u306a\u8aac\u5f97\u529b\u3092\u6b20\u304f\u8a18\u8ff0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f \\(\\text{This reasoning is demonstrably invalid; the absence of legs does not uniquely identify an organism as a snake, as evidenced by legless lizards, worms, and eels, all of which satisfy the condition without being snakes.}\\) \u3068\u591a\u89d2\u7684\u306a\u53cd\u4f8b\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u307e\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u533a\u5225\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u53cd\u99c1\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff12. \u5168\u79f0\u547d\u984c\u3068\u7279\u79f0\u547d\u984c\u306e\u5cfb\u5225\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8aa4\u8b2c\u8ad6\u8a3c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u306a\u63a8\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u983b\u767a\u3059\u308b\u3082\u3046\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306f\u3001\u7279\u79f0\u547d\u984c\uff08\u300c\u3042\u308b \\(A\\) \u306f \\(B\\) \u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\uff09\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5358\u306a\u308b\u76f8\u95a2\u95a2\u4fc2\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5168\u79f0\u547d\u984c\uff08\u300c\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e \\(A\\) \u306f \\(B\\) \u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\uff09\u3092\u7121\u6761\u4ef6\u306b\u6f14\u7e79\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u65e9\u307e\u3063\u305f\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u6210\u529f\u3057\u305f\u8d77\u696d\u5bb6\u306b\u306f\u4e2d\u9000\u8005\u304c\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304b\u3089\u300c\u8d77\u696d\u5bb6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6210\u529f\u3059\u308b\u306b\u306f\u4e2d\u9000\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547d\u984c\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u98db\u8e8d\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u5168\u79f0\u91cf\u5316\u5b50\uff08\\(\\text{all, every, always, inevitably}\\)\uff09\u306e\u4e0d\u5f53\u306a\u9069\u7528\u3092\u6458\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u91cf\u5316\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u3092\u5236\u5fa1\u3059\u308b\u526f\u8a5e\u3084\u9650\u5b9a\u8a5e\u3092\u9069\u5207\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u90e8\u5206\u3068\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5883\u754c\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3059\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u6280\u8853\u304c\u554f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5168\u79f0\u547d\u984c\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u8ad6\u8005\u304c\u4f9d\u62e0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u89b3\u5bdf\u4e8b\u5b9f\uff08\u7279\u79f0\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304b\u3089\u300c\u4f8b\u5916\u306a\u304f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5168\u79f0\u547d\u984c\u3078\u3068\u98db\u8e8d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u65ad\u7d76\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\\(\\text{some}\\) \u304b\u3089 \\(\\text{all}\\) \u3078\u306e\u4e0d\u5f53\u306a\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u3092\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u3059\u308b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u69cb\u6587\uff08\\(\\text{not all, does not necessarily mean}\\)\uff09\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3066\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u7de0\u3081\u304f\u304f\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{The author illicitly converts an existential observation into a universal rule, assuming without warrant that what applies to some instances must apply to the entire class.}\\)\uff08\u5b9f\u5b58\u7684\u306a\u89b3\u5bdf\u4e8b\u5b9f\u304b\u3089\u666e\u904d\u7684\u898f\u5247\u3078\u306e\u4e0d\u5f53\u306a\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3001\u5168\u79f0\u547d\u984c\u5316\u306e\u98db\u8e8d\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{Even if certain successful innovations originated from accidental discoveries, it does not follow that all systematic research programs should be abandoned in favor of random exploration.}\\)\uff08\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u305d\u3053\u304b\u3089\u666e\u904d\u7684\u306a\u65b9\u91dd\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u6f14\u7e79\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u3092 \\(\\text{it does not follow that…}\\) \u69cb\u6587\u3067\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{The presence of a trait in several members of a set cannot logically justify the universal assertion that the trait is inherent to every member.}\\)\uff08\u96c6\u5408\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u6210\u54e1\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u7279\u5fb4\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u6210\u54e1\u306b\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u7279\u5fb4\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{Just because some politicians are corrupt, we cannot say all politicians are bad.}\\) \u2192 \u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u306f\u5408\u81f4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u53e3\u8a9e\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308a\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u306e\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3055\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f \\(\\text{Generalizing from specific instances of political corruption to the universal indictment of all public servants constitutes an unwarranted inductive leap that ignores institutional heterogeneity.}\\) \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u30fb\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u8853\u8a9e\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u5168\u79f0\u547d\u984c\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u8ad6\u8a3c\u6280\u8853\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15. \u5834\u9762\u8a2d\u5b9a\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u8abf\u6574\u3068\u6587\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u8cab\u6027<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u308b\u6587\u7ae0\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5834\u9762\uff08\u516c\u5f0f\u306a\u5606\u9858\u66f8\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u67fb\u8aad\u5831\u544a\u3001\u516c\u5171\u306e\u63b2\u793a\u6848\u5185\u3001\u5bfe\u7b49\u306a\u30d3\u30b8\u30cd\u30b9\u4ea4\u6e09\uff09\u3067\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u9078\u629e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u8a9e\u5f59\u30fb\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u683c\u5f0f\uff08\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\uff09\u306f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306b\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u9078\u629e\u3084\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u306e\u904b\u7528\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u4f53\u306e\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u305f\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5185\u5bb9\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u3068\u3082\u6587\u8108\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u640d\u306a\u3046\u3002\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u8a9e\u5f59\u30fb\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u683c\u5f0f\u5224\u5b9a\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u975e\u4eba\u79f0\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u904b\u7528\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff11. \u516c\u7684\u6587\u66f8\u3068\u5bfe\u8a71\u7684\u6848\u5185\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8a9e\u5f59\u30fb\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u9078\u629e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u516c\u7684\u306a\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u82f1\u6587\u4f5c\u6210\u3067\u306f\u3001\u53e3\u8a9e\u7684\u306a\u77ed\u7e2e\u5f62\u3001\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u306a\u53e5\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u3092\u5410\u9732\u3059\u308b\u9593\u6295\u8a5e\u306e\u751f\u8d77\u304c\u53b3\u683c\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6559\u6388\u5b9b\u3066\u306e\u516c\u5f0f\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066 \\(\\text{can’t, wanna, get, check out}\\) \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8a9e\u5f59\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5185\u5bb9\u306e\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u306e\u7121\u8996\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5224\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u516c\u7684\u6587\u8108\u3067\u306f\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u8a9e\u7531\u6765\u306e\u683c\u5f0f\u3042\u308b\u5358\u8a9e\uff08\\(\\text{accommodate, investigate, evaluate, extinguish}\\)\uff09\u3068\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u5f35\u3063\u305f\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\uff08\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3084\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u69cb\u6587\uff09\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u5e02\u6c11\u5411\u3051\u306e\u99c5\u982d\u6848\u5185\u3084\u907f\u96e3\u6307\u793a\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u904e\u5ea6\u306b\u96e3\u89e3\u306a\u8a9e\u5f59\u306f\u5373\u6642\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u59a8\u3052\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u3067\u5e73\u6613\u306a\u52d5\u8a5e\u3068\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u8a9e\u9806\u304c\u9078\u597d\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5834\u9762\u306e\u516c\u5171\u6027\u3068\u53d7\u5bb9\u8005\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u8a9e\u5f59\u4f53\u7cfb\u3092\u5207\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u308b\u67d4\u8edf\u6027\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u8abf\u6574\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u6307\u793a\u304b\u3089\u767a\u4fe1\u8005\u3068\u53d7\u4fe1\u8005\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u4e0a\u4e0b\u95a2\u4fc2\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6a29\u5a01\u3001\u4e0d\u7279\u5b9a\u591a\u6570\u306e\u516c\u8846\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u95a2\u4fc2\u6027\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u5f59\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\uff08\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u30b2\u30eb\u30de\u30f3\u7cfb\u8a9e\u5f59\u304b\u3001\u683c\u5f0f\u3042\u308b\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u30fb\u30ae\u30ea\u30b7\u30e3\u7cfb\u8a9e\u5f59\u304b\uff09\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u77ed\u7e2e\u5f62\u306e\u6392\u9664\u3001\u53e5\u52d5\u8a5e\u304b\u3089\u5358\u4e00\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u3078\u306e\u7f6e\u63db\u3001\u7591\u554f\u6587\u304b\u3089\u9593\u63a5\u7591\u554f\u6587\u3078\u306e\u5909\u63db\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3057\u3001\u6587\u7ae0\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6587\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u3064\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{I would be most appreciative if you could review the attached documentation regarding the proposed curriculum revisions at your earliest convenience.}\\)\uff08\u516c\u5f0f\u306a\u6559\u54e1\u5b9b\u3066\u901a\u4fe1\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u683c\u5f0f\u3042\u308b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3068\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u8981\u8acb\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6700\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306e\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{All passengers are strongly advised to secure their personal belongings and remain vigilant while waiting on the platform.}\\)\uff08\u4e0d\u7279\u5b9a\u516c\u8846\u5411\u3051\u306e\u516c\u7684\u63b2\u793a\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5e73\u6613\u306a\u304c\u3089\u898f\u5f8b\u3042\u308b\u53d7\u52d5\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u559a\u8d77\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{The editorial committee deemed the submitted manuscript unsuitable for publication, citing fundamental methodological shortcomings.}\\)\uff08\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u5224\u5b9a\u306e\u544a\u77e5\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u683c\u5f0f\u9ad8\u3044\u52d5\u8a5e \\(\\text{deemed}\\) \u3068\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u53b3\u683c\u3055\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{Dear Prof. Smith, please check out my paper and tell me what you think ASAP.}\\) \u2192 \u89aa\u3057\u3044\u53cb\u4eba\u5b9b\u3066\u306e\u79c1\u4fe1\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\uff08check out, ASAP\uff09\u304c\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u54e1\u5b9b\u3066\u306e\u516c\u5f0f\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u6df7\u5165\u3057\u305f\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u9055\u53cd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u306e\u628a\u63e1\u3092\u6b20\u3044\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u6df1\u523b\u306a\u6e1b\u70b9\u3092\u62db\u304f\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f \\(\\text{Dear Professor Smith, I would be grateful if you could examine my draft and provide your valued guidance when your schedule permits.}\\) \u3068\u683c\u5f0f\u3092\u7d71\u4e00\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6587\u8108\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u9069\u5207\u306a\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u904b\u7528\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15.\uff12. \u5951\u7d04\u30fb\u898f\u7d04\u7684\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u3068\u975e\u4eba\u79f0\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u904b\u7528<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6cd5\u7684\u62d8\u675f\u529b\u3092\u6301\u3064\u898f\u7d04\u6587\u3084\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u3092\u6d88\u53bb\u3057\u3001\u898f\u5247\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u975e\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u69cb\u6587\uff08Impersonal Construction\uff09\u304c\u9078\u629e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u300c\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u304c\u3053\u308c\u3092\u7981\u6b62\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u80fd\u52d5\u614b\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\\(\\text{It is strictly prohibited to…}\\) \u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f \\(\\text{…shall be deemed invalid}\\) \u3068\u3044\u3046\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3068\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u5f37\u5236\u529b\u304c\u62c5\u4fdd\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u4eba\u9593\u304b\u3089\u5ba2\u4f53\u3084\u884c\u70ba\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3078\u3068\u6607\u683c\u3055\u305b\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u8ee2\u63db\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u6063\u610f\u6027\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u305f\u6cd5\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u6587\u4f53\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u898f\u5247\u63d0\u793a\u6587\u3092\u975e\u4eba\u79f0\u5316\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u3084\u7981\u6b62\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u30fb\u4e8c\u4eba\u79f0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\uff08\\(\\text{we, you}\\)\uff09\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u8a9e \\(\\text{it}\\) \u307e\u305f\u306f\u884c\u70ba\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u636e\u3048\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u6cd5\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e \\(\\text{shall}\\)\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u7fa9\u52d9\u30fb\u7981\u6b62\u3092\u8868\u3059\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\uff08\\(\\text{is required, is prohibited}\\)\uff09\u3092\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u3092\u6392\u3057\u305f\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8a00\u660e\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{Smoking and the use of electronic vaporizers are strictly prohibited within all interior university premises.}\\)\uff08\u4eba\u9593\u3092\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u305b\u305a\u3001\u7981\u6b62\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u308b\u884c\u70ba\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u636e\u3048\u305f\u975e\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u53d7\u52d5\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{Failure to submit the statutory declaration by the designated date shall render the entire application null and void.}\\)\uff08\u6cd5\u7684\u6587\u66f8\u7279\u6709\u306e \\(\\text{shall}\\) \u3092\u7528\u3044\u3001\u4e0d\u4f5c\u70ba\u306e\u5e30\u7d50\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7121\u52b9\u5316\u304c\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u57f7\u884c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{It is incumbent upon all visiting researchers to familiarize themselves with the institutional hazardous materials protocols.}\\)\uff08\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u8a9e\u69cb\u6587\u3068\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u8868\u3059\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e \\(\\text{incumbent}\\) \u3092\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u305b\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8cac\u52d9\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{You must not enter this room because we said so in the university rule.}\\) \u2192 \u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6a29\u529b\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u547d\u4ee4\u6587\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u516c\u7684\u898f\u7d04\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f \\(\\text{Unauthorized entry into this facility is strictly forbidden pursuant to university safety regulations.}\\) \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6cd5\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3078\u5168\u9762\u7684\u306b\u66f8\u304d\u63db\u3048\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u898f\u5247\u30fb\u5951\u7d04\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u975e\u4eba\u79f0\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u904b\u7528\u6280\u8853\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16. \u8a9e\u6570\u5236\u7d04\u4e0b\u3067\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u5727\u7e2e\u3068\u4e3b\u8ff0\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u518d\u7de8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u5165\u8a66\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8ab2\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300c\\(1\\)\u6587\u3067\u300d\u300c\\(30\\)\u8a9e\u4ee5\u5185\u3067\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u8a9e\u6570\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u6761\u4ef6\u3084\u7406\u7531\u3092\u6f0f\u308c\u306a\u304f\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7bc0\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u53e5\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u3068\u5727\u7e2e\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u518d\u7de8\u6280\u8853\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3092\u524d\u7f6e\u4fee\u98fe\u306e\u8907\u5408\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3078\u3001\u7406\u7531\u3092\u8868\u3059\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u3092\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3084\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3078\u8ee2\u63db\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8a9e\u6570\u3092\u5287\u7684\u306b\u524a\u6e1b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u304b\u3089\u53e5\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u306e\u5727\u7e2e\u3092\u6271\u3044\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u7bc0\u304b\u3089\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u69cb\u6587\u3078\u306e\u8ee2\u63db\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff11. \u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u304b\u3089\u5206\u8a5e\u53e5\u30fb\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3078\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u96c6\u7d04<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8907\u6570\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u4fee\u98fe\u7bc0\u304c\u91cd\u306a\u308b\u9577\u5927\u306a\u6587\u3092\u5727\u7e2e\u3059\u308b\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u624b\u6bb5\u306f\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u5b9a\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u6d88\u53bb\u3057\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u306e\u5f8c\u7f6e\u4fee\u98fe\u307e\u305f\u306f\u524d\u7f6e\u4fee\u98fe\u3078\u3068\u7e2e\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\\(\\text{which was conducted last year}\\)\u300d\u306f\u300c\\(\\text{conducted last year}\\)\u300d\u3078\u3068 \\(2\\) \u8a9e\u524a\u6e1b\u3055\u308c\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u300c\\(\\text{last year’s}\\)\u300d\u3078\u3068\u5727\u7e2e\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u4e3b\u8ff0\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3082\u3001\u9069\u5207\u306a\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\uff08\\(\\text{with, without, under, of}\\)\uff09\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7bc0\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3078\u3068\u7f6e\u304d\u63db\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u77ed\u7e2e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7bc0\u306e\u6570\u304c\u6e1b\u5c11\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u304c\u969b\u7acb\u3064\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3001\u8a9e\u6570\u5236\u9650\u306e\u8d85\u904e\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4fee\u98fe\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5727\u7e2e\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u6587\u4e2d\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u683c\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3068 \\(\\text{be}\\) \u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u524a\u9664\u3057\u3066\u5206\u8a5e\u53e5\u3078\u7e2e\u7d04\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u304c\u6240\u6709\u3084\u4ed8\u5e2f\u72b6\u6cc1\u3092\u8868\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e \\(\\text{with}\\) \u307e\u305f\u306f \\(\\text{without}\\) \u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u4fee\u98fe\u3078\u306e\u7f6e\u63db\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u7bc0\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u5185\u5bb9\u304c\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u306b\u96c6\u7d04\u3067\u304d\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u30cf\u30a4\u30d5\u30f3\u3067\u9023\u7d50\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8907\u5408\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\uff08\\(\\text{time-consuming, evidence-based}\\) \u7b49\uff09\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3057\u3066\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{The report, which was meticulously compiled by independent researchers who were examining corporate records, was published.}\\) \u2192 \\(\\text{The report, meticulously compiled by independent researchers examining corporate records, was published.}\\)\uff08\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u6d88\u53bb\u3057\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u306e\u5f8c\u7f6e\u4fee\u98fe\u3078\u3068\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u7e2e\u7d04\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{We selected a method that has a high degree of cost-effectiveness.}\\) \u2192 \\(\\text{We selected a highly cost-effective method.}\\)\uff08\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u8907\u5408\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3078\u5909\u63db\u3057\u3001\u8a9e\u6570\u3092\u534a\u6e1b\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{The proposal was approved with several amendments that had been suggested by the legal committee.}\\) \u2192 \\(\\text{The proposal was approved with several amendments suggested by the legal committee.}\\)\uff08\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u304b\u3089\u4e3b\u683c\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u5206\u8a5e\u53e5\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7c21\u6f54\u306a\u5f8c\u7f6e\u4fee\u98fe\u3092\u6210\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{The decision which was made by the board which caused a lot of problems was bad.}\\) \u2192 \u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3092\u91cd\u306d\u308b\u62d9\u52a3\u306a\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8a9e\u6570\u3092\u6d6a\u8cbb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e0a\u306b\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u5f31\u3044\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f \\(\\text{The board’s disastrous decision precipitated numerous structural complications.}\\) \u3068\u6240\u6709\u683c\u3068\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u524d\u7f6e\u4fee\u98fe\u3092\u6d3b\u7528\u3057\u3001\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u7c21\u6f54\u306a\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u3078\u518d\u7de8\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u306e\u5727\u7e2e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u5bc6\u5ea6\u306e\u5411\u4e0a\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16.\uff12. \u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u7bc0\u304b\u3089\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u69cb\u6587\u3078\u306e\u8ee2\u63db\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u6027\u5411\u4e0a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8907\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\\(\\text{because S \uff0b V}\\)\u300d\u3084\u300c\\(\\text{when S \uff0b V}\\)\u300d\u304c\u9023\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6587\u304c\u5e73\u677f\u5316\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u7126\u70b9\u304c\u62e1\u6563\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3092\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3068\u3059\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3078\u3068\u8ee2\u63db\uff08Nominalization\uff1a\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\uff09\u3057\u3001\u7121\u751f\u7269\u4e3b\u8a9e\u69cb\u6587\u3084\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3068\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6587\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u51dd\u7e2e\u5ea6\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u683c\u8abf\u304c\u98db\u8e8d\u7684\u306b\u5411\u4e0a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u5f7c\u3089\u304c\u4e0d\u6ce8\u610f\u306b\u904b\u8ee2\u3057\u305f\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4e8b\u6545\u304c\u8d77\u304d\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8907\u6587\u3092\u300c\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u4e0d\u6ce8\u610f\u306a\u904b\u8ee2\u304c\u4e8b\u6545\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u305f\uff08\\(\\text{Their reckless driving caused the accident.}\\)\uff09\u300d\u3078\u3068\u518d\u7de8\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304c\u4e0d\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u7d50\u5408\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8868\u73fe\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u53b3\u683c\u306a\u8a9e\u6570\u5236\u9650\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u76db\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u6280\u8853\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7bc0\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u69cb\u6587\u3078\u3068\u8ee2\u63db\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u30fb\u6761\u4ef6\u30fb\u6642\u3092\u8868\u3059\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u5185\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u52d5\u4f5c\u540d\u8a5e\uff08\\(\\text{failure, implementation, discovery, reduction}\\)\uff09\u3078\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3092\u6027\u8cea\u540d\u8a5e\uff08\\(\\text{reluctance, ambiguity, stability}\\)\uff09\u3078\u54c1\u8a5e\u8ee2\u63db\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3092\u305d\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6240\u6709\u683c\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e \\(\\text{of, by}\\) \u306e\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u5185\u90e8\u3078\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u3080\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u304d\u3001\u518d\u7de8\u3055\u308c\u305f\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u4e3b\u6587\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u636e\u3048\u3066\u56e0\u679c\u52d5\u8a5e\uff08\\(\\text{caused, enabled, prevented, necessitated}\\) \u7b49\uff09\u3068\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{Because the administrative agency hesitated to intervene, the financial contagion spread rapidly.}\\) \u2192 \\(\\text{The agency’s hesitation to intervene accelerated the financial contagion.}\\)\uff08\u7406\u7531\u7bc0\u3092\u6240\u6709\u683c\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3078\u8ee2\u63db\u3057\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u5f37\u56fa\u306a\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u6587\u3078\u3068\u518d\u7de8\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{When the regulatory commission discovered that data had been fabricated, it immediately suspended the trial.}\\) \u2192 \\(\\text{The discovery of data fabrication prompted the commission’s immediate suspension of the trial.}\\)\uff08\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u7bc0\u3092\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3078\u3068\u5727\u7e2e\u3057\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u4ed6\u52d5\u8a5e\u6587\u306b\u5168\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u96c6\u7d04\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{Although the team lacked sufficient resources, they completed the project successfully.}\\) \u2192 \\(\\text{Despite severe resource constraints, the team brought the project to a successful conclusion.}\\)\uff08\u8b72\u6b69\u7bc0\u3092\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3078\u5727\u7e2e\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u9ad8\u5bc6\u5ea6\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{Because the company was very poor at managing its inventory, it lost a great amount of profit.}\\) \u2192 \u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u306a\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3092\u6f2b\u7136\u3068\u4e26\u3079\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u7684\u30fb\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3092\u6b20\u304f\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f \\(\\text{Deficient inventory management substantially eroded corporate profitability.}\\) \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3001\\(18\\) \u8a9e\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b\u8907\u6587\u3092\u308f\u305a\u304b \\(6\\) \u8a9e\u306e\u660e\u6670\u306a\u5358\u6587\u3078\u3068\u5727\u7e2e\u30fb\u6607\u83ef\u3055\u305b\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u3064\u306e\u4f8b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u904b\u7528\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u51dd\u7e2e\u3068\u8a9e\u6570\u6291\u5236\u306e\u6280\u8853\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u57fa\u790e M28]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u548c\u6587\u82f1\u8a33\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u5909\u63db\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u601d\u8003\u69d8\u5f0f\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u3068\u5909\u63db\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u9078\u5b9a\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u306e\u914d\u7f6e\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u3079\u304d\u304b\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u6271\u3063\u305f\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u904b\u7528\u3084\u6761\u4ef6\u6587\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u5316\u3092\u3001\u3088\u308a\u5e83\u7bc4\u306a\u7ffb\u8a33\u6280\u8853\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6df1\u3081\u308b\u969b\u306b\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5b9b\u5148\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3001\u7121\u751f\u7269\u4e3b\u8a9e\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u5f62\u6210\u3068\u7bc0\u306e\u53e5\u3078\u306e\u7e2e\u7d04\u3092\u6271\u3046\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u7b2c\u516d\u8a18\u4e8b\u3068\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u57fa\u790e M08]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u614b\u3068\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6271\u3046\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u80fd\u52d5\u614b\u3068\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u306e\u9078\u629e\u304c\u6587\u982d\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3068\u6587\u672b\u306e\u7126\u70b9\u5316\u306b\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u6271\u3063\u305f\u516c\u7684\u6587\u66f8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u975e\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u53d7\u52d5\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u904b\u7528\u306f\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8a00\u8aac\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u3068\u3044\u3046\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u3053\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u539f\u7406\u306b\u7acb\u811a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u898f\u5247\u63d0\u793a\u3084\u4e8b\u5b9f\u5831\u544a\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u53d7\u52d5\u614b\u306e\u6587\u7528\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u57fa\u790e M09]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6cd5\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u62c5\u3046\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u30fb\u6839\u6e90\u7684\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u4f53\u7cfb\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u6271\u3063\u305f\u4f9d\u983c\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5a49\u66f2\u8a71\u6cd5\u3084\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u306e\u8abf\u6574\u306f\u3001\u6cd5\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u6301\u3064\u30e2\u30c0\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u5f37\u5ea6\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u5236\u5fa1\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e01\u5be7\u3055\u306e\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\u3092\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u306b\u8abf\u6574\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u78ba\u56fa\u305f\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7cbe\u9ac4\uff1a\u521d\u898b\u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5373\u6642\u7684\u8981\u4ef6\u5206\u89e3\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u5b8c\u7d50<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u5165\u8a66\u672c\u756a\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u521d\u898b\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u6761\u4ef6\u8a2d\u5b9a\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u601d\u8003\u306e\u6df7\u4e71\u3092\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u6307\u793a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u8981\u4ef6\u5316\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u7834\u7dbb\u306e\u306a\u3044\u82f1\u6587\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u6642\u9593\u5236\u7d04\u4e0b\u3067\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u904b\u7528\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u5b8c\u6210\u304c\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u5230\u9054\u76ee\u6a19\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8003\u7a76\u5c64\u3067\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u8981\u4ef6\u5206\u89e3\u3001\u8aa4\u8b2c\u5206\u6790\u3001\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u8abf\u6574\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u3092\u5b9f\u8df5\u3078\u3068\u6607\u83ef\u3055\u305b\u3001\u8a66\u9a13\u6642\u9593\u5185\u306e\u6975\u9650\u72b6\u6cc1\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u5f97\u70b9\u3092\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u4f53\u7cfb\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u8907\u5408\u7684\u6307\u793a\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u3001\u591a\u5143\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u6b20\u9665\u306e\u540c\u6642\u8ad6\u99c1\u3001\u6642\u9593\u5727\u4e0b\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u81ea\u5df1\u8a3a\u65ad\u6280\u8853\u3001\u6cd5\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u6587\u4f53\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u5b8c\u7d50\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306a\u6587\u6cd5\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\u306a\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3078\u3068\u5909\u63db\u3057\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u65b0\u50be\u5411\u306e\u8a2d\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3082\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u305f\u8ad6\u8a3c\u624b\u9806\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3067\u304d\u308b\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u524d\u63d0\u77e5\u8b58\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u81ea\u7531\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u6210\u3068\u8996\u70b9\u63d0\u793a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7acb\u5834\u3092\u8868\u660e\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3059\u308b\u7406\u7531\u3068\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3092\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u7dca\u5bc6\u306a\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u624b\u9806\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8a2d\u554f\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6349\u3048\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u98db\u8e8d\u3084\u77db\u76fe\u306e\u306a\u3044\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u7d44\u307f\u7acb\u3066\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u57fa\u790e\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M29]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u548c\u6587\u82f1\u8a33\u3068\u69cb\u9020\u5909\u63db\u306e\u5373\u5fdc\u7684\u904b\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u6761\u4ef6\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3084\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6307\u6458\u3092\u3001\u5236\u9650\u5b57\u6570\u5185\u3067\u7684\u78ba\u306a\u82f1\u8a9e\u69cb\u6587\u3078\u3068\u7f6e\u304d\u63db\u3048\u308b\u6280\u8853\u4f53\u7cfb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u8ff0\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u5316\u3068\u9069\u5207\u306a\u63a5\u7d9a\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u9078\u629e\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u660e\u6670\u6027\u3092\u62c5\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u7167: [\u57fa\u790e M28]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11. \u8907\u5408\u7684\u6307\u793a\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u5373\u6642\u7684\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u3068\u6f0f\u8131\u9632\u6b62<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u306e\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6700\u3082\u8b66\u6212\u3059\u3079\u304d\u5931\u70b9\u8981\u56e0\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u529b\u4e0d\u8db3\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u6587\u304c\u6307\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u8907\u6570\u306e\u5fc5\u9808\u60c5\u5831\uff08\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u7406\u7531\u3001\u6642\u523b\u3001\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u5834\u6240\u3001\u8cfc\u5165\u6761\u4ef6\u306a\u3069\uff09\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3092\u843d\u3068\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6e1b\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6761\u4ef6\u7fa4\u3092\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u82f1\u6587\u7a7a\u9593\u3078\u6f0f\u308c\u306a\u304f\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306b\u9032\u307f\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u6307\u793a\u6587\u306e\u5206\u89e3\u3068\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u5316\u3092\u6271\u3044\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u305d\u308c\u3089\u3092\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u7d71\u5408\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u6280\u8853\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff11. \u8a2d\u554f\u6307\u793a\u6587\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5206\u89e3\u3068\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u5316<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u306f\u3001\u554f\u984c\u6587\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3060\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u601d\u3044\u3064\u3044\u305f\u82f1\u8a9e\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u59cb\u3081\u3001\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6307\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3092\u8131\u843d\u3055\u305b\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306e\u63a1\u70b9\u57fa\u6e96\u306f\u5404\u6307\u793a\u8981\u4ef6\u306e\u5145\u8db3\u5ea6\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u4e00\u8981\u4ef6\u306e\u6b20\u843d\u306f\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u6e1b\u70b9\u306b\u76f4\u7d50\u3059\u308b\u3002\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u57f7\u7b46\u306b\u7740\u624b\u3059\u308b\u524d\u306b\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u6307\u793a\u6587\u3092\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u300c\u6700\u5c0f\u547d\u984c\u5358\u4f4d\uff08Atomic Propositions\uff09\u300d\u3078\u3068\u5206\u89e3\u3057\u3001\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306a\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u8a8d\u77e5\u624b\u9806\u3092\u56fa\u5b9a\u5316\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u7406\u7531\u3001\u6642\u9593\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3001\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3001\u4ed8\u5e2f\u7fa9\u52d9\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7570\u306a\u308b\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u5206\u985e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u5185\u3067\u3069\u306e\u6587\u307e\u305f\u306f\u3069\u306e\u7bc0\u304c\u305d\u306e\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u691c\u8a3c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u4f53\u5236\u3092\u6574\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u6587\u3092\u8981\u4ef6\u5206\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u5373\u5fdc\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u6587\u3092\u7cbe\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u4e0b\u7dda\u90e8\u3084\u592a\u5b57\u3067\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6307\u793a\u306e\u307f\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u6587\u8108\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u80cc\u666f\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u7db2\u7f85\u7684\u306b\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u3092\uff3b\u4e8b\u7531\uff3d\uff3b\u8981\u6c42\uff3d\uff3b\u6642\u9593\uff3d\uff3b\u5834\u6240\uff3d\uff3b\u624b\u7d9a\uff3d\u306e5\u9818\u57df\u3078\u5206\u985e\u3057\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u306b\u542b\u3081\u308b\u3079\u304d\u5fc5\u9808\u30ad\u30fc\u30ef\u30fc\u30c9\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u904e\u7a0b\u3067\u3001\u5404\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u3069\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3001\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u7b49\uff09\u306b\u53cd\u6620\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304b\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3001\u5168\u8981\u4ef6\u306e\u5145\u8db3\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \u8a2d\u554f\u6307\u793a\u300c2025\u5e74\u7b2c5\u554f\uff1a\u8155\u306e\u9aa8\u6298\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5165\u9662\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001\u62c5\u5f53\u6559\u6388\u5b9b\u3066\u306b\u8ab2\u984c\u63d0\u51fa\u671f\u9650\u306e1\u9031\u9593\u5ef6\u9577\u3092\u4f9d\u983c\u3059\u308b\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u305b\u3088\u3002\u300d\u3092\uff3b\u4e8b\u7531\uff1a\u8155\u306e\u9aa8\u6298\u30fb\u5165\u9662\uff3d\uff3b\u8981\u6c42\uff1a\u671f\u9650\u5ef6\u9577\uff3d\uff3b\u671f\u9593\uff1a1\u9031\u9593\uff3d\uff3b\u76f8\u624b\uff1a\u6559\u6388\uff08\u516c\u5f0f\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\uff09\uff3d\u306e4\u8981\u4ef6\u306b\u5206\u89e3\u3057\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u69cb\u6210\u306e\u5fc5\u9808\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u56fa\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \u8a2d\u554f\u6307\u793a\u300c2024\u5e74\u7b2c6\u554f\uff1a14:30\u307e\u3067\u306b\u7a7a\u6e2f\u3078\u5230\u7740\u3057\u305f\u3044\u4e57\u5ba2\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u6642\u523b\u8868\u3092\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u3066\u6700\u9069\u306a\u5217\u8eca\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u99c5\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u3001\u7279\u6025\u5238\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u305b\u3088\u3002\u300d\u3092\uff3b\u76ee\u6a19\uff1a14:30\u524d\u5230\u7740\uff3d\uff3b\u5217\u8eca\u540d\uff1aExpress 11\uff3d\uff3b\u4e57\u63db\u99c5\uff1aCentral Station\uff3d\uff3b\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\uff1a\u540c\u4e00\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\uff3d\uff3b\u8981\u4ef6\uff1a\u7279\u6025\u5238\u4e8b\u524d\u8cfc\u5165\uff3d\u306e5\u70b9\u306b\u5206\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \u8a2d\u554f\u6307\u793a\u300c2026\u5e74\u7b2c6\u554f\uff1a\u6620\u753b\u9928\u306e\u89b3\u5ba2\u8abf\u67fb\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u6210\u4eba\u6bd4\u7387\u3068\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u6bd4\u7387\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3057\u3066\u8ad6\u8005\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u3092\u6570\u5024\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3067\u8aac\u660e\u305b\u3088\u3002\u300d\u3092\uff3b\u8aa4\u8b2c\uff1a\u6bd4\u7387\u306e\u77ed\u7d61\uff3d\uff3b\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\uff1a\u6210\u4eba38\uff05\u30fb\u672a\u6210\u5e7462\uff05\uff3d\uff3b\u8a08\u7b97\uff1a37\uff05\u5bfe43\uff05\uff3d\uff3b\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u559c\u5287\u304c\u591a\u6570\u6d3e\uff3d\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u9023\u9396\u3078\u5206\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \u8a2d\u554f\u306e\u6307\u793a\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u6f2b\u7136\u3068\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u305f\u307e\u307e\u3001\u8155\u3092\u9aa8\u6298\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306e\u307f\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u30011\u9031\u9593\u306e\u7336\u4e88\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u671f\u9593\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u843d\u3068\u3059\u4e8b\u4f8b\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u306f\u3001\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u6df1\u523b\u3055\u306b\u6ce8\u610f\u304c\u96c6\u4e2d\u3057\u3001\u6307\u793a\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u5316\u3092\u6020\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u8d77\u56e0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u3055\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u8981\u4ef6\u306e\u6b20\u843d\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6307\u5b9a\u4e0d\u5c65\u884c\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u624b\u9806\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u3001\u671f\u9593\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u304c\u6b20\u5982\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u57f7\u7b46\u76f4\u5f8c\u306b\u691c\u77e5\u3057\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u57f7\u7b46\u306b\u5148\u7acb\u3064\u547d\u984c\u5206\u89e3\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6307\u793a\u8981\u4ef6\u306e\u7db2\u7f85\u7684\u5145\u8db3\u304c\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff11.\uff12. \u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u4ef6\u306e\u5358\u4e00\u6587\u5185\u7d71\u5408\u6280\u8853<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u5206\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8907\u6570\u306e\u6307\u793a\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u77ed\u3044\u5358\u6587\u3067\u5217\u6319\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8a9e\u6570\u306e\u7121\u99c4\u3092\u751f\u307f\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u6587\u3068\u6587\u306e\u9593\u306b\u9069\u5207\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u6253\u3061\u7acb\u3066\u3001\u91cd\u6587\u30fb\u8907\u6587\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u99c6\u4f7f\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u307e\u3068\u307e\u3063\u305f\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u4e2d\u3078\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u96c6\u7d04\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u7d99\u7d9a\u7528\u6cd5\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3001\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u306e\u91cd\u5c64\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u3092\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\\(3\\) \u3064\u304b\u3089 \\(4\\) \u3064\u306e\u6307\u793a\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u7834\u7dbb\u306a\u304f\u5305\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u5bc6\u5ea6\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8907\u6570\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u5358\u4e00\u6587\u3078\u7d71\u5408\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u5206\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8981\u4ef6\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6587\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\uff08\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u52d5\u8a5e\uff09\u3092\u306a\u3059\u3079\u304d\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u547d\u984c\u3092\u4e00\u3064\u9078\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u6b8b\u308a\u306e\u4ed8\u5e2f\u7684\u8981\u4ef6\uff08\u7406\u7531\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u5834\u6240\u7b49\uff09\u3092\u3001\u4e3b\u6587\u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3078\u3068\u683c\u4e0b\u3052\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u539f\u5247\uff08\u65e7\u60c5\u5831\u304b\u3089\u65b0\u60c5\u5831\u3078\uff09\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u3066\u7d50\u5408\u3057\u3001\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u7834\u7dbb\u304c\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{Having sustained a severe arm fracture requiring emergency hospitalization, I am writing to respectfully request a one-week extension on the submission deadline for my research paper.}\\)\uff08\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u9aa8\u6298\u3068\u5165\u9662\u306e\u4e8b\u7531\u3092\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3067\u656c\u610f\u3092\u8fbc\u3081\u305f1\u9031\u9593\u306e\u5ef6\u671f\u8981\u8acb\u3092\u4e00\u6587\u306b\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{To reach the airport safely before 14:30, you should board Express 11 departing at 13:40 and transfer at Central Station to the connecting service across the same platform, making sure to purchase an express surcharge ticket beforehand.}\\)\uff08\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u63a8\u5968\u4fbf\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u99c5\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u3001\u7279\u6025\u5238\u8cfc\u5165\u306e\u51685\u8981\u4ef6\u304c\u3001\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u898b\u4e8b\u306b\u7de8\u307f\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{When calculated against a total audience of 100 people, only 37 adults favor art films compared to more than 43 minors who prefer comedies, which decisively invalidates the claim that art films are the more popular genre.}\\)\uff08\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3001\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u975e\u5236\u9650\u95a2\u4fc2\u7bc0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u3068\u3044\u30463\u6bb5\u968e\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u304c\u4e00\u6587\u3067\u5b8c\u7d50\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{You must buy a ticket. The train leaves at 13:40. You can change at Central Station. You will arrive before 14:30.}\\) \u2192 \u8981\u4ef6\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u521d\u6b69\u7684\u306a\u77ed\u6587\u304c\u4e26\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u601d\u8003\u529b\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5165\u8a66\u7b54\u6848\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a55\u4fa1\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f \\(\\text{By boarding the 13:40 Express 11 with a pre-purchased surcharge ticket, you can seamlessly transfer at Central Station to reach the airport well before your 14:30 deadline.}\\) \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u624b\u6bb5\u306e\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u6d3b\u7528\u3057\u3066\u96c6\u7d04\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u8907\u6570\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u7d71\u5408\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12. \u591a\u5143\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u6b20\u9665\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8907\u5408\u7684\u6307\u6458\u3068\u53cd\u4f8b\u63d0\u793a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u3067\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u554f\u984c\uff082026\u5e74\u7b2c6\u554f\u5f62\u5f0f\uff09\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8868\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u8aa4\u308a\u306e\u6307\u6458\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u306a\u305c\u305d\u306e\u63a8\u8ad6\u304c\u7834\u7dbb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u5207\u308b\u8ad6\u8ff0\u529b\u304c\u554f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u3092\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u898b\u629c\u304d\u3001\u9069\u5207\u306a\u53cd\u4f8b\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3057\u3066\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306b\u9032\u307f\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6b20\u9665\u306e\u591a\u89d2\u7684\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u53cd\u4f8b\u306e\u6226\u7565\u7684\u63d0\u793a\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8ad6\u99c1\u306e\u5b8c\u7d50\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff11. \u8907\u6570\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u4e26\u5217\u3057\u3066\u8ad6\u99c1\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u63a8\u8ad6\u3092\u542b\u3080\u554f\u984c\u6587\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u306e\u307f\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u98db\u8e8d\uff08\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u4e0d\u5099\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u306e\u66d6\u6627\u3055\u306a\u3069\uff09\u304c\u540c\u6642\u306b\u5185\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u6f0f\u308c\u306a\u304f\u6307\u6458\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\\(\\text{not only A, but also B}\\)\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f \\(\\text{firstly … secondly …}\\) \u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u4e26\u5217\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8ad6\u99c1\u306e\u8ad6\u70b9\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3067\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u7684\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u3084\u7b49\u4f4d\u7bc0\u3067\u500b\u5225\u306e\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u5206\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u5217\u6319\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u4e26\u5217\u3057\u3066\u8ad6\u99c1\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u8ad6\u8005\u306e\u63a8\u8ad6\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u7b87\u6761\u66f8\u304d\u3067\u62bd\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u300c\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u6bd4\u7387\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u300c\u5f62\u5f0f\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u300d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u8b58\u5225\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\\(\\text{The argument suffers from two fundamental flaws: first, … ; second, …}\\) \u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u6b20\u9665\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a3c\u62e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u6570\u5024\u8a08\u7b97\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8ad6\u7406\u898f\u5247\u306e\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u3092\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u3066\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{The critic’s argument collapses on two distinct grounds: first, it illicitly equates a high internal percentage with an absolute majority; second, it assumes that popularity is determined solely by the raw number of attendees without considering broader social reach.}\\)\uff08\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u6279\u5224\u7684\u8ad6\u70b9\u3092\u30bb\u30df\u30b3\u30ed\u30f3\u3067\u533a\u5207\u3089\u308c\u305f\u4e26\u5217\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u660e\u6670\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{This claim is fundamentally flawed not only because it ignores the substantial demographic disparity between adults and minors, but also because it fails to calculate the actual headcount supporting each film genre.}\\)\uff08\u76f8\u95a2\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e \\(\\text{not only … but also …}\\) \u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u7121\u8996\u3068\u5b9f\u6570\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u6b20\u843d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u91cd\u306e\u904e\u8aa4\u3092\u7cfe\u5f3e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{The proposed deduction is invalid in two respects: it mistakes a necessary condition for a sufficient one, and it overlooks the existence of numerous non-snake organisms that lack limbs.}\\)\uff08\u8ad6\u7406\u898f\u5247\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u3068\u53cd\u4f8b\u306e\u770b\u904e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u5074\u9762\u3092\u3001\u7b49\u4f4d\u7bc0\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5747\u6574\u306e\u3068\u308c\u305f\u5f62\u5f0f\u3067\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{The argument is wrong because the calculation is bad and also it is not logical at all.}\\) \u2192 \u611f\u60c5\u7684\u306a\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u3092\u91cd\u306d\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6b20\u9665\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b\u304c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u5206\u6790\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u8ad6\u8ff0\u554f\u984c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u70b9\u6570\u5316\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u8a18\u8ff0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f \\(\\text{The reasoning is invalid because it conflates proportion with absolute volume, erroneously concluding that a high percentage within a smaller demographic outweighs a lower percentage within a vastly larger population.}\\) \u3068\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u904e\u8aa4\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u8907\u773c\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u6279\u5224\u3092\u79e9\u5e8f\u7acb\u3066\u3066\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12.\uff12. \u53cd\u4f8b\uff08Counterexample\uff09\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u63d0\u793a\u3068\u666e\u904d\u7684\u547d\u984c\u306e\u89e3\u4f53<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u5168\u79f0\u547d\u984c\uff08\u300c\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e \\(A\\) \u306f \\(B\\) \u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\uff09\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u3092\u8ad6\u99c1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6700\u3082\u8fc5\u901f\u304b\u3064\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u624b\u6bb5\u306f\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u53cd\u4f8b\uff08Counterexample\uff09\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u304c\u300c\u8db3\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u30d8\u30d3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8db3\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044\u304c\u30d8\u30d3\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u751f\u7269\uff08\u30a2\u30b7\u30ca\u30b7\u30c8\u30ab\u30b2\u3001\u30df\u30df\u30ba\u3001\u30a6\u30ca\u30ae\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u5b9f\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u306e\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u306f\u5f62\u5f0f\u8ad6\u7406\u4e0a\u3001\u77ac\u6642\u306b\u5d29\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u3002\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u53cd\u4f8b\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\u306f\u3001\\(\\text{as demonstrated by …}\\)\u3001\\(\\text{as evidenced by …}\\)\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f \\(\\text{take, for instance, …}\\) \u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3001\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u305f\u53cd\u4f8b\u304c\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u8db3\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\uff09\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3057\u3064\u3064\u7d50\u8ad6\uff08\u30d8\u30d3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff09\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u53cd\u4f8b\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u8ad6\u99c1\u3092\u5b8c\u4e86\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u8ad6\u8005\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u547d\u984c\u306e\u666e\u904d\u6027\uff08\u5168\u79f0\u6027\uff09\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u547d\u984c\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u306f\u5c5e\u3055\u306a\u3044\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u5bfe\u8c61\uff08\u53cd\u4f8b\uff09\u3092\u73fe\u5b9f\u4e16\u754c\u304b\u3089\u9078\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\\(\\text{The existence of X, which satisfies condition P but not Q, conclusively disproves the premise}\\) \u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{The assertion that any legless creature must be a snake is readily refuted by the existence of earthworms and eels, both of which lack limbs yet belong to entirely different biological classifications.}\\)\uff08\u30df\u30df\u30ba\u3068\u30a6\u30ca\u30ae\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8eab\u8fd1\u304b\u3064\u53cd\u8ad6\u4e0d\u80fd\u306a\u53cd\u4f8b\u3092\u6319\u3052\u3001\u524d\u63d0\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u30d8\u30d3\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{To demonstrate the fallacy of this claim, one need only consider legless lizards: they possess no limbs whatsoever, yet anatomically and taxonomically they are not snakes.}\\)\uff08\\(\\text{one need only consider …}\\) \u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fee\u8f9e\u7684\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3001\u53cd\u4f8b\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u304c\u3044\u304b\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u9bae\u3084\u304b\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{The universal rule breaks down when confronted with glass lizards, which lack functional legs entirely but remain distinctly categorized as lizards rather than serpents.}\\)\uff08\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u304c\u6301\u3064\u5206\u985e\u5b66\u7684\u7279\u8cea\u3092\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3067\u9650\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u666e\u904d\u7684\u898f\u5247\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{This is wrong because I know some animals have no legs but are not snakes, for example, fish.}\\) \u2192 \u9b5a\u3092\u53cd\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6319\u3052\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u9593\u9055\u3044\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u5e7c\u7a1a\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u300c\u8db3\u304c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u9069\u7528\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u9b5a\u985e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6975\u7aef\u306a\u4f8b\u3092\u51fa\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3092\u5f31\u3081\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f \\(\\text{This claim is conclusively disproven by counterexamples such as earthworms and legless lizards, which share the absence of limbs without belonging to the serpent family.}\\) \u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6574\u5408\u6027\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u53cd\u4f8b\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u3001\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u69cb\u6587\u3067\u53d9\u8ff0\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u53cd\u4f8b\u3092\u6226\u7565\u7684\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u7c89\u7815\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u8ff0\u6280\u8853\u304c\u7fd2\u5f97\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13. \u6642\u9593\u5727\u4e0b\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6587\u6cd5\u7cbe\u5ea6\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u691c\u8a3c\u3068\u69cb\u9020\u7c21\u7d20\u5316<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8a66\u9a13\u7d42\u4e86\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u904e\u9177\u306a\u6642\u9593\u5236\u7d04\u4e0b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u66f8\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u305f\u82f1\u6587\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u8fc5\u901f\u304b\u3064\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306b\u81ea\u5df1\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u3001\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u6587\u6cd5\u30fb\u8a9e\u6cd5\u30a8\u30e9\u30fc\u3092\u672a\u7136\u306b\u4fee\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u30bb\u30eb\u30d5\u30e2\u30cb\u30bf\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u6280\u8853\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7126\u71e5\u611f\u304b\u3089\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u7121\u7406\u306b\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7834\u7dbb\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u614b\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u6587\u3092\u4e8c\u6587\u5316\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3069\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u7c21\u7d20\u5316\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u304c\u6210\u5426\u3092\u5206\u3051\u308b\u3002\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u983b\u51fa\u30a8\u30e9\u30fc\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u8a3a\u65ad\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u6271\u3044\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u7c21\u7d20\u5316\u6280\u8853\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff11. \u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u547c\u5fdc\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6642\u5236\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u8a3a\u65ad<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6642\u9593\u5727\u306b\u3055\u3089\u3055\u308c\u305f\u53d7\u9a13\u751f\u304c\u6700\u3082\u72af\u3057\u3084\u3059\u3044\u30a8\u30e9\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u5358\u6570\u30fb\u8907\u6570\u306e\u8aa4\u8a8d\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u547c\u5fdc\u30df\u30b9\uff08\u4e09\u5358\u73fe\u306e -s \u306e\u6b20\u843d\u3001\u8907\u6570\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5358\u6570\u52d5\u8a5e\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3068\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u9593\u3067\u306e\u6642\u5236\u306e\u4e0d\u6574\u5408\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4fee\u98fe\u8a9e\u53e5\u304c\u9577\u304f\u4f38\u3073\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u76f4\u8fd1\u306e\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6570\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u305a\u3089\u308c\u3066\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u3092\u8aa4\u308b\u300c\u8fd1\u63a5\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u300d\u304c\u591a\u767a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u66f8\u304d\u7d42\u3048\u305f\u7b54\u6848\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u307f\u3092\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306b\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u3001\u4eba\u79f0\u30fb\u6570\u30fb\u6642\u5236\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u3092\u6307\u5dee\u3057\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u691c\u8a3c\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u8eab\u4f53\u5316\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u81ea\u5df1\u8a3a\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u306e\u5404\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u540d\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u4fee\u98fe\u3059\u308b\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3084\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3092\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u8996\u91ce\u304b\u3089\u9664\u5916\uff08\u62ec\u5f27\u62ec\u308a\uff09\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u90e8\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u90e8\u540d\u8a5e\u304c\u5358\u6570\u304b\u8907\u6570\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u8a9e\u5c3e\uff08-s, -ed, \u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u9078\u629e\uff09\u3068\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u306b\u7167\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u6587\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\u6642\uff08\u904e\u53bb\u304b\u73fe\u5728\u304b\uff09\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u6642\u5236\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u898f\u5247\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3001\u666e\u904d\u7684\u771f\u7406\u3068\u3057\u3066\u73fe\u5728\u5f62\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u3079\u304d\u4f8b\u5916\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u70b9\u691c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{The detailed demographic data collected from various rural municipalities [demonstrate \/ demonstrates] a continuous decline in youth populations.}\\) \u2192 \u4fee\u98fe\u90e8 \\(\\text{collected from…}\\) \u3092\u9664\u5916\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u4e3b\u8981\u90e8\u306f\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e \\(\\text{data}\\)\uff08\u307e\u305f\u306f\u96c6\u5408\u540d\u8a5e\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u539f\u5f62 \\(\\text{demonstrate}\\) \u3092\u9078\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304c\u9069\u5207\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u8a3a\u65ad\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{Neither the proposed fiscal stimulus nor the structural reforms [was \/ were] able to prevent the currency depreciation.}\\) \u2192 \u76f8\u95a2\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e \\(\\text{neither A nor B}\\) \u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u52d5\u8a5e\u306b\u8fd1\u3044\u8981\u7d20 B\uff08\\(\\text{the structural reforms}\\)\uff1d\u8907\u6570\uff09\u306b\u547c\u5fdc\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\\(\\text{were}\\) \u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{The committee announced yesterday that it [will \/ would] implement the revised guidelines next month.}\\) \u2192 \u4e3b\u7bc0\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u904e\u53bb\u5f62 \\(\\text{announced}\\) \u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\u6642\u306b\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u672a\u6765\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u675f\u7e1b\u3055\u308c\u3001\\(\\text{would}\\) \u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6642\u5236\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u8a3a\u65ad\u304c\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{The increasing reliance on algorithmic decision-making systems create several ethical problems.}\\) \u2192 \u76f4\u524d\u306e\u8907\u6570\u540d\u8a5e \\(\\text{systems}\\) \u306b\u8996\u7dda\u304c\u596a\u308f\u308c\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092 \\(\\text{create}\\) \u306e\u307e\u307e\u653e\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u8aa4\u308a\u304c\u751f\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4fee\u98fe\u90e8 \\(\\text{on algorithmic decision-making systems}\\) \u3092\u9664\u5916\u3059\u308b\u8a3a\u65ad\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u8a9e\u4e3b\u8981\u90e8\u306f\u5358\u6570\u540d\u8a5e \\(\\text{reliance}\\) \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5224\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f \\(\\text{creates}\\) \u3068\u4e09\u5358\u73fe\u306e -s \u3092\u4ed8\u52a0\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u9aa8\u683c\u62bd\u51fa\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6a5f\u68b0\u7684\u81ea\u5df1\u8a3a\u65ad\u304c\u6587\u6cd5\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3092\u62c5\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13.\uff12. \u8907\u96d1\u3059\u304e\u308b\u8907\u6587\u306e\u4e8c\u6587\u5316\u3068\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u88dc\u5f37<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u57f7\u7b46\u306e\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u8907\u96d1\u5316\u3057\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u7bc0\u3084\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u4f55\u91cd\u306b\u3082\u7d61\u307e\u308a\u5408\u3063\u3066\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u5236\u5fa1\u3092\u5931\u3044\u304b\u3051\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u62bc\u3057\u901a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306f\u58ca\u6ec5\u7684\u306a\u6e1b\u70b9\u3092\u62db\u304f\u3002\u53ce\u96c6\u304c\u3064\u304b\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u6587\u3092\u8ff7\u308f\u305a\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u65ad\u3061\u5207\u308a\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u72ec\u7acb\u6587\u3078\u3068\u5206\u5272\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u9069\u5207\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\uff08\\(\\text{Therefore, However, Consequently, In addition}\\)\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u7c21\u7d20\u5316\uff08Syntactic Simplification\uff09\u306e\u52c7\u6c17\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u83ef\u9e97\u3060\u304c\u5d29\u58ca\u3057\u305f\u8907\u6587\u3088\u308a\u3082\u3001\u7c21\u6f54\u3067\u8ad6\u7406\u304c\u660e\u6670\u306a\u4e8c\u6587\u306e\u307b\u3046\u304c\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u5165\u8a66\u306e\u63a1\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u308b\u304b\u306b\u9ad8\u3044\u5f97\u70b9\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7834\u7dbb\u3057\u305f\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u5b89\u5168\u306b\u518d\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u4e00\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c \\(3\\) \u3064\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u3084\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u5f93\u5c5e\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306b\u8ffd\u8de1\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5371\u967a\u500b\u6240\u3092\u611f\u77e5\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u4e3b\u305f\u308b\u547d\u984c\u304c\u7d42\u4e86\u3057\u305f\u5730\u70b9\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u8ee2\u63db\u70b9\u306b\u30d4\u30ea\u30aa\u30c9\u3092\u6253\u3061\u3001\u6587\u3092\u4e8c\u5206\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\u5f8c\u534a\u306e\u6587\u982d\u306b\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u547d\u984c\u3068\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u63a5\u7d9a\u526f\u8a5e\u3092\u88dc\u3044\u3001\u4e8c\u6587\u9593\u306e\u7d50\u675f\u6027\u3092\u56de\u5fa9\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \u7834\u7dbb\u3057\u304b\u3051\u305f\u6587 \\(\\text{Although the team had limited resources which were given by the university that did not support the project, they completed it, which was surprising.}\\) \u2192 \u4e8c\u6587\u5316\u3068\u7c21\u7d20\u5316 \\(\\text{The research team operated under severe resource constraints due to limited university funding. Nevertheless, they successfully brought the project to completion, surprising academic observers.}\\)\uff08\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u306e\u91cd\u7573\u3092\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3078\u5727\u7e2e\u3057\u3001\u4e8c\u6587\u306b\u5206\u5272\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u660e\u6670\u6027\u304c\u5287\u7684\u306b\u56de\u5fa9\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \u7834\u7dbb\u3057\u304b\u3051\u305f\u6587 \\(\\text{Because he broke his arm so he cannot write anything therefore he wants an extension of the deadline which is due tomorrow.}\\) \u2192 \u4e8c\u6587\u5316\u3068\u7c21\u7d20\u5316 \\(\\text{A severe bone fracture in his right arm prevents him from typing the required assignment. He is therefore formally requesting a one-week extension on tomorrow’s deadline.}\\)\uff08\u91cd\u8907\u3057\u305f\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u306e\u9023\u9396\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u63a5\u7d9a\u526f\u8a5e\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u77e5\u7684\u306a\u4e8c\u6587\u3078\u3068\u6607\u83ef\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \u7834\u7dbb\u3057\u304b\u3051\u305f\u6587 \\(\\text{The train arrives late which means you cannot catch the plane unless you take another train which changes at Central Station.}\\) \u2192 \u4e8c\u6587\u5316\u3068\u7c21\u7d20\u5316 \\(\\text{The direct train arrives too late to meet your flight schedule. Consequently, you must take Express 11 and transfer at Central Station to arrive on time.}\\)\uff08\u5197\u9577\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u306e\u9023\u7d9a\u3092\u89e3\u6d88\u3057\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u306e\u7406\u7531\u3068\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u63a8\u5968\u306e\u4e8c\u6587\u69cb\u6210\u3078\u518d\u7de8\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \u81ea\u5206\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u529b\u306e\u4e0a\u9650\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u308b\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u56fa\u57f7\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u8a9e\u3068\u8ff0\u8a9e\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u304c\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u6d88\u5931\u3057\u305f\u6587\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u63d0\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u4e8b\u4f8b\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u306f\u3001\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u6587\u3092\u66f8\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u52a0\u70b9\u306b\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e7b\u60f3\u306b\u8d77\u56e0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u63a1\u70b9\u8005\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u6307\u793a\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6f0f\u308c\u306a\u304f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u975e\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u8907\u96d1\u3055\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u6587\u3092\u5206\u5272\u3057\u3001\u78ba\u5b9f\u306a\u57fa\u672c\u6587\u578b\u3067\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u518d\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u5224\u65ad\u3092\u4e0b\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u6642\u9593\u5727\u4e0b\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306e\u7dca\u6025\u907f\u96e3\u7684\u7c21\u7d20\u5316\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u4fdd\u6301\u306e\u6280\u8853\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14. \u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3068\u8981\u4ef6\u5145\u8db3\u306e\u7d71\u5408<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u8a66\u9a13\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u30fb\u81ea\u7531\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u65e5\u5e38\u4f1a\u8a71\u306e\u5ef6\u9577\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5c06\u6765\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u3084\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u3092\u4fee\u3081\u308b\u5b66\u5f92\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u601d\u8003\u69d8\u5f0f\uff08\u30ea\u30fc\u30ac\u30eb\u30de\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\uff09\u3092\u8a66\u3059\u5834\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6a29\u5229\u3001\u7fa9\u52d9\u3001\u8cac\u4efb\u306e\u6240\u5728\u3092\u66d6\u6627\u306b\u305b\u305a\u3001\u898f\u5247\u306e\u9069\u7528\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u898f\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u3092\u6392\u3057\u305f\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u306e\u6280\u6cd5\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u6cd5\u7684\u30fb\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u78ba\u7acb\u3092\u6271\u3044\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u521d\u898b\u306e\u8a2d\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5b8c\u5168\u7b54\u6848\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u3078\u3068\u7d71\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff11. \u6a29\u5229\u30fb\u7fa9\u52d9\u30fb\u8cac\u4efb\u306e\u6240\u5728\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u78ba\u7acb<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u30fb\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u601d\u8003\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8996\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u300c\u8ab0\u304c\u3001\u8ab0\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u6839\u62e0\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4f55\u306e\u4f5c\u70ba\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e0d\u4f5c\u70ba\u3092\u8acb\u6c42\u3057\u3046\u308b\u306e\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6a29\u5229\u30fb\u7fa9\u52d9\u306e\u4e3b\u5ba2\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u660e\u78ba\u5316\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u66d6\u6627\u306a\u300c\u301c\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3060\u300d\u300c\u301c\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u3060\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u76f4\u8a33\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u884c\u70ba\u4e3b\u4f53\u3084\u8cac\u4efb\u306e\u5e30\u5c5e\u5148\u304c\u5bb9\u6613\u306b\u84b8\u767a\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3092\u884c\u3046\u969b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6a29\u5229\u306e\u4e3b\u4f53\uff08\\(\\text{entitled to, have the right to}\\)\uff09\u3001\u7fa9\u52d9\u306e\u5ba2\u4f53\uff08\\(\\text{obligated to, duty-bound to, required to}\\)\uff09\u3001\u8cac\u4efb\u306e\u6240\u5728\uff08\\(\\text{liable for, accountable for, bear the responsibility for}\\)\uff09\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u9805\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u3057\u3066\u914d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7406\u304b\u3089\u3001\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u306b\u3001\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u8c61\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u53cc\u65b9\u306e\u6cd5\u7684\u30fb\u502b\u7406\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306b\u3001\u4e00\u65b9\u306b\u6a29\u5229\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u4ed6\u65b9\u306b\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u7fa9\u52d9\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76f8\u95a2\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u306b\u3001\\(\\text{Subject \uff0b is legally\/morally obligated to Action}\\)\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f \\(\\text{Failure to do so constitutes a breach of Duty}\\) \u3068\u3044\u3046\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u8ad6\u8a3c\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3066\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11: \\(\\text{Tenants are legally entitled to quiet enjoyment of the leased premises, whereas landlords remain strictly obligated to maintain structural habitability.}\\)\uff08\u501f\u4e3b\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u3068\u8cb8\u4e3b\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u3001\u76f8\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u4e8c\u9805\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u5bfe\u79f0\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12: \\(\\text{The regulatory commission must hold corporate executives personally accountable for systemic environmental negligence.}\\)\uff08\\(\\text{hold A accountable for B}\\) \u69cb\u6587\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3001\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u8ffd\u53ca\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u4f53\u3068\u8ca0\u3046\u3079\u304d\u5ba2\u4f53\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u898f\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13: \\(\\text{While citizens enjoy the constitutional right to peaceful assembly, this liberty does not extend to actions that directly infringe upon the physical safety of others.}\\)\uff08\u6a29\u5229\u306e\u4eab\u6709\u3092\u80af\u5b9a\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3001\u4ed6\u8005\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5883\u754c\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u305d\u306e\u9069\u7528\u304c\u505c\u6b62\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u7406\u3092\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \\(\\text{The company should be good to workers and give them rights because it is bad to be unfair.}\\) \u2192 \u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u611f\u60f3\u6587\u306e\u57df\u3092\u51fa\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u6cd5\u5b66\u7684\u30fb\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u53b3\u5bc6\u6027\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6b20\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u8a9e\u5f59\u306e\u9078\u629e\uff08good, bad, unfair\uff09\u304c\u5e7c\u7a1a\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6a29\u5229\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3082\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306f \\(\\text{Corporate entities bear an institutional responsibility to guarantee safe working conditions and equitable remuneration, as failure to do so violates fundamental labor standards.}\\) \u3068\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7528\u8a9e\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u793a\u3059\u901a\u308a\u3001\u6a29\u5229\u7fa9\u52d9\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3057\u305f\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u529b\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14.\uff12. \u521d\u898b\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5b8c\u7d50\u3057\u305f\u82f1\u8a9e\u7b54\u6848\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u6700\u7d42\u6bb5\u968e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u521d\u898b\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u30fb\u81ea\u7531\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306b\u7fd2\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u300c\u8981\u4ef6\u5206\u89e3\u300d\u300c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8ad6\u99c1\u300d\u300c\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u8abf\u6574\u300d\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u5727\u7e2e\u300d\u300c\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u300d\u306e\u5168\u6280\u8853\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3001\u6307\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5236\u9650\u5b57\u6570\u30fb\u6642\u9593\u5185\u3067\u5b8c\u5168\u306a\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8a66\u9a13\u4f1a\u5834\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4e88\u671f\u305b\u306c\u65b0\u50be\u5411\u306e\u8a2d\u554f\u3084\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u56f3\u8868\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u76f4\u9762\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3082\u3001\u51b7\u9759\u306b\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u5206\u89e3\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u9aa8\u683c\u3092\u7d44\u307f\u7acb\u3066\u308b\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\u306a\u7b54\u6848\u4f5c\u6210\u30d7\u30ed\u30c8\u30b3\u30eb\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u624b\u9806\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e4\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u9042\u884c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d71\uff08\u8981\u4ef6\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u5316\uff09\uff1a\u554f\u984c\u6587\u306e\u5168\u6307\u793a\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u7b87\u6761\u66f8\u304d\u3067\u53ef\u8996\u5316\u3057\u3001\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d72\uff08\u8ad6\u7406\u9aa8\u683c\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\uff09\uff1a\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u5148\u306b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u652f\u3048\u308b\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u3079\u304d\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u69cb\u60f3\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d73\uff08\u7d71\u8a9e\u7684\u8089\u4ed8\u3051\u3068\u8a9e\u5f59\u9078\u629e\uff09\uff1a\u9069\u5207\u306a\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u3001\u8907\u6587\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u99c6\u4f7f\u3057\u3066\u6307\u5b9a\u8a9e\u6570\u306b\u53ce\u307e\u308b\u3088\u3046\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d74\uff08\u30bb\u30eb\u30d5\u30e2\u30cb\u30bf\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\uff09\uff1a\u4e3b\u8a9e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u3001\u6642\u5236\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3001\u51a0\u8a5e\u30fb\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u6570\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6307\u793a\u8981\u4ef6\u306e\u6f0f\u8131\u304c\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3092\u6307\u5dee\u3057\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff11\uff082025\u5e74\u7b2c5\u554f\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b8c\u5168\u7b54\u6848\uff09:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\\(\\text{Dear Professor Smith,}\\)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\\(\\text{I am writing to respectfully inform you of an unexpected medical emergency. Yesterday afternoon, I sustained a serious bone fracture in my right arm during an accident, which necessitated immediate hospitalization and currently prevents me from typing. Because I am unable to complete my research paper under these physical constraints, I would be exceedingly grateful if you could grant me a one-week extension on the submission deadline, which would allow me to submit the completed assignment by next Friday, November 14. Thank you very much for your kind consideration of my situation.}\\)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\\(\\text{Sincerely yours,}\\)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\\(\\text{[Student Name]}\\)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08\u4e8b\u7531\u3001\u5165\u9662\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3001\u7269\u7406\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5ef6\u671f\u671f\u9593\u3001\u4e01\u5be7\u306a\u4f9d\u983c\u3001\u516c\u5f0f\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u5168\u8981\u4ef6\u304c\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u9699\u9593\u306a\u304f\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u7d71\u5408\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff12\uff082024\u5e74\u7b2c6\u554f\u6848\u5185\u6587\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b8c\u5168\u7b54\u6848\uff09:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\\(\\text{To ensure you arrive at the airport before your 14:30 deadline, you should avoid Local 250, as its 14:35 arrival would cause you to miss your schedule. Instead, board Express 11 departing at 13:40, which allows you to reach Central Station at 14:05. From there, you can seamlessly transfer across the same platform to the connecting shuttle departing at 14:10, arriving at the terminal at 14:25. Please be aware that a supplemental express ticket must be purchased prior to boarding Express 11.}\\)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08\u76f4\u901a\u4fbf\u306e\u6392\u9664\u7406\u7531\u3001\u63a8\u5968\u4fbf\u3068\u767a\u7740\u6642\u523b\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u99c5\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u3001\u7279\u6025\u5238\u306e\u4e8b\u524d\u8cfc\u5165\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5168\u6761\u4ef6\u304c\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u6307\u793a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5b8c\u7d50\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff13\uff082026\u5e74\u7b2c6\u554f\u8ad6\u7406\u8aa4\u8b2c\u6307\u6458\u5b8c\u5168\u7b54\u6848\uff09:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\\(\\text{The speaker’s conclusion is fundamentally flawed because it commits the fallacy of confusing a percentage with an absolute headcount across unequal sample sizes. Although 98% of adult viewers preferred art films, adults constituted merely 38% of the 100-person audience, yielding only approximately 37 supporters. In contrast, while comedies were favored by a lower proportion of minors (70%), minors represented 62% of the total attendees, resulting in more than 43 supporters. Therefore, comedies actually enjoyed substantially broader overall patronage than art films.}\\)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u540d\u79f0\u3001\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u4e0d\u5747\u7b49\u3001100\u4eba\u3092\u57fa\u6e96\u3068\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u6570\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u53cd\u8ee2\u304c\u3001\u5bf8\u5206\u306e\u9699\u3082\u306a\u304f\u5b8c\u74a7\u306b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f8b\uff14: \u554f\u984c\u6587\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u306b\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u66f8\u304d\u3084\u3059\u3044\u5b9a\u578b\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u307f\u3092\u4e26\u3079\u3066\u8a9e\u6570\u3092\u57cb\u3081\u305f\u7b54\u6848\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u4e8b\u4f8b\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3082\u8981\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5c65\u884c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6975\u3081\u3066\u4f4e\u3044\u8a55\u4fa1\u3057\u304b\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6307\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5168\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u307f\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u95a2\u7bc0\u3092\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3068\u69cb\u6587\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f37\u56fa\u306b\u9023\u7d50\u3057\u305f\u7b54\u6848\u306e\u307f\u304c\u3001\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u306e\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u77e5\u7684\u6c34\u6e96\u306b\u9054\u3057\u305f\u5408\u683c\u7b54\u6848\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u521d\u898b\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5373\u5fdc\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u529b\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u7b54\u6848\u4f5c\u6210\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u57fa\u790e M28]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u548c\u6587\u82f1\u8a33\u3068\u69cb\u9020\u5909\u63db\u306e\u4f53\u7cfb\u3092\u7db2\u7f85\u3059\u308b\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u305f\u300c\u8a2d\u554f\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u547d\u984c\u5206\u89e3\u304b\u3089\u9ad8\u5bc6\u5ea6\u82f1\u6587\u3078\u306e\u7d71\u5408\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u51e6\u7406\u624b\u9806\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u7ffb\u8a33\u539f\u7406\u3092\u6975\u9650\u72b6\u6cc1\u4e0b\u3067\u5b9f\u8df5\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8907\u6587\u306e\u7c21\u7d20\u5316\u3084\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u9078\u629e\u306b\u8ff7\u3063\u305f\u969b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u76e4\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u57fa\u790e M29]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u81ea\u7531\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u6210\u3068\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u30fb\u30e9\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u624b\u9806\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u3067\u6271\u3063\u305f\u53cd\u8a3c\u8a18\u8ff0\u3084\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u3069\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u9806\u5e8f\u3067\u8a3c\u62e0\u3092\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u3079\u304d\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u65b9\u91dd\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3002\u8ad6\u8a3c\u578b\u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u624b\u9806\u3092\u6271\u3046\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u8a72\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u57fa\u790e M23]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u63a8\u8ad6\u3068\u542b\u610f\u306e\u8aad\u307f\u53d6\u308a\u3092\u6271\u3046\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u5c64\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6307\u6458\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8ad6\u8005\u304c\u7121\u81ea\u899a\u306b\u4f9d\u62e0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6697\u9ed9\u306e\u524d\u63d0\uff08\u96a0\u308c\u305f\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u3092\u66b4\u304d\u51fa\u3059\u51e6\u7406\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u63a8\u8ad6\u624b\u9806\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u9069\u7528\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308b\u3002\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u7a81\u3044\u3066\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u5206\u6790\u6280\u8853\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u307e\u3068\u3081<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u300c\u6761\u4ef6\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3068\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u9069\u5207\u6027\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u306e\u500b\u5225\u5165\u8a66\u3067\u51fa\u984c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6975\u3081\u3066\u5b9f\u6226\u7684\u304b\u3064\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3001\u7d71\u8a9e\u8ad6\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u3001\u610f\u5473\u8ad6\u7684\u4e8b\u8c61\u69cb\u9020\u3001\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u9069\u5207\u6027\u3001\u8ac7\u8a71\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u3044\u3046\u591a\u5c64\u7684\u306a\u8996\u5ea7\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7b54\u6848\u4f5c\u6210\u306e\u601d\u8003\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u5358\u306b\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u7db4\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6c34\u6e96\u3092\u8131\u5374\u3057\u3001\u8a2d\u554f\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3068\u8907\u6570\u306e\u6307\u793a\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u7684\u78ba\u306b\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u77e5\u7684\u6280\u8853\u4f53\u7cfb\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7d71\u8a9e\u5c64\u304a\u3088\u3073\u610f\u5473\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u6587\u3001\u6e96\u52d5\u8a5e\u53e5\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u69cb\u6587\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6642\u5236\u30fb\u614b\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u64cd\u4f5c\u624b\u9806\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e3b\u7bc0\u3068\u5f93\u5c5e\u7bc0\u306e\u5883\u754c\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3057\u3001\u52d5\u4f5c\u4e3b\u3068\u88ab\u52d5\u4f5c\u4e3b\u306e\u610f\u5473\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u53b3\u683c\u306b\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u5b8c\u4e86\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u3084\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u6642\u9593\u7684\u524d\u5f8c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u6280\u6cd5\u3092\u7fd2\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u77ed\u6587\u306e\u7f85\u5217\u3084\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u306e\u91cd\u7573\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5d29\u58ca\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3001\u9ad8\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3067\u683c\u8abf\u9ad8\u3044\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u57fa\u76e4\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7d9a\u304f\u8a9e\u7528\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u306a\u6b63\u3057\u3055\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u305f\u6587\u8108\u9069\u5408\u6027\u306e\u539f\u7406\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u3068\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u8abf\u6574\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3066\u5354\u8abf\u7684\u5408\u610f\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u5a49\u66f2\u8a71\u6cd5\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u898f\u5247\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u975e\u4eba\u79f0\u7684\u53d7\u52d5\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u904b\u7528\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u76f8\u9055\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u305f\u7d71\u8a08\u6bd4\u7387\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u3084\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u9006\u8ee2\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u5f0f\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u53cd\u4f8b\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u8ad6\u99c1\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u7d42\u306e\u8ac7\u8a71\u5c64\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6280\u8853\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3001\u521d\u898b\u306e\u9577\u5927\u306a\u8a2d\u554f\u6587\u304b\u3089\u6307\u793a\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u5206\u89e3\u30fb\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u3057\u3001\u6642\u9593\u5236\u7d04\u4e0b\u3067\u3082\u63a8\u6572\u3092\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u4f5c\u6210\u30d7\u30ed\u30c8\u30b3\u30eb\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3002\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5236\u7d04\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6f0f\u308c\u306a\u304f\u5305\u62ec\u3059\u308b\u5358\u4e00\u6587\u3078\u306e\u96c6\u7d04\u6280\u8853\u3084\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307f\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u89e3\u8aad\u3068\u4e8c\u6587\u5316\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5b89\u5168\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u306f\u3001\u8a66\u9a13\u672c\u756a\u306e\u6975\u9650\u7684\u91cd\u5727\u4e0b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5931\u70b9\u3092\u9632\u3050\u9632\u58c1\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8ad6\u8a3c\u7684\u82f1\u8a9e\u904b\u7528\u80fd\u529b\u306f\u3001\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8\u5165\u8a66\u306e\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u9ad8\u5f97\u70b9\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u529b\u3068\u306a\u308b\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u5c06\u6765\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u304b\u3064\u8aac\u5f97\u529b\u3042\u308b\u8a00\u8aac\u3092\u767a\u4fe1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u77e5\u7684\u8ca1\u7523\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b9f\u8df5\u77e5\u306e\u691c\u8a3c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u51fa\u984c\u5206\u6790<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u51fa\u984c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3068\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u51fa\u984c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\u6761\u4ef6\u6307\u5b9a\u82f1\u4f5c\u6587\uff08\\(1\\)\u301c\\(2\\)\u554f\uff09\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u8aac\u660e\u8a18\u8ff0\u554f\u984c\uff08\\(2\\)\u5c0f\u554f\uff09\u3001\u8981\u7d04\u7684\u6848\u5185\u6587\u4f5c\u6210<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\uff1a\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2606\u767a\u5c55 \u301c \u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u96e3\u95a2\u4e0a\u4f4d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5206\u91cf\uff1a\u5927\u554f\\(1\\)\u301c\\(2\\)\u984c\u30fb\u5c0f\u554f\u8a08\\(2\\)\u301c\\(4\\)\u554f\u30fb\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593\u76ee\u5b89\\(25\\)\u301c\\(30\\)\u5206\uff08\u5168\u4f5390\u5206\u306e\u914d\u5206\u5185\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a9e\u5f59\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb: \u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u63b2\u8f09\u8a9e\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8d85\u3048\u3001\u5b66\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\u3001\u6cd5\u5b66\u7684\u8a00\u8aac\u3001\u516c\u5f0f\u66f8\u7c21\u3067\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8a5e\u3084\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u30fb\u7d71\u8a08\u5b66\u306e\u8853\u8a9e\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u69cb\u6587\u8907\u96d1\u5ea6: \u8907\u6587\u3001\u5206\u8a5e\u69cb\u6587\u3001\u540d\u8a5e\u5316\u69cb\u6587\u304c\u91cd\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306a\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u81ea\u3089\u751f\u6210\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u5fc5\u9808\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8ad6\u7406\u5c55\u958b: \u5358\u306a\u308b\u72b6\u6cc1\u63cf\u5199\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u3089\u305a\u3001\u300c\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u300d\u300c\u6392\u9664\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u300d\u300c\u53cd\u4f8b\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u300d\u300c\u6570\u5024\u8a08\u7b97\u306b\u3088\u308b\u53cd\u8a3c\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u591a\u6bb5\u968e\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u5b8c\u7d50\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u983b\u51fa\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u65e9\u7a32\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u90e8 \u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u50be\u5411:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f31\uff1a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u516c\u7684\u66f8\u7c21\u30fb\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u6587\u4f5c\u6210<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u5c0e\u6559\u6388\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6a5f\u95a2\u3001\u53d6\u5f15\u5148\u306a\u3069\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e0a\u4f4d\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u306b\u751f\u3058\u305f\u4e0d\u6e2c\u306e\u4e8b\u614b\uff08\u8ca0\u50b7\u3001\u75c5\u6c17\u3001\u4ea4\u901a\u9ebb\u75fa\u7b49\uff09\u3092\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u304b\u3064\u7c21\u6f54\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u671f\u9650\u306e\u5ef6\u9577\u3084\u65e5\u7a0b\u306e\u518d\u8abf\u6574\u3092\u683c\u5f0f\u3042\u308b\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u4f9d\u983c\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5f0f\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u983b\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6307\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u7406\u7531\u3001\u671f\u9593\u3001\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\u7b49\uff09\u3092\u4e00\u3064\u3067\u3082\u843d\u3068\u3059\u3068\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u306a\u6e1b\u70b9\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f32\uff1a\u8907\u6570\u306e\u904b\u884c\u30c0\u30a4\u30e4\u30fb\u8cc7\u6599\u3092\u7167\u5408\u3059\u308b\u6700\u9069\u7d4c\u8def\u6848\u5185\u6587\u4f5c\u6210<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8907\u6570\u306e\u6642\u523b\u8868\u3001\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u6848\u5185\u3001\u904b\u8cc3\u4f53\u7cfb\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u7dcf\u5408\u7684\u306b\u6bd4\u8f03\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5236\u9650\u6642\u523b\u3084\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u63a8\u5968\u7d4c\u8def\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u76f4\u901a\u4fbf\u304c\u306a\u305c\u4e0d\u53ef\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0\u63d0\u793a\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u99c5\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u540c\u4e00\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u306e\u6307\u793a\u3001\u7279\u6025\u5238\u306e\u4e8b\u524d\u8cfc\u5165\u7fa9\u52d9\u306a\u3069\u3092\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6563\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a18\u8ff0\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f33\uff1a\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8ad6\u8ff0\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6b20\u9665\u30fb\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6307\u6458\u30fb\u53cd\u99c1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u306a\u5224\u65ad\u3084\u793e\u4f1a\u8abf\u67fb\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u77ed\u3044\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u6f5c\u3080\u300c\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u4e0d\u5747\u7b49\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u305f\u6bd4\u7387\u306e\u77ed\u7d61\u300d\u300c\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u300d\u300c\u76f8\u95a2\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u53d6\u308a\u9055\u3048\u300d\u3092\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u6570\u5024\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3084\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u53cd\u4f8b\u3092\u6319\u3052\u3066\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u53cd\u8a3c\u3055\u305b\u308b\u65b0\u50be\u5411\u306e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8a18\u8ff0\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5dee\u304c\u3064\u304f\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u6f14\u7fd2\u554f\u984c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u554f\u984c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u8a66\u9a13\u6642\u9593: 30\u5206 \/ \u6e80\u70b9: 100\u70b9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\uff11\u554f\uff0825\u70b9\uff09<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5b66\u90e8\u751f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5c65\u4fee\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6cd5\u5b66\u5c02\u9580\u6f14\u7fd2\u306e\u62c5\u5f53\u6559\u54e1\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30b9\u30df\u30b9\u6559\u6388\uff08Professor Smith\uff09\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u6765\u9031\u6708\u66dc\u65e5\u306b\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5b66\u671f\u672b\u30ec\u30dd\u30fc\u30c8\u306e\u63d0\u51fa\u671f\u9650\u306e\u5ef6\u9577\u3092\u9858\u3044\u51fa\u308b\u516c\u5f0f\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u4f5c\u6210\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u3059\u3079\u3066\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • \u81ea\u8ee2\u8eca\u4e8b\u6545\u306b\u3088\u308a\u53f3\u8155\u3092\u9aa8\u6298\u3057\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u5165\u9662\u4e2d\u3067\u30d1\u30bd\u30b3\u30f3\u3067\u306e\u30bf\u30a4\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u614b\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \u4e00\u9031\u9593\u5f8c\u306e\u91d1\u66dc\u65e5\uff0811\u670821\u65e5\uff09\u307e\u3067\u306e\u671f\u9650\u5ef6\u9577\u3092\u4e01\u91cd\u306b\u4f9d\u983c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \u73fe\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u57f7\u7b46\u6e08\u307f\u306e\u624b\u66f8\u304d\u306e\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u672c\u65e5\u4e2d\u306b\u53cb\u4eba\u306b\u4f9d\u983c\u3057\u3066\u30b9\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u3057\u96fb\u5b50\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u9001\u4ed8\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \u516c\u5f0f\u66f8\u7c21\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9069\u5207\u306a\u66f8\u304d\u51fa\u3057\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7d50\u3073\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u542b\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    \u7b2c\uff12\u554f\uff0825\u70b9\uff09<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

    \u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u56fd\u969b\u4f1a\u8b70\u306e\u6848\u5185\u4fc2\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6d77\u5916\u304b\u3089\u306e\u53c2\u52a0\u8005\u304b\u3089\u300c15:00\u307e\u3067\u306b\u6210\u7530\u7a7a\u6e2f\u7b2c1\u30bf\u30fc\u30df\u30ca\u30eb\u306b\u5230\u7740\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76f8\u8ac7\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u5217\u8eca\u904b\u884c\u30c0\u30a4\u30e4\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u3001\u53c2\u52a0\u8005\u304c\u53d6\u308b\u3079\u304d\u79fb\u52d5\u7d4c\u8def\u3068\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9805\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • \u3010\u76f4\u901a\u7279\u6025A\u3011\uff1a14:10\u767a \u2192 \u7a7a\u6e2f\u7b2c1\u30bf\u30fc\u30df\u30ca\u30eb 15:05\u7740\uff08\u76f4\u901a\u30fb\u5168\u5e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u7279\u6025\u5238\u5fc5\u8981\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u3010\u5feb\u901fB\u3011\uff1a13:50\u767a \u2192 \u4e2d\u592e\u99c5\uff08Central Station\uff0914:15\u7740\uff08\u666e\u901a\u4e57\u8eca\u5238\u306e\u307f\u3067\u5229\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u3010\u7a7a\u6e2f\u9023\u7d61\u6025\u884cC\u3011\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u99c5 14:20\u767a \u2192 \u7a7a\u6e2f\u7b2c1\u30bf\u30fc\u30df\u30ca\u30eb 14:45\u7740\uff08\u4e2d\u592e\u99c5\u3067\u306f\u5feb\u901fB\u3068\u540c\u3058\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u5411\u304b\u3044\u5074\u306b\u5230\u7740\u30fb\u8ffd\u52a0\u6599\u91d1\u4e0d\u8981\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u306a\u305c\u76f4\u901a\u7279\u6025A\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b\u306e\u7406\u7531\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u4e2d\u592e\u99c5\u3067\u306e\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u624b\u9806\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8ffd\u52a0\u7279\u6025\u5238\u304c\u4e0d\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u65e8\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u542b\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      \u7b2c\uff13\u554f\uff0825\u70b9\uff09<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

      \u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u6620\u753b\u9928\u30c1\u30a7\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u89b3\u5ba2\u52d5\u5411\u8abf\u67fb\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u63a8\u8ad6\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u6570\u5024\u8a08\u7b97\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u8ad6\u9a73\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u300c\u5148\u6708\u306e\u6765\u9928\u8005\u8abf\u67fb\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6210\u4eba\u5c64\uff08\u6765\u9928\u8005\u5168\u4f53\u306e30%\uff09\u306e\u3046\u306190%\u304c\u6b74\u53f2\u30c9\u30ad\u30e5\u30e1\u30f3\u30bf\u30ea\u30fc\u6620\u753b\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3057\u3001\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u5c64\uff08\u6765\u9928\u8005\u5168\u4f53\u306e70%\uff09\u306e\u3046\u306160%\u304cSF\u30a2\u30cb\u30e1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u6620\u753b\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3057\u305f\u300290%\u306f60%\u3092\u5927\u304d\u304f\u4e0a\u56de\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5f53\u6620\u753b\u9928\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6700\u3082\u591a\u304f\u306e\u89b3\u5ba2\u304b\u3089\u652f\u6301\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4eba\u6c17\u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u30eb\u306f\u6b74\u53f2\u30c9\u30ad\u30e5\u30e1\u30f3\u30bf\u30ea\u30fc\u6620\u753b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • \u767e\u5206\u7387\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u304c\u306a\u305c\u8aa4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u6bd4\u91cd\u306b\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • \u7dcf\u89b3\u5ba2\u6570\u3092100\u4eba\u3068\u4eee\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306e\u3001\u5404\u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u30eb\u306e\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u652f\u6301\u8005\u6570\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • \u3069\u3061\u3089\u306e\u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u30eb\u304c\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u591a\u6570\u6d3e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u7d50\u8ad6\u3065\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
        \u7b2c\uff14\u554f\uff0825\u70b9\uff09<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

        \u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u6cd5\u5b66\u5165\u9580\u8b1b\u7fa9\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5b66\u751f\u306e\u767a\u8a00\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u5185\u5728\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u904e\u8aa4\uff08\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\uff09\u3092\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u53cd\u4f8b\u3092\u6319\u3052\u3066\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u6307\u6458\u3057\u306a\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u300c\u5211\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6709\u7f6a\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u8005\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u3001\u72af\u7f6a\u306e\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3059\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3042\u308b\u4eba\u7269\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4eba\u7269\u306f\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u6709\u7f6a\u3068\u5ba3\u544a\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • \u524d\u63d0\u547d\u984c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u9055\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • \u300c\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u304c\u6709\u7f6a\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u53cd\u4f8b\uff08\u6b63\u5f53\u9632\u885b\u3001\u9055\u6cd5\u53ce\u96c6\u8a3c\u62e0\u3001\u8cac\u4efb\u7121\u80fd\u529b\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u6700\u4f4e\u4e00\u3064\u6319\u3052\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6\u304c\u7121\u52b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          \u7b2c\uff11\u554f \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

          \u3010\u6226\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\uff1a\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2606\uff08\u767a\u5c55\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593\uff1a7\u5206<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u3010\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\uff1a\u6559\u54e1\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u516c\u5f0f\u306a\u5606\u9858\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u79c1\u7684\u306a\u611f\u60c5\u8ad6\u3092\u6392\u3057\u305f\u683c\u5f0f\u3042\u308b\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff11\uff1a\u521d\u52d5\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • 4\u3064\u306e\u5fc5\u9808\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u9aa8\u6298\u30fb\u5165\u9662\u30fb\u30bf\u30a4\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u4e0d\u80fd\u30011\u9031\u9593\u306e\u5ef6\u9577\uff0811\u670821\u65e5\uff09\u3001\u624b\u66f8\u304d\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u306e\u672c\u65e5\u4e2d\u30b9\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u9001\u4ed8\u3001\u5b9a\u578b\u306e\u982d\u8a9e\u30fb\u7d50\u8a9e\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • \u4f9d\u983c\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u306b\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a \\(\\text{please extend}\\) \u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4eee\u5b9a\u6cd5\u904e\u53bb\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f \\(\\text{I would be exceedingly grateful if you could…}\\) \u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff12\uff1a\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • \u5224\u65ad\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\uff1a\n
              \n
            • \u691c\u8a3c\u8ef8\uff11\uff1a\u4e8b\u7531\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u63d0\u793a\uff08\u4e8b\u6545\u30fb\u8ca0\u50b7\u3092\u73fe\u5728\u5b8c\u4e86\u307e\u305f\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u3067\u63d0\u793a\uff09\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593: 40\u79d2<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • \u691c\u8a3c\u8ef8\uff12\uff1a\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u660e\u793a\uff08\u30bf\u30a4\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u4e0d\u80fd\u304c\u63d0\u51fa\u9045\u5ef6\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u539f\u56e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\uff09\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593: 40\u79d2<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • \u691c\u8a3c\u8ef8\uff13\uff1a\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\u306e\u63d0\u793a\uff08\u624b\u66f8\u304d\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u306e\u9001\u4ed8\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8aa0\u610f\u306e\u8a3c\u660e\uff09\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593: 40\u79d2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • \u5224\u65ad\u624b\u9806\u30ed\u30b0\uff1a\u81ea\u5df1\u306e\u904e\u5931\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9045\u5ef6\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6297\u529b\u306e\u4e8b\u614b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\\(\\text{I sustained a serious bone fracture}\\) \u3068\u3044\u3046\u53d7\u52d5\u7684\u88ab\u5bb3\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306b\u636e\u3048\u308b\u3002\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\\(\\text{in the meantime}\\) \u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u6642\u9593\u7684\u9023\u95a2\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff13\uff1a\u89e3\u7b54\u69cb\u7bc9<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • \u656c\u5177\u30fb\u7d50\u8a9e\u3092\u6574\u3048\u3001\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306e\u306a\u3044 \\(70\\)\u301c\\(90\\) \u8a9e\u306e\u683c\u8abf\u9ad8\u3044\u516c\u7684\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u7d44\u307f\u7acb\u3066\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \\(\\text{Dear Professor Smith,}\\)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \\(\\text{I am writing to inform you of an unforeseen medical emergency. Yesterday, I sustained a serious bone fracture in my right arm in a bicycle accident, which has resulted in immediate hospitalization and prevents me from typing. Because I cannot complete my paper under these physical constraints, I would be deeply grateful if you could grant me an extension until next Friday, November 21. In the meantime, I have arranged for a friend to scan and email my handwritten outline to you today. Thank you for your understanding.}\\)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \\(\\text{Sincerely yours,}\\)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \\(\\text{[Your Name]}\\)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\uff08\u9aa8\u6298\u30fb\u5165\u9662\u30fb\u5165\u529b\u4e0d\u80fd\uff09\u3092\u5148\u884c\u3055\u305b\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e \\(\\text{Because}\\) \u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u4e3b\u7bc0\u306e\u4e01\u5be7\u306a\u4f9d\u983c\u3078\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u63a5\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u70b9\u3002\u671f\u9650\u3092\u300c\\(\\text{until next Friday, November 21}\\)\u300d\u3068\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u624b\u66f8\u304d\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u306e\u9001\u4ed8\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4ee3\u66ff\u6848\u3092\u76db\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u5074\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u3042\u308b\u614b\u5ea6\u304c\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u5b8c\u7d50\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \\(\\text{Please extend the deadline because my arm is broken.}\\) \u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u30ec\u30b8\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u9055\u53cd\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6e1b\u70b9\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u300c11\u670821\u65e5\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u671f\u65e5\u3084\u300c\u624b\u66f8\u304d\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u306e\u9001\u4ed8\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6307\u793a\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u8131\u843d\u3055\u305b\u305f\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u6307\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5c65\u884c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5927\u5e45\u306a\u6e1b\u70b9\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u3010\u539f\u7406\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u8a9e\u7528\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u5236\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u767a\u8a71\u884c\u70ba\uff08Face-Threatening Acts\uff1a\u9762\u5b50\u8105\u5a01\u884c\u70ba\uff09\u3092\u884c\u3046\u969b\u3001\u8a71\u3057\u624b\u306f\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u306e\u81ea\u5f8b\u6027\u3092\u5c0a\u91cd\u3059\u308b\u30dd\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30cd\u30b9\u30fb\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30c6\u30b8\u30fc\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u7279\u306b\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u54e1\u3068\u5b66\u751f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u975e\u5bfe\u79f0\u306a\u529b\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u516c\u7684\u6587\u8108\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u8981\u6c42\u8868\u73fe\uff08\\(\\text{want, must, please}\\)\uff09\u306f\u6a29\u5a01\u3078\u306e\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3068\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u63cf\u5199\u3092\u5148\u884c\u3055\u305b\u3066\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u4e3b\u89b3\u7684\u90fd\u5408\u3092\u5f8c\u9000\u3055\u305b\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u6761\u4ef6\u7bc0\u69cb\u6587\uff08\\(\\text{I would be grateful if you could…}\\)\uff09\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u306e\u6210\u7acb\u3092\u76f8\u624b\u65b9\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u3078\u3068\u59d4\u306d\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u5f62\u5f0f\u304c\u69cb\u9020\u7684\u306b\u8981\u8acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u3010\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u3053\u306e\u89e3\u6cd5\u304c\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u6761\u4ef6: \u516c\u7684\u6a5f\u95a2\u3001\u4e0a\u53f8\u3001\u6559\u54e1\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u7fa9\u52d9\u306e\u514d\u9664\u3084\u671f\u65e5\u306e\u5ef6\u9577\u3092\u9858\u3044\u51fa\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u30d3\u30b8\u30cd\u30b9\u30fb\u5b66\u8853\u901a\u4fe1\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u985e\u4f3c\u554f\u984c\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528: \u4ea4\u901a\u9ebb\u75fa\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9762\u8ac7\u9045\u5ef6\u306e\u9023\u7d61\u3001\u6a5f\u6750\u6545\u969c\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u7d0d\u671f\u306e\u518d\u4ea4\u6e09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u3010\u53c2\u7167\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [\u57fa\u790e M28]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u2514 \u6761\u4ef6\u4ed8\u304d\u4f9d\u983c\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4e8b\u7531\u304b\u3089\u8981\u8acb\u3078\u3068\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u5909\u63db\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3067\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              [\u57fa\u790e M09]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u2514 \u4f9d\u983c\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u3092\u8abf\u6574\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u5f62\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5a49\u66f2\u8a71\u6cd5\u306e\u9078\u5b9a\u3067\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u7b2c\uff12\u554f \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

              \u3010\u6226\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\uff1a\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2606\uff08\u767a\u5c55\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593\uff1a8\u5206<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u3010\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\uff1a\u6d77\u5916\u304b\u3089\u306e\u65c5\u884c\u5ba2\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u99c5\u982d\u3067\u306e\u7d4c\u8def\u6848\u5185\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u3001\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u660e\u6670\u6027\u3001\u6642\u9593\u7684\u6574\u5408\u6027\u304c\u6700\u512a\u5148\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff11\uff1a\u521d\u52d5\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              • \u5168\u5236\u7d04\u6761\u4ef6\uff0815:00\u524d\u5230\u7740\u3001\u76f4\u901a\u4fbfA\u306e\u6392\u9664\u7406\u7531\u3001\u5feb\u901fB\u3068\u6025\u884cC\u306e\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u3001\u7279\u6025\u5238\u4e0d\u8981\uff09\u3092\u62bd\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • \u6392\u9664\u7406\u7531\u306e\u8ad6\u8a3c\u304b\u3089\u59cb\u3081\u3001\u6700\u9069\u89e3\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3078\u3068\u81f3\u308b\u56e0\u679c\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff12\uff1a\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • \u5224\u65ad\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\uff1a\n
                  \n
                • \u691c\u8a3c\u8ef8\uff11\uff1a\u76f4\u901a\u7279\u6025A\u306e\u4e0d\u9069\u683c\u6027\u306e\u7acb\u8a3c\uff08\u5230\u7740\u6642\u523b15:05\uff1e\u5236\u9650\u6642\u523b15:00\uff09\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593: 40\u79d2<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • \u691c\u8a3c\u8ef8\uff12\uff1a\u63a5\u7d9a\u4fbf\u306e\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u8a18\u8ff0\uff0813:50\u767a\u5feb\u901fB\u219214:15\u7740\u4e2d\u592e\u99c5\u219214:20\u767a\u6025\u884cC\u219214:45\u7740\u7a7a\u6e2f\uff09\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593: 50\u79d2<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • \u691c\u8a3c\u8ef8\uff13\uff1a\u4ed8\u5e2f\u5229\u4fbf\u6027\u3068\u8cbb\u7528\u306e\u660e\u793a\uff08\u540c\u4e00\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\u3001\u8ffd\u52a0\u7279\u6025\u5238\u4e0d\u8981\uff09\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593: 40\u79d2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • \u5224\u65ad\u624b\u9806\u30ed\u30b0\uff1a\u76f4\u901a\u5217\u8eca\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u305a\u3089\u308c\u304c\u3061\u306a\u4e57\u5ba2\u306e\u5fc3\u7406\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3057\u3001\u6587\u982d\u3067 \\(\\text{Although}\\) \u7bc0\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u76f4\u901a\u4fbf\u306e\u9045\u5ef6\u3092\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306b\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\\(\\text{Instead}\\) \u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u63a5\u7d9a\u7d4c\u8def\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3001\u6700\u5f8c\u306b\u8cbb\u7528\u3068\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9805\u3092\u4ed8\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff13\uff1a\u89e3\u7b54\u69cb\u7bc9<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • \u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u3068\u524d\u7f6e\u8a5e\u53e5\u3092\u99c6\u4f7f\u3057\u3001\\(70\\)\u301c\\(90\\) \u8a9e\u306e\u6d41\u66a2\u304b\u3064\u9699\u306e\u306a\u3044\u6848\u5185\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \\(\\text{Although Direct Express A offers a seamless ride, its 15:05 arrival exceeds your 15:00 deadline; therefore, you should not take it. Instead, board Rapid Service B departing at 13:50, which reaches Central Station at 14:15. There, you can simply walk across the same platform to catch Airport Express C departing at 14:20, which will get you to Terminal 1 at 14:45. Furthermore, unlike Express A, this route requires no supplementary express ticket.}\\)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u76f4\u901a\u4fbf\u304c\u306a\u305c\u4e0d\u53ef\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6642\u523b\u3092\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3057\u3066\u660e\u793a\u3057\u3001\u63a5\u7d9a\u4fbf\u306b\u3088\u308b\u79fb\u52d5\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\uff08\u767a\u8eca\u6642\u523b\u3001\u5230\u7740\u6642\u523b\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u3067\u306e\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\uff09\u3092\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u3066\u6574\u7136\u3068\u8a18\u8ff0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u70b9\u3002\u8ffd\u52a0\u7279\u6025\u5238\u304c\u4e0d\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u30e1\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u6700\u5f8c\u306b\u6dfb\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u306e\u4e0d\u5b89\u3092\u89e3\u6d88\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u7528\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b8c\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u5358\u306b\u300c\u5feb\u901fB\u306b\u4e57\u3063\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3060\u3051\u7b54\u3048\u3001\u306a\u305c\u76f4\u901a\u4fbfA\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u3079\u304d\u306a\u306e\u304b\u306e\u7406\u7531\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u300c\u540c\u4e00\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u3067\u306e\u5411\u304b\u3044\u5074\u4e57\u308a\u63db\u3048\uff08\\(\\text{across the same platform}\\)\uff09\u300d\u3084\u300c\u7279\u6025\u5238\u4e0d\u8981\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6307\u793a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u6b20\u843d\u3055\u305b\u305f\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u6848\u5185\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u9069\u683c\u6027\u3092\u6b20\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u539f\u7406\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u60c5\u5831\u69cb\u9020\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u884c\u52d5\u6307\u793a\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3059\u308b\u30c6\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u306f\u300c\u969c\u5bb3\u306e\u6392\u9664\uff08\u4e0d\u9069\u683c\u306a\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u306e\u68c4\u5374\uff09\u300d\u304b\u3089\u300c\u5b9f\u884c\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u89e3\u6c7a\u7b56\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u300d\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u300c\u4ed8\u5e2f\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u660e\u793a\u300d\u3078\u3068\u9032\u884c\u3059\u308b\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u3068\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6700\u3082\u8a8d\u77e5\u8ca0\u8377\u3092\u4f4e\u6e1b\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u7279\u306b\u6642\u9593\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u79fb\u52d5\u6307\u793a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u6570\u5024\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5148\u56de\u308a\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u6848\u5185\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u5074\u306e\u7591\u554f\u3084\u8ff7\u3044\u3092\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u3067\u4e8b\u524d\u306b\u89e3\u6d88\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u6210\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3053\u306e\u89e3\u6cd5\u304c\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u6761\u4ef6: \u8907\u6570\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\uff08\u30c0\u30a4\u30e4\u3001\u30d7\u30e9\u30f3\u3001\u88fd\u54c1\u4ed5\u69d8\uff09\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3001\u5236\u7d04\u6761\u4ef6\u306b\u5408\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u6700\u9069\u89e3\u3092\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u306b\u63a8\u5968\u3059\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u8ad6\u8ff0\u8ab2\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u985e\u4f3c\u554f\u984c\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528: \u4e88\u7b97\u5236\u9650\u4e0b\u3067\u306e\u8cc7\u6750\u8abf\u9054\u30eb\u30fc\u30c8\u306e\u9078\u5b9a\u3001\u8907\u6570\u30d5\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u306e\u4e57\u308a\u7d99\u304e\u6848\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u53c2\u7167\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  [\u57fa\u790e M28]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u2514 \u8907\u6570\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u8907\u6587\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u3068\u96c6\u7d04\u30fb\u5909\u63db\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u3067\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  [\u57fa\u790e M18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u2514 \u6642\u9593\u7684\u5148\u5f8c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u63a5\u7d9a\u8a5e\u304a\u3088\u3073\u526f\u8a5e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e00\u8cab\u3055\u305b\u308b\u7d50\u675f\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u3067\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u7b2c\uff13\u554f \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u6226\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\uff1a\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\uff08\u96e3\u95a2\u4e0a\u4f4d\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593\uff1a8\u5206<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u3010\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\uff1a\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u53cd\u99c1\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u82f1\u8a9e\u69cb\u6587\u3078\u5909\u63db\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u8a66\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff11\uff1a\u521d\u52d5\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \n
                  • \u8ad6\u8005\u306e\u904e\u8aa4\uff1a\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u4e0d\u5747\u7b49\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3001\u90e8\u5206\u96c6\u56e3\u5185\u306e\u767e\u5206\u7387\uff08\\(98%\\) \u3068 \\(70%\\)\u3001\u672c\u554f\u3067\u306f \\(90%\\) \u3068 \\(60%\\)\uff09\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3066\u7d76\u5bfe\u6570\u3092\u63a8\u8a08\u3057\u305f\u70b9\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • \u53cd\u99c1\u306e\u624b\u9806\uff1a\\(100\\) \u4eba\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u6210\u4eba\u652f\u6301\u8005\u6570 \\(30 \\times 0.90 = 27\\) \u4eba\u3001\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u652f\u6301\u8005\u6570 \\(70 \\times 0.60 = 42\\) \u4eba\u3092\u5c0e\u51fa\u3057\u3001\\(42 > 27\\) \u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff12\uff1a\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • \u5224\u65ad\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\uff1a\n
                      \n
                    • \u691c\u8a3c\u8ef8\uff11\uff1a\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\uff08\u767e\u5206\u7387\u3068\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u30dc\u30ea\u30e5\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u6df7\u540c\uff09\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593: 40\u79d2<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • \u691c\u8a3c\u8ef8\uff12\uff1a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\uff08\\(100\\) \u4eba\u4e2d\u3001\u6210\u4eba \\(27\\) \u4eba\u5bfe\u672a\u6210\u5e74 \\(42\\) \u4eba\uff09\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593: 50\u79d2<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • \u691c\u8a3c\u8ef8\uff13\uff1a\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u53cd\u8ee2\u306e\u660e\u793a\uff08SF\u30a2\u30cb\u30e1\u304c\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u591a\u6570\u6d3e\uff09\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593: 30\u79d2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • \u5224\u65ad\u624b\u9806\u30ed\u30b0\uff1a\u8ad6\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092 \\(\\text{The argument erroneously assumes…}\\) \u3067\u8ad6\u99c1\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u76f8\u5bfe\u5316\u3057\u3001\\(\\text{Assuming a base of 100 attendees…}\\) \u3067\u6570\u7406\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8a08\u7b97\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u7d1a \\(\\text{far exceeds}\\) \u307e\u305f\u306f \\(\\text{outnumbers}\\) \u3067\u7d50\u3073\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff13\uff1a\u89e3\u7b54\u69cb\u7bc9<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • \u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u30fb\u7d71\u8a08\u5b66\u306e\u8853\u8a9e\u3092\u9069\u5207\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\\(70\\)\u301c\\(90\\) \u8a9e\u306e\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u53cd\u99c1\u82f1\u6587\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                      \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \\(\\text{The argument commits a serious fallacy by conflating internal percentages with absolute numbers across disparate population sizes. Assuming a hypothetical audience of 100 people, adults constitute 30 individuals, of whom 90%\u2014or 27 people\u2014support historical documentaries. In contrast, minors comprise 70 individuals, of whom 60%\u2014or 42 people\u2014favor sci-fi animations. Because 42 substantially exceeds 27, sci-fi animation actually commands far broader overall support, rendering the original conclusion demonstrably false.}\\)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u300c\u767e\u5206\u7387\u3068\u5b9f\u6570\u306e\u6df7\u540c\uff08\\(\\text{conflating internal percentages with absolute numbers}\\)\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u8853\u8a9e\u3067\u898f\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\\(100\\) \u4eba\u3092\u57fa\u6e96\u3068\u3057\u305f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u7b97\u8853\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\uff08\u6210\u4eba \\(27\\) \u4eba\u5bfe\u672a\u6210\u5e74 \\(42\\) \u4eba\uff09\u3092\u5bfe\u6bd4\u69cb\u6587\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u70b9\u3002\u7d50\u8ad6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30a2\u30cb\u30e1\u652f\u6301\u8005\u304c\u591a\u6570\u6d3e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3057\u3001\u8ad6\u8005\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u4f53\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u300c\u8a08\u7b97\u304c\u9593\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u6570\u5024\uff08\\(27\\) \u4eba\u3068 \\(42\\) \u4eba\uff09\u306e\u5c0e\u51fa\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u3057\u306a\u3044\u7b54\u6848\u3084\u3001\\(90%\\) \u3068 \\(60%\\) \u306e\u6570\u5024\u5dee\u306e\u307f\u3092\u611f\u899a\u7684\u306b\u975e\u96e3\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u63a1\u70b9\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3055\u305a\u5927\u5e45\u6e1b\u70b9\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u3010\u539f\u7406\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u672c\u554f\u304c\u6271\u3046\u306e\u306f\u3001\u8a8d\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7d71\u8a08\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u57fa\u5e95\u7387\u306e\u7121\u8996\uff08Base Rate Neglect\uff09\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c\u5408\u6210\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u96c6\u5408\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5272\u5408\uff08\u6761\u4ef6\u4ed8\u304d\u78ba\u7387\uff09\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u96c6\u5408\u304c\u5168\u4f53\u96c6\u5408\u306b\u5360\u3081\u308b\u5927\u304d\u3055\uff08\u4e8b\u524d\u78ba\u7387\u30fb\u57fa\u5e95\u7387\uff09\u3068\u4e57\u7b97\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5168\u4f53\u96c6\u5408\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u5bc4\u4e0e\u5ea6\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u5358\u306a\u308b\u8a08\u7b97\u5f0f\u306e\u7f85\u5217\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\\(\\text{X constitutes Y, of whom Z% … resulting in N}\\) \u3068\u3044\u3046\u95a2\u4fc2\u8a5e\u3084\u5206\u8a5e\u3092\u99c6\u4f7f\u3057\u305f\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u69cb\u6587\u3092\u904b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3001\u8ad6\u8ff0\u306e\u77e5\u7684\u6c34\u6e96\u3092\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u3010\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u3053\u306e\u89e3\u6cd5\u304c\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u6761\u4ef6: \u7d71\u8a08\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u3001\u30a2\u30f3\u30b1\u30fc\u30c8\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u6bd4\u7387\u6bd4\u8f03\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u306a\u63a8\u8ad6\u3092\u6279\u5224\u3059\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u8ad6\u8ff0\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u985e\u4f3c\u554f\u984c\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528: \u611f\u67d3\u8005\u6570\u306e\u6bd4\u7387\u3068\u691c\u67fb\u6bcd\u6570\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3001\u5185\u5b9a\u7387\u306e\u63a8\u79fb\u3068\u5c31\u8077\u5e0c\u671b\u8005\u6570\u306e\u5909\u52d5\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8aa4\u8b2c\u6307\u6458\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u3010\u53c2\u7167\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      [\u57fa\u790e M28]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u2514 \u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u4e3b\u8ff0\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u3068\u6587\u7ae0\u5316\u3059\u308b\u5909\u63db\u6280\u8853\u3067\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      [\u57fa\u790e M23]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u2514 \u96a0\u308c\u305f\u524d\u63d0\u306e\u6b20\u9665\u3092\u7a81\u304d\u3001\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u9806\u3067\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u7b2c\uff14\u554f \u89e3\u7b54\u30fb\u89e3\u8aac<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

                      \u3010\u6226\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u5831\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\uff1a\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\uff08\u96e3\u95a2\u4e0a\u4f4d\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u76ee\u6a19\u89e3\u7b54\u6642\u9593\uff1a7\u5206<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u3010\u601d\u8003\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u72b6\u6cc1\u8a2d\u5b9a\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5247\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u8ad6\u7406\u547d\u984c\u306e\u6279\u5224\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u3092\u53cd\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff11\uff1a\u521d\u52d5\u5224\u65ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \n
                      • \u8ad6\u8005\u306e\u547d\u984c\uff1a\u300c\u6709\u7f6a \\(\\to\\) \u8a3c\u62e0\u5b58\u5728\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u771f\u306a\u308b\u547d\u984c\u304b\u3089\u3001\u9006\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u8a3c\u62e0\u5b58\u5728 \\(\\to\\) \u6709\u7f6a\u300d\u3092\u771f\u3068\u8aa4\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u5f8c\u4ef6\u80af\u5b9a\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • \u53cd\u99c1\u306e\u624b\u9806\uff1a\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3082\u6709\u7f6a\u3068\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u6cd5\u7684\u53cd\u4f8b\uff08\u6b63\u5f53\u9632\u885b\u3001\u8a3c\u62e0\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3001\u5fc3\u795e\u55aa\u5931\u3001\u9055\u6cd5\u635c\u67fb\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3001\u547d\u984c\u306e\u6052\u771f\u6027\u3092\u6253\u3061\u7834\u308b\u3002\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff12\uff1a\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u53d6\u6368\u9078\u629e<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • \u5224\u65ad\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\uff1a\n
                          \n
                        • \u691c\u8a3c\u8ef8\uff11\uff1a\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\uff08\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u9006\u8ee2\uff09\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593: 30\u79d2<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • \u691c\u8a3c\u8ef8\uff12\uff1a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u6cd5\u7684\u53cd\u4f8b\u306e\u9078\u5b9a\uff08\u6b63\u5f53\u9632\u885b\u3084\u9055\u6cd5\u53ce\u96c6\u8a3c\u62e0\u6392\u9664\u6cd5\u5247\uff09\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593: 40\u79d2<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • \u691c\u8a3c\u8ef8\uff13\uff1a\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u306e\u660e\u793a\uff08\u8a3c\u62e0\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u306f\u6709\u7f6a\u306e\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff09\u6240\u8981\u6642\u9593: 30\u79d2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • \u5224\u65ad\u624b\u9806\u30ed\u30b0\uff1a\\(\\text{The student’s reasoning is logically invalid because…}\\) \u3067\u958b\u59cb\u3057\u3001\u6709\u7f6a\u5224\u6c7a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8a3c\u62e0\u306f\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u306b\u3059\u304e\u305a\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u53cd\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u884c\u70ba\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u9055\u6cd5\u6027\u304c\u963b\u5374\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300c\u6b63\u5f53\u9632\u885b\uff08\\(\\text{self-defense}\\)\uff09\u300d\u3092\u6319\u3052\u3001\u6709\u7f6a\u5ba3\u544a\u304c\u4e0d\u5f53\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3002\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\uff13\uff1a\u89e3\u7b54\u69cb\u7bc9<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • \u6cd5\u5b66\u7684\u30fb\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8a9e\u5f59\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3001\\(70\\)\u301c\\(90\\) \u8a9e\u306e\u660e\u6670\u306a\u53cd\u99c1\u6587\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                          \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \\(\\text{This reasoning commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent by confusing a necessary condition with a sufficient one. While objective evidence is indispensable for securing a conviction, its mere presence does not automatically necessitate a guilty verdict. For instance, even if indisputable physical evidence proves that a defendant caused bodily harm, the individual cannot be convicted if the act was committed in legitimate self-defense. Thus, evidence alone is insufficient to warrant criminal liability.}\\)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u3010\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u6b63\u89e3\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u300c\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u6df7\u540c\uff08\\(\\text{confusing a necessary condition with a sufficient one}\\)\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u70b9\u3002\u300c\u8a3c\u62e0\u306f\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\\(\\text{indispensable}\\)\uff09\u3060\u304c\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\\(\\text{not automatically necessitate}\\)\uff09\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3057\u3001\u6b63\u5f53\u9632\u885b\uff08\\(\\text{legitimate self-defense}\\)\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53cd\u4f8b\u3092\u6319\u3052\u3066\u3001\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u6709\u7f6a\u306b\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u4e8b\u614b\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u8aa4\u7b54\u306e\u8ad6\u62e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u300c\u9593\u9055\u3063\u305f\u8a3c\u62e0\u3082\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u8a3c\u62e0\u306e\u4fe1\u6191\u6027\u30fb\u634f\u9020\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306b\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u3059\u308a\u66ff\u3048\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u7b54\u6848\u306f\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u8ad6\u7406\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f4e\u5f97\u70b9\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u554f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u771f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u6709\u7f6a\u304c\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u306a\u3044\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u306e\u7834\u7dbb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u3010\u539f\u7406\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u5f62\u5f0f\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u547d\u984c \\(P \\to Q\\)\uff08\\(P\\) \u306a\u3089\u3070 \\(Q\\)\uff09\u304c\u771f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u305d\u306e\u9006\u3067\u3042\u308b \\(Q \\to P\\)\uff08\\(Q\\) \u306a\u3089\u3070 \\(P\\)\uff09\u306f\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u771f\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6cd5\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u6709\u7f6a\u5224\u6c7a\u306b\u306f\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08\u6709\u7f6a \\(\\to\\) \u8a3c\u62e0\uff09\u300d\u306f\u771f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u8a3c\u62e0\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u304c\u6709\u7f6a\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3059\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6709\u7f6a\u304c\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u4ef6\u8a72\u5f53\u6027\u306e\u307f\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u9055\u6cd5\u6027\u963b\u5374\u4e8b\u7531\uff08\u6b63\u5f53\u9632\u885b\u7b49\uff09\u3084\u8cac\u4efb\u963b\u5374\u4e8b\u7531\uff08\u5fc3\u795e\u55aa\u5931\u7b49\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u540c\u6642\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u5b66\u7684\u30fb\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\\(\\text{A is necessary for B, but A does not guarantee B}\\) \u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u6587\u904b\u7528\u304c\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u4e2d\u6838\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u3010\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u3053\u306e\u89e3\u6cd5\u304c\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u6761\u4ef6: \u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u8aa4\u308a\u3001\u9006\u30fb\u88cf\u306e\u6df7\u540c\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u53d6\u308a\u9055\u3048\u3092\u6279\u5224\u3059\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u54f2\u5b66\u30fb\u6cd5\u5b66\u30fb\u8a55\u8ad6\u6587\u8a18\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u985e\u4f3c\u554f\u984c\u3078\u306e\u9069\u7528: \u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u56fd\u5bb6\u306f\u7e41\u6804\u3059\u308b\u3001\u3086\u3048\u306b\u7e41\u6804\u3059\u308b\u56fd\u5bb6\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u660e\u3078\u306e\u53cd\u99c1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u3010\u53c2\u7167\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          [\u57fa\u790e M28]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u2514 \u6cd5\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u547d\u984c\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6761\u4ef6\u547d\u984c\u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u69cb\u6587\u3078\u518d\u7de8\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u3067\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          [\u57fa\u790e M23]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u2514 \u53cd\u4f8b\u306e\u63d0\u793a\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u5168\u79f0\u547d\u984c\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u4f53\u3059\u308b\u63a8\u8ad6\u624b\u9806\u3067\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u5b66\u7fd2\u8a55\u4fa1<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
                          \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u69cb\u6210<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
                          \u96e3\u6613\u5ea6<\/strong><\/td>\u914d\u70b9<\/strong><\/td>\u5927\u554f<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
                          \u6a19\u6e96<\/td>25\u70b9<\/td>\u7b2c\uff11\u554f\uff08\u6761\u4ef6\u6307\u5b9a\u4f9d\u983c\u30e1\u30fc\u30eb\u4f5c\u6210\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
                          \u767a\u5c55<\/td>25\u70b9<\/td>\u7b2c\uff12\u554f\uff08\u8907\u5408\u5236\u7d04\u4e0b\u306e\u7d4c\u8def\u6848\u5185\u6587\u4f5c\u6210\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
                          \u96e3\u95a2<\/td>25\u70b9<\/td>\u7b2c\uff13\u554f\uff08\u7d71\u8a08\u6bd4\u7387\u8aa4\u8b2c\u306e\u53cd\u8a3c\u8a18\u8ff0\uff09<\/td><\/tr>
                          \u96e3\u95a2\u4e0a\u4f4d<\/td>25\u70b9<\/td>\u7b2c\uff14\u554f\uff08\u5f62\u5f0f\u8ad6\u7406\u30fb\u5fc5\u8981\u5341\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u8aa4\u8b2c\u53cd\u99c1\uff09<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
                          \u7d50\u679c\u306e\u6d3b\u7528<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
                          \u5f97\u70b9<\/strong><\/td>\u5224\u5b9a<\/strong><\/td>\u63a8\u5968\u30a2\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
                          85\u70b9\u4ee5\u4e0a<\/td>A<\/td>\u904e\u53bb\u554f\u6f14\u7fd2\u3078\u79fb\u884c\u3002\u5236\u9650\u6642\u9593\u309220\u5206\u306b\u77ed\u7e2e\u3057\u3001\u66f4\u306a\u308b\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7cbe\u5ea6\u306e\u6975\u9650\u5316\u3092\u56f3\u308b\u3002<\/td><\/tr>
                          70\u301c84\u70b9<\/td>B<\/td>\u6a21\u7bc4\u89e3\u7b54\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u6307\u793a\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u6f0f\u8131\u9632\u6b62\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3092\u518d\u5fb9\u5e95\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/td><\/tr>
                          55\u301c69\u70b9<\/td>C<\/td>[\u57fa\u790e M28]\u304a\u3088\u3073\u672c\u30e2\u30b8\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u8003\u7a76\u5c64\u306e\u69cb\u6587\u518d\u7de8\u30fb\u8aa4\u8b2c\u8ad6\u8a3c\u306e\u5404\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u5fa9\u7fd2\u3002<\/td><\/tr>
                          55\u70b9\u672a\u6e80<\/td>D<\/td>\u8a72\u5f53\u8b1b\u7fa9\uff08\u7279\u306b\u8003\u7a76\u5c64\u7b2c1\u8a18\u4e8b\u301c\u7b2c4\u8a18\u4e8b\uff09\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5fa9\u7fd2\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u306b\u540c\u554f\u3078\u518d\u6311\u6226\u3002<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                          \u3010\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          [\u57fa\u790e M28]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u2514 \u8a2d\u554f\u306e\u6307\u793a\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u6f0f\u308c\u306a\u304f\u7d71\u8a9e\u69cb\u9020\u3078\u7d44\u307f\u8fbc\u3080\u69cb\u9020\u5909\u63db\u6280\u8853\u306e\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          [\u57fa\u790e M29]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \u2514 \u30d1\u30e9\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3068\u8aac\u5f97\u7684\u8ad6\u8a3c\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u624b\u9806\u306e\u518d\u78ba\u8a8d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          [\u57fa\u790e M23]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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